Why were the Crimean Tatars expelled from the Crimea. Why Stalin deported the Crimean Tatars. Sergey Markov, political scientist, member of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation

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Mass return Crimean Tatars began with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of July 11, 1990 No. 666. According to him, the Crimean Tatars could receive land plots and building materials in Crimea for free, but at the same time they could sell the previously received plots with houses in Uzbekistan, therefore migration in the period before the collapse of the USSR brought great economic benefits to the Crimean Tatars.

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Finally, in November 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR recognized the deportation of the Crimean Tatars as "illegal and criminal."

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in its Decree No. 493 of September 5, 1967 "On citizens of Tatar nationality who lived in Crimea" admitted that "after the liberation of Crimea from Nazi occupation in 1944, the facts of active cooperation with the German invaders of a certain part of the Tatars unreasonably attributed to the entire Tatar population of Crimea. "

Only on April 28, 1956, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Crimean Tatars were exempted from administrative supervision and the regime of special settlement, but without the right to return property and return to Crimea.

The bulk of the able-bodied migrants were sent to work in agriculture, industry and construction. The labor shortage during the war was felt almost everywhere, especially in the collection and processing of cotton. The work that the special settlers received, as a rule, was hard, and often dangerous to life and health. More than a thousand of them, for example, worked at the ozokerite mine in the village of Shorsu, Fergana region. The Crimean Tatars were sent to the construction of the Nizhne-Bozsu and Farkhad hydroelectric power stations, they worked on the repair of the track of the Tashkent railway, at industrial plants, chemical enterprises. Living conditions in many areas were unsatisfactory. People were housed in stables, sheds, basements and other unequipped premises. The unusual climate and constant malnutrition have led to the spread of malaria and gastrointestinal diseases. From June to December 1944 alone, 10.1 thousand special settlers from the Crimea died from disease and exhaustion in Uzbekistan, that is, about 7% of the number of arrivals.

Igor Mikhalev / RIA Novosti

“It is interesting that initially Uzbekistan gave its consent to receive only 70 thousand Crimean Tatars, but later it had to“ revise ”its plans and agree with the figure of 180 thousand people. prepare 359 special settlements and 97 commandant's offices. And although the time of the resettlement of the Crimean Tatars, in comparison with other peoples, was relatively comfortable, however, the data on morbidity and high mortality are quite expressive about what it was like for them in the new place: about 16 thousand in 1944 and about 13 thousand. in 1945 ", - noted in the book of Pavel Polyan" Not on their own ... "

The transfer of 71 trains to the east took about 20 days. In a telegram dated June 8, 1944 addressed to Lavrentia Beria, the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR, Yuldash Babadzhanov, reported: “I am reporting on the completion of the reception of echelons and the resettlement of Crimean Tatars' special settlers in the Uzbek SSR ... - 151 529, including men - 27 558, women - 55 684, children - 68 287. 191 people died on the way in all echelons. Settled in the regions: Tashkent region - 56 362 people. Samarkand - 31 540, Andijan - 19 630, Fergana - 19 630, Namangan - 13 804, Kashka-Darya - 10 171, Bukhara - 3983 people. The resettlement was mainly carried out in state farms, collective farms and industrial enterprises, in empty premises and due to the compaction of local residents ... The unloading of the trains and the resettlement of the special settlers took place in an orderly manner. There were no incidents. "

A group of Crimean Tatars who arbitrarily seized land in the "Ukraine" collective farm in Bakhchisarai district, 1989

Valery Shustov / RIA Novosti

After the eviction of the Crimean Tatars, according to the Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, there remained: 25561 houses, 18736 household plots, 15000 outbuildings, cattle and birds: 10700 cows, 886 young animals, 4 139 calves, 44,000 sheep and goats, 4450 horses. 43 207 pcs. Total tableware and other various products 420,000.

As indicated in the book by Natalia Kiseleva and Andrey Malgin "Ethnopolitical Processes in Crimea: Historical Experience, contemporary problems and the prospects for their solution ”, special orders were issued on the fronts on dismissal from the ranks of the Red Army of the Crimean Tatars, who were also sent to a special settlement. The privates and sergeants, most of the junior officers, suffered this fate. Only senior officers, as a rule, did not leave the army and continued to be at the front until the end of the war.

