Historians-Marxists began to actively develop the problems of socio-economic history in the second quarter of the 20th century. Historiography of Russian history After October 1917, Russian historiography was based on
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Dvoretsky E.V.
NATIONAL HISTORY
V summary
Knowledge update guide
Belgorod 2009
Introduction
This manual is intended for students who have mastered the discipline "Russian history" to update the residual knowledge of the course.
The structure and content of the manual correspond to the content of the existing requirements: the program of the Federal Internet exam, and the nature of the test questions.
The manual is divided into sections corresponding to the basic didactic units of the control program. Each section contains material grouped by the topics of the control program.
Separately, the manual presents:
Chronological table
Glossary of terms
List of historical personalities
List of historical concepts
Didactic unit 1
Theory and methodology of historical science:
Functions of historical knowledge:
The function of history from the point of view of society (society) - culturological
1. Cognitive function - identifying patterns of historical development.
2. The function of social memory is a way of identification and orientation of society and personality.
In the Soviet period, the official ideology was Marxism, therefore, the practical-political function of historical knowledge was brought to the fore.
4. Educational function - the formation of civic, moral values and qualities
Cicero's statement "The story-teacher of life" reflects the educational function of history
5. Predictive function – makes it easier to foresee the future.
The function of historical knowledge, formulated in the statement of the German mathematician and philosopher G.V. Leibniz "The present, born of the past, gives birth to the future", is a predictive function
In the logical series of functions of historical knowledge, an unnecessary element is the adaptive function
The highest level of historical knowledge is scientific and theoretical
Methods for studying history
1. Comparative - comparing historical objects in space, in time and identifying the similarities and differences between them.
It consists in identifying a set of one-order phenomena of similarity and differences between them
2. Retrospective - consistent penetration into the past in order to identify the causes of an event, phenomenon.
3. Ideographic - description historical events and phenomena. Gets unique single information about an object
4. Typological - classification of historical phenomena, events, objects.
5. Genetic - describes the properties and functions of an event or phenomenon in the process of their reconstruction
6. Systemic - reveals the internal mechanism of functioning and development
7. Problem-chronological - the study of the sequence of historical events in time
8. Synchronous - the study of historical events occurring at the same time
9. Nomothetic - establishes a general, in the form of a law
History methodology:
1) Methodology - teaching about the methods (approaches) of research, lighting historical facts, scientific knowledge.
2) Theological approach - considers the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit
3) Rationalism - An approach that considers reason as the only source of knowledge and historical development
4) Subjectivism - the course of history is determined by outstanding people
5) Evolutionism:
- a doctrine that asserts that everything that exists is in the process of progressive development
An approach that considered history as a process of humanity's ascent to an ever higher level of development
6) Marxism:
The approach according to which the historical process was presented as a sequential change in the history of mankind of socio-economic formations
Methodology, according to which the historical process was presented as a sequential change in the history of mankind of socio-economic formations
Marxist theory originated in the 19th century.
The creators of the formation theory were: K. Marx and F. Engels
Marxist understanding of the reasons for the emergence of the state:
The formation of classes and the aggravation of the struggle between them
Changing socio-economic relations
Marxism is characterized by the absolutization of the class struggle
Formation - the fundamental concept of Marxism
The Marxist approach in the history of human society defines 5 socio-economic formations
Linear development of society - a characteristic representation of Marxism
Marxist approach - transition from one formation to another through social revolution
The predominant approach in the knowledge of the historical past during the Soviet period was the Marxist approach.
In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through a social revolution
7) Civilizational approach - identifies the specificity and diversity of local human societies, considers history as the evolution of world and regional civilizations with common cultural and historical features
N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler played an important role in the development of civilizational methodology
8) Synthetic Approach - Connects different approaches
The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the synthetic approach
Geographic determinism- the course of history is determined by the geographical environment
An obligatory component of historical science - categories
Historiography of history:
Historiography - History of historical science, its formation and development
Herodotus is called the father of history
Historical science arose in Russia in the 18th century.
In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical understanding of sources in the 18th century
The origins of historical science in Russia were V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov
In the post-Petrine period, German historians, based on the study of Russian chronicles, created the Norman theory
Discussions between Westernizers and Slavophiles had a great influence on the development of historical science in Russia in the 30-40s of the XIX century.
Approach considered Russian history as part of the European progressive process, was characteristic of Western historians
The approach that viewed Russian history as an exclusively independent one was characteristic of Slavophile historians
Soviet historical science was influenced by the dictate of Marxism-Leninism
After October 1917, Russian historiography was based on Marxism
After October 1917, the creation of the Marxist concept of national history began in Russia.
After October 1917, the Russian historiography was based on the Marxist approach.
Historians-Marxists began to actively develop the problems of socio-economic history in the second quarter of the 20th century.
The "Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)", which appeared in 1938, consolidated the party's monopoly on historical truth.
Bayer, Miller - creators of the "Norman theory"
Gumilev - "From Russia to Russia"
Danilevsky - began the development of a civilizational approach
M.V. Lomonosov - the founder of the anti-Norman theory
P.N. Milyukov - Historian and politician, leader of the Cadet Party. Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Provisional Government
M.N. Pokrovsky – one of the founders of Soviet historical science. Bolshevik historian. He stood at the origins of Soviet historical science. Considered the founder of the Marxist concept of Russian history
B.A. Rybakov - Soviet Slavic-Russian archaeologist and historian. Author of the book "Paganism Ancient Rus»
CM. Soloviev - founder of the state school of Russian historical science in the middle of the 19th century. attached an exceptional role to the geographical factor in the life of society and its history.
V.N. Tatishchev – contemporary of Peter I, participant of the Battle of Poltava. Together with Miller, he wrote the first generalizing work on the history of Russia. He became the founder of the "noble" historical science.
Didactic unit 2
Ancient Russia and socio-political changes in the Russian lands in the 13th - 15th centuries:
Formation and development of the Moscow (Russian) centralized state.
