USSR during the Great Patriotic War. The USSR during the second Great Patriotic War of the USSR in the period of the Warm briefly

Objectives:analyze the causes of the war, the course of hostilities at different stages of the war, the results and consequences of the war.

Tasks:

Educational: to analyze the preparation of the parties to war and the cause of the defeats of the Red Army at the initial stage of the war; the course of hostilities at the second and final period of war; The role of commander, the contribution of the rear in victory over the enemy; Rate the results of war.

Educational: the upbringing of the feelings of patriotism and love to their homeland on the examples of the heroism of soldiers and officers of the Soviet army.

Developing: skill work with a card

Plan.

1. The tricks of the defeats of the USSR in 1941-1942.

2. Akorn fracture in the Great Patriotic War

3. Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War. Popular struggle on the accumulated territory

4. The present policy of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War

1. The tricks of the defeats of the USSR in 1941-1942.

In 1941, the second world War Entered into a new phase. By this time, fascist Germany and its allies captured in fact the whole of Europe. In connection with the destruction of Polish statehood, a joint Soviet-German border was established. In 1940, the fascist leadership developed a plan "Barbarossa", the purpose of which consisted in the lightning defeat of Soviet armed Forces and occupying the European part of the Soviet Union. Further plans envisaged the complete destruction of the USSR. For this, 153 German divisions and 37 divisions of its allies (Finland, Romania and Hungary) were concentrated on the eastern direction. They had to strike at three directions: Central (Minsk Smolensk Moscow), North-West (Balticism of Leningrad) and South (Ukraine with access to the Black Sea coast). A lightning campaign was planned in the seizure of the European part of the USSR to the fall of 1941 the beginning of the war. The implementation of the plan "Barbarossa" began at dawn June 22, 1941. Wide bombers from the air largest industrial and strategic centers, as well as the onset of the Ground Forces of Germany and its allies throughout the European border of the USSR (for 4.5 thousand km). In the first few days, German troops advanced to dozens and hundreds of kilometers. In the central direction in early July 1941, all Belarus was seized and the German troops came to the approach to Smolensk. On the northwestern busy Baltic States. September 9 Leningrad blocked. In the south, Hitler's troops occupied Moldova and Right-Bank Ukraine. Thus, by the fall of 1941, a Hitler's plan for the capture of the vast territory of the European part of the USSR was carried out. The rapid offensive of the German troops on the Soviet front and their successes in the summer campaign were explained by many factors of an objective and subjective nature. Germany had significant advantages in economic and military-strategic plans. At the initial stage of the war, she used not only their own, but also the resources of the allied, dependent and occupied European countries to strike at the Soviet Union. Hitler's command and troops had experience of modern war and wide offensive operations accumulated at the first stage of World War II. The technical equipment of the Wehrmacht (tanks, aviation, means of communication, etc.) significantly exceeded Soviet in mobility and maneuverability. The Soviet Union, despite the efforts attached during the third five-year plan, did not complete his preparation for war. The re-equipment of the Red Army was not completed. Military doctrine suggested conducting operations in the enemy. In this regard, defensive borders on the old Soviet-Polish border were dismantled, and the new ones were not created enough. The largest miscarriage I.V. Stalin turned out to be his disbelief at the beginning of the war in the summer of 1941. Therefore, the whole country and, first of all, the army, its leadership was not prepared for the reflection of aggression. As a result, in the first days of the war, a significant part of Soviet aviation was destroyed right at the airfields. Large compounds of the Red Army were surrounded, were destroyed or captured. Immediately after German attack, the Soviet government conducted major military-political and economic activities to reflect aggression. On June 23, 1941, the commission was formed. On July 10, she was transformed into the supreme community rate. In her entered I.V. Stalin (appointed Commander-in-chief and who soon became the defense profession), V.M. Molotov, S.K. Tymoshenko, S.M. Weekly, k.e. Voroshilov, B.M. Shaposhnikov and G.K. Zhukov. Directive of June 29, the Council of Armenia of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CSP (b) set the task of the task to mobilize all the forces and funds to fight the enemy. On June 30, 1941, the State Defense Committee was established (GKO), who focused all the completeness of power in the country. A military doctrine was recorded radically revised, the task was put forward to organize strategic defense, to urge and stop the offensive of the fascist troops. Large-scale events were carried out on the translation of the industry for military rails, mobilizing the population into the army and for the construction of defensive borders. At the end of June, major defensive border battles (defense of the Brest Fortress, etc.) unfolded the first half of July 1941. FROM July 16 to August 15 1941 In the central direction continued defense Smolensk . In the north-western direction, the German plan for the seizure of Leningrad failed. In the south until September 1941, the defense of Kiev was carried out, until October Odessa. The resistance of the Red Army in the summer in the fall of 1941 was disguised the Hitler's plan of the Lightning War. At the same time, the capture of the fascist command to the fall of 1941. The huge territory of the USSR with its most important industrial centers and grain areas was a serious loss for the Soviet government. At the end of September October 1941, the German operation "Typhoon" began, aimed at taking Moscow. The first line of Soviet defense was broken in the central direction on October 5-6. Pali Bryansk and Vyazma. The second line under Mozhaysky was detained the German offensive for several days. October 10, the commander of the Western Front was appointed G.K. Zhukov. On October 19, a siege situation was introduced in the capital. In bloody battles, the Red Army managed to stop the enemy ended the October stage of the Hitler's offensive to Moscow. The three-week respite was used by the Soviet command to strengthen the defense of the capital, the mobilization of the population into the militia, accumulating military equipment and, first of all, aviation. On November 6, a solemn meeting of the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies dedicated to the anniversary of the October Revolution was held. On November 7, a traditional parade of parts of the Moscow garrison took place on Red Square. For the first time, other military units participated in it, including militia, which went straight from the parade to the front. These events contributed to the patriotic lift of the people, strengthening his faith in victory. The second stage of the offensive of the Nazis to Moscow began on November 15, 1941. The price of huge losses they managed to reach the approach to Moscow at the end of November, to cover it with a semir in the north in the Dmitrov district (Capal Moscow - Volga), in the south near Tula. On this, German offensive choked. Defensive battles of the Red Army, in which many soldiers and militias died, were accompanied by the accumulation of forces at the expense of Siberian divisions, aviation and other military equipment. On December 5-6, 1941, the counteroffensiveness of the Red Army began, as a result of which the enemy was discarded from Moscow at 100-250 km. Kalinin, Maloyaroslavets, Kaluga, other cities and settlements were liberated. The Hitler's plan of the lightning war was ripped. In the winter of 1942, part of the Red Army conducted an offensive and on other fronts. However, the breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad failed. In the south of the Nazis, the Kerch Peninsula and Feodosia were liberated. The victory near Moscow in the conditions of the military-technical superiority of the enemy was the result of the heroic efforts of the Soviet people.

2. Akorn fracture in the Great Patriotic War

The fascist leadership in the summer of 1942 did a bet on the seizure of the oil regions of the Caucasus, the fertile regions of the South of Russia and the Industrial Donbass. I.V. Stalin made a new strategic mistake in the assessment of the military situation, in determining the direction of the main strike of the enemy, in the underestimation of its forces and reserves. In this regard, his order about the occurrence of the Red Army simultaneously at several fronts led to serious defeats near Kharkov and in the Crimea. Lost Kerch, Sevastopol. At the end of June 1942, a general German offensive unfolded. The fascist troops in the course of persistent battles came to Voronezh, the upper flow of Don and captured the Donbass. Next, they were broken by our defense between the Northern Donets and Don. This gave the opportunity to the Hitler's command to solve the main strategic task of the 1942 summer campaign and expand a wide offensive in two directions: in the Caucasus and east to the Volga. In the Caucasian direction at the end of July 1942, a strong enemy group was forced Don. As a result, Rostov, Stavropol and Novorossiysk were captured. Stubborn battures were conducted in the central part of the main Caucasian ridge, where specially prepared enemy alpine arrows acted in the mountains. Despite the successes achieved in the Caucasian direction, the fascist command did not manage to solve its main task to break through in the Transcaucasia to master the oil reserves Baku. By the end of September, the offensive of the fascist troops in the Caucasus was stopped. No less difficult situation for the Soviet command has developed on the eastern direction. For his cover, the Stalingrad Front was created under the command of Marshal S.K. Tymoshenko.

Due to the current critical situation, an order was issued Supreme Commander No. 227, which said: "To retreat further to ruin yourself and at the same time, our homeland." At the end of July 1942, the enemy Under the command of General Poules background powerful blow to the Stalingrad Front. However, despite the significant superiority in the forces, during the month, the fascist troops managed to advance only by 60-80 km and with great difficulty to reach the long defensive frontiers of Stalingrad. In August, they came to the Volga and strengthened their offensive. From the first days of September, the heroic defense of Stalingrad began, which continued in fact before the end of 1942. Its importance in the course of the Great Patriotic War is enormous. During the fight for the city of Soviet troops under the command of generals IN AND. Chuikova and M.S. Shumilova In September November 1942, up to 700 enemy attacks were reflected and with honor withstand all the tests. In the battles for the city, thousands of Soviet patriots showed heroically. As a result, in battles for Stalingrad, enemy troops suffered colossal losses. Every month the battle of it, about 250 thousand new soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht, the bulk of military equipment were directed. By mid-November 1942, the German fascist troops, losing more than 180 thousand people killed, 500 thousand wounded, were forced to stop the offensive.

During the summer-autumn campaign, Hitlerians managed to occupy a huge part of the European part of the USSR, where about 15% of the population lived, 30% of gross production was produced, there were more than 45% of the sowing areas. However, it was Pierry Victory. The Red Army exhausted and bredated fascist hordes. The Germans lost up to 1 million soldiers and officers, more than 20 thousand guns, over 1500 tanks. The enemy was stopped. The resistance of the Soviet troops made it possible to create favorable conditions for their transition to counteroffensive in the Stalingrad region.

During the fierce autumn battle, the bid of the Supreme Commands began to develop a plan for a grand offensive operation designed for the environment and defeat the main forces of the German-fascist troops acting directly under Stalingrad. Great contribution to the preparation of this operation that received a conditional name "Uranus", contributed GK Zhukov and A.M. Vasilevsky. For the completion of the task, three new fronts were created: Southwest (N.F. Vatutin), Donskaya (K.K. Rokossovsky) and Stalingradsky (A.I. Eremenko). In total, more than 1 million people entered the offensive group, 13 thousand guns and mortars, about 1000 tanks, 1,500 aircraft. On November 19, 1942, the onset of the South-West and Don Fronts began. After a day, the Stalingrad Front spoke. The offensive was unexpected for the Germans. It developed lightning and successfully. On November 23, 1942, a historical meeting and the connection of the South-West and Stalingrad fronts occurred . As a result, a German grouping near Stalingrad was surrounded (330 thousand soldiers and officers under the command of General Paulus St.). Hitler's command could not accept the situation. They were formed by the group of the "Don" armies in the composition of 30 divisions. She had to strike at Stalingrad, break through the external front of the environment and connect from the 6th Army background Paulus. However, at the middle of December, an attempt to fulfill this task ended with a new major defeat of German and Italian forces. By the end of December, defeating this grouping, the Soviet troops came to the Kotelnikovo district and began an offensive to Rostov. This made it possible to start the final destruction of the surrounded German troops. From January 10 February 2, 1943 . They were finally eliminated.

Victory in the Stalingrad battle He led to the wide onset of the Red Army on all fronts: in January 1943, Leningrad blocade was broken; In February, the North Caucasus liberated; In February March on the Central (Moscow) direction, the front line moved to 130-160 km. As a result of the autumn-winter campaign 1942/43 military power Fascist Germany was significantly undermined.

In the central direction after successful actions in the spring of 1943, the so-called Kursk ledge was formed on the front line. Hitler's command, wanting to once again master the strategic initiative, has developed an operation "Citadel" For breakthrough and environment of the Red Army in the Kursk area. In contrast to 1942, the Soviet command solved the intentions of the enemy and created deeply echelonized defense in advance. Battle on the Kursk Arc The largest battle of World War II. It was used by Germany about 900 thousand people, 1.5 thousand tanks (including the newest samples of "Tiger", "Panther"), more than 2 thousand aircraft; From the Soviet side more than 1 million people, 3,400 tanks and about 3 thousand aircraft. In the Kursk battle commanded outstanding commander: marshals G.K. Zhukov and A.M. Vasilevsky, generals N.F. Vatutin and KK Rokossovsky. Strategic reserves were created under the command of General I.S. KONEVA, since the plan of the Soviet command provided for the transition from defense to further offensive. July 5, 1943 . The massive offensive of German troops began. After unprecedented in the world history of tank battles ( battle with the village of Prokhorovka and etc.) July, 12 The enemy was stopped. The counteroffensiveness of the Red Army began. As a result of the defeat of the German fascist troops near Kursk in August 1943, the Soviet troops mastered the eagle and Belgorod. In honor of this victory, for the first time in the years of war, in Moscow August 5, 1943. Salute 12 artillery volley from 120 guns was produced.

Continuing the offensive, Soviet troops caused a crushing blow to the Nazis Belgorod-Kharkiv surgery. In September, the left-bank Ukraine and Donbass were liberated, the Dnieper was forced in October and Kiev took place in November.

In 1944-1945 The Soviet Union reached the economic, military-strategic and political superiority over the enemy. Work soviet people Sustainably provided the needs of the front. The strategic initiative has completely passed to the Red Army. The level of planning and implementation of the largest combat operations has increased. June 6, 1944 The United Kingdom and the United States landed their troops in Normandy under the command of General D. Eisenhower. From the moment opening of the second front in Europe Allied relations acquired new quality. The resistance of peoples in the countries occupied by Germany increased. It resulted in a wide partisan movement, uprising, sabotage and sabotage. In general, the resistance of the peoples of Europe, which also participated in the Soviet people who fled from the German captivity was a significant contribution to the fight against fascism. The political unity of the German bloc weakened. Japan did not oppose the USSR. In government circles of the Allies of Germany (Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania), the idea of \u200b\u200bbreaking with her. The fascist dictatorship of B. Mussolini was overthrown. Italy capitulated and then declared war in Germany. In 1944, relying on the previously achieved success. The Red Army "carried out a number of major operations completed the liberation of the territory of our Motherland. In January, the blockade of Leningrad was finally removed, 900 days. The North-West part of the USSR was released. In January was held Korsun-Shevchenkovskaya operation, In the development of which the Soviet troops liberated the right-bank Ukraine and the southern regions of the USSR (Crimea, the city of Kherson, Odessa, etc.). In the summer of 1944, the Red Army held one of the largest operations of the Great Patriotic War (Bagration). Belarus was fully released. This victory opened the way to promote Poland, Baltic States and Eastern Prussia.

In mid-August 1944, Soviet troops in the west direction came to the border with Germany. At the end of August began YASSKO-Kishinev operationAs a result of which Moldova was liberated. The opportunity to withdraw from the war Romania, the allies of Germany was created. These largest operations of 1944 were accompanied by the liberation of other territories of the Soviet Union of Baltic States, Karelian Isthmus and Polaria. The victories of Soviet troops in 1944 helped the peoples of Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia in their fight against fascism. The proper regimes were overthrown in these countries, patriotic power came to power. Established in 1943 on the territory of the USSR, the Polish army spoke on the side antihytler coalition. The process of recreating Polish statehood began.

Soviet command, developing an offensive, conducted a number of operations outside the USSR ( Budapest, Belgradskaya and etc.). They were caused by the need to destroy large enemy groups in these territories in order to prevent the possibility of their transformation to protect Germany. At the same time, the introduction of Soviet troops to the countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe strengthened the left and communist parties in them and, in general, the influence of the Soviet Union in this region. 1944 was decisive in providing victory over fascism. On the Eastern Front, Germany lost a huge amount of military equipment, more than 1.5 million soldiers and officers, its military monetary potential was completely undermined. She lost most of the occupied territories. In early 1945, the countries of the Antihygler Coalition coordinated efforts to defeat fascist Germany. On the Eastern Front, as a result of the powerful onset of the Red Army, Poland was finally released, most of Czechoslovakia and Hungary. In the Western Front, despite the unsuccessful Ardenne operation of 1944, the Allies of the USSR also inflicted Germany decisive defeats, freed a significant part of Western Europe and close to the borders of Germany.

IN april 1945 Soviet troops began Berlin Operation. She was aimed at taking the capital of Germany and the final defeat of fascism. Troops 1st (Commander Marshal G.K. Zhukov), 2nd (Marshal Commander K.K. Rokossovsky) Belarusian and 1st Ukrainian (Commander Marshal I.S. Konev) the fronts destroyed the Berlin grouping of the enemy, they captured about 500 thousand people, a huge amount of military equipment and weapons. The fascist leadership was completely demoralized, A. Hitler committed suicide. On the morning of May 1, the capture of Berlin was completed and over Reichstag (German Parliament), the Red Banner Symbol of the Victory Soviet people.