Taking into account the former military personnel, the total number of immigrants - Crimean Tatars amounted to over 200 thousand people.

Viktor Chernov / RIA Novosti

Following the Tatars, on the basis of GKO decree No. 5984ss of June 2, 1944, 15040 Greeks, 12422 Bulgarians, 9621 Armenians, 1119 Germans, Italians and Romanians, 105 Turks, 16 Iranians, etc. were deported from the Crimea from the Crimea. (total 41 854 people). In total, by the end of 1945, according to the NKVD of the USSR, there were 967,085 families in the special settlement in the amount of 2,342,506 people.

“In addition, the regional military enlistment offices of the Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of draft age, who are sent to Guryev, Rybinsk, Kuibyshev according to the orders of the Main Directorate of the Red Army. Of the 8,000 special settlers who were sent on your instructions to the Moskvugol trust, 5,000 were also Tatars. In total, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were removed from the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ",- also noted in the report of Kobulov and Serov.

As the leaders of the operation noted in their report, 1137 "anti-Soviet elements" were arrested during the eviction, and a total of 5989 people. 10 mortars, 173 machine guns, 192 machine guns, 2650 rifles, 46,603 kg of ammunition were seized.

Igor Mikhalev / RIA Novosti

On May 20, State Security Commissioners Kobulov and Serov reported to Beria: “The operation to evict the Crimean Tatars, which began with your instructions on May 18, ended at 4 pm today. 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 echelons, of which 63 echelons with 173,287 people were sent to their destination, the remaining 4 echelons will be sent today. "

As in the case of the eviction of Kalmyks, when the measures taken against the people did not affect some high-ranking representatives, for example, General Oku Gorodovikov, a number of Crimean Tatars, who managed to become famous on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War... First of all, we are talking, of course, about an outstanding military pilot, twice a Hero Soviet Union(1943, 1945) Akhmet Khan Sultane and his classmate Emir Usein Chalbash.

“On the eve of the liberation of Crimea by Soviet troops, the Germans tried to hijack my father to work in Germany, but he fled, then hid, and on May 18, 1944, he was expelled by the NKVD troops,” TASS quotes the Crimean Tatar Rustem Emirov. - They did not explain anything to anyone, for what and why they were exiled. From the side of the mother and from the side of the father during the Great Patriotic War, she and my uncles disappeared without a trace, where they are buried is still unknown. "

From the book of the historian Kurtiev: “According to the official documents of the State Defense Committee of the USSR, material and medical support along the route and in places of special settlements were sufficient. However, in reality, according to the recollections of the deported Crimean Tatars themselves, living conditions, food, clothing, medical support, etc. were terrifying, which caused mass death of people in special settlements. "

It was so crowded that people could not stretch their legs. At the bus stops they lit fires and looked for water. Trains left without announcement. Someone, having collected water, managed to return, run to the carriage, someone did not and disappeared without a trace. The dead on the way were thrown out along the train, not allowing them to be buried.

Igor Mikhalev / RIA Novosti

In turn, Beria sent a telegram to Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov, in which he reported on the progress of the deportation. This is what followed from the text: “The NKVD reports that today, on May 18, an operation has begun to evict the Crimean Tatars. Already delivered to railway stations loading 90,000 people, loaded and sent to the places of new resettlement 48,400 people and is under loading 25 echelons. There were no excesses during the operation. The operation continues. "

Bogdan Kobulov and Ivan Serov telegraphed their boss Lavrenty Beria about the progress of the operation.

“In pursuance of your instructions, today, on May 18, this year, an operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was launched at dawn. As of 20:00, 90,000 people have been brought to loading stations, of which 17 trains have been loaded and 48,000 people have been dispatched to their destinations. 25 trains are under loading. During the operation, no excesses took place. The operation continues, "the Chekists wrote.