Formation of the Moscow State: the second half of the 15th - the first third of the 16th century.
The activities of Ivan III (1462 - 1505):
1) Annexed the Novgorod Republic in 1478. Brought out the veche bell
2) Annexed Tver in 1485.
3) Took the title of "Sovereign of All Russia"
4) Introduced the “rules of St. George's Day” - restricting the withdrawal of peasants from the feudal lord according to the Code of Law of 1497 - The first serf measure in Russian law.
5) Introduced the elderly - a monetary collection from peasants when leaving to another landowner (Code of Laws of 1497)
6) 1480 - "Standing on the Ugra" - the overthrow of the Horde yoke
7) Adoption of the first all-Russian Code of Law - 1497
8) Formation of the Moscow state
The political unification of the Russian lands under Ivan III ended with the annexation of the Novgorod Republic, the Tver principality
Vasily III - annexed Pskov and Ryazan
Troubles in Russia
The reason for the beginning of the Troubles was the suppression of the Rurik dynasty
The beginning of the Time of Troubles - Boris Godunov
The reign of False Dmitry I - 1605 - 1606
1606 - Murder of False Dmitry I
1606 - 1610 - the reign of Vasily Shuisky
Creation of the Tushino camp - 1608 g.- False Dmitry II
1610 - 1613 - "seven-boyars"
1611 - formation of the militia of P. Lyapunov, D. Trubetskoy and I. Zarutsky
Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders - 1612
Bolotnikov uprising: 1606 - 1607
Didactic unit 5
USSR in 1922 - 1953
Formation of the USSR. The accelerated construction of socialism: industrialization, collectivization, cultural revolution. Political regime.
"Declaration on the formation of the USSR" and "Union Treaty" were adopted in December 1922 by the I All-Union Congress of Soviets
The USSR was created as a voluntary union of the republics on an equal basis - the Leninist principle
I.V. Stalin as a project of unification Soviet republics a plan of "autonomization" was proposed - the entry of the Soviet republics into the RSFSR as autonomies
The Soviet model of the national state structure was based on:
the republics' right to free secession from the USSR
delineation of powers between the authorities of the union and union republics
Lenin's plan for a federal structure
equality of the union republics
principle of broad self-government of the union republics
"New Political Thinking" -
A nationwide referendum was held on the preservation of the USSR
The dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS took place in accordance with the Belovezhskaya agreements on December 8, 1991.
TERMS
1. "Arakcheevschina" - the policy of militarizing the population through the creation of military settlements
2. Baskak - a representative of the khan who exercised control over the local authorities
3. Patronage is the work of a peasant for hire
4. "Bironovschina" - the Board of Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)
5. Boyarin - senior warrior
6. "Brusilov Breakthrough" of the Russian Army on the Southwestern Front - May 1916 (most significant success)
7. "Rebellious Age" - XVII century.
8. Veche - People's Assembly in Russia
9. Vira - money penalty
10. Military settlements - A form of organization of troops that appeared during the reign of Alexander I, in which combat service was combined with housekeeping
11. Patrimony - hereditary land ownership
12. Temporarily liable state of the peasants - the obligation to work off the corvee and pay the quitrent until the land is redeemed
13. Temporarily liable peasants - former serfs who were not transferred to ransom after the reform of 1861 and who bore obligations in favor of the landowners
14. Exit - the annual payment of the Russians to the Horde, tribute to the Golden Horde
15. Purchase - peasant who took out a loan
16. "Zapovednye years" - the prohibition of peasants to leave the owner even on St. George's Day, introduced by decrees at the end of the 16th century. (1581 and 1592)
17. Zemsky Sobor - the body of estate representation in the 16th - 17th centuries.
18. Zemstvos - all-estate bodies of self-government - 1864
20. "The Golden Age of the Russian Nobility" - the reign of Catherine II
21. "Zubatovschina" - the policy of disintegration of the labor movement through the creation of workers' organizations controlled by the police
22. Igo - system of Horde domination over Russian lands
23. "Chosen Rada" - unofficial government under Ivan IV
24. Sharecropping - lease of land by a peasant from a landowner for a share of the harvest
25. Historiography - History of historical science, its formation and development
26. Treasury peasants - worked in factories instead of taxes to the state
27. Collectivization - the transformation of agriculture in the 20s - 30s.
29. "Counter-reforms" - the internal policy of Alexander III, aimed at revising the reforms of the 1860-1870s.
30. Confiscation - gratuitous seizure of property of individuals, including landlord ownership after October revolution
31. "Kornilovism", the Kornilov revolt: an attempt by General Kornilov to carry out, relying on the units loyal to him, a counter-revolutionary coup - 25-th of August
32. "Kissing of the Cross" - the contract between Vasily Shuisky and the boyars
34. Magistrate - city government body
35. "Localism" - the procedure for appointment to government positions in accordance with the nobility of the family
36. Methodology - teaching about methods (approaches) of research, coverage of historical facts, scientific knowledge.
37. "Ministerial leapfrog" - fast-paced ministers
38. Metropolitan - head of Russian Orthodox Church in Kievan Rus
39. Modernization is the process of transforming all spheres of society and accelerating the pace of development
40. Monopolies - originated in late XIX centuries of business amalgamations that exercised control over markets by concentrating material and financial resources
41. "Neostalinism" - the political rehabilitation of Stalin
42. "Novo-Ogarevsky process" - an attempt to develop a new Union Treaty
43. "New political thinking" - the foreign policy course of M.S. Gorbachev
44. Oprichnina - territories allocated in the 1550-1570s. to a special destiny with a special army and state administration
45. Polyudye - a method of collecting tribute, a detour by the prince with a squad of subordinate lands to collect tribute
46. Posad - a trade and craft settlement outside the Kremlin walls
47. Posadnik - an administrator who manages the city on behalf of the prince (in Novgorod - an elective position)
48. Churchyards - places of collecting tribute
49. "Elderly" - a cash collection from peasants when leaving to another landowner
50. Manor - land ownership provided on the terms of service
51. Privatization - transfer of state property into the hands of individuals, joint stock companies
52. "Progressive bloc" - an inter-party coalition formed in the IV State Duma in 1915.