On May 8, 1945, in the suburb of Berlin Karlshortst, the newly created New Government of Germany signed an act of unconditional surrender. On May 9, the remains of German troops in the Prague area, the capital of Czechoslovakia were defeated. Therefore, May 9th it became the day of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War.

3. Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War. Popular struggle on the accumulated territory

Mobilization of efforts to ensure victory in the Great Patriotic War was carried out in the field of economics, social policy, ideology. Main political slogan "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" He played important in mobilizing the forces of the people, had concrete and practical importance. The attack of Hitler Germany to the Soviet Union caused a powerful patriotic rise in the entire population of the country. Many Soviet people were recorded in the national militia, donated their blood, participated in the air defense, donated money and jewelry for the Defense Fund. Millions of women aimed at ruin towers, construction of anti-tank pvs and other defensive structures were most important than the Red Army. With the onset of cold weather in the winter of 1941/42, a wide campaign for the collection for the army of warm things was launched: coat coats, boots, mittens, etc.

In the economic policy of the country, two periods are allocated. The first - June 22, 1941 - the end of 1942: Perestroika of the economy for military papers in the most difficult conditions of lesions of the Red Army and the loss of a significant part of the economically developed European part of the Soviet Union. Second - 1943 - 1945. - Stablely increasing military-industrial production, achieving economic superiority over Germany and its allies, restoration of the national economy on liberated territories. From the first days of war, emergency measures were taken to transfer the economy to military rails: A military economic plan for the production of all types of weapons and ammunition has been developed (in contrast to previous years - monthly and quarterly); Strengthening the hard system of centralized industry, transport and agriculture; Special addicts have been created for the production of certain types of weapons, the Committee for the Food and Blond Supplies of the Red Army, the Evacuation Council. There was a broad work on the evacuation of industrial enterprises and human resources to the eastern regions of the country.

In 1941-1942 At the Urals, in Siberia, Central Asia has been moved about 2000 enterprises and 11 million people. This process took place particularly intensively in summer in the summer of 1941 and in the summer in the fall of 1942, i.e. In the most difficult moments of the struggle at the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. At the same time, work was established on the ground in a speedy launch of evacuated plants. The mass production of modern types of weapons (aircraft, tanks, artillery, automatic rifle) began, whose designs were developed back in pre-war years. In 1942, the volume of gross production industry exceeded the level of 1941 by 1.5 times.

Huge losses on the initial period of the war suffered agriculture. The main grain areas were occupied by the enemy. Sowing Squares and cattle livestock decreased by 2 times. Gross agricultural products amounted to 37% of the pre-war level. Therefore, the work started before the war, to expand the sowing areas in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

By the end of 1942, the restructuring of the economy for servicing the needs of the war was completed. In 1941-1942 Military-economic assistance to the United States, the USSR ally on the Anti-Hitler Coalition played the important role. Supplies for the so-called Land Lesa of military equipment, medicines and food did not have a decisive value (about 4% manufactured in our country of industrial products), but provided a certain assistance to the Soviet people in the most difficult period of war. Due to the undevelopment of the domestic automotive industry, transport deliveries (cargo and passenger cars of American production) were especially valuable.

At the second stage (1943-1945), the USSR reached the decisive superiority over Germany in economic development, especially in the release of military products. 7,500 large enterprises were commissioned, which ensured a steady increase in industrial production. Compared to the preceding period, the volume of industrial production increased by 38%. In 1943, 30 thousand aircraft were issued, 24 thousand tanks, 130 thousand artillery guns of all kinds. The improvement of the combat technology of small arms (gun gun), new fighters (La-5, Yak-9), heavy bombers (ANT-42, who received the front name TB7) continued. These strategic bombers had the opportunity to apply bombing strikes on Berlin and return to their bases. Unlike the prewar and first military years, new models of military equipment immediately went to mass production. In August 1943, the decision of the USSR SCSR and the Central Committee of the WCP (b) "on urgent measures to restore the economy in areas liberated from German occupation" was adopted. On its basis, during the war years, the restoration of the destroyed industry and agriculture began. Particular attention was paid to the mining, metallurgical and energy sectors in the Donbass in Dneprovye. In 1944, early 1945, the highest harvest of military production and complete superiority over Germany, the economic situation of which deteriorated sharply was achieved. Gross production exceeded a pre-war level, and the military increased 3 times. Of particular importance was an increase in agricultural production.

Social policy was also aimed at providing victory. In this area, emergency measures were taken, in general, justified by the situation of war. Many millions of Soviet people were mobilized to the front. Mandatory universal training of the military case covered 10 million people in the rear. In 1942, the labor mobilization of the entire city and rural population was introduced, measures to strengthen labor discipline were tightened. A network of factory-factory schools has been expanded; (FMS), through which about 2 million people took place. The use of female and adolescence in production has increased significantly. Since the fall of 1941, a centralized distribution of food (card system) was introduced, which allowed to avoid mass hunger. To facilitate the terrifying position of the rural population, the possibilities of the so-called collective farm market were expanded.

Together with justified hard social measures, actions were taken by the cult of the identity of I.V. Stalin. The illegal arrests of citizens continued. Soviet soldiers and officers who were captured, declared traitors of the Motherland. Church of the Volga region, Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks were deported.

The ideological area continued the line to strengthen the patriotism and the interethnic unity of the peoples of the USSR. Significantly strengthened still in the pre-war period, the glorification of the heroic past Russian and other peoples. New elements were made to propaganda methods. Class, socialist values \u200b\u200bwere replaced by the generalizing concepts of the Motherland and Fatherland. In propaganda ceased to make a special emphasis on the principle of proletarian internationalism (in May 1943, the Comintern was dissolved). It is now laying a call for the unity of all countries in the overall fight against fascism, regardless of the nature of their socio-political systems. During the war years, reconciliation and the rapprochement of Soviet power with the Russian Orthodox Church, which was blessed by the people on June 22, 1941, "on the protection of the sacred frontiers of the Motherland". In 1942, the largest hierarchs were brought to participate in the work of the Commission for the Investigation of Fascist Crimes. In 1943 to resolve I.V. Stalin The Local Cathedral elected Metropolitan Sergius by the Patriarch of All Russia.

In the field of literature and art, administrative and ideological control was mitigated. During the war, many writers went to the front, becoming military correspondents. Outstanding anti-fascist works: verses A.T. Tvardovsky, O.F. Berggolts and K.M. Simonov, journalistic essays and articles I.G. Ehrenburg, A.N. Tolstoy and MA Sholokhov, Symphony D.D. Shostakovich and S.S. Prokofiev, songs A.V. Alexandrova, B.A. Mokrousova, V.P. Solovyova-gray, M.I. Blanter, I.O. Dunaevsky and others raised the moral spirit of Soviet citizens, strengthening their confidence in victory, developed the feelings of national pride and patriotism. Of particular popularity during the war of war acquired cinema. Domestic operators and directors recorded the most important events that took place at the front, filmed the documentary ("defeat the German troops near Moscow", "Leningrad in the struggle", "Battle for Sevastopol", "Berlin") and art films ("Zoya", "guy from Our city, "" invasion "," she protects his homeland, "" two fighters ", etc.). The famous artists of the theater, movie and pops created creative brigades that went to the front, in hospitals, factory workshops and collective farms. At the front, 440 thousand performances and concerts of 42 thousand creative workers were given. Artists, drawn by the "TASS windows", who created posters and caricatures, famous for the whole country played a major role in the development of agitation mass work. The main topics of all works of art (literature, music, cinema, etc.) were the plots of the heroic past of Russia, as well as the facts that testified about the courage, loyalty and devotion to the birthplace of Soviet people who fought with the enemy at the front and in the occupied territories.

A great contribution to the provision of victory over the enemy was made by scientists, despite the difficulties of military time and evacuation of many scientific and cultural and educational institutions deep into the country. Basically, they focused their work in the applied branches of science, but did not leave out of sight of the research of a fundamental, theoretical nature. They developed the technology of manufacturing new solid alloys and steels, the necessary tank industry; Research in radio waves, contributing to the creation of domestic radar radar. LD Landau developed the theory of the movement of quantum fluid, for which he later received the Nobel Prize. The national approach and the most importantly achieved social consent was one of the most important factors that provided the victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War.

One of the important conditions provided victory in the Great Patriotic Warrior was resistance to invaders in the occupied territories. It was caused, firstly, deep patriotism and sense of national self-consciousness of Soviet people. Secondly, the country's leadership held focused actions to support and organize this movement.. Thirdly, the natural protest was called by the fascist idea about the inferiority of the Slavic and other peoples of the USSR, the economic robbery and the repayment of human resources.

The Eastern Politics of Germany, designed to dissatisfy the population by the Bolshevik regime and national contradictions completely failed. The cruel attitude of the German command to the Soviet prisoners of war, extreme anti-Semitism, the mass destruction of the Jews and other peoples, the executions of ordinary communists and party-government officials of any ranks, all this aggravated the hatred of Soviet people to the invaders. Only a small part of the population (especially in the territories, forcibly affiliated with the Soviet Union before the war) went to cooperate with the occupiers. Resistance turned into various forms: Special NKVD groups operating in the rear of the enemy, partisan detachments, underground organizations in the captured cities and others. Many of them were led by the underground committees and District Republic of WCP (b). They were tasked with the tasks of preserving faith in the inviolability of Soviet power, strengthening the moral spirit of the people and strengthen the struggle in the occupied territories. At the end of June, early July 1941, SNK and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) adopted a resolution on the organization of the struggle in the rear of the German troops. By the end of 1941. in the territory captured by the German-fascist troops, in extremely difficult conditions, without the experience of the underground struggle over 2 thousand partisan detachments operatedwho had more than 100 thousand people. To coordinate the actions of partisan detachments, delivering them weapons, ammunition, food and medicines, the organization of the export of patients and wounded on a large land in May 1942. At the expense of the Supreme Command, the central headquarters of the partisan movement led by PK Ponomarenko. Significant assistance to the partisan detachments provided commanders of the current army. As a result, extensive territories were released in the enemy rear and created partisan Region (in Belarus and Russian Federation). For the suppression of the guerrilla, the Hitler's command was forced to send 22 divisions. The guerrilla movement reached the highest lift in 1943. Its feature has become the consolidation of partisan compounds (in the shelves, brigades) and coordinating actions with the general plans of the Soviet command. IN august-September 1943 by the operations "Rail War" and "Concert" For a long time, the partisans disabled more than 2 thousand km of communication, bridges and various kinds of railway equipment in the rear of the enemy. It had a substantial assistance to the Soviet troops during the battle under Kursk, Eagle and Kharkov. At the same time, the Carpathian raid under the command of S.A. was held on the rear of the enemy. Kovpaka, had great importance In the community population lifting in the western parts of Ukraine. In 1944, the partisan movement played an important role in the liberation of Belarus and the Right Bank of Ukraine. As the territory of the Soviet Union, the partisan detachments were poured into the operating army. Part of the partisan compounds was relocated to Poland and Slovakia. The selfless struggle of the Soviet people in the rear of the enemy was one of the important factors that provided the victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War.

4. The present policy of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War

In the first months, the Great Patriotic War began to actively develop the anti-Hitler coalition in the USSR, Great Britain and later than the United States. These were its main participants to which other countries joined. The coalition was founded on the overall idea of \u200b\u200bthe fight against fascism, preserving the sovereignty and independence of its states. Western democracy, despite the hatred of the Soviet system, understood the need for cooperation with the USSR. Thus, completely different socio-political systems went on rapprochement in the face of general danger. Each of the parties pursued its own political goals. This caused a complex and controversial nature of their cooperation. The Soviet Union sought to get out of international isolation and was ready to accept assistance western countries To reflect Hitler's aggression. West intended to maximize the human potential of the Soviet Union to achieve victory. Therefore, the question of opening the second front, i.e. The direct participation of Great Britain and the United States in large-scale combat operations against Germany in the central European direction (in France and Belgium) became the main subject of negotiations between allies. Moscow conference. In the fall of 1941, the Moscow Conference of the Allies took place. USSR, England and the United States reviewed the plan of economic supplies in the USSR. In 1941-1942 The Soviet government concluded agreements with Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, France (their emigrant governments in London) on the joint struggle against the fascist block and future contours of the post-war reorganization of Europe. On January 1, 1942, 26 states of the world signed the Declaration of United Nations. This meant the creation of a coalition led from the USSR, Great Britain and the United States against the German bloc. However, the question of opening the second front in 1941-1942, despite the USSR diplomatic efforts, was not solved. The Allies of the Soviet Union preferred to act on the peripheral areas of the Second World War, strengthening their positions in the Middle East, in Central Asia and the Pacific region. The landing of the Anglo-American troops in Northern France was still postponed.

At the end of 1943the first meeting of the three leaders of the leading powers of the Antihytler Coalition took place (I.V. Stalin, U. Churchill, T. Roosevelt) Tehran Conference. The conditions of prisoners were largely dictated by major military successes of the USSR in the summer of 1943 The United States and the United Kingdom gave a promise to open the second front in Northern France no later than May 1944 Some issues of the post-war in Europe were discussed. Allies decided to transfer the USSR part of Eastern Prussia (now Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation). Agreed on the restoration of independent Poland within 1918. An important strategic position of Poland directly on the border of the USSR caused a constant discussion of its future fate. Austria and Hungary after the end of the war were proclaimed independent and free states. The Allies recognized the attachment of the Baltic States to the USSR, betraying its peoples because of their own interests. The decision of the future of Germany was postponed. In exchange for these concessions, the USSR agreed to assist the United States in the Far East and declare the war of Japan no later than 3 months after the end of hostilities in Europe. Performing the Resolution of the Tehran Conference and in the conditions of a powerful, decisive onset of the Red Army on the Eastern Front (with access to the Balkans and the countries of Eastern Europe), June 6, 1944. allied troops, Crouching through the straits of the La Mans and Para Decal, landed in Normandy (Operation "Overlord"). The liberation of France began.

At the final stage of the Second World War, when the victory over Germany did not cause doubt, took place Yalta Conference (February 1945). It solved the issues of the post-war device of Europe. Germany shared allies to four occupation zones: English, American, Soviet and French. The requirement of the USSR on German reparations in the amount of 10 billion dollars was recognized as legitimate. They had to come in the form of the export of goods and capital, the use of human strength. (This decision of the Yalta conference was not fully fulfilled. In addition, the USSR was morally and physically outdated technique, which prevented the modernization of the Soviet economy.) Based on solutions to the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union I achieved strengthening its position in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. The Soviet Union at the conference confirmed the promise to join the war with Japan, for which he received the consent of the allies to joining the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin to him. It was decided to establish the United Nations (UN). The Soviet Union received three places in it for the RSFSR, Ukraine and Belarus, i.e. The republics that carried out the major severity of the war, suffered the greatest economic losses and human sacrifices.

Potsdam (Berlin) Conference took place on July 17, August 2, 1945. Its task was to solve global issues of post-war settlement. The Soviet delegation was headed by I.V. Stalin, the American city of Truman (New President of the United States), British first W. Churchill, then his successor as Prime Minister K. etgli. The conference participants developed the principles aimed at carrying out demilitarization, denazification and democratization of Germany the plan for the eradication of German militarism and Nazism. He included the elimination of the German military industry, the prohibition of the German National Socialist Party and Nazi propaganda, the punishment of military criminals. An agreement was reached on reparations with Germany (one third in favor of the Soviet Union). The conference reviewed a number of territorial political issues. The USSR was transmitted to Königsberg (Capital of Eastern Prussia). The territory of Poland expanded significantly in the West by Germany (the Polish-German border was established on the rivers Oder-neutise). The basics were laid for signing a series of peace treaties who took into account the geopolitical interests of the USSR and confirmed its borders, which established in 1939. Solutions of Potsdam were fulfilled only partially, since in late 1945 the beginning of 1946 there was a significant discrepancy between the former allies. Since 1946, the Era of Cold War began in international relations, the so-called "iron curtain" appeared, an exacerbated confrontation between the two socio-political systems.

Due to the agreements reached at Tehran and Yalta conferences, USSR on August 8, 1945 announced the war of Japan. By this time, its military-economic potential was seriously undermined by allies in the Pacific Ocean. Moral and psychological disappearance uS atomic bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9), who did not have a military-strategic meaning. They died more than 100 thousand people and suffered about half a million civilians. At the same time, Japan retained even significant forces on the territory of Manchuria, northeastern China, on Sakhalin and Kuril Islands, where military actions between her and the USSR unfolded. In the summer of 1945, the Soviet command created in the East a significant superiority in a living tie and technique over the Japanese Quasun army. In this regard, in fact, during the month, Japan suffered a crushing defeat. Soviet troops occupied Manchuria, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, Northeast China and Korea. September 2, 1945 In the Tokyo Bay on board the American Linkar "Missouri", representatives of Japan signed an act of unconditional surrender. They created the conditions for the demilitarization of Japan. The signing of Japan's act on surrender meant the end of World War II.