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“During the eviction, our train stood at the Seitler station for a long time,” Jafer Kurtseitov recalled. - Apparently, he was one of the last, so he was killed by people who were caught in different places. War invalids were thrown into it, who stretched to their native villages after the liberation of Crimea, like our uncle Benseit Yagyaev, who served in the aviation, who arrived from the hospital on May 17, and on May 18, together with everyone, he was thrown into a carriage for transporting cattle of our composition. "

As Osmanova recalled, some of the soldiers explained that they were not being taken to execution, but would be evicted. But their family was evicted so brutally that they were not even allowed to take anything with them, except for one sack of wheat. All the way they ate this wheat.

“On May 18, 1944, at dawn, a strong knocking woke up the whole family - this is the Crimean Tatar woman Ninel Osmanova. - Mom did not have time to jump out of bed, as the doors flew open - and Soviet soldiers with machine guns in their hands ordered to go out into the courtyard. Mom began to collect crying children, and soldiers with rifles began to push us out of the house. Mom thought they were leading us to shoot. When we went out into the courtyard, there was a carriage, they seated us and took us outside the village into a hollow. Our fellow villagers with their families were already sitting there.

“In conditions of extreme scarcity of food, drinking water, lack of sanitary conditions, people were sick, dying of hunger and massive infectious diseases. In the first year, my younger sister Shekure Ibragimova died of hunger and inhuman conditions, she was 6 years old. In September 1944, I fell ill with malaria, ”Urie Borsaitova shared her experiences.

“On the way of the train, people died of hunger, disease, lack of medical care, and suffered moral suffering,” recalled the Crimean Tatar Urie Borsaitova, who was quoted by krymr.com, in 2009. She and her numerous relatives were taken away from the station in Evpatoria. - In the boxcars for the transport of cattle, the walls and floors were dirty, there was a smell of manure. Up to 45-50 people or 8-10 families of Crimean Tatars were placed in one carriage. The train, after 19 days of travel, arrived at the Golodnaya Steppe station. We were sent to the place of settlement - the Kirov collective farm of the Mirzachul district of the Tashkent region of the UzSSR. Our family was settled in an old dugout without windows and doors, the roof was made of reeds. "

“Our eviction was carefully prepared in advance so that even neighbors and relatives did not end up in the same destination. So, already when boarding trucks and at the railway station in the wagons, everyone was thoroughly mixed with different villages. Even our own grandmother was placed in another carriage, saying that we would meet on the spot, ”eyewitnesses said.

Viktor Chernov / RIA Novosti

Son of World War I veteran Jafer Kurtseitov, who was a teenager during the deportation: “Accustomed to executions and exterminations during the German occupation, people thought of the worst. They took the Koran with them and prayed. After all, yesterday everyone happily greeted the soldiers of the liberators, treated them to what they had. "

And again we turn to the work of local historian Kurtiev “Deportation. How it happened ”:“ Old men, women and children, pushing with rifle butts, were driven into dirty freight cars, the windows of which were shrouded in barbed wire. Inside, the cars were equipped with 2-tiered wooden bunks. There were no toilets or water. "

In case of disobedience, people are beaten without ceremony. Armed resistance, as in other similar operations, ended with the elimination of the "rebel" on the spot.

A soldier of the 222nd separate rifle battalion of the 25th rifle brigade of the NKVD troops, Alexei Vesnin, who was 19 years old during the operation, subsequently wrote his memoirs of the events, published under the title "Following orders."

“At four in the morning we started the operation. We went into houses, lifted the owners out of bed and announced: “In the name of Soviet power! For treason, you are evicted to other regions of the Soviet Union. " People perceived this command with humble obedience, ”Vesnin said.

Said Tsarnaev / RIA Novosti

The first consignments of people are being collected outside the villages, where trucks have already been driven. Women who had barely managed to get dressed and hastily assemble the most necessary women, old people and children are put into the back and taken to the nearest railway stations. Echelons are waiting there, surrounded by armed fighters.

Said Tsarnaev / RIA Novosti

It should be noted that officially - according to the GKO decree of May 11, special settlers were allowed to take personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in an amount of up to 500 kg per family. Who is deliberately distorting the facts here? Most likely, as usual, the truth is somewhere in between. Deportation survivors often said that in reality the authorities did not always follow their own decrees ...

However, the former NKVD officer Vesnin cited somewhat different information. According to him, two hours were still provided for packing, and each family was allowed to take 200 kg of cargo with them.