53. Procurement - a procurement system in the Soviet state during the civil war
54. Industrial Revolution - Transition from manual labor to machine labor, from manufactory to factory
55. "Enlightened absolutism" - liberal reformism in the name of preserving the feudal system
56. Protectionism is a policy of encouraging domestic production by protecting it from external competition and imposing high duties on imported goods
57. Rasputin - abuses related to the activities of Grigory Rasputin, who enjoyed unlimited confidence in the royal family
58. "Russian Truth" - the first written code of laws of Ancient Russia
59. Ryadovich – contract peasant
60. Secularization - the transformation of church property into state property
61. Tysyatsky - headed the city militia in Ancient Rus (in Novgorod - an elective position)
62. Ulus - a province in the Golden Horde
63. Lessons - a fixed amount of tribute introduced by Princess Olga
64. "Urochnye years" - the term of detecting fugitive peasants, initially - 5 years, then increased to 15 years.
65. The Constituent Assembly is a body called upon to finally and legally resolve the issue of state and power in Russia
66. Khan - ruler of the Golden Horde
67. Evolutionism is a doctrine that asserts that everything that exists is in the process of progressive development
68. St. George's Day - a time limit on the right of peasants to leave the landowner, introduced by the Code of Laws of 1497.
69. Label - khan charter, which gave the right to reign
Chronology of Russian history:
862 - the calling of Rurik
907 - campaign of Prince Oleg to Constantinople (Constantinople)
945 - murder of Igor by the Drevlyans
988 - Baptism of Russia
1097 - Lyubech congress
1113 - 1125 - Reign of Vladimir Monomakh
1147 - the first chronicle mention of Moscow (Yuri Dolgoruky)
1223 - the first meeting of the Russian troops with the Mongols, the battle on the river. Kalke
1240 - Battle of the Neva (Alexander Nevsky against the Swedes and Germans); the fall of Kiev under the Mongols
1237 - the invasion of Batu Khan (to North-Eastern Russia)
1242 - Battle on the Ice (on Lake Peipsi) (Alexander Nevsky against the Swedes and the Germans)
1243 - The formation of the Mongol state of the Golden Horde on the lower Volga by Batu Khan
1252-1263 - Reign of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky
1276 - 1303 - Reign of Daniel Alexandrovich. The beginning of the rise of Moscow. Formation of the Moscow principality
1299 - Transfer of the Metropolitan See from Kiev to Vladimir
1326 - Transfer of the Metropolitan See from Vladimir to Moscow
1327 - Uprising in Tver. Cholkhan is killed. Suppressed by Kalita. The label in the hands of Moscow
1382 - Tokhtamysh burned down Moscow
1439 - Union of Florence
1462-1505 - Reign of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilievich
1471 - Hike of Ivan III to Novgorod
1478 - The fall of the independence of Veliky Novgorod, its annexation to Moscow
1480 - "Great standing" on the river Ugra of Russians and Tatars, overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke
1485 - annexation of Tver to Moscow
1497 - The first all-Russian Code of Law of Ivan III. Decree on St. George's Day
1505 - 1533 - Reign of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich
1510 - Accession of Pskov to Moscow
1521 - Annexation of the Ryazan principality to Moscow
1533 - 1584 - The reign of Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible
1547 - wedding to the kingdom of Ivan IV
1549 - First Zemsky Sobor
1550 - Code of Law of Ivan IV (confirmed the decree on St. George's Day, increased the elderly)
1550 - Introduction of the streltsy army. (3 thousand people)
1551 - Hundred-domed Cathedral under Ivan IV the Terrible
1558-1584 - Livonian war for access to the Baltic Sea
1565 - 1572 Oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible
1581 - Ermak's campaign to Siberia
1581 - Introduction of the "Protected Years" (temporary prohibition of peasant transitions)
1584 - 1598 reign of the last Rurikovich - Fyodor Ioannovich (actual ruler - Boris Godunov)
1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate under Fedor (first patriarch - Job)
1597 - Decree of Tsar Fyodor on "fixed years" (the term of detecting fugitives - 5 years)
1598 - end of the Rurik dynasty
1598-1605 reign of Boris Godunov, the beginning of the Time of Troubles
1603-1604 Uprising of slaves in the Moscow region under the leadership of Khlopko Kosolap
1605-1606 reign of False Dmitry I (Grigory Otrepiev). Overthrown by Muscovites and Shuisky
1606-1610 reign of Vasily Shuisky
1607 defeat of the Bolotnikov uprising
1608 - creation of the Tushino camp 1607-1610 Uprising of False Dmitry II (Tushinsky thief)
1610-1612 reign of the Seven Boyars (Polish prince Vladislav was invited to the throne)
1612 Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders
1613-1645 reign of the first Romanov - Tsar Mikhail Romanov
1645-1676 Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet)
1648-1649 - Salt Riot
1649 "Cathedral Code" by Alexei Mikhailovich
1654 the annexation of the Left-Bank Ukraine to Russia was completed
1654 Nikon's reforms begin. The split of the Russian church
1662 - Copper riot
1670-1671 Stepan Razin Uprising (from Don to Volga, further up the Volga)
1676-1682 Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
1682-1725 - Tsar, then Emperor Peter I (first under the regency of Sophia)
1700-1721 - Northern War (annexation of part of the Baltic coast to Russia)
1711 Senate in place of the Boyar Duma
1717-1721 12 Collegia established by Peter I instead of outdated orders
1721 - introduction of the Synod, liquidation of the patriarchate
1722 - introduction of the "Table of Ranks"
1725-1762 - the era of "palace coups"
1762 - 1796 - reign of Catherine II, "enlightened absolutism"
1764 - Carrying out the secularization of church land tenure
1773-1775 - uprising under the hands. Pugacheva
1785 "Letters of Grant" by Catherine II: to the nobility and the cities
1796 - 1801 - reign of Paul I
1801 - 1825 - reign of Alexander I
1802 - the collegia were replaced by new central government bodies - ministries
1803 - adoption of the decree on "free cultivators"
1807 - Peace of Tilsit
1810.1 jan. - Establishment of the State Council (existed until 1906). First State Secretary of the State Council - M.M. Speransky
1812 - Patriotic War against the Napoleonic army
1818 - project by A.A. Arakcheeva on the abolition of serfdom
1825 - 1855 - Nicholas I (Palkin)
1837-1841 "Kiselevskaya reform" - reform of management of state peasants
1853-1856 – Crimean War(defeat)
1842 Decree "On Obliged Peasants" of Nicholas I
1855-1881 - Alexander II the Liberator, carrying out "great reforms"
1874-1876 - "going to the people" of revolutionary populists in order to rouse the peasants to the revolution
1876 - the organization of revolutionary populists "Land and Freedom" was created in St. Petersburg
1881.1 mar. Assassination of Alexander II
1881-1894 - Alexander III the Peacemaker, carrying out counter-reforms
1881 - transfer of the former serfs to the obligatory redemption of land