Even during the war, the allies raised the question of the need to punish the leaders of fascist Germany, which unleashed the Second World War. For the first time, he was proclaimed in the Declaration of the Government of the USSR and the Polish Republic (London Government) in December 1941, enshrined in the Moscow Declaration of the USSR, USA, Great Britain in 1943, confirmed at the Yalta Conference of 1945 in connection with these decisions after Germany's capitulation A trial was held in Nuremberg on the leaders of the III Reich, held from December 1945 to October 1946. He was carried out by the specially created international military tribunal of the winning countries. The courts were committed to the political and military leaders of fascist Germany. Goering, Hesse, Ribbentrop, Kaltenbrunner, Kaitel, and others were also charged with leading industrialists (mines, Speer, Krupp et al.), Who played a prominent role in supporting fascism and militarization of Germany. All of them were charged with the organization and implementation of a conspiracy against peace and humanity: the disclosure of the total war, the murder of prisoners of war and ill-treatment in concentration camps, the plundering of public and private property, in general, committing the greatest military crimes. The accusation was also nominated against organizations: National Socialist Party, assault (CA) and security (SS) detachments, security services (SD), secret police (Gestapo). In court, written testimony and thousands of documentary evidence about the atrocities of the fascists were considered. In early October 1946, the sentence was announced. In fact, all defendants were found guilty of a conspiracy for the preparation and maintenance of aggressive wars, in criminal aggression against Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Yugoslavia, Greece, the USSR and a number of other countries. The main culprits were sentenced to death, the rest to life imprisonment. The Tribunal recognized the criminal organizations of the SS, Gestapo, SD, the leading composition of the Nazi party. The Nuremberg Process - the First In World History, a court who recognized aggression with the greatest criminal offense, who had punished as criminal criminals of state-owned guilty of preparing, unleashing and conducting aggressive wars. Principles enshrined by the International Tribunal and expressed in the sentence were confirmed by the UN General Assembly resolution in 1946

Plan

1 Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people (June 1941-1945).

2 Soviet Society in the postwar period (1946 -1953).

Literature

1 Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. Military Historical Essays. In 4 kN. M., 1998.

2 Gorky Yu.A. Whether Stalin prepared a proactive blow against Hitler in 1941 / new and the newest story. 1993. №3.

3 seminar M.I. Secrets of Stalin's diplomacy. 1939-1941. M., 1992.

4 Urals in the Strategy of World War II. Yekaterinburg, 2000.

The Great Patriotic War is divided into triostonic performeriod : 1) June 22, 1941. - November 1942: the period when the strategic initiative belonged mainly Germany (excluding December 1941 - March 1942, when the Nazis suffered defeat near Moscow and the strategic initiative temporarily moved to the Soviet Union); 2) November 1942 - The end of 1943: the period of the indigenous fracture during the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War; 3) 1944 -1945: - The period of the victorious completion of the war.

At dawn 22yunion1941 fascist Germany began aggression against the Soviet Union. What were the military-strategic, political, economic plans of Hitler's Germany in the war against the Soviet Union? What was the nature of the war of the Soviet people? -

Commander Fascist Germany, who unleashed the Second World War and the War against the Soviet Union, was installation methods "The Higher German race", the creation of a "Millennial Reich" - the millennial slave-owner German Empire. And the main obstacle to this goal was the Soviet Union. Therefore, the political plans of the Hitlerians included the destruction of the Soviet state, the dismemberment of it on the territories subject to the territory. The economic plans of German imperialism included the seizure of the entire economic potential and the natural wealth of our country. The grievous fate waited for the peoples of the Soviet republics, primarily Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian. Against them, the Nazis intended to apply the genocide, most of the people exterminate, the rest turn into slaves of German gentlemen.

These criminal plans of the fascists intended to be implemented through a military-strategic plan " Barbarossa ", Based on the strategy of the" Lightning War ". This plan was envisaged for two to three months to defeat the Red Army, to reach the line Arkhangelsk - Volga and the victoriously complete the war.

Thus, the war, unleashed by fascist Germany against the Soviet people and his state, was great , robbing, criminal.

Need to take into account that in last years There were publications in which the point of view is expressed that Germany has inflicted a preventive (preventive) blow against the aggression (V.Suvorov) prepared by the USSR. However, most researchers objectively approach the coverage of all the problems associated with the beginning and course of the Second World and World War.

The Soviet people Vel. fair War for freedom and independence of his fatherland, for the preservation of his statehood. He also fought for the liberation of the peoples of Europe from the fascist "new order", from the enslavement and domination of the "Higher Race", for the progress in the development of world civilization.

Suddenness of the attack and the power of the first blows of the fascist military car, despite the heroic resistance of the Soviet soldiers, forced the Red Army to retreat, she suffered failures and defeat. What are the reasons these defeats?

They had I. objective and subjective character. First of all, the fact that by the time of attacking the USSR, the army of fascist Germany was the strongest and prepared in the world. By the summer 1941 It had 214 fully staffed and well-armed divisions, her personnel had 7,254 thousand people. The army was 61 thousand guns and mortars, more than 5.6 thousand tanks, 10 thousand modern combat aircraft. The high degree of motorization did the fascist army of the maneuverable, made it possible to quickly cover long distances. By the time of the attack on the USSR, she had combat experience, her command staff was a practical school of a modern war in Poland, Denmark, Norway, France, Belgium, Holland, Yugoslavia, Greece.

The Armed Forces of Germany relied on a powerful military economy. In addition, after the occupation of ten highly developed European states, the military-economic potential of Germany increased dramatically. His dispute was human reserves, raw materials and a powerful industry of almost all Western Europe. Germany's military-economic resources significantly exceeded the resources of the Soviet Union. And with the seizure of the Western regions of the USSR, they have increased even more.

Finally, the Allies of Germany - Italy, Romania, Hungary, Finland, Army, which had more than 3 million people, were entered into the war from the USSR, and 3,600 aircraft over thousands of tanks.

Concerning subjective factors then they concluded in miscipes and errors The political and military leadership of the Soviet state at the head of the I.V. Stalin. These are pre-war repression As a result of which the Red Army lost about 40 thousand commanders, the miscalculations in the Soviet military doctrine, designed for an offensive war, the unbelief of Stalin to the fact that Hitler will begin the war in the summer of 1941, and others.

Transformation of the country B. united Anguylagen . In order to reflect the fascist aggression, the Soviet state began the restructuring of the country's lifetime on the military way. First of all, was and reformed organizations state.

30 yyunya1941g. was formed State Committee Committee (GKO ) chaired by I.V. Stalin. In the hands of GKO focused all the fullness of the state, military and party power. The main principle of leadership was centralization, and in a much, large scale than before the war.

In the front-line cities and areas that the invasion of the German fascist troops threatened, local, emergency authorities were created - gorodskiecomitteForns . The direct leadership of the decision of national objectives by party organizations has sharply intensified. For these purposes in the party committees, the number of sectoral departments headed by the secretaries (in the Sverdlovsk Obkom CKP (b), for example, there were 20), the institute was expanded partorgov In enterprises. The work was rebuilt polytotelov on railway, water and air transport, and in November 1941. These emergencies were recreated at MTS and state farms.

Seriously rebuilt was all military -organizational worker As part of which the following measures were taken: 1) acquired a huge scale mobilization (Only for the first seven days of the war was called into the army of 5.3 million people.); 2) Created STAVETEROVOVOGRAVOVANOVOE ; 3) in early 1941 Institute was introduced martial Commissioner ; 4) a system of preparation system, reserve ( universal , Mandatory war Breaking ); 5) began to form part of the military militia from the people; 6) the process was started redistribution Communist From territorial in military party organizations (mobilization, by facilitating the conditions for admission to the party at the front). The politsostav of the working and peasant red army was strengthened by the most experienced employees from the members of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Union Republics, the Obmaoms and the Otrics; 7) Almost from the first days of the war began partisanskogovatiy In the rear of the enemy. CCP Central Committee (b) July 18, 1941 Adopted a resolution "On the organization of the struggle in the rear of the German troops." By the end of 1941 In the occupied territory, over 250 underground party committees were operating, which sent more than 2 thousand partisan detachments.

ExpensellsProduction of Economics countries. Its main directions were: 1) the maximum increase in product production at defense enterprises; 2) the translation of enterprises producing peaceful products to the production of military products (organization of tanks, for example, T-34 on Uralmashzavoda); 3) Recomposition to the East of industrial enterprises with great defense importance (2,5 thousand enterprises were evacuated during the year, including 700 was placed in the Urals; production on them was established in the shortest possible time); 4) the construction of new defense plants in the eastern regions of the country; 5) the redistribution of material, financial resources for the needs of the front; 6) strengthening centralization in the management of the economy; 7) Solving the problem of working arms: Legislative consolidation in production, mobilization for labor front, attraction of housewives, adolescents 13-16 years old to work at industrial enterprises. Thus, within the country, the party-state leadership of the USSR focused on total mobilization and use of all cash resources in order to reflect aggression.

The results of the restructuring of the country's life for military units affected the battle under Moscow In the fall, winter 1941 - 1942 The defeat of the German troops in the battle for Moscow had a huge military-strategic value. This was the first major defeat of the Hitler's army, a myth was dispelled about her invincibility, the strategic plan "Blitzkrieg" was finally buried. The war accepted completely different protracted Character, what the Hitler's leadership is not prepared. He had to radically revise his military-strategic plans. But to send, the course of the war in its favor of the Nazis was no longer destined.

The victory near Moscow had great international importance. It is as a result that it accelerated the process of creating antihytlerovskalia . This is a completely natural phenomenon, primarily due to the fact that the ruling circles of Western powers understood what a huge threat to their national and state interests represents Nazi Germany, and also realized the inability to protect these interests, break the powerful military machine of fascism without cooperation with the Soviet Union. Great was the role in this process and the population of territories occupied by the Nazis. January 1, 1942 In Washington, military cooperation of countries that fought against the aggressive block was officially issued. Such an act was the signing of a declaration of twenty-six states, among which were the USSR, USA, United Kingdom, China, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Canada, and others. The creation of the anti-fascist coalition played a very important role in the victorious outcome of the war against the forces of the aggressive bloc.

Despite the fact that as a result of total mobilization of all resources and reserves, the fascists managed in spring and summer 1942. Catch up the initiative, deploy an offensive on the southern section of the front, capture Sevastopol, break into Stalingrad and take a significant part of the North Caucasus, it was their last success.

Rooted in khoanovna , herPrinced Coverage . By autumn 1942. The Soviet Union has achieved a decisive superiority over fascist Germany in the production of weapons. In the work of the rear came a fracture. Here are the eloquent numbers: on May 1, 1942. In the current army there were 2,070 heavy and medium tanks, 43 642 guns and mortars, 3,164 combat aircraft, and on July 1, 1943 there were 6 232, mortars and guns - 98,790 and aircraft - 8 293, that is, the amount of weapons increased by 2-3 times. By the end of 1943, only the Ural produced tanks and self-propelled artillery attitudes (SAU) more than all Germany along with occupied countries. Simultaneously with quantitative growth of military equipment, its quality has significantly improved.

Increasing the production of military products made it possible to reorganize the army, deploy the formation of parts and compounds that were not in the country: tank and air armies, the artillery buildings of the breakthrough, the compounds of the Guards mortars (Katyush), the mouth of automatic gunners, etc.

19 -September 201942. g. Soviet troops switched to counteroffensive under Stalingrad As a result of which was surrounded and crushed more than 300 thousand German army. The strategic counterattack of the Soviet army began. In summer1943 in battle under Kursk . ended rooted During the war, the last stage of its stage, ended with the full liberation of the Soviet Union, and then Eastern and Southeast Europe and the defeat of fascist Germany, which 8 may1945. g. Capitulized.

From July 17 to August 2, 1945 in Potsdam The conference of the heads of the Government of the USSR, England and the United States. It has decisions on the post-war device of Germany, about developing it as a single democratic, peace-loving state. Subsequent events have shown, however, that the ruling circles of the United States and England were not going to adhere to the agreed policy in the post-war world.

Fulfilling its obligations to the allies, the Soviet Union 8 august1945 g. entered into war with Militarist Japan. Soviet troops until the end of August held a successful operation to defeat the Kwantung Army in Northern China, to liberate southern Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and North Korea. Japan, like Germany, capitulated. The Great Patriotic and World War II ended.

The victory went heavy Sale . In total, the country has lost up to 30% of national wealth, 27 million human lives. The main role in achieving the victory was played by a subjective factor - such features of the Soviet people as dedication, heroism, patriotism. Of course, there were also objective reasons: the creation of a military-economic advantage over the enemy, superiority in the production of weapons, huge spaces of the country, rich natural resources, a large population, as well as major enemy miscalculations, the assistance of the allies.

Maintenance strengths ambiguous: the defeat of Germany and its allies eliminated a fatal threat to all mankind; crashed several totalitarian modes; There were favorable prospects for the struggle against colonialism; The influence of democratic forces in many countries increased; There was a change in state borders in Europe and Asia; Stalinsky totalitarian regime in the USSR strengthened; favorable conditions were created for the release of "Stalin Socialism" beyond the limits of one country; The Military Industrial Complex of the Soviet Union has strengthened!

Currently, our society is most fully comprehensive lessons stories. The most important of these are the following: the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 put on the forefront of her mainly her actor - people; reactionary forces failed to achieve world domination; The war showed the ability of democratic strength to rally before the deadly danger; The protective forces of civilization are huge, they are quite enough to prevent the Third World War and take other threats.

As a result of World War II, happened changes and symbols in the world. As after the First World War, there were significant in post-war Europe territorial impositions . The winner countries, primarily the Soviet Union, increased their territories by defeated states. The Soviet Union moved a significant part of Eastern Prussia with the city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation), the Lithuanian SSR received the territory of the Klaipeda region, the territory of the Transcarpathian Ukraine was departed to the Ukrainian SSR. In the Far East, in accordance with the agreements reached at the Crimean Conference, South Sakhalin was returned to the Soviet Union and the Kurilsky islands were given (including 4 southern islands who were not previously part of Russia). Increased its territory at the expense of German lands Poland, at the same time of the territory of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, which included the Soviet Union under the Treaty of the USSR and Germany (September 1939), remained Soviet.

Immeasurably evergrees Soviet Union - countries that made a decisive contribution to the defeat of fascism. Without the participation of the USSR, no international problem was not solved.

As a result of World War II, a radically changed in the establishment of trudnogomira . We suffered defeat and for a while they lost the role of the great powers of Germany, Japan and Italy, significantly weakened the position of England and France. At the same time, the share of the United States increased immeasurably. During the war years, the industrial production of the country not only did not decrease, but increased by 47%. The United States controlled about 80% of the golden stock of the capitalist world, their share accounted for 46% of world industrial production.

War laid Beginning disintegration system . For several years, the independence of such largest countries as India, Indonesia, Burma, Pakistan, Ceylon, Egypt has gained independence. In total, the post-war decade received the independence of 25 states, 1,200 million were freed from colonial dependence.

The most important feature of the end of the war and the post-war period was anti-fascist, national liberation, people's -democratic Elevated In Eastern Europe and a number of Asia countries. During the struggle against fascism in these countries, a single front has emerged in all democratic forces, which played by communist parties. After the overthrow of the fascist and collaboration governments, governments were created, which included representatives of all anti-fascist parties and movements. They conducted a number of democratic transformations. The economic field has developed a multi-storey economy - the coexistence of the state, state-in-nutropeistic, cooperative and private sectors. In political, created a multi-party parliamentary form of political power, in the presence of opposition parties, with the separation of the authorities. It was an attempt to transition to socialist transformations to its own way.

However, starting from 1947. These countries were imposed on the Stalinist model of the political system, borrowed from the USSR. Extremely active role in this played Cominformbüro created in 1947. In addition to the Comintern. In the formal preservation of the multi-party system, the power of one party was established, as a rule, by the merger of the Communist and Social Democratic Parties. Opposition political parties were prohibited, their leaders are repressed. There were transformations similar to Soviet - mass nationalization of enterprises, forced collectivization.

IN political spectrum European countries occurred shift . Fascist and right-hand-hearted games have come off the scene. The influence of the Communists has sharply increased. In 1945 - 1947 They were part of governments: France, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Denmark, Norway, Iceland and Finland. There was a tendency to bring the convergence of the Communists and Social Democrats.

The term "Cold War" himself was paved in the turnover of the US Secretary of State D.F. Dallyles. Its essence is a political, economic, ideological confrontation of two systems, balancing on the verge of war.

It makes no sense to argue on the topic who began the "Cold War" - convincing arguments are given both the same and the other party. In Western historiography, the Cold War is the answer of Western democracy at the attempt of the Soviet Union to export a socialist revolution. In Soviet historiography, the reasons for the Cold War were called the attempts of American imperialism to establish world domination of the United States, eliminate the socialist system, restore capitalist system in the countries of the People's Democracy, to suppress national liberation movements.