Crimean Tatars are exposed to even harsher conditions than other deported peoples. So, no more than 10-15 minutes are allotted for training. It is allowed to take with you nodules weighing no more than 10-15 kg.

Sleepy citizens are forced to open doors and let intruders into their homes. The officers cross the threshold, accompanied by soldiers.

"In the name Soviet power, for treason, you are evicted to other regions of the Soviet Union ",- with such a phrase, according to the historian Kurtiev, the eldest of each group invariably "greeted" the amazed owners of the dwelling.

This is how Aleksey Vesnin, a fighter of the 222nd separate rifle battalion of the 25th rifle brigade of the NKVD troops, recalled the beginning of the operation, whom in his work “Deportation. How it was, "the historian Kurtiev quoted:" We walked for several hours and in the early morning of May 18 we reached the village of Oisul in the steppe. 6 light machine guns were deployed around the village ”.

The operation to deport the Crimean Tatars from Crimea has begun! Groups of NKVD officers and soldiers accumulated in settlements go home and wake people up with rifle butts on doors and windows.

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A word to the Crimean Tatar historian Refat Kurtiev: “The action involved: 19 thousand people assisting the NKVD, 30 thousand employees of the NKVD and NKGB. The operatives were assisted by about 100 thousand servicemen of the Soviet army. For the mobile execution of the order, triplets were formed from the military resources involved: three servicemen were assigned to one operative. Thus, for one Crimean Tatar, whether he is an old man or a baby, there was more than one punisher. "

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Some researchers assure that in some localities the Chekists and soldiers began to implement the eviction late in the evening of May 17 and worked diligently throughout the night. Allegedly, in Simferopol, the first places of operation were Grazhdanskaya Street and the nearby streets of Krasnaya Gorka. Then the turn of the inhabitants of Simeiz came. One of the sources gives a story about the deportation in the village of Ak-Bash, where the NKVD and NKGB officers arrived in five trucks.

“Some are frying meat, some potatoes, some pasties. And the soldiers are so happy, during the three years of the war, each of them missed homemade food, ”recalled a local resident Sabe Useinova.

At 7 o'clock in the evening, the well-fed Red Army soldiers "scattered" through the village, driving people out into the street with rifle butts, while Sabe's husband stood with his hands up. Then they drove everyone to the village square, loaded them into cars and did not allow them to leave until dawn on May 18. Well, then everything went on, as elsewhere.

In the fall of 1917, the Crimean Tatar nationalists united in the Milli Firka party fought fiercely against the Red Guard units trying to establish Soviet power in Crimea. Perhaps the reasons for antagonism should be sought in revolutionary events as well. You can read about how the power of the Soviets was proclaimed on the peninsula in Gazeta.Ru.

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Kurtiev: “When thousands of sons of the Crimean Tatar people fought and died on the fronts of the Patriotic War and during the occupation, the Crimea still smelled of the burning of burnt villages, the tears of mothers did not dry up about the dead, tortured, shot, burned and stolen children in Germany, when the battles for complete liberation of the Crimea from the Nazis, Soviet punishers were preparing the deportation of the Crimean Tatars. "

The Crimean Tatar local historian Refat Kurtiev, who devoted many years to studying the problem, noted that a significant part of the population actually fought with the Germans in the same way as other peoples of the USSR. “The war came to the Crimean peninsula on June 22, 1941 at 3 hours 13 minutes with the bombing of Sevastopol. German army after 3 months of battles with Soviet army went up to Perekop. Soon Crimea was occupied (18.10.1941-14.05.1944), the researcher wrote in his book “Deportation. How it was". - During this period, the Crimean Tatar people fully experienced all the horrors of the war: 40 thousand went to the front, the Nazis burned more than 80 Crimean Tatar villages, 20 thousand young people were deported to Germany (2300 of them were in German camps). By the time of the liberation of Crimea, 598 partisans of the Crimean Tatars were fighting the fascist invaders in the forests ”.

Igor Mikhalev / RIA Novosti

"The deportations caused significant damage to the country's economy: the work of many enterprises was suspended, entire agricultural areas fell into desolation, the traditions of distant pasture farming, terraced farming, etc. were lost. The psychology of the deported peoples, their attitude to the socialist system