1883 - the first Russian Marxist group, named "Emancipation of Labor", was created in Geneva by Plekhanov
1897 - the introduction of the gold ruble during the forced industrialization of S.Yu. Witte
1898 - the emergence of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP)
1903 - split of the RSDLP into two wings - Bolsheviks and Mensheviks - at the II Party Congress
1904-1905 - Russian-Japanese war
1905 - 1907 - the first Russian revolution
1905 - Issue of a decree abolishing peasant redemption payments
1905 January 9 - "Bloody Sunday" (shooting of the peaceful procession to the Winter Palace on January 9) - the beginning of the first Russian revolution
1905, 17 oct "Manifesto of October 17" on the introduction of democratic freedoms and elections to the State Duma
1906 - Decree on the withdrawal of peasants from the community and the right to consolidate allotment land into personal property (the beginning of the Stolypin reform)
1906-1916 Stolypin agrarian reform
1907-1912 III Duma
1915 - creation of the Progressive Bloc, transformation of the IV State Duma into an opposition center
1917-1921 "War Communism"
1918 November - The Brest-Litovsk Peace was dissolved after the completion of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Germany, the end of World War I
1922 - Treaty of Rapallo with Germany on the restoration of diplomatic relations in full
1922 - Genoa Conference
1924-1925 - the beginning of the "strip of diplomatic recognition" of the USSR
1921-1928 - NEP
1928 - the beginning of the forced industrialization
1929 - transition to complete collectivization
1933 - The USSR took a course to create a collective security system in Europe after the Nazis came to power in Germany
1934 - The entry of the USSR into the League of Nations
1939 - USSR was expelled from the League of Nations as an aggressor
1939-1940 - Soviet-Finnish war
1940 - the entry of Soviet troops into the Baltic States and Moldova
1941 - as part of the USSR - 16 republics
1945 - creation of the UN
1949 - creation of NATO
1949 - the US monopoly on nuclear weapon, test of the first atomic bomb of the USSR
1950-1953 - Korean War as part of cold war
1953 - Stalin's death
1953 - 1964 - "thaw", Khrushchev's rule
1954 - the beginning of the development of virgin and fallow lands
1955 - creation of the Department of Internal Affairs
1956 - XX Congress of the CPSU, debunking the personality cult of Stalin
1957 - launch of the first artificial satellite Of the earth
1957 - creation of economic councils
1961 - adoption of the III program - building communism
1961 - the first manned flight into space
1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis as part of the Cold War
1962 - suppression of workers' protests in Novocherkassk
1964 – 1982 - reign of Brezhnev, Stagnation
1970s, first half - relaxation of international tension
1977 - adoption of the third Constitution of the USSR, which stipulates that the CPSU is the "core of the political system"
1980 - boycott of the Moscow Olympics Western countries within the Cold War
1988 - XIX All-Union Party Conference - the beginning of the reform of the political system
1990 - introduction of the post of President of the USSR
1990 - the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR, which consolidated the monopoly position of the CPSU in society
1991, 8 Dec. - the dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS (Belovezhsky agreements) - 12 states at the turn of the century
1991 - the first presidential elections in Russia
1992-1993 - political crisis, confrontation between the legislative and executive branches of government
1992, 31 Mar. - the signing of the Federal Treaty, which contributed to the strengthening of the Russian state
1993 - the introduction of a state of emergency, shelling and the assault on the "White House"
1993 - dissolution of the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR
1994 - completion of the withdrawal of Russian troops from the countries of Central and of Eastern Europe
1998 - default under Kirienko
2000 - election of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin
2005 - monetization of benefits
2006 - national projects
2006 - creation Public Chamber
Personalities:
Alexander I (1801-1825)
Alexander II (1855-1881)
Andrey Bogolyubsky - Vladimir-Suzdal prince
Andrey Kurbsky - voivode, member of the Chosen Rada under Ivan IV
Arakcheev, who actually ruled the country in 1815-1825. temporary worker of Alexander I (introduced military settlements, author of one of the projects for the abolition of serfdom)
Beria L.P. - People's Commissar of Internal Affairs
Brusilov A.A. - the leader of the largest offensive on the Russian-German front (1st World War)
Witte - led a forced industrialization, introduced a wine monopoly
Voroshilov K.E. - People's Commissar of Defense
Wrangel P.N. - commanded the troops of southern Russia in the Crimea (white movement)
Vsevolod the Big Nest - Vladimir-Suzdal Prince
Gaidar - in the early 90s of the XX century. liberalizes prices, begins privatization, conducts "shock therapy"
Boris Godunov - the beginning of the Time of Troubles is associated with his reign
Gorbachev - the first president of the USSR
Davydov - participant Patriotic War 1812, one of the founders of the partisan movement
Daniil Alexandrovich - the first Moscow prince (1276-1303), son of Alexander Nevsky
Denikin A.I. - from January 1920 "The Supreme Ruler of the Russian State"
Donskoy Dmitry - Prince of Moscow (1359-1389), victory in the Battle of Kulikovo over Mamai
Catherine I - wife of Peter I, reign in the era of palace coups (1725-27)
Catherine II - "enlightened absolutism"
Ivan I Kalita - Prince of Moscow (1325-1340)
Ivan III (1462 - 1505) - introduced the "St. George's Day Rule", took the title of "Sovereign of All Russia"
Ivan IV the Terrible (1533 - 1584) - conquered the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates, convened the Stoglavy Cathedral, introduced the oprichnina
Kaganovich L.M. - People's Commissar of Railways (1935 - 42)
Kiriyenko - prime minister who defaulted in 1998
Kirov S.M. - First Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee and City Party Committee and Secretary of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks since 1934
Kiselev - under Nicholas I carried out a reform of the management of state peasants (1837-41)
Kolchak A.V. - was supreme ruler Russia from November 1918 (white movement)
Lunacharsky A.V. - the first People's Commissar of Education
V. N. Merkulov - People's Commissar for State Security (1941)
V.M. Molotov - People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
Otrepiev Grigory - the alleged name of False Dmitry I (Time of Troubles)
Peter I - the first Russian emperor (from 1721), years of rule - 1682-1725; introduced a poll tax, recruitment
Plekhanov - created in exile the first Russian Marxist group "Emancipation of Labor" (1883)
Pokrovsky - historian of the 20th century, the era of revolutionary upheavals
Potemkin - favorite of Catherine II, conquered Crimea from Turkey
Razin was the leader of the uprising of 1670-71.