It is illogical and unreasonably completely collapsed one side and impose all the blame on the other. Today, the "Cold War" can be viewed as an inevitable fee for the creation two Poly Station The post-war world in which each of the poles (USSR and the USA) sought to strengthen its influence in the world on the basis of its geopolitical and ideological interests, while aware of the boundaries of possible expansion.

Already during the war with Germany, in some circles of the United States and England, there were seriously the plans to start a war with Russia. The fact of negotiations is widely known, which Germany led at the end of the war with Western powers about the Separate world (Wolf Mission). The upcoming joining Russia in the war with Japan, which allowed to save the lives of millions of American guys, turned the scale of the scales, did not pay this plans.

The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not so much a military operation as a political act with the aim of providing pressure on the USSR.

The main axis of confrontation was the relationship between two superpowers - USSR and USA. The turn from cooperation with the Soviet Union to confrontation began after the death of the president of F. Mostwelt. The beginning of the "Cold War" is taken to dating the speech of U. Herchille in the American city Fultton in march1946. g., in which he called on the US people to joint struggle against Soviet Russia and its agents - communist parties.

The ideological substantiation of the Cold War has become doctrinatruman nominated by the US President in 1947. According to this doctrine, the conflict of Western democracy with communism is irreconcilable. The task of the United States is the struggle with communism around the world, "the containment of communism", "discarding communism into the borders of the USSR." American responsibility for the events occurring around the world were proclaimed, all these events were considered through the prism of the confrontation of communism and Western democracy, the USSR and the United States.

The monopoly possession of the atomic bomb allowed the United States as they thought to dictate their will to the world. In 1945 The development of plans for applying an atomic strike on the USSR began. Pincher (1946), "Chariotir" (1948), "Thoriotir" (1949), "Troyan" (1950), etc. American historians, not denying the presence of such plans, say that it was Only about the operational military plans, which are compiled in any country in case of war. But after the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the presence of such plans could not not cause a sharp concern of the Soviet Union.

In 1946 In the United States, a strategic military command was created, disposed of atomic weapons aircraft. In 1948 Atomic weapon bombers were placed in the UK and West Germany. The Soviet Union was surrounded by a network of American military bases. In 1949 They were numbered more than 300.

US conducted a policy of creating military -political blocks against the USSR. IN 1949 g. was created North AtlanticBlock (NATO ). It includes: USA, England, France, Italy, Canada, Belgium, Holland, Norway, Greece and Turkey. Were created: in 1954 g. - Organization South -Easterna (Seat ), in 1955 g. - BaghdadskyPact . A course was taken to restore the military potential of Germany. IN 1949 , in violation of Yalta and Potsdam agreements, of the three zones of occupation - English, American and French - was created Federal Railway Company which in the same year entered NATO.

The Soviet Union did not develop aggression plans against other countries, in particular the United States, he did not have for this necessary fleet (aviance ships of all classes, landing ships); until 1948 Practically did not possess strategic aviation, until August 1949. Atomic weapons. Designed at the end of 1946 - early 1947. "The plan of active defense of the territory of the Soviet Union" had exclusively defensive tasks. From July 1945 to 1948 The number of the Soviet Army decreased from 11.4 to 2.9 million people. Despite the inequality of forces, the Soviet Union sought to carry out a rigid foreign policy line, which resulted in strengthening confrontation. For some time, Stalin hoped for cooperation with the Americans in the technical and economic field. However, after the death of Roosevelt, it became clear that such assistance was not included in US politicians.

However, the Soviet Union also conducted policies confrontation . Back in 1945 Stalin demanded the creation of a joint defense system of the Black Sea Straits of the USSR and Turkey, establish joint custody by the allies of the colonial possessions of Italy in Africa (while the USSR was planned to provide the naval base in Libya).

In 1946 There was a conflict situation around Iran. In 1941 Soviet and English troops were introduced there. After the war, the English troops were derived, and Soviet continued to remain. In the territory engaged in the territory in Iranian Azerbaijan, the government was formed, proclaiming autonomy and began the transmission of peasants of the landlord and state lands. At the same time, the National Autonomy proclaimed Iranian Kurdistan. Western countries, the position of the Soviet Union was regarded as preparation for the dismemberment of Iran. The Iranian crisis served as a reason for Churchill's speech in Fulton. The USSR was forced to bring troops.

The confrontation has been outlined in Asia. From 1946 The civil war began in China. The troops of the Gomesintan government of Chang Kayshi tried to take the territories controlled by the Communists. Western countries were supported by Chan-Kaisi, and the Soviet Union - Communists, giving them a significant number of trophy Japanese weapons.

The Soviet Union agreed to the establishment of a coalition government in Poland, which included representatives of London emigration, but did not go to the universal election in Poland, which led to a conflict situation in the country.

The final decay of the world is associated with the nomination of the United States " planamershalla "(US Secretary of State) and a sharply negative attitude towards it of the USSR.

The United States is immeasurably rich in the war years. With the end of the war they threatened the crisis of overproduction. At the same time, the economy of European countries was destroyed, their markets were open to American goods, but there was nothing to pay for these goods. Investing capital in the economy of these countries of these countries feared, since there was a strong effect of the left forces and the investment situation was unstable: it could at any time follow the nationalization.

"Marshall Plan" offered to European countries to restore the destroyed economy. Gave loans to buy American goods. The revenue money was not exported, but invested in the construction of enterprises in the territory of these countries. Marshall plan adopted 16 Western European states. Politician grades Assistance was to remove communists from governments. In 1947 Communists were derived from the governments of Western European countries. Help was offered to Eastern European countries. Poland and Czechoslovakia began negotiations, but under pressure from the USSR refused to help. At the same time, the United States ruined the Soviet-American loan agreement and adopted a law on the prohibition of exports to the USSR. Thus, there was a division of European countries into two groups with different economic systems.

IN 1949 g. The USSR was tested atomic bomb , and in 1953 Created armonuclear bomb (earlier than in the USA). The creation of atomic weapons in the USSR marked the beginning gonkevors between the USSR and the USA.

As opposed to the block of Western states began to form economic and military -political SUMCSCIALISTICSTRAN . IN 1949 g. was created Sovetheconomic Connectivity - body of economic cooperation of the states of Eastern Europe. The conditions for joining it was a refusal of the Marshall Plan. In May 1955 g. Created Warsaw monitor -politicalism . There was a split world for two camp opposing each other.

This affected on economical services . After the adoption of the Marshall Plan and the formation of the CMEA, there were actually two parallel world markets, few connected with each other. The USSR and Eastern Europe turned out to be isolated from developed countries, which adversely affected their economy.

Inside Self socialist Halter Stalin conducted a rigid policy, consistently carried out the principle "Who is not with us, the one against us." He wrote: "Two camps are two positions; The position of unconditional protection of the USSR and the position of the struggle against the USSR. Here you have to choose, because there is no third position. Neutrality In this case, fluctuations, reservations, the search for the third position are an attempt to escape from responsibility ... What does it mean to get away from responsibility? This means imperceptibly slipping into the camp of the USSR opponents. " Inside socialist countries, violence with dissents were taken. If the country's leadership occupied a special position, then this country was annoyed from the socialist camp, they ruined with her any relationship, as happened in 1948. from Yugoslavia. whose management tried to conduct an independent policy.

With the death of Stalin, the first stage of the Cold War was completed. In this phase, the "Cold War" was perceived by both parties as a temporary, intermediate phase between two wars. Both sides of feverishly conducted military preparations, expanded their union systems, conducted with each other of the war on their periphery. The most acute moments of this period were: berlinskyCrizis (summer1948. g..), when, in response to monetary reform in Western occupation zones, the Soviet administration introduced the blockade of Western Berlin; as well as war in Korea (1950 - 1953 ). The United States took advantage of the fact that the USSR removed from participating in the work of the UN Security Council in protest against refusal to accept the Chinese People's Republic of China, and decided to enter the UN in Korea, and actually the western troops who fought there with the troops of China and THE USSR.

Cardinal changes in the geopolitical situation in the post-war world, the different ratio of forces on international arena, Indigenous differences in the socio-political system, the system of values, the ideology of the USSR and the West, and first of all the United States, became powerful factors that brought to the split of the union of the former leaders-winners, led to the formation of a bipolar picture of the world. In the postwar period, the "Cold War" was inevitable, she was a kind of fee for the creation of a bipolar structure of the post-war world, in which each of the poles (USSR and the USA) sought to strengthen its influence on the basis of its geopolitical and ideological interests, aware of the boundaries of possible expansion.

So, in the post-war period, the influence of the USSR and the United States has been mutual, but the main impulses of the arms race proceeded from the United States, which significantly exceeded the USSR in all major technical and economic parameters, had enormous potential. The logic of the actions of Stalin in the field of foreign policy was, therefore, it is largely due not only to its own ideas about the world, but also by the development of the United States, as well as the desire to strengthen and consolidate the political and ideological and economic impact in their area of \u200b\u200bresponsibility, according to the ideas about the two-polar structure. post-war world.

Political system THE USSR. In the USSR after the war, restructuring the country's management began. The State Defense Committee was dissolved - the Emergency Committee created during the war years. However, the return even to the limited forms of democracy, which existed before the war did not happen. The Supreme Council was going once a year to approve the budget. For 13 years, party congresses were not convened, and the Plenum of the Central Committee during this time passed only once.

At the same time, certain changes took place in the political system after the war. First, as the main political line to replace the internationalist component of "Marxism-Leninism" came public nationalism , designed to rally all the forces within the country under the conditions of unfolding confrontation with the West. Secondly, the center of political power moved after the war from the party elite to executive power - Government. In 1947 - 1952 The protocol meetings of the Politburo took place only twice (decisions were made by the method of oral survey), the CC secretariat became actually a personnel department. All practical work on the management of the country focused on the Soviet Council of the USSR. It creates eight offices, between which most ministries and departments were distributed.

Their chairperson - G.M. Malenkov, N.A. Vyssensky, M.Z.Saburov, L.P.Beria, A.I.Mikoyan, L.M.Kaganovich, A.N.Kosygin, K.E.Voroschilov were included in Burbovetinisters which was headed by I.V.Stalin. All state issues were solved in a narrow circle " sonaters Stalin ", Where V.M. Molotov, L.P.Beria, G.M.Malenkov, L.M.Kaganovich, N.S. Khrushchev, K.E.Voroschilov, N.A. Vorostensky, A.A. Zhdanov, A.andreyev. The regime of personal power I.V. Stalin, established since the late 1930s, reached his highest developing .

The period after the end of the Great Patriotic War and up to the death of Stalin can be considered apogehematotal tarisism In the USSR, his highest point. In the literature there were various approaches in assessing the action of the repressive component of the Stalinist post-war regime. There was a certain general idea that the repression was the most important tool to achieve stabilization of the situation in the country, the mobilization of the nations for the decision economic problemsCohesion of society in the context of the "Cold War", solving situational tasks in the struggle for power within the ruling elites.

Summer1946.g.. Began ideological campaigns included in the history called " zhdanovshchina ", Named A.A.zhdanov, who led them. A number of decisions of the Central Committee of the CSP (b) on literature, music, cinematography, to which many Soviet poets, writers, film director, composers, writers, writers, film director, composers, for "weariness" and preaching "ideology, alien to the party, were subjected to a sharp and bossary criticism. The regulations stressed that literature and art should be put on the communist care service.

After the next summer, this ideological campaign has spread to the sphere of public sciences. A.A. Zhdanov held a meeting of philosophers, at which he condemned the Soviet philosophy for "excessive tolerance" to idealistic bourgeois philosophy and proposed - consistently proceed from the principle " partyship ", Not from the" bourgeois exercise ". Ideological control was distributed to all spheres of spiritual life. The party acted as a legislator in linguistics, biology, mathematics. Were convicted as "bourgeois lzhenayuki" wave mechanics, cybernetics, genetics.

FROM the end of 1948.g.. Ideological campaigns acquired a new direction. Their basis was "Fighting low-plain "In front of the West. This aspect of ideological offensive was particularly fierce character. It was based on his desire to burn out from Western states, from the "bourgeois influence" of the Iron Curtain. Western culture was almost entirely declared bourgeois

Strengthening the country's defense capabilities on the eve of war
The Second World War, which began on September 1, 1939, forced the Soviet government to pay serious attention to strengthening the country's defense capability. To solve this problem, the Soviet Union had all the possibilities. Bolshevik modernization carried out under the leadership of I.V. Stalin, turned the USSR into a powerful industrial power. By the end of the 30s. The Soviet Union came out to the second place in the world and the first in Europe on the total volume of industrial production. As a result of the industrial market in a short historical term (13 years), such modern sectors of the economy were created in the country as aviation, automotive, chemical, electrical, tractor construction, etc., which became the basis of the military-industrial complex.

The strengthening of defense capability was carried out in two directions. The first is the extension of the military-industrial complex. From 1939 to June 1941, the share of military expenses in the Soviet budget increased from 26 to 43%. The production of military products at this time is more than tripled the general rates of industrial growth. In the east of the country, defense plants, enterprises-dubers were built accelerated pace. By the summer of 1941, there were almost 20% of all military factories. The production of new types of military equipment was mastered, some samples of which (T-34 tanks, BM-13 reactive mortars, IL-2 attack aircraft, etc.) were qualitatively superior to all overseas counterparts. In June 1941, there were 1225 T-34 tanks in the army (KB M.I. Koshkin) and 638 heavy tanks of KV (KB J.Ya. Kottina). However, for the full re-equipment of the tank fleet required at least 2 years.

On the eve of the war in the stage of re-equipment there was also Soviet aviation. By this time, most aircraft who brought the country world glory and those who have established 62 world records have already lost their superiority over foreign technician. It was required to update the aircraft park, create a new generation of combat vehicles. Stalin constantly followed the development of aviation, met with pilots and designers.

The slightest changes in the design of serial machines were performed only with the resolution of Stalin and were issued by the decrees of the Central Committee of the CPP (b) and the SCS of the USSR. From the beginning of 1941, the air industry fully passed to the release of only new aircraft. By the beginning of the war, the army received 2.7 thousand new aircraft: IL-2 attack aircraft (KB S.V. Ilyushin), Bombarders of PE-2 (KB V.M. Petlevakova), Lagg-3 and Yak-1 fighters (CB with .A. Lavochkina, A.I. Mikoyan and KB A.S. Yakovlev). However, new types of aircraft constituted only 17.3% of the USSR Air Force Bulk Park. Only 10% of the system pilots managed to master new cars. Thus, the process of re-equipment of the Air Force was in full swing and was required for its completion at least 1.5 years.

The second direction of strengthening the country's defense capability was the reorganization of the Red Army, increasing its combat capability. The army moved from the combined territorial and personnel system of organizations, which for the sake of saving funds was introduced in the 20s. in the personnel system. On September 1, 1939, the Law on Universal Military Duty was introduced. The number of armed forces from August 1939. Until June 1941 increased from 2 to 5.4 million people. The growing army needed a lot of qualified military specialists. In early 1937, 206 thousand officers numbered in the army. Over 90% of team, military medical and military-technical composition had higher education. Among the political workers and business students, military or special education received from 43 to 50%. At the time, it was a good level.

Annually received new appointments of tens of thousands of officers. Personnel Checkhard has adversely affected the level of discipline and combat tuning of troops. There was a huge noncomplex of commanders, which from year to year increased. In 1941, only 66900 commanders were missing in the land forces, and in the Air Force, the neccomples of the flight technical composition reached 32.3%.

Soviet-Finnish war (November 30, 1939 - March 12, 1940) revealed flaws in tactical preparation of the Red Army. Stalin shifts from the post of addiction of the defense of Voroshilov. The new drug defense of S. Tymoshenko, analyzing the results of the war, in particular, noted that "our commanders and headquarters, without having practical experience, did not know how to truly organize the efforts of labor of troops and close interaction, and most importantly - did not know how to truly command "

RESULTS finnish war Forced Stalin to adopt a whole range of measures aimed at strengthening the command composition of the Red Army. So, on May 7, 1940, new in the Soviet Union is introduced military titles, and a month over 1000 people became generals and admirals. Stalin made a bet on younger commander. The addict of the defense of Tymoshenko was 45 years old, and the head of the General Staff K.A. Meretkov - 43. The Naval Fleet was headed by 34-year-old Admiral N.G. Kuznetsov, and air force - 29-year-old General P.V. Levers. The average age of the regiment teams at the time was 29 - 33 years old, divisions commanders - 35 - 37 years old, and commander commanders and commander - 40-43 years. New promoters in the level of education and experience were inferior to their predecessors. Despite greater energy and desire, they did not have time to master their duties on the leadership of the troops in difficult conditions.

L. Trotsky, being in emigration and leading an active struggle against Stalin, has repeatedly publicly stated: "In the Red Army, not everyone was betrayed by Stalin. There I am still remembered. " Understanding this, Stalin began a thorough cleaning of his main support - army and NKVD - from all "unreliable elements". The faithful companion of Stalin V.M. Molotov spoke to the poet F. Chuev: "1937 was needed. If we consider that after the revolution, we cut the right and left, won, but the remains of enemies of different directions existed and in the face of the threatening danger of fascist aggression they could unite. We owe 1937 by the fact that during the war there were no "fifth columns".