Soloviev - historian of the 19th century, the era of bourgeois reforms
Speransky - reformer of the era of Alexander I (he proposes a draft reform of public administration, the establishment of the State Council,), under Nicholas I, he codifies laws
Stalin I.V. - General Secretary of the CPSU (b)
Stolypin - Chairman of the Council of Ministers, who held in 1906-1911 agrarian reform
E. Tarakanova - an adventurer posing as the daughter of Elizabeth Petrovna and A.G. Razumovsky
Tatishchev - the first Russian historian of the era of Peter I, the founder of historical science, who attempted to create the first generalizing work on history
Fradkov - prime minister under Putin, monetized benefits
Furtseva E.A. - Minister of Culture of the USSR
Chernomyrdin - Prime Minister under Yeltsin, conducting the denomination of the ruble,
supports the fuel and energy complex
Yudenich N.N. - Commander of the White Guard North-Western Army, led the attacks on Petrograd
Yuri Danilovich - Prince of Moscow (1303-1325), fought against Tver (Mikhail Tverskoy)
Concepts:
"Autonomization" - Stalin's project for the unification of the Soviet republics
Barbarossa - a plan for a lightning war against the USSR
"Brusilov Breakthrough" - a heroic page in the history of World War I
"Rebellious Age" - XVII century.
"Great reforms" - reforms carried out by Alexander II
"Great turning point" - a concept related to the collectivization of agriculture
Patrimony - hereditary land ownership ( Kievan Rus)
Military settlements are a form of organization of troops that appeared during the reign of Alexander I, in which the drill service was combined with housekeeping
"War Communism" - Economic Policy of the Civil War Period
Temporarily liable peasants - former serfs who were not transferred to ransom after the reform of 1861 and who bore obligations in favor of the landowners
The All-Russian Extraordinary (VChK) is a commission for combating counter-revolution, sabotage and speculation, created in December 1917. chaired by F.E. Dzerzhinsky
"Democratic impulse for war" - hopes for broad democratic transformations after the Great Patriotic War
Deportation is the forced resettlement of a number of peoples in the 1930-1940s.
Twenty-five-thousanders - a concept that characterizes the policy of total collectivization of agriculture
"Charter to the nobility" - a document of 1785, securing the rights and privileges of the nobility
Purchase - a peasant who took out a loan
Zemsky Sobor - estate representative body
Zemstvos are all-estate bodies of local self-government, created by the reform of 1864.
Industrialization is the process of creating large-scale machine production in industry and other sectors of the economy
Chosen Rada - unofficial government under Ivan IV
Colleges - central government bodies that replaced orders
Collectivization - the transformation of agriculture in the USSR in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
Conversion - the transfer of the economy from military production to a peaceful track after the Second World War
"Conditions" - the conditions for limiting the royal power, proposed to Anna Ioannovna
Confiscation - gratuitous seizure of property of individuals, incl. landlord ownership after the October Revolution
Cosmopolitanism - the struggle in the post-war period (after the Great Patriotic War) with "servility to the West"
"Kissing of the Cross" - during the reign of V. Shuisky, this is the first contract between the tsar and his subjects
"Bloody Sunday" - execution in St. Petersburg on January 9, 1905 of a peaceful procession to the Winter Palace with
Historiography of history
1. The founder of the "noble" historical science, who made an attempt to create the first generalizing work on the history of Russia, is considered ...
a) V.N. Tatishchev
b) S. M. Soloviev
c) L.N. Gumilyov
d) M.N. Pokrovsky
2. The founder of the Marxist concept of national history is considered ...
a) M.V. Lomonov
b) V.N. Tatishchev
c) V.O. Klyuchevsky
d) M.N. Pokrovsky
4. In the post-Petrine period, German historians based on the study of Russian chronicles created ...
a) anti-Norman theory
b) "theory of official nationality"
c) the theory of "Russian socialism"
d) Norman theory
5. The founder of anti-Normanism is considered ...
a) M.V. Lomonosov
b) V.O. Klyuchevsky
c) V.N. Tatishchev
d) M.N. Pokrovsky
6. After October 1917, Russian historiography was based on ...
a) voluntarism
b) Marxism
c) rationalism
d) subjectivity
7. In the XVIII century. German historians I. Bayer, G. Miller was created ...
a) "theory of official nationality"
b) anti-Norman theory
c) Norman theory
d) the theory of "Russian socialism"
8. The founder of anti-Normanism is considered to be a Russian scientist - an encyclopedist ...
a) L.N. Gumilyov
b) V.O. Klyuchevsky
c) M.V. Lomonosov
d) S.M. Soloviev
9. The founder of anti-Normanism is considered to be a Russian scientist - an encyclopedist ...
a) V.N. Tatishchev
b) B.A. Rybakov
c) M.V. Lomonosov
d) N.M. Karamzin
10. After October 1917, the creation of the ____________ concept of national history began in Russia.
a) bourgeois
b) Marxist
c) philosophical
d) populist
11. The history of historical science, its formation and development is called ...
a) source
b) historiography
c) methodology
d) ethnography
12. After October 1917, the ____________ approach was taken as the basis of Russian historiography.
a) civilizational
b) evolutionary
c) theological
d) Marxist
13. After October 1917, the creation of the _______________ concept of national history began.
a) civilizational
b) Marxist
c) theological
d) evolutionary
14. Appeared in 1938, "A short course on the history of the CPSU (b)" ...
a) introduced a pluralistic approach to the study of the historical past
b) consolidated the party's monopoly on historical truth
c) opened the era of publicity in the study of history
d) opened a period of "thaw"
15. In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical understanding of sources in the _______ century.
a) XV
b) XX
c) XVIII
d) XVII
16. The origins of historical science in Russia were ...
a) S.M. Soloviev, V.O. Klyuchevsky
b) V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov
c) V.I. Lenin, G.V. Plekhanov
d) N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee
17. Discussions between ...
a) Westernizers and Slavophiles
b) revolutionary and liberal populists
c) Marxists and Socialist-Revolutionaries
d) cadets and octobrists
18. The approach, which considered Russian history as part of a common European progressive process, was characteristic of historians - ...
a) populists
b) monarchists
c) Slavophiles
d) Westerners
19. The approach that viewed Russian history as an exclusively independent one was characteristic of historians - ...
a) anarchists
b) Westerners
c) Slavophiles
d) Decembrists
20. Soviet historical science was influenced by diktat ...
a) autocracy
b) Marxism-Leninism
c) theology
d) civilizational approach
21. An outstanding Russian historian was ...
a) N.M. Karamzin
b) I.M.Sechenov
c) N.I. Lobachevsky
d) I. I. Mechnikov
22. The historian - Bolshevik was ...
a) S.M. Soloviev
b) P. N. Milyukov
c) M.N. Pokrovsky
d) V.O. Klyuchevsky
23. An outstanding Russian historian was ...
a) G.R. Derzhavin
b) S.M. Soloviev
c) F. Prokopovich
d) I.I.Polzunov
24. "The Course of Russian History" became the pinnacle of creativity ...
a) V.O. Klyuchevsky
b) S.M. Solovyova
c) N. I. Kostomarova
d) N.M. Karamzin
25. The largest noble historian of the second quarter of the 18th century. was…
a) V. N. Tatishchev
b) N.M. Karamzin
c) A.N. Radishchev
d) A.I. Herzen
Historiography of Russian history
1. Match historians and their writings.
1) N. Karamzin
2) V.Klyuchevsky
3) M. Pokrovsky
a) "Historical Science and Class Struggle"
b) "Course of Russian history"
c) "History of the Russian State"
2. Correlate the name of the historical school and the period of its formation.
1) noble historiography
2) revolutionary historiography
3) public school
a) second half of the 18th century.
b) the end of the 18th century.
c) the middle of the 19th century.
3. Match historians and trends of thought.
1) N. Karamzin
2) N. Novikov
3) K. Aksakov
a) enlightenment
b) sentimentalism
c) Slavophilism
4. Match the names and works of 20th century historians.
1) M. Tikhomirov
2) B. Rybakov
3) L. Gumilev
a) "Paganism of Ancient Rus"
b) "Ancient Moscow XII-XV centuries."
c) "From Russia to Russia"
History methodology
1. Consideration of the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit is characteristic of ...
a) theological approach
b) geographic determinism
c) subjectivity
d) Marxism
2. Consideration of the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit is characteristic of ...
a) theological approach
b) Marxism
c) evolutionism
d) rationalism
3. The approach according to which the course of history is determined by the geographical environment is called ...
a) geographic determinism
b) geography
c) rationalism
d) geology
4. The approach according to which the course of history is determined by outstanding people is called ...
a) subjectivity
b) Marxism
c) rationalism
d) theological
5. The approach according to which the course of history is determined by outstanding people is called ...
a) determinism
b) evolutionism
c) synthetic
d) subjectivity
6. The approach that considered history as a process of humanity's ascent to an ever higher level of development was called ...
a) theological
b) evolutionism
c) subjectivity
d) voluntarism
7. The approach that considered history as a process of humanity's ascent to an ever higher level of development was called ...
a) evolutionism
b) theological
c) geographic determinism
d) subjectivity
8. The approach according to which the historical process was presented as a sequential change in the history of mankind of socio-economic formations was called ...
a) civilizational
b) Marxism
c) rationalism
9. The methodology, according to which the historical process was presented as a sequential change in the history of mankind of socio-economic formations, was called ...