On the most eve of the Great Patriotic War, as a result of the implementation of the Covenant on nonsense with Germany, the Soviet Union pushed his west borders to 400-500 km. The USSR included Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, as well as Bessarabia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The population of the Soviet Union increased by 23 million people. As Tel Square, many leading German generals regarded this as a gross mistake of Hitler. In the spring of 1941, the General Staff of the Red Army, together with the headquarters of the districts and Flotov, developed a "state border defense plan of 1941", according to which the troops of the border districts were to prevent the enemy's invasion into the territory of the USSR, a stubborn defense in a strengthening, firmly cover outmobilization, concentration and deployment the main forces of the Red Army; Active actions of aviation delay focusing and disrupting the deployment of the enemy's troops, thereby creating conditions for a decisive offensive. The cover of the Western Border of the USSR The length of 4.5 thousand km was nodded to the troops of 5 military districts. In the first echelons, the armies of the cover was planned to include about 60 divisions, which, as the first strategic echelon, should be covered with mobilization and input into the battle of troops of the second strategic echelon. Despite the statement of TASS on June 14, 1941, which refuted the rumors about the impending war, since April 1941, urgent measures were taken to improve the combat readiness of the army. A number of these measures have been built taking into account the proposals of the General Staff of May 15, 1941, according to which it was planned to defeat the main forces of the German-fascist troops focused for attacking the USSR (some historians without sufficient grounds believe that this document was "practical training to indicate Stalin proactive impact against Germany ").

In April-May, for replenishing the troops of Western districts, 800 thousand reservists were called up (under the guise of educational fees). In mid-May, a hidden transfer began from the inner districts of the troops of the second echelon in the amount of 7 armies (66 divisions) to Western with bringing them to complete combat. On June 12, the coating army to the border is hidden, night marches, 63 divisions of reserves of Western districts moved. On June 16, it was a transfer (under the guise of exercises) from the permanent deployment of the second echelon's armies) to the focus of 52 divisions. Although Soviet troops were tightened to the border, their strategic deployment was carried out without bringing the cover of the cover to the reflection of the proactive impact of the aggressor. The mistake of the military-political leadership at the moment consisted in an inadequate assessment of the state of the Armed Forces: the Red Army was not able to apply counterdaddar and did not possess real defense opportunities. The border cover plan developed by the General Staff in May 1941 did not provide for the equipment of the defensive borders of the second and third operational echelons.

Preparing for war against the USSR, German leaders sought to hide their intentions. In suddenness of the attack, it saw one of the decisive factors of the success of war and from the very beginning of developing its plans and training did everything possible to disorient the Soviet government and command. The leadership of the Wehrmacht sought to hide as long as possible from the personnel of his troops all the data on the operation of Barbarossa. In accordance with the indication of the EMD headquarters of May 8, 1941, the Commanders of the compounds and units were to inform the officer composition on the upcoming war against the USSR about 8 days before the operation, an ordinary and non-commissioned officer - only in the most recent days. In the instruction, it was necessary to create among the German troops and the population the impression that the landing for the British Islands is the main task of the Wehrmacht's summer campaign in 1941, and the events in the East are defensive and are aimed at preventing the threat from the Russians. " From the fall of 1940 to June 22, 1941, the Germans managed to carry out a whole range of activities aimed at large-scale disinformation against England and the USSR. Hitler managed to drive the clin of distrust between Stalin and Churchill. The prevention of Soviet intelligence officers were contradictory and the leadership of the country was substantiated refused to listen to them. In addition, there was a conviction that Hitler would not go to the risk of war on two fronts, and England and the United States provoked the premature clash of Germany from the USSR. According to Stalin's calculations, Germany could win over England only no earlier than spring 1942.

However, Stalin's iron logic did not take into account the adventurous spirit of Hitler. Famous West German historian of World War II G.-A. Jacobsen writes that the following considerations had a much greater weight for Hitler by decision on the attack on the USSR. "If the Soviet Union is the last continental sword of England - will be defeated, the UK will hardly have any hope for promising resistance. She will have to stop the struggle, especially if you manage to promote Japan to action against England and East Asia, before the USA goes into war. If she, despite all this, will fight on, Hitler decided by capturing European Russia to ensure the conquest of new huge economically important areas, using the reservoir of which he, if necessary, be able to withstand a longer war. Thus, his great dream was finally carried out: Germany acquired in the east, the living space for which she claimed for his population. At the same time, no state in Europe could challenge the main position in Europe anymore ... The fact that the "final clash" of both systems - National Socialism and Bolshevism was also played - one day will still be inevitable; This moment seemed to Hitler most favorable for this, for Germany had strong tested in the battles by the armed forces and, in addition, was a country highly equipped for war. "

At the meeting in Berghof on July 31, 1940, Hitler said the following: "If Russia is broken, the last hope of England will fade away. The Lord of Europe and the Balkans will then become Germany ... During this clash, Russia must be ended. In the spring of 1941 ... The sooner Russia will be crushed, the better. The operation makes sense only if we disarm this state with one blow. " Another major historian, An Englishman A. Taylor notes that "the invasion of Russia can be submitted (it will be presented with Hitler) as a logical investigation of the doctrines, proclaimed for about 20 years. He began his political career as Anti-Bolshevik, set himself the task of destroying the Soviet communism ... He saved Germany from communism, as he himself claimed; Now he will save the world. Lebenesraum (living space) was such a doctrine of Hitler, which he borrowed from geopolitics in Munich soon after the First World War. Germany should have a living space if she wants to become a global power, and they can only master the conquest of Russia. "

Traditionally, three main stages allocate in the history of the Great Patriotic War:
. The initial period of war - from June 22, 1941 to November 19, 1942,
. The period of the indigenous fracture during the war - from November 19, 1942 until the end of 1943,
. The period of the victorious completion of the war - from the beginning of 1944 to May 9, 1945

On the night of June 22, 1941, the German invasion of the USSR began without declaring war. Hitler's allies performed Finland, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Italy, also sent their troops. The actual support of Germany was provided by Bulgaria, Turkey, Japan formally preserved neutrality. The sudden factor played a largely decisive role in the temporary failures of the Red Army. In the first hours and days, Soviet troops suffered huge losses. On June 22, 1,200 aircraft were destroyed (800 of them on airfields). By July 11, about 600 thousand Soviet soldiers and officers were in captivity. During the month, German troops have advanced by 350 - 500 km, coming to the old border. Another important factor in the failure of the Red Army was the lack of experience of modern war. German troops who captured almost all of Europe, tested the latest schemes of battle tactics. In addition, as a result of the robbery of the occupied countries, the fascists got different materials and property in the amount of 9 billion pounds of sterling, which twice the pre-war national income of Germany. At the disposal of the Nazis, weapons, ammunition, equipment, transport captured in 12 English, 22 Belgian, 18 Dutch, 6 Norwegian, 92 French and 30 Czech divisions, as well as weapons accumulated in the occupied countries, and the current production of their defense enterprises. As a result, the German military-industrial potential by June 1941 exceeded Soviet. It is also necessary to consider that the main blow of German troops was expected in the south-west direction, to Kiev. In fact, the main strike of the German troops was applied by the Center for the Army Center in the Western direction to Moscow.

According to the plan, Barbarossa was assumed for 10 weeks to destroy the main forces of the Red Army. The result of the plan was to be expanded eastern border Reich to Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan. For the leadership of the Defense of the country on June 30, 1941, the State Defense Committee (GKO) was established at the chapter SI I.V. Stalin. On June 23, 1941, the rate of the main command of the Armed Forces was formed (from July 10 - the rate of the Supreme Command). It included A.N. Antonov, N.A. Bulganin, A.M. Vasilevsky (Head of the General Staff since June 1942), N.G. Kuznetsov (People's Commissar Navy), V.M. Molotov, S.K. Tymoshenko, B.M. Shaposhnikov (Head of the General Staff in July 1941 - May 1942). Stalin July 19 became a defense addict, and on August 8, 1941 - the Supreme Commander. On May 6, 1941, Stalin became Chairman of the USSR Council. Thus, in the hands of Stalin, the entire party, state and military power has been connected now and formally. Other emergencies were created: the Evacuation Council, the Committee on Accounting and the distribution of labor and others.

The war began to be an unusual war. The war began in which it was not only about the preservation of a social system or even statehood, but about the physical existence of the peoples inhabiting the USSR. Hitler emphasized that "we must erase this country from the face and destroy its people."

According to the "Ost" plan, after the victory, the dismemberment of the USSR was envisaged, the violent deportation for the Urals of 50 million people, the genocide, the destruction of leading cultural centers, the transformation of the European part of the country to the living space for German colonists. "Slavs should," wrote the secretary of the Nazi party M. Borman, - to work for us. If we do not need them, they can die. Health system is not needed. The birth of Slavs is undesirable. They must use contraception and practice abortions, and the more, the better. Education is dangerous. As for food, they should not get more than necessary. " During the war years, 5 million people were grieved in Germany, of which 750 thousand were killed by cruel treatment.

Inhuman plans of the Nazis, their cruel methods of warfare strengthened from the Soviet people the desire to save their homeland and themselves from full extermination and enslavement. The war acquired a people's liberation and fairly entered the story as the Great Patriotic War. Already in the first days of the war, the parts of the Red Army showed courage and durability. From June 22 to July 20, 1941, a garrison of the Brest Fortress was fought. Heroic Defense of Liepaja (June 23-29, 1941), Sushai Kiev (July 7 - September 24, 1941), Odessa (August 5 - October 16, 1941), Tallinn (August 5-28, 1941), Moison Islands (September 6 - October 22, 1941), Sevastopol (October 30, 1941 - July 4, 1942), as well as Smolensk Battle (July 10 - September 10, 1941) allowed to break the plan "Blitzkrieg" - a lightning war . Nevertheless, for 4 months, the Germans came out to Moscow and Leningrad, seized 1.5 million kv.km with a population of 74.5 million people. By December 1, 1941, more than 3 million people lost killed who disappeared and captured the USSR.

Gko in the summer - in the fall of 1941 adopted a number of emergency measures. Mobilization was successfully carried out. Over 20 million people. Submit to enrollment in the Red Army volunteers. At the critical moment of struggle - in August - October 1941 - a huge role in the defense of Moscow and Leningrad, other cities played a folk militia, which consisted of about 2 million people. In the forefront of the fighting people was the Communist Party; In the army, by the end of the war was up to 80% of the members of the WCP (b). During the war, almost 3.5 million were adopted in the party for freedom freedom, 3 million communists died, which amounted to 3/5 of the pre-war composition of the party. Nevertheless, the number of the party rose from 3.8 to 5.9 million. The low-row links of the party played a big role in the first period of the war, when urban defense committees headed by the first secretaries of the Commands and the Golongs of the CSP were established in more than 60 cities. (b). In 1941, an armed struggle in the rear of the enemy began. On July 18, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) adopted a resolution "On the organization of the struggle in the rear of the German troops", which ordered party committees to expand the enemy's subtang party and Komsomol Committees in the rear, organize and lead the partisan movement.

September 30, 1941 began a battle for Moscow. In accordance with the Typhoon plan, German troops surrounded in the region of Vyazma five Soviet armies. But the surrounded troops were courageously fought, fighting the significant strength of the Center for the Army Center, and helped by the end of October to stop the enemy on Mozhaisk turn. From mid-November, the Germans moved to a new offensive to Moscow. However, by the beginning of December, the power of the German group was finally exhausted. On December 5-6, Soviet troops switched to counteroffensive. By mid-January 1942, the enemy was discarded at 120-400 km. This victory of the Red Army had a huge military-political importance. It was the first major defeat of the Germans since the beginning of the Second World War. The myth of the invincibility of the Hitler's army was dispelled. The plan of the lightning war was finally ripped. The victory near Moscow significantly strengthened the international authority of our country and contributed to the completion of the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition.

Under the cover of the Red Army retreating in the bloody fights in the country, the most complex work on the mobilization of the national economy was deployed. For operational management, new drug addicts were created by key sectors. Under the leadership of the Evacuation Council (Chairman N.M. Screcnik, Deputy. N.A. Kosygin) passed unprecedented in the history of the transfer of industrial and other facilities to the east of the country. There for short term 10 million people were exported, 1523 large enterprises, huge material and cultural values. Thanks to the measures taken, by December 1941, the fall of military production was stopped and from March 1942 his growth began. State ownership of the means of production and a strictly centralized system of economy management based on it allowed the USSR to quickly focus all resources at military production. Therefore, I gave way to aggressors in the size of the industrial base, the USSR soon a little over the production of military equipment. So, in the calculation of one metal-cutting machine in the USSR, 8 times more than aircraft were produced, for each spanned ton, 5 times more than tanks.

A radical fracture in the work of the Soviet rear predetermined a radical fracture in hostilities. From November 19, 1942 to February 2, 1943, the Soviet troops of three fronts: Stalingrad (commander A.I. Eremenko), Donskoy (K.K. Rokossovsky) and South-Western (N.F. Vatutin) - surrounded and destroyed Fascist troops near Stalingrad. Stalingrad victory has become a radical fracture during the war. She showed the whole world the power of the Red Army, the increased skill of the Soviet military leaders, the rear fortress, who provided the front with a sufficient amount of weapons, military equipment and gear. The international authority of the Soviet Union increased immeasurably, and the positions of fascist Germany were seriously shaken. From July 5 to August 23, 1943, a Kursk battle was held, which completed the root fracture. Since the Kursk battle, Soviet troops kept the strategic initiative until the end of the war. For the period from November 1942 to December 1943, 50% of the occupied territory were released. A huge role In the development of offensive operations of the Red Army played the colonical talent G.K. Zhukova, A.M. Vasilevsky, kk. Rokossovsky.

Significant assistance to the Red Army was provided by the partisan movement. In May 1942, the central headquarters of the partisan movement was established, the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPP (b) of Belarus P. Ponomarenko was appointed chairman of Belarus. In 1942, a meeting of the commanders of the largest partisan compounds was held (S.Akovpak, M.A. Naumov, A.N. Saburov, A.F. Fedorov, etc.). The partisan struggle acquired the greatest scope in the North-West, in Belarus, a number of areas of Ukraine, in the Bryansk region. At the same time, numerous underground organizations involved in reconnaissance, diversions, population information on the front sites.

At the final stage of the war of the Red Army, the liberation of the territory of the USSR and to free the countries of Europe was to be completed. In January - February 1944, the Leningrad-Novgorod Operation was held. On January 27, the blockade of heroic Leningrad, which lasted 900 days was eliminated. In April - May were liberated by Odessa and Crimea. In the atmosphere of the opening of the second front (June 6, 1944), Soviet troops struck strikes in different directions. From June 10 to August 9, a Vyborg-Petrozavodskaya surgery was held, as a result of which Finland came out of the war. From June 23 to August 29, the largest summer offensive operation of the Soviet troops in the war was held - the Operation "Bagration" on the liberation of Belarus, during which Belarus was liberated, and Soviet troops entered Poland. Yaskovo-Chishene operation August 20-29 led to the defeat of German troops in Romania. In the fall of 1944, Soviet troops freed Bulgaria and Yugoslavia from the fascists.

In early 1945, ahead of the previously planned deadlines at the request of the allies who have experienced difficulties due to the onset of the Germans in Ardennes, the Soviet troops began to be implemented by Volo-Oder Operation (January 12 - February 3, 1945), as a result of which Poland was liberated . In February - March 1945, Hungary was liberated, and in April, Soviet troops entered into the capital of Austria Vienna. On April 16, the Berlin Operation began. Troops of three fronts: the 1st and 2nd Belorussky and 1st Ukrainian (commander - Marshals G.K. Zhukov, K.K. Rokossovsky and I.S. Konev) - During two weeks, the 1 millionth enemies defeated The bored grouping and May 2 mastered the capital of fascist Germany. On the night of May 8, the capitulation of Germany was signed on May 8. From May 6 to 11, 1945, Soviet troops carried out a Prague operation, coming to the aid of the rebels Prague and defeating the German troops in Czechoslovakia.

The Soviet Union made a huge contribution to the victory over Japan. Within three weeks, from August 9 to September 2, the Soviet army defeated the most efficient and powerful 1 million Kwantung army, freed Manchuria, as well as South Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and North Korea. September 2, 1945 Japan capitulated. The Second World War was completed by the victory of peace-loving, democratic, antimylitarian forces on the forces of the reaction and militarism. The Soviet people contributed to the defeat of fascism. Heroism and self-sacrifice became a mass phenomenon. The features of I. Ivanov, N. Gastello, A. Matrosov, A. Mareseva repeated many Soviet soldiers. During the war, the advantage of the Soviet military doctrine was revealed. Especially famous such commowers like G.K. Zhukov, KK Rokossovsky, I.S. Konev, A.M. Vasilevsky, R.Ya. Malinovsky, N.F. Vatutin, K.A. Meretkov, F.I. Tolbukhin, L.A. Govorov, I.D. Chernyakhovsky, I.Kh. Bagramyan.

Passed the test of the unity of the peoples of the USSR. It is significant that representatives of 100 nations and the nationalities of the country became significant that the heroes of the Soviet Union became the heroes of the Soviet Union. A particularly important role in the victory in the war was played by the patriotic spirit of the Russian people. In his famous speech on May 24, 1945: "I raise a toast for health primarily by the Russian people," Stalin recognized the special contribution of the Russian people. Created at the end of the 30s. The administrative-command system made it possible to concentrate human and material resources at the most important directions to defeat the enemy.

The historical importance of the victory of the USSR in the war is that a totalitarian, terrorist model of capitalism, threatening world civilization been crushed. The possibility of democratic renewal of peace and liberation of the colonies has been opened. The Soviet Union came out of the war of the Great Power.

Causes, character, main stages of the Great Patriotic War
September 1, 1939 Germany attacked Poland. So the Second World War began. England and France, associated with Poland, an agreement on friendship and mutual assistance, declared war in Germany. During September, Poland was divided. What the Anglo-French guarantees were worth Poland, showed the first month of the bloody war. Instead of 40 divisions that the French headquarters promised the Polish command to throw against Germany on the third day of the war, only on September 9, individual parts of the 9 divisions conducted an unsuccessful operation in Saare. Meanwhile, according to the head of the General Staff of the Wehrmacht Yodlo, the Allies had 110 divisions in the Western Front against 22 German, as well as an overwhelming advantage in aviation. However, England and France, having the opportunity to spend a major battle against the Germans, did not do it. On the contrary, allies were discharged over the trenches of the German troops of the leaflet with calls to turn the weapon against the councils. The so-called "strange war" began when the Western Front was almost no fighting until April 1940

On September 17, 1939, when German troops reached Warsaw and crossed the line specified in the Secret Protocol, by decision of the Soviet government the troops of the Red Army was given an order to "move the border and take protection of the life and property of the population of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus." The reunification of the peoples of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus with Russia into a single statehood was the completion of their centuries-old struggle for the restoration of historical justice, since the whole territory from Grodno, Brest, Lviv and Carpathians - original Russian lands. For most Ukrainians and Belarusians, the arrival of the Red Army in 1939 meant truly historical deliverance from the cruel national, social and spiritual oppression.

September 28, 1939 Between Germany and the USSR, a contract "On Friendship and Border" was signed. According to the agreement, the Western border of the USSR was now held on the so-called line of Kerzon, recognized by England, France, the USA and Poland at one time. In one of the secret protocols of the contract, it was stipulated that the small part of the South-West Lithuania remains for Germany. Later, according to a secret protocol of January 10, 1941, this territory was acquired by the USSR for 31.5 million Reichsmarocks (7.5 million dollars). At the same time, the USSR managed to solve a number of important foreign policy problems.

In the autumn of 1939, the USSR concluded contracts for friendship and mutual assistance with the Baltic states. On their basis, the garrisons of Soviet troops were placed on these states. The purpose of this foreign policy Soviet campaign was to ensure the security of the Baltic States, as well as the prevention of attempts to draw them into war. Under the Treaty of October 10, 1939, the USSR passed the Lithuania of the city of Vilna and the Vilen region belonging to Belarus.

In the context of the exacerbated military-political situation in Europe, the urgent task for the USSR was to ensure the safety of the North-Western approaches to Leningrad - the largest industrial center of the country. Finland, who served as the USSR refused to rent the USSR for rent for 30 years Port Hanko for the military base device, pass part of the Karelian Isthmus, part of the Peninsula fisherman and several islands in the eastern part of the Finnish Gulf - only 2761 km2 in exchange for 5529 km2 Soviet Territories in East Karelia. In response to the refusal of Finland of the USSR on November 30, 1939, announced a war that lasted until March 12, 1940. Military assistance of Finland was provided by England, France, USA, Sweden, Norway, Italy. On December 14, 1939, the League Council of Nations adopted a resolution on the exception of the USSR from its ranks. According to a peace treaty on March 12, 1940, Finland agreed to push his border from the USSR. The USSR pledged to bring his troops from Petsamo, voluntarily defended by him Finland under the 1920 Treaty, the new border was extremely beneficial for the USSR not only with the political (security of Leningrad), but also an economic point of view: 8 large cellulose and paper enterprises were in Soviet territory. , Rauhala HPP, railway along the ladogs.

Providing the USSR of the German loan in the amount of 200 million brands (under 4.5% per annum) allowed the USSR to strengthen the country's defense capability, because the fact that it was supplied was either just weapons (ship weapons, samples of heavy artillery, tanks, airplanes, and important licenses ), Or what is done with the weapon (lathes, large hydraulic presses, etc., machinery, installation of liquid fuel from coal, equipment for other types of industries, etc.).

By April 1940, the so-called "Strange War" ended. The German army, accumulating significant human and military-technical forces, moved to total offensive in Western Europe. On April 5, Germany invaded Denmark, after a few hours the Danish government capitulated. On April 9, Oslo captured, but Norway resisted about 2 months by May 10, 1940 Germany already seized Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg. The queue was France. As a result of the Gelb operation, France was broken, resisted only 44 days. On June 22, the Petin government signed the surrender, according to which most of the territory of France was occupied.

The Fast Victory of Germany over France significantly changed the balance of power in Europe, which demanded that the Soviet leadership of the adjustment of the foreign policy courses. Calculations to the mutual depletion of opponents on the Western Front were not justified. In connection with the expansion of German influence in Europe, there was a real danger of blocking certain circles of the Baltic countries with Germany. In June 1940, the USSR accused Lithuania in anti-Soviet actions, demanding to change the government and agree to the placement of additional military units in Lithuania. On June 14, such consent was obtained from Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The measures taken by Moscow influenced the continued course of events in this regard: Folk Sejors Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia (State Duma) on July 21-24, 1940 adopted a declaration of proclamation in their countries of Soviet power, joining the USSR. In August 1940, the session of the USSR Supreme Soviet was adopted by Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia to the USSR.

In the summer of 1920, at the request of the USSR, Romania handed him Bessarabia, which was attached to Moldova ASSRS (1929 - 1940 Tiraspol). Thus, the USSR was in the immediate vicinity of Romania's oil regions, the operation of which served as Reihu "an indispensable prerequisite for successful warfare." Hitler took response steps, concluding the agreement on the transfer of German troops in Romania with the fascist government of General Antonescu. The voltage between the USSR and Germany became even more aggravated with the signing of September 27, 1940 in Berlin Covenant between Germany, Italy and Japan on the actual section of the world. Trip V.M. Molotova in Berlin on November 12-13, 1940 and his negotiations with Hitler and Ribbentrop did not lead to improving the situation. An important achievement of the USSR's foreign policy was the conclusion of a neutrality agreement with Turkey (March 1941) and Japan (April 1941).

At the same time, until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War between the two countries, economic and trade relations developed intensively. According to Goebbels, Hitler estimated these agreements as a specific Stalinist policy, designed for the economic dependence of the Reich from the supply of industrial raw materials, which Germany can be deprived at the right moment. These are agricultural products, petroleum products, manganese and chrome ore, rare metals, etc. The USSR received from German firms of industrial products and arms in the amount of 462.3 million stamps. These are metal-cutting machines, especially durable steel, technical equipment, military equipment. At the same time from the United States or through branches of American corporations in third countries in Germany, the stream went amusemental raw materials. Moreover, the supply of American oil and petroleum products was carried out up to 1944. 249 Monopolies of the United States led trade with Germany all the war.

Foreign Policy of the USSR during World War II
The foreign policy of the Soviet Union was one of the factors of victory in the Great Patriotic War. Its main task was to create the best conditions in the international arena for victory over the enemy. The main goal has identified specific tasks:

1. To seek the "bourgeois" states in a state of war with Germany and Italy, became the Allies of the USSR.

2. Prevent the threat to the attack of Japan and pulling into the war on the side of the fascist aggressors of neutral states.

3. Promote liberation from the fascist yoke, the restoration of sovereignty, the democratic development of countries occupied by aggressors.

4. To seek to complete the elimination of the fascist regimes and the conclusion of the world, excluding the possibility of repetition of aggression.

The threat of enslavement has the merge of the efforts of all countries who fought against fascism. This determined the emergence of the anti-Hitler coalition of the three great powers - the USSR, the USA and England. About 50 countries joined them during the war, including some of the former allies of Germany. International legal registration of the coalition occurred in several stages. The steps of its creation were signing in Moscow on July 12, 1941. "Agreements between the Governments of the USSR and Great Britain on joint actions in the war against Germany", the conclusion of similar agreements of the USSR with the emigrant governments of Czechoslovakia and Poland, the exchange of notes on August 2 between the USSR and the United States on the extension on Year of the Soviet-American Trade Agreement and on economic assistance from the United States to the Soviet Union.

An important stage in the formation and strengthening of the anti-Hitler coalition was the Moscow Conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Three Power (September 29 - October 1, 1941), at which the United States and England gave commitment from October 1, 1941 to June 30, 1942 to supply us 400 monthly Airplanes, 500 tanks, 200 anti-tank guns and others. The USSR was provided with an interest-free loan in the amount of 1 billion dollars. However, the supply of lend-lisa was carried out during this period slowly and in minor sizes. To strengthen the Union with England and the United States on September 24, the USSR joined the Atlantic Charter, signed on August 14, 1941 at a meeting between W. Churchill and F. Roosevelt. For the USSR, it was not a simple solution. In this document, the United States and England stated that they do not seek in this war to territorial acquisitions, will respect the law of the peoples themselves to choose the form of government. The legality of the borders that existed before the beginning of World War II was emphasized. The USSR as a real force on the world stage of allies was not considered, and therefore there was no word in the text of the document either about him or the Soviet-German front. Essentially, their Charter was separable, expressed complaints of two powers to the preservation of world domination. The USSR expressed his agreement in a special declaration with the basic principles of the Charter, emphasizing that their practical embodiment should be remedied with circumstances ...

On December 7, 1941, Japan, without declaring war, attacked the US Naval Base Pearl Harbor, located in the Hawaiian Islands. On December 8, the United States declared the war of Japan. England did the same. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared the US War. The zone of World War II significantly expanded. On January 1, 1942, in Washington, 26 states of the Anti-Fascist Coalition, including the USSR, USA, England and China, signed the Declaration on which all their military and economic resources were obliged to fight against the fascist block. These countries began to be called "combined nations".

On May 26, 1942, between England and the USSR, an agreement on the Union in the War and Post-Section Cooperation was signed. In June 1942, an agreement was signed between the United States and the USSR "On the principles applicable to mutual assistance and conducting war against aggression". However, our allies were not rushing with the opening of the second front. During the London negotiations in May 1942, Churchill presented a note for Stalin, where it was said: "We do not associate ourselves to act and cannot give any promise." His refusal of Churchill motivated the lack of sufficient funds and forces. But in reality, political considerations were playing the main role. The English Minister of Aviation Industry M. Brobazon directly stated that "the best outcome of the struggle on the Eastern Front would be the mutual depletion of Germany and the USSR, as a result of which England could take the dominant position in Europe." With such a thesis, the sadly well-known statement of the future of the US President of the city of Truman: "If we see that Germany wins, then we should help Russia, and if Russia is winning, we should help Germany, and thus, let them kill as You can more. " Thus, the calculations for the future leadership in the world of marine powers were already built on the fight against fascism in World War II.

On June 12, 1942, the Anglo-Soviet and Soviet-American communiqué was published, which said that it was "a complete agreement was reached in relation to the urgent tasks of creating a second front in Europe in 1942." However, he passed not only 1942, but also 1943, and the second front in Western Europe was never opened. Meanwhile, the Allied troops undertook large landing operations in North AfricaAnd then in Sicily and Italy. Churchill did not even offer to replace the second front with a blow to the soft abdominal europe "- disembarking in the Balkans to introduce Anglo-American troops to the countries of Southeastern Europe before the Red Army coming from the east, and thereby establish the domination of marine powers in this region that played important geopolitical meaning.

The victories of the Red Army near Moscow, Stalingrad and Kursk had tremendous international significance. They demonstrated the world's increased power of the Soviet state to the world. The heavy losses of Nazi Germany on the Soviet-German front weathered sharply as its armed forces and the German rear. The resistance movement was activated - Stalingrad became the beginning of a new stage of this movement in France, Belgium, Norway and other occupied countries. The anti-fascist forces grew and in Germany itself, the disbelief in the possibility of victory was increasingly mastered by its population. Influenced by the defeat of the Italian army on the Soviet front and allies in the Mediterranean Basin Italy September 3, 1943 capitulated and broke with fascist Germany. Mussolini was overthrown. Soon allied troops landed in Italy. The Germans responded to this occupation of the northern and central parts of the country. The new Italian government declared war in Germany.

In connection with the decisive successes of the Red Army, by the end of 1943, the creature of the second front problem has changed. The victory over Germany was already predetermined, she could be achieved by one USSR. In the opening of the second front in Western Europe, the Anglo-American side was now interested directly. From 19 to October 30, 1943, a conference of foreign ministers of three states was held in Moscow. The conference adopted the "Declaration on the responsibility of the Hitlermen for the atrocities committed", and also prepared the conditions for the meeting of the heads of government of the USSR, USA and England. This also facilitated the dissolution of the Communist International in May 1943 in an interview with the Reuters Agency Correspondent I.V. Stalin indicated that the dissolution of the Comintern exposes the lie about the intention of Moscow to Bolshevyize other states that the Communist Party is not in the interests of their peoples, but by order from outside. The dissolution of the Comintern was positively perceived by the heads of allies, primarily the United States. Relations between Moscow and other communist parties have changed; The greater emphasis was made on bilateral contacts of the leaders of WCP (b), first of all I.V. Stalin and V.M. Molotova, with leaders of foreign compatines.

On the eve of the Tehran meeting of the Allied Leaders, US President F. Roosevelt said that "the United States should take North-West Germany ... We have to reach Berlin." From the point of view of Americans, the Mediterranean strategy of Churchill, which was supported by the US government until mid-1943, exhausted itself. The second front in the West gave America the opportunity to "prevent the Red Army to the vital areas of the Rura and Rhine, which would never have reached the offensive from the Mediterranean Sea." The growing superiority of Americans live strength and technique forced Churchill to take their plan.

The Tehran Conference, which first met I. Stalin, F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill, was held from November 28 to December 1, 1943. The main issue of the conference was the question of opening the second front. Despite the attempts of Churchill to nominate their "Balkan" option, the Anglo-American side turned out to be forced to establish the deadline for the implementation of the Overlord plan - May 1944 (actually landing began on June 6). At the Conference, the Allies put forward projects for the dismemberment of Germany. At the insistence of the USSR, the issue of English-American dismemberment plans of Germany was transferred to further study. The conference participants exchanged views on the borders of Poland, and the Soviet delegation proposed to be adopted as the eastern border "Line Kerzon", and Western - "Line R. Oder". Churchill agreed in principle with this proposal, hoping that it would be possible to return to power to power the Emigrant "London Government" in Poland. The conference adopted the Declaration of Three Powers about Iran. In 1941, Soviet and English troops were introduced in Iran in order to prevent the violation of the sovereignty of this neutral country by the Germans. The declaration provided for the conclusion of the allied troops and the preservation of the independence and territorial integrity of Iran after the war. The question of war with Japan is also discussed. The USSR agreed to join the war against Japan. However, no concrete agreement was concluded. The first meeting of the "big triple" was successful. Despite the presence of sharp disagreements on certain issues, the leaders of the three great powers managed to develop agreed solutions. The results of the Tehran conference were a great success of the Soviet foreign policy.

Of great importance for the USSR at the final stage of the war had the help of allies. It was from the beginning to the end of a well-thought-out foreign policy strategy of Western countries or, in the expression of Western historians, "Act of the calculated selfishness". Until 1943, inclusive assistance to the USSR was provided by the Americans with such a calculation so as not to give him the opportunity to get a decisive advantage over Germany. The overall supply plan for Land Liza was estimated at 11.3 billion dollars. Although the total volume of industrial supplies was 4% of gross industrial production in the USSR during the war years, the amount of supply for certain types of weapons was significant. So, cars - about 70%. 14450 aircraft were delivered (since 1942, the USSR annually produced 40 thousand aircraft), 7 thousand tanks (at 30 thousand production of tanks annually), automata - 1.7% (from the production level of the USSR), shells - 0.6 %, pistols - 0.8%, min - 0.1%. After the death of the F. Lossman, the new US President G. Trumen on May 11, 1945 issued a directive on termination of the USSR supplies for hostilities in Europe, and in August, an order to terminate all supplies in the USSR from the moment of signing the act of surrender of Japan. The refusal of unconditional assistance to the USSR testified to the fundamental change in the position of the United States, and it should be noted that the USSR, returning debts on Land Lisa, was obliged to pay $ 1.3 billion (for 10 billion credits), while England paid Only 472 million dollars for a loan of 30 billion dollars.

From 4 to 11 February 1945, the Crimean Conference of the Leaders of the Three Great Powers was held in Yalta. At the conference, its participants solemnly proclaimed that the purpose of the occupation and allied control over Germany is "the destruction of German militarism and Nazism and the creation of a guarantee that Germany will never be able to break the world." Agreements "On the Occupation Zones of Germany and the Management of Big Berlin" and "On the Control Mechanism in Germany" were adopted. At the insistence of the USSR to the three occupying zones - Soviet, American and English - an occupation zone for French troops joined. Also, at the insistence of the Soviet side, the issue of German reparations was considered. The total amount was about $ 20 billion, of whom the USSR claimed half. The Soviet position on this issue was supported by Roosevelt. A sharp at the conference was the Polish question. England and United States associated their hopes of influence on Poland with returning there emigrant government. Stalin did not want it. From the composition of the government in Poland, the post-war relations with the USSR depended. In response to the replica of W. Churchill that Poland is "a question of honor", Stalin noticed that "For Russia, this question is both honor and security." The USSR managed to achieve legal termination of the Polish emigrant government. The conference determined the conditions for the use of the USSR to war against Japan in two or three months after the end of the war in Europe. It was decided to convene April 25, 1945 in San Francisco Conference of the United Nations for the adoption of the text of the UN Charter. The Crimean Conference adopted the "Declaration of released Europe" and the final document "Unity in the organization of the world, as well as in war". Both documents have planned concrete joint actions to destroy fascism and reorganize Europe in a democratic basis.

The result of the joint actions of the USSR, the USA and England in World War II led the Potsdam Conference (July 17 - August 2, 1945). The Delegation of the USSR was headed by I.V. Stalin, USA - President of Truman, Great Britain - First, U. Churchill, and from July 29, the new Prime Minister K. Ettley. The main issue of the conference is the question of the future of Germany. In relation to it, the so-called "plan 3-x d" was adopted; demilitarization, denazification (liquidation of the Nazi party) and democratization of Germany. The issue of German reparations was settled. At the Conference, the Allies confirmed their consent to the transfer of the USSR of the city of Königsberg with the areas adjacent to it and came to an agreement on the western border of Poland. The Soviet delegation confirmed the agreement on the accession of the USSR into the war against Japan in Potsdam in Yalta in concerted time. The Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Smid) was also established, on which allies laid the preparation of a peaceful settlement, primarily the preparation of peace treaties with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland. The Confederation confirmed the intention of the Allied powers to bring to the court of Nazi criminals.

Despite the agreed decisions, the Potsdam Conference showed that maritime powers have its own program of action in Germany, excellent from both the Soviet proposals and their obligations taken. During the work of the Conference in the United States, the first experienced explosion of the atomic bomb was produced, which Americans soon applied in Japan, Barbarian destroyed hundreds of thousands of people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki cities without any military necessity. It was an attempt to threaten the political impact on the USSR, the provision of approaching the era of the "Cold War".

The history of homeland. Edited by M.V. Zotov - 2nd ed., Act. and add.
M.: Publishing House MGUP, 2001. 208 p. 1000 copies.

The initial period of the Great Patriotic War. The reasons for the defeat of the Red Army in 1941-1942.

The Second World War was the result of a global confrontation that covered the planet. On the eve of the war, the foundations of two blocks were laid ( coalition): Hitler (Germany, Italy, Finland, Hungary, Romania, etc.) and Antihytler (England, France, USA). The crust of the USSR was crushing in plans of fascist Germany. Patriotic War 1941-1945 He became an important part of the Second World War.

By the beginning of the war, the USSR had superiority in tanks, was also not inferior in artillery and the number of army (5 million 374 thousand people. Against 5.5 million people. German troops). Slow was the process of introducing the latest weapons. New samples (T-34, KB tanks, IL-2 aircraft) were just beginning to be mastered, the re-equipment of the army was delayed, there were many outdated aircraft. Stalin's personal errors in determining the deadlines for the start of war and the evaluation of the plans of Germany led to the disorientation of the military command. In an effort to push the beginning of the war, Stalin ignored these intelligence and refused to give an order to bring troops into full combat readiness. The military concept, adopted by the Red Army, did not meet the situation and was aimed at maintaining offensive operations and war in the enemy.

Great War began on June 22, 1941. The beginning began to be extremely unfavorable for the Red Army. In the first 3 weeks, our troops suffered huge losses in the lively strength - 850 thousand people, and in general as a result of the 1941 summer-autumn campaign killed, wounded and prisoners - more than 5 million people. Lost was almost all aviation and a significant part of the tanks. Causes of failures In the initial period of the war: Stalin's miscalculations and its closest environment in the assessment of the military situation and the timing of the beginning of the war; Strategic mistakes of the military command (stretchability of troops along the entire border, weak strengthening of the "new" border in the West, the tallness of the rear); Suddenness of the poses of the Wehrmacht, the advantages of the "first strike" and its power in the name of the implementation blitzkrieg., great combat experience of conducting a modern war, accumulated by the Wehrmacht, accumulated by this time; Repressions in the highest echelons of the Red Army, who knocked out the part of the experienced generals and officers who have fallen fear in military commanders, the lack of initiative and independence; the offensive nature of the Soviet military doctrine, providing for the immediate defeat of the enemy in the event of an attack and transfer of war on its territory; Moral and psychological unaware of war due to the "non-aggression" package "and official propaganda efforts; Neon understanding of the military leadership of the nature of war, insufficient training of personnel, a weak organization of communication, supply and medical care. In addition, the Soviet leadership mistakenly considered the main direction of a possible enemy strike - the south-west, in fact it turned out to be western.

A number of disadvantages should be recognized in the then Red Army. It was numerous, but still not enough mobile army. The soldiers had a bad learning. He studied to fight the army already during the war, the price of large victims. At the same time, new team shockers grew, understanding the nature and methods of maintaining modern hostilities.

June 23, 1941 for the strategic leadership of the Armed Forces of the General Command (then The bid of the Supreme Commander). She was headed at the beginning of S.K.ymoshenko, then - I.V.Stalin. On June 29, 1941, martial law was introduced in the country. June 30, 1941 created State Committee Defense (GKO), who also headed I.V.Stalin. In the hands of GKO, the entire fullness of power in the state was concentrated. Initially, I.V. Stalin, L.P.Beria, V.M. Molotov, G.M. Malenkov, K.E. Voroshilov. Then L.M. Kaganovich, N.A. Bulganin, N.A. Vorushensky.

The offensive of the German troops was carried out simultaneously in three directions: the Army Army Groups, the Center, the South came, respectively in the directions of Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev. German troops advanced to 300-600 km deep by Soviet territory. They were occupied by Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Right-Bank Ukraine, Moldova. The huge Western Front collapsed in a matter of days. In early July, the front command led by General D.G. Pavlov was arrested, convicted and shocked. August 16, Stalin issued order number 270.According to which all those who have surrounded and the captured prisoner were declared by traitors.

On September 30, 1941, the general offensive of the German military troops of the Army Center in the direction of Moscow began ( operation "Typhoon"). Evacuation began in the capital. On October 20, a siege situation was introduced here, panic began. Divisia was urgently formed folk militiawhich boiled bare on the front. Only the cost of tremendous effort and heavy losses were able to stop the offensive of the Nazis.

In the autumn of 1941, our troops were severely defeated in Ukraine, her capital fell in Kiev, a large grouping of troops hit the environment, there were losses in humans and military equipment. The persistent defense of Kiev temporarily distracted German tank troops from the Moscow direction, which made it possible to win the time to prepare the defense of Moscow. The heroic defense of Leningrad was also played by the heroic defense of Leningrad, which was in the blockade, but chained the significant forces of the enemy.

December 5 - 6, 1941, the counteroffensiveness of the Red Army began. 38 German divisions were defeated, the enemy managed to discard 100-250 km. The defeat of the Germans near Moscow and the subsequent onset of the Red Army in December 1941 - March 1942. Running the German Plan lightning war And they contributed to the exposure of the myth on the invincibility of the German army.

After the victory near Moscow and the winter campaign, the possibility of stabilizing the front and the accumulation of forces appeared. But in the first half of 1942, in order to consolidate success, Stalin demanded to deploy a series of offensive operations. This error of the commander-in-chief led to a series of severe lesions and huge losses.

The new onset of the German armies, which began after unsuccessful operations of the Red Army under Kharkov in May 1942, developed to the south, which turned out to be unexpected for Stalin. Having told Kharkov and Crimea, the German troops once again mastered the strategic initiative. They occupied the Donbass, reached the North Caucasus and Volga. Our command was stunned by the bare unfinished recruits, often poorly armed. The troops carried large losses, but could not resist the powerful imagination of the Wehrmacht. At the end of August 1942, German advanced parts came to the Volga. Soon the battles unfolded in Stalingrad. The city was almost completely destroyed, but it was not possible to take it to the Nazis.

49. The root fracture during the Great Patriotic War

According to most historians, a radical fracture during the Second World War Began with the defeat of the fascist troops near Stalingrad. In a counteroffensive in the course of the Stalingrad operation, which began on November 19, 1942, it was supposed to defeat the German troops in the southern direction and improve the situation near Moscow and Leningrad. In the offensive, the troops of the South-Western (commander N.F.Vatutin), Donskoy (commander K.K. Rokossovsky) and Stalingrad (Commander A.I. Eremenko) of Fronts participated. In battles for Stalingrad, the German army lost 700 thousand killed and wounded, more than 1 thousand tanks and 1.4 thousand aircraft. 91 thousand people were captured, including 24 General led by Feldmarshal F. Paulus. As a result of the Stalingrad battle, the strategic initiative passed to the Red Army, which marked the beginning of a rooted penalty during the war.

The next stage was the Kursk battle. In the summer of 1943, the veschite command for filling losses was transferred to the Eastern Front over 34 divisions, alleviating the actions of the Anglo-American troops in North Africa and Italy. Another strategic offensive operation (" Citadel") The German command planned to hold in the area of \u200b\u200bKursk protrusion with the participation of 50 divisions, of which 20 tank and motorized with a total number of 900 thousand people.

The rate focused on the Kursk arc a powerful grouping of troops, superior in numbers of the enemy. The Soviet command decided to switch to deliberate defense in order to defeat tank groups and the transition to counter-project. In conducting counter offensive operation The troops of the central front (General KK Rokossovsky), Voronezh (General N.F. Vatutin), Steppe Fronts (General I.S. Konev). During the Kursk battle (July 5 - August 23), Eagle, Belgorod, Kharkov were liberated. These events banned completion of the fracture in warThe strategic initiative finally moved to the Red Army.

In August 1943, the battle for the Dnieper began, which lasted 4 months. As a result of fierce battles, an eastern shaft was broken (a system of powerful fortifications erected by Nazis) and opened the way to the right-bank Ukraine, Moldova and Eastern Europe.

In the summer of 1944, a large-scale offensive began in Belarus (June 23 - August 29), in Western Ukraine (July 13 - 29) and in Moldova (August 20 - 29). During the Belarusian operation (code name " Bagration", June 23 - August 29, 1944) was defeated by the Group of Army Center and liberated Belarus, Latvia, part of Lithuania, the eastern part of Poland. Soviet troops came to Eastern Prussia. In the course of the Yas-Chisinau operation in the south, the group of army of the enemy "South" was surrounded and destroyed.

50. Results and lessons of the Great Patriotic War. The role of the USSR in the defeat of fascist Germany

Berlin Operation, whose management was carried out by Marshals G.K. Zhukov, KK Rokossovsky and I.S. Horseback On May 8, 1945, an act on the unconditional surrender of Germany was signed. Day on May 9 in the USSR was announced Happy Victory Day.

The question of the fate of Germany began to be resolved in early 1945. On this issue, the conferences of the big three in Yalta were held (February 1945) and Potsdam (July - August 1945), the fate of which was issues related to the fate of Germany. The country was divided into four occupation zones, its disarmament was envisaged ( demilitarization), the elimination of the German military industry and the fascist party ( denazification). Allies also recognized the USSR presented requirements for German Reparations ($ 10 billion)

In exchange for consent to begin the war with Japan (no later than 3 months after the end of hostilities in Europe), the Soviet Union received consent to the return of southern Sakhalin and Kuril. Eastern Prussia was divided between the USSR and Poland, as a result of the USSR, G. Königsberg (Kaliningrad) was departed, Poland received Danzig (Gdansk) and access to the Baltic Sea. By the solution of the Allies were created United Nations (UN) as a tool for maintaining peace and development of cooperation. The governments of the three powers accepted Declaration of released Europe.

The Second World War ended with a complete defeat of the German fascism and Japanese militarism. The Great Patriotic War was its most important component. On the Soviet-German front, 607 enemy divisions were broken. Germany lost in the war from the USSR to 10 million people, i.e., the relative losses of Germany were the largest among all fought countries. This forced the Nazi leadership to call on the army at the end of the 14-year-old boys. The losses of the Soviet Union were the largest in absolute terms. Specialists in historical statistics and historical demographics estimate the losses killed in 14-15 million people. Of these, 8.7 million are military personnel (from their number 2.9 million in the fascist captivity). The youngest age group, designed to the Red Army in the fall of 1944, but did not have time to participate in hostilities - 17-collar. About 2.3 million people, mainly from among those who collaborated with the occupiers, emigrated. A third of the national wealth of the country was destroyed during the Securities. The Soviet people defended their independence and with the support of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition made a decisive contribution to the victory.

The victory set the USSR to the leading powers of the world, highly raised his prestige in the international arena. In the future, the USSR took part and became a valid member of various international organizations, first of all, the UN. The result of the post-war reorganization of the world has become new geopolitical situation, based on two-block confrontation - the United States and Western Europe against the USSR and Eastern Europe.

The Great Patriotic War had a liberation for the USSR. In the fight against fascism, the Soviet people defended national independence and territorial integrity, although he paid a very high price for victory.

Successes at the front were achieved by the price of a huge number of soldier's lives. Many losses turned out to be irrelevant. It was a "victory with tears in the eyes." However, it was in war that the possibilities of the system itself were able to be realized - supercentralized management, utmost voltage of all forces, mobilization on the struggle of enormous natural and human resources. The victory in the war and the defeat of fascism had a direct impact on the socio-psychological atmosphere in the country. The war caused the rise of patriotic feelings from Soviet people, the manifestation of heroism, the willingness to defend the Fatherland against any external enemy. There were hopes for the best life, weakening the press of the Stalinist dictatorship.

51. Soviet rear and partisan traffic during the Great Patriotic War

June 24, 1941 was created Evacuation Council, and June 30 - State Committee Defense (GKO), which carried out in the country all the complete power and headed the restructuring of the economy into a military way. The State Defense Committee was subject to the Operational Bureau for Military Orders, the Council for Evacuation, the Transport Committee and other organizations.

On June 29, 1941, in the Directive of the USSR Council and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), the party and Soviet organizations of the front-line regions were formulated by the slogan " Everything for the front, all for victory! ". Along with this, the main directions of restructuring of the economy were outlined:

1) Evacuation from the front-line strip to the east of industrial enterprises, material values \u200b\u200band people. Evacuation took place in two stages: summer - autumn 1941 and summer - autumn 1942. The first stage was the most difficult: due to the onset of the fascists in August 1941, an evacuation from Belarus was suspended, in September from Leningrad and the region. In total, 7 million people were evacuated at the first stage, 1530 large enterprises. A quarter of the rolling stock of railways is involved. By mid-1942, 2.5 thousand industrial enterprises and more than 10 million people were east.

2) the transition of factories and civilian sector factories to the production of military equipment. For example, the Leningrad plant named after Kirov and the Kharkiv plant for the production of diesel engines were merged with Chelyabinsk tractor for the release of tanks ("Tankograd"). The same enterprises have developed in the Volga region and the Gorky region;

3) Accelerated construction of new industrial facilities. Over the first year of war, 850 plants of various profiles, mines, mines, etc. were erected.

For the organization of production, emergency measures were taken - from June 26, 1941, mandatory overtime were introduced for workers and employees, the working day for adults increased to 11 hours at a 6-year working week, the leave was canceled. In December 1941, all employees of military industries were announced mobilized and fixed to work on these enterprises.

As a result, by the end of 1941, it was possible to stop the fall in industrial production, and at the end of 1942 the USSR had a greatly ahead of Germany in the production of military equipment not only in the number (2100 aircraft, 2000 tanks per month), but also in qualitative terms - from June 1941 The year began serial production of mortar installations like " Katyusha", Later upgraded T-34/85 tanks, heavy tanks of IP, new self-propelled artillery installations, etc. have been developed. Level Production of weapons reached in 1944 at the end of this year on parts of military enterprises began conversion.

Partisan traffic. In the autumn of 1942, German troops seized the huge territory of the USSR. In the occupation, about 80 million people were in the occupation, which were forced to various employment obligations associated with demining, construction and repair of bridges, railways, military facilities.

From the first days of the beginning of the war in the territory occupied by the enemy, the resistance to the occupiers began. The underground party cells were created and acted, which took upon themselves the organization of resistance. On June 29, 1941, in the SNK directive and the CCP (b) CEC, a call for the deployment of resistance movement was called. It was delivered to the task of disorganizing the communications of the enemy in the occupied territories, the destruction of transport and communications.

Planned to create sabotage groups To destroy the fascists and their accomplices, a breakdown of military operations and food supplies. Despite the fact that the Directive was approved by the Decree of the Central Committee of the Party of July 18, the partisan movement was originally spontaneous.

The first partisan detachments were formed in the winter of 1941-1942. in the Tula and Kalininsk region. They included communists who went underground, the local population and soldiers of the defeated parts. At first, not all partisan detachments had radio communication with " Big Earth»And regular delivery of weapons and ammunition.

In 1942, in Moscow was created Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movementwhich headed P.N. Pononarenko. With all the headquarters of the armies, partisan detachments were created. From this time, the partisan movement has acquired an organized nature, and its actions began to coordinate with the actions of the army.

To combat S. partisan movement In the occupied territories punitive shares were carried out. However, the partisan detachments have multiplied and fastened. From the Germans were freed whole areas. From the fall of 1942, the partisans were controlled by a number of areas of Belarus, the Northern part of Ukraine, Smolensk, Bryansk and Orlovskaya oblast. By 1943, underground and sabotage work was carried out in almost all occupied cities. Large partisan connections, shelves and brigade began to form. In the summer and autumn of 1942, the Germans were forced to transfer from the front to fight the partisans of 24 divisions.

At the head of the partisan compounds, there were commanders who had a huge authority who could merge and negotiate people. Among them were personnel military, party and economic executives: S.A. Kovpak, A.N. Saburov, A.F. Fedorov, N.Z. Kolada, S.V. Hrishin, and others. The real basis of the mass partisan movement was small Tits, who knew well and had a connection with the population.

Since the summer of 1943, partisan compounds began to interact with the advanced parts of the Red Army in carrying out general operations.

During the occurrence, under Kursk operated operations " Rail war"And" Concert", We had the goal of undermining the communications of the enemy and the conclusion of railways. As the Red Army is moving, the partisan compounds were poured into the regular parts divisions.

Over the years, the guerrillas destroyed 1.5 million soldiers and officers of the enemy, blew 2 thousand trains, 12 thousand bridges, 65 thousand cars, 2.3 thousand tanks, 1.1 thousand aircraft, 17 thousand km of lines Communication. More than 50 thousand Soviet citizens, mostly prisoners of war fledging from concentration camps, took an active part in the resistance movement in Europe.

52. Basic battles and commander of the Great Patriotic War

In general, a number of battles of the initial period of war, the victory was not obsessed, but the enemy had serious losses in the lively strength and technology and that, perhaps, even more importantly, he had a selected time, he did not give the opportunity to implement a plan lightning war.

Smolensk Battle Lasted from July 10 to September 10, 1941. Soviet troops under the command of S.K.Timoshenko, G.K.zhukova, F.I. Kuznetsova and A.I. Eremenko in a number of defensive and offensive operations stopped the offensive of the German-fascist group of armies " Centre"In the Moscow strategic direction. At the turn of Yartsy - R. The gum was torn the enemy plan of the lightning seizure of Moscow.

Battle for Kiev happened from July 11 to September 26, 1941. The seizure of Ukraine and its capital became the most important task of the German Group of Army " South" Soviet troops of the South-Western Front under the command of M.P. In July-August, the KirPonos reflected the "South" armies from the West. After that, the German command transferred tank troops from the Moscow direction to Kiev, as a result of which the onset of the Center for the Center "Center" to Moscow was initially conducted by infantry divisions, i.e. slow. Having received a reinforcement in the form of tank groups, in September the enemy broke through the defense northeastern and southeast of Kiev. Most of the troops of the South-Western Front hit the environment, September 19, Kiev. But the German command is irretrievably lost time. Only at the very end of September 1941, tank troops were returned to the Moscow direction.

Battle for Leningrad In July 1941, when the troops of the German Group of Army " North", Having superiority in the power, began an attack on the city and managed to reach it in September and to Ladoga Lake. The city was cut off from the rear of the country. In the course of the 900-day blockade of the troops of the Leningrad Front, which consistently commanded G.K. Zhukov, I.I. Fedyuninsky, M.S. Chozin and L.A. Govorov, the forces of the Baltic Fleet and Ladoga Military Flotilla reflected all the attacks of the enemy.

It is extremely important that because of the resistance of the Soviet troops, the North Army Group in the fall of 1941, the Nazis was practically not helped by the offensive of the Nazis to Moscow. She did not fulfill its task to take the city, and the tank parts to help the group of Army "Center" sent with great delay.

In January 1943, Leningrad's blockade was broken by a narrow plot, and at the end of January 1944 completely removed.

Of the present crucial importance battle for Moscow, Stalingradskayaand Kursk battle (For their description, see the "initial period of the Great Patriotic War ..." and the "Native Fracture in the Great Patriotic War").

In August 1943 began battle for Dniprowhich lasted 4 months. As a result of fierce battles, an eastern shaft was broken (a system of powerful fortifications erected by Nazis) and opened the way to the right-bank Ukraine, Moldova and Eastern Europe.

In the summer of 1944, a large-scale offensive began in Belarus (June 23 - August 29), in Western Ukraine (July 13 - 29) and in Moldova (August 20 - 29). In the course Belarusian operation (The code name "Bagration", June 23 - August 29, 1944) was defeated by the Group of Army Center and liberated Belarus, Latvia, part of Lithuania, the eastern part of Poland. Soviet troops came to Eastern Prussia. In the course Yaskovo-Chishene In the south, the group of army "South" was surrounded and destroyed.

Liberation of states of Central Europe and the defeat of Germany. In the course VOLO-ODEROUS OPERATION (January 12 - February 3, 1945) was defeated by an enemy grouping, defended in Poland (during the operation, 600 thousand Soviet soldiers and officers died). On February 3, 1945, Soviet troops came to Oder, providing favorable conditions for applying a decisive strike on Berlin. At the end of March - Hungary, the eastern part of Austria were liberated from the first half of April 1945.

From April 16 - May 8, 1945, concluding Berlin Operation, whose management was carried out by Marshals G.K. Zhukov, KK Rokossovsky and I.S. Horseback On May 8, 1945, an act on the unconditional surrender of Germany was signed. Day on May 9 in the USSR was declared a day victory

Commander of the Great Patriotic War

A.M. Vasilevsky Since the summer of 1941 he was deputy head of the General Staff. In the spring of 1942 he participated in the preparation of Plans of the NGC rate. In the summer of 1942, he became the head of the General Staff and coordinated the actions of the fronts. In 1943, after the Stalingrad battle, he was awarded the title of Marshal Soviet Union. He directly participated in planning and developing the most important military operations, solved the issues of providing front with material and technical resources and people and providing reserves. In February 1945 A.M. Vasilevsky was introduced at the rate of VGK and was appointed Commander of the 3rd Belarusian Front. In June 1945, he was appointed commander-in-chief of Soviet troops in the Far East. Under his leadership, an operation was planned and operated on the defeat of the Quantong Army on August 9 - September 2, 1945

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov During the Second World War manifested itself as a great strategist. Commanded the backup front. During the Yelninsk offensive operation, 5 enemy divisions broke. Commander the troops of the Leningrad Front, used tough measures, thereby achieved the stabilization of the front and did not pass Leningrad. In the battle near Moscow, organized the troops of the Western Front for successful counterattacking. In 1942-1943 Zhukov coordinated the actions of the fronts in the Stalingrad and Kursk battles, forcing the Dnieper, the liberation of Kiev. In 1944, defeated the enemy in Korsun-Shevchenko and Prosecor-Chernihiv operations. Coordinated the actions of the fronts in the Belarusian operation. In 1944-1945 Commanded the troops of the 1st Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts in Volo-Oder and Berlin operations. May 8, 1945 G.K. Zhukov was the chairmanship at the meeting of representatives of the Union Command on the signing of the act on the unconditional surrender of Germany and signing it on behalf of the USSR. In June, a parade of Victory was held in Moscow in the Red Square.

I.S. Konech With the beginning of the world, the 19th Army under his command assumed the punch of the tank parts of the Center for the Center of the Center and for 2 months held fascists. He carried out command in September 1941 in the Smolensk battle. Then he was appointed commander of the Western Front. In October 1941, became the commander of the Kalinin front. Participated in the preparation of counteroffensive near Moscow. From August 1942 to February 1943, the West Front was headed again. In mid-March 1943, he was appointed commander of the North Western Front, and in June - steppe. In August 1943, the troops of the Steppe Front liberated Kharkov and successfully completed Belgorod-Kharkov operation. In Korsun-Shevchenkovskoy operation, troops under the command of I.S. Konev surrounded and completely destroyed the enemy grouping. By commanding the 2nd Ukrainian front, did not give the opportunity to escape from the "boiler". He participated in the Berlin Operation and the liberation of Prague.

R.Ya. Malinovsky Great Body met the commander of the 48th Rifle Corps on the border of the USSR by r. Rod. In August 1941, the commander of the 6th Army was appointed and severe defensive battles. In 1941-1942 Commanded the South and North Caucasus Front. In 1942, defeated the fascist group that went to the rescue of the German troops, which was surrounded by Stalingrad. From 1943 he commanded the troops of the southern, and then the south-western front. His troops liberated Nikolaev and Odessa. In the Sassene-Chisinau operation, defeated the group of the army "South". Troops under his command played an important role in the liberation of Romania, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia. Having headed the Trans-Baikal Front, inflicted the main blow to the Japanese Quantong Army.

Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky From August 1941 to July 1942 he was at the head of the 16th Army, then commanded Bryansky, Donskoy, Central, Belarusian, 1-Belarusian, 2nd Belarusian fronts. Participated in the Smolensk battle, the battle near Moscow, Stalingrad and Kursk battles. Troops under his leadership fought in the Belarusian, East Prussian, East Pomeranian operations. June 24, 1945 commanded the Victory Parade.

S.K.Timoshenko From May 7, 1940 to July 19, 1941, he held the post of People's Commissar of the Defense of the USSR. From September 1941 to June 1942 was the Commander of the Southeast Direction. I carried out the management of the counteroffensiveness of the Soviet troops near Rostov-on-Don in the fall of 1941, thereby preventing the breakthrough of the fascists in the Caucasus. In July 1942, the commander of the Stalingrad Front was appointed, and then the North-West. From March 1943, until the end of the war, a representative of the NGC rate was coordinated by a number of fronts, participated in the development and conduct of a number of offensive operations.

In 1941, the Second World War joined a new phase. By this time, fascist Germany and its allies captured in fact the whole of Europe. In connection with the destruction of Polish statehood, a joint Soviet-German border was established. In 1940, the Fascist Guide developed the Barbarossa plan, the purpose of which was in the lightning crust of the Soviet Armed Forces and the occupation of the European part of the Soviet Union. Further plans envisaged the complete destruction of the USSR. To do this, 153 German divisions of 37 divisions of its allies (Finland, Romania and Hungary) were concentrated on the eastern direction. They had to strike in three directions: Central (Minsk-Smolensk-Moscow), North-West (Baltic Leningrad) and South (Ukraine with access to the Black Sea coast). The lightning campaign was planned to calculate the seizure of the European part of the USSR until the fall of 1941

Conquer almost all Western Europe, Hitler's Germany without a war announcement of 3 h. 15 min. June 22, 1941 violated the USSR state border. As a result of the movement of tank joints and massaged bombings by the end of September 1941, the enemy was incurred deep into our territory by 600-850 km. Only in three weeks of war, the Soviet troops lost 3,500 aircraft, 6 thousand tanks, more than 20 thousand guns and mortars. Of the 170 of our divisions on the Soviet-German front 70, half of their composition in humans and military equipment were lost.

The entire Multiethnic people of the USSR rose to the defense of the Motherland. The nature and goals of the Great Patriotic War from the first days were clearly marked in legislative, governmental and party documents. The political leadership of the USSR extended that the ratio of international forces in favor of socialism will change in the fight against Hitler German Germany.

The Great Patriotic War predetermined the outcome of the Second World War. The Soviet-German front was decisive in the defeat of fascist aggressors. In the historiography of the Second World War, five periods are distinguished, four of which are directly related to the military actions of the Soviet Armed Forces against Hitler's aggressors and Japanese militarists.

First period World War II (September 1, 1939 - June 22, 1941), as is well known, it is characterized by the fact that the fascist troops can seize most European countries. Hitler and the largest German monopolies proceed to establish a "new order" in Europe. In the fascists occupied by the fascists, the movement of resistance to aggressors is growing.

Second period World War II (June 22, 1941 - November 18, 1942) is initially characterized by major failures of the Soviet Armed Forces, total mobilization of forces and funds for the fight against fascism, creating a flexible, but complex system of public administration based on the transfer of all economic and intellectual potential Countries for Military Pads.

The vertical structure of military centralization is installed in the USSR. The State Defense Committee (GKO) establishes and the Supreme Commandment rate is created, at the head of which was I.V. Stalin. He, being the chairman of the GKO, concentrates all the completeness of state power in his hands. At the rate of the Supreme Command, plans of decisive combat operations are being developed. The most important event This period was the defeat of the fascist troops near Moscow. The myth about the lightning victory of Germany was completely dispelled.

In the first period of the Great Patriotic War, the Barbarossa plan was crashing, which was the most important condition for strengthening the anti-Hitler coalition as part of the USSR, the United States, England and France.

It should be emphasized that not only the warriors of the Red Army, but also the workers of the rear, and residents of the occupied regions fought against the fascists.

In the occupied territories, the Nazis severely treated the local population. In Belarus, 628 villages were burned as partisan support. In the village of Khatyn on March 22, 1943, 149 inhabitants were killed in fire. Among them were 76 chest and juvenile children. Particularly cruel persecution was subjected to the Jewish population. Jews were methodically destroyed in concentration camps and shot right on the spot. Of the 6 million Jews destroyed by the fascists over the years of World War II, 1 million 50 thousand lived in the USSR. There were many such tragic events. All rose to the fight against the enemy: from children to the elderly.

Universal patriotism has become one of the decisive conditions for the successful completion of the first period of the Great Patriotic War and the second period of World War II.

Third period World War II (from November 18, 1942 at the end of 1943) is characterized by a radical fracture during World War II. The initiative on the Soviet-German front proceeds to our armed forces. The crushing strikes of the Soviet troops, applied to the fascist aggressors near Stalingrad and Kursk, laid the beginning of a massive expulsion of the enemy from the territory of the USSR.

During this period, military rear, Soviet military equipment, both in terms of quality, and in terms of quantity, is completely formed.

Immersibly increases the international authority of the USSR. At the conference of the leaders of the three Allied powers - the USSR, the USA and England in Tehran (November 28 - December 1, 1943), Soviet diplomacy is achieved by the allies obligations regarding the opening of the second front in Europe no later than May 1, 1944

Fourth period World War II (from the beginning to May 9, 1945) ends with the defeat of the Hitler's army in its country and the signing of the Act on the unconditional surrender of the fascist Wehrmacht to the countries - participants of the Antihytler Coalition. On May 9, 1945, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Council of the USSR was published on the announcement of this day with a nationwide holiday - the Victory Day.

The fourth period of World War II showed the possibility of a peaceful decision of international issues, regardless of the socio-political system and the ideological orientation of states interested in them. On February 4-11, 1945, Crimean (Yalta) was held conference of the heads of the three powers: I.V. Stalin (USSR), F. Roosevelt (USA) and W. Churchill (England). Military plans of allied powers were identified and coordinated and the basic principles of the post-war device of the world were identified. In particular, an agreement was reached on the establishment of the United Nations as the succession of the League of Nations, on the punishment of Nazi criminals, as well as the democratization of post-war Germany. The leaders of the Soviet Union, the United States of America and the United Kingdom agreed that in two or three months after the succession of Germany and the end of the war in Europe, the Soviet Union will enter the war against Japan on the side of the Allies.

Fifth, the final period of World War II (May 9 - September 2, 1945) is characterized by negotiations held between the heads of the Anti-Hitler Coalition on the Berlin (Potsdam) conference (July - August 1945). Here it was reaffirmed by the immutability of the solutions of the Crimean Conference.

During this period, the aspiration of the United States to the world domination begins to manifest itself, as evidenced by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki cities in Japan (6 and 9 August 1945).

One of the decisive factors of the victory of the antihytler coalition was the introduction of August 9, 1945. The USSR in the war against Japan. The Soviet Armed Forces defeated the Kwantung Army, and Japan was forced to sign an act of unconditional surrender.