a) subjectivity
b) objectivity
c) Marxism
d) voluntarism
10. The creators of the formation theory were ...
a) G. Plekhanov and V. Zasulich
b) V. Lenin and Yu. Martov
c) N. Danilevsky and A. Toynbee
d) K. Marx and F. Engels
11. The approach that considers reason as the only source of knowledge and historical development is ...
a) subjectivity
b) rationalism
c) evolutionism
d) Marxism
12. The approach that considers reason as the only source of knowledge and historical development is ...
a) class
b) rationalism
c) formational
d) geographic determinism
13. An important role in the development of civilizational methodology was played by ...
a) S. Soloviev and V. Klyuchevsky
b) V. Lenin and G. Plekhanov
c) K. Marx and F. Engels
d) N. Danilevsky and A. Toynbee
14. The _______________ approach was dominant in the knowledge of the historical past in the Soviet period.
a) synthetic
b) Marxist
c) theological
d) civilizational
15. In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through ...
a) cultural revolution
b) economic reforms
c) educational policy
d) social revolution
16. The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the ____________ approach.
a) Marxist
b) theological
c) synthetic
d) civilizational
17. The Marxist approach in the history of human society defines _________ socio-economic (x) formations (s).
a) two
b) five
c) four
d) three
18. Marxist theory originated in the ______ century.
a) XXI
b) XIX
c) XX
d) XVII
19. An important role in the development of the civilizational approach was played by ...
a) S. Soloviev and V. Tatishchev
b) N. Karamzin and M. Lomonosov
c) O. Spengler and A. Toynbee
d) V. Lenin and G. Plekhanov
20. An important role in the development of the civilizational approach was played by ...
a) N. Karamzin and V. Soloviev
b) M. Lomonosov and V. Tatishchev
c) N. Danilevsky and O. Spengler
d) P. Pestel and N. Muraviev
21. Name the approach that viewed history as a process of ascent to an ever higher level of development.
a) subjectivity
b) evolutionism
c) synthetic
d) theological
22. Methodology is ...
a) theory of scientific research
b) the theory of scientific and cognitive activity, aimed at the study and development of methods of scientific knowledge
c) scientific discipline about the laws of historical development
d) a scientific discipline that studies the laws of the historical process
23. One of the main tasks in the knowledge of social processes is the disclosure ...
a) biological conditioning of human society
b) social functions and their role in the development of the social whole
c) the impact of natural and climatic conditions on humans
d) subject and object of historical knowledge
24. The emergence of Marxism refers to ...
a) the end of the 18th century.
b) the middle of the XIX century.
c) the beginning of the 18th century.
d) the beginning of the XX century.
25. One of the main methodological approaches of modern historical science - ...
a) subjective
b) class
c) civilizational
d) formational
26. Methodology is ...
a) a set of statistical research methods
b) the ability to arrange events in chronological order
c) descriptive research
d) a set of basic approaches and research methods
27. Formational approach to the study and presentation of history does not match position - ...
a) human history is one
b) progressive historical development
c) all countries go through the same stages of development
d) the historical process is intermittent
28. Civilizational approach to history does not match position - ...
a) the historical process is intermittent
b) each community of people goes through certain stages of development, in many ways similar to the ages of a person
c) each community of people has a unique look and vibrant characteristics
d) human history is one
29. The founder of the theory of formations was ...
a) V. I. Lenin
b) A. Toynbee
c) K. Marx
d) J.V. Stalin
30. One of the prominent representatives of the civilizational approach to history is ...
a) F. Engels
b) V.O. Klyuchevsky
c) A. Toynbee
d) K. Marx
Methods for studying history
1. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition ...
1) typological
2) retrospective
3) synchronous
a) study of historical events occurring at the same time
c) consistent penetration into the past in order to identify the cause of the event
2. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition ...
1) comparative
2) typological
3) problem-chronological
c) studying the sequence of historical events in time
3. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition ...
1) comparative
2) retrospective
3) ideographic
4. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition ...
1) systemic
2) typological
3) comparative
a) classification of historical phenomena, events, objects
b) comparison of historical objects in space and time
5. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition ...
1) systemic
2) retrospective
3) synchronous
a) disclosure of internal mechanisms of functioning and development
b) consistent penetration into the past in order to identify the cause of the event
c) study of various historical events occurring at the same time
6. Please indicate the correct correspondence between the method and its definition ...
1) comparative
2) systemic
3) problem-chronological
b) comparison of historical objects in space, in time
c) disclosure of the internal mechanisms of the functioning and development of historical phenomena, objects
7. Please indicate the correct correspondence between the method and its definition ...
1) ideographic
2) typological
3) problematic - chronological
a) classification of historical phenomena, events, objects
b) studying the sequence of historical events in time
c) description of historical events and phenomena
8. Please indicate the correct correspondence between the method and its definition ...
1) ideographic
2) comparative
3) typological
a) description of historical events and phenomena
b) classification of historical phenomena, events, objects
c) comparison of historical objects in space, in time
9. Please indicate the correct correspondence between the method and its definition ...
1) systemic
2) ideographic
3) synchronous
a) disclosure of the internal mechanisms of the functioning and development of historical phenomena, objects
c) study of various historical sites occurring at the same time
10. Please indicate the correct correspondence between the method and its definition ...
1) ideographic
2) systemic
3) problem-chronological
a) studying the sequence of historical events in time
b) description of historical events and phenomena
c) disclosure of internal mechanisms of functioning and development
Synchronous - the study of historical events occurring at the same time
Nomothetic - establishes a general law-form
History Methodology
A science that does not belong to ancillary historical disciplines is ... Numismatics
An important role in the development of the civilizational approach was played by ... N. Danilevsky and O. Spengler, Toynbee
The approach according to which the course of history is determined by the geographical environment is called ...
Geographic determinism
The _______________ approach was dominant in the knowledge of the historical past in the Soviet period.
Marxist
theological approach
The approach according to which the historical process was presented as a sequential change in the history of mankind of socio-economic formations was called ...
Marxism
The approach that considered history as a process of humanity's ascent to an ever higher level of development was called ...
Evolutionism
An important role in the development of the civilizational approach was played by ...
O. Spengler and A. Toynbee
The methodology according to which the historical process was presented as a successive change in the history of mankind of socio-economic formations was called ...
Marxism
An approach that considers reason as the only source of knowledge and historical development is ...
Rationalism
The founders of the formational approach to history were ... K. Marx, F. Engels
In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through ... social revolution
An important role in the development of civilizational methodology was played by ...
N. Danilevsky and A. Toynbee
Marxist theory originated in the ______ century. 19
Consideration of the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit is characteristic of ... theological approach
The creators of the formation theory were ...
K. Marx and F. Engels
The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the ____________ approach.
Synthetic
The Marxist approach in the history of human society defines _________ socio-economic (x) formations (s).
Five
The approach according to which the course of history is determined by outstanding people is called ...
Subjectivism
Consideration of the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit is characteristic of ...
Theological approach
The civilizational approach to history is consistent with the thesis about
Diversity of Local Human Societies
Historiography of History
After October 1917, the creation of the _______________ concept of national history began.
Marxist
Russian writer, publicist and statesman N.M. Karamzin in 1816-1817 published the first eight volumes of his work ...
"History of Russian Goverment"
In modern historical science, the anthropological approach has become widespread, which gives priority to
To man, his inner peace
After October 1917, national historiography was based on ...
Marxism
The founder of the Marxist concept of national history is considered ...
M.N. Pokrovsky
In the XVIII century. German historians I. Bayer, G. Miller was created ...
Norman theory
The two founders of the theological approach to the study of history were ...
Aurelius Augustine (Blessed), Thomas Aquinas
The history of historical science, its formation and development is called ...
Historiography
Soviet historical science was influenced by dictatorship ...
Marxism-Leninism
Appeared in 1938, "A short course in the history of the CPSU (b)" ...
Consolidated the party's monopoly on historical truth
IN. Klyuchevsky
The founder of Russian historical science is a participant in Peter's transformations, the author of the work "Russian History"
V.N. Tatishchev
The approach that viewed Russian history as an exclusively independent one was characteristic of historians - ...
Slavophilov
To a new type of historical sources, which has become widespread in Russia since the second half of the 1990s. relate...
Periodical materials
In modern historical science, the anthropological approach has become widespread, which gives priority to ...
Geographic factor
After October 1917, the creation of the ____________ concept of national history began in Russia.
Marxist
The monument to moralizing literature of the 16th century is
"Russian truth"
All-Russian annalistic collection, compiled in the XII century. in Kiev, the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor, is called ...
"The Tale of Bygone Years"
In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical understanding of sources in the _______ century.
The founder of anti-Normanism is considered to be a Russian scientist - an encyclopedist ...
M.V. Lomonosov
The approach that considered Russian history as part of a common European progressive process was characteristic of historians - ...
Westerners
The first critic of the Norman theory of the origin of the Old Russian state was a Russian scientist
M.V. Lomonosov
The origins of historical science in Russia were ...
After October 1917, the Russian historiography was based on the Marxist approach.
After October 1917, the creation of the Marxist concept of national history began in Russia.
After October 1917, Russian historiography was based on Marxism
Soviet historical science was influenced by the dictate of Marxism-Leninism
The approach that viewed Russian history as an exclusively independent one was characteristic of Slavophile historians
The approach that considered Russian history as a part of the general European progressive process was characteristic of Western historians
Discussions between Westernizers and Slavophiles had a great influence on the development of historical science in Russia in the 30-40s of the XIX century.
In the post-Petrine period, German historians, based on the study of Russian chronicles, created the Norman theory
The origins of historical science in Russia were V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov
In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical understanding of sources in the 18th century
Historical science arose in Russia in the 18th century.
Herodotus is called the father of history
Topic 4
N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler played an important role in the development of civilizational methodology
In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through a social revolution
The predominant approach in the knowledge of the historical past during the Soviet period was the Marxist approach.
The Marxist approach in the history of human society defines 5 socio-economic formations
Linear development of society - a characteristic representation of Marxism
Marxist approach - transition from one formation to another through social revolution
7) Civilizational approach - identifies the specificity and diversity of local human societies, considers history as the evolution of world and regional civilizations with common cultural and historical features
8) Synthetic Approach - Combines Different Approaches
The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the synthetic approach
Geographic determinism - the course of history is determined by the geographic environment
An obligatory component of historical science - categories
Historiography of history:
Historiography - History of historical science, its formation and development
The "Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)", which appeared in 1938, consolidated the party's monopoly on historical truth.
Bayer, Miller - creators of the "Norman theory"
Gumilev - "From Russia to Russia"
Danilevsky - began the development of a civilizational approach
M.V. Lomonosov - the founder of the anti-Norman theory
Historians-Marxists began to actively develop the problems of socio-economic history in the second quarter of the 20th century.
After October 1917, the Russian historiography was based on the Marxist approach.
After October 1917, the creation of the Marxist concept of national history began in Russia.
After October 1917 ᴦ. Russian historiography was based on Marxism
Soviet historical science was influenced by the dictate of Marxism-Leninism
The approach that viewed Russian history as an exclusively independent one was characteristic of Slavophile historians
The approach that considered Russian history as a part of the general European progressive process was characteristic of Western historians
Discussions between Westernizers and Slavophiles had a great influence on the development of historical science in Russia in the 30-40s of the XIX century.
In the post-Petrine period, German historians, based on the study of Russian chronicles, created the Norman theory
The origins of historical science in Russia were V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov
In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical understanding of sources in the 18th century
Historical science arose in Russia in the 18th century.
Herodotus is called the father of history
Topic 4
N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler played an important role in the development of civilizational methodology
In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through a social revolution
The predominant approach in the knowledge of the historical past during the Soviet period was the Marxist approach.
The Marxist approach in the history of human society defines 5 socio-economic formations
Linear development of society - a characteristic representation of Marxism
Marxist approach - transition from one formation to another through social revolution
7) Civilizational approach - identifies the specificity and diversity of local human societies, considers history as the evolution of world and regional civilizations with common cultural and historical features
8) Synthetic Approach - Combines Different Approaches
The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the synthetic approach
Geographic determinism - the course of history is determined by the geographic environment
An obligatory component of historical science - categories
Historiography of history:
Historiography - History of historical science, its formation and development
The "Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)", which appeared in 1938, consolidated the party's monopoly on historical truth. Bayer, Miller, the creators of the "Norman theory"
Gumilev - "From Russia to Russia"
Danilevsky - began the development of a civilizational approach
M.V. Lomonosov - the founder of the anti-Norman theory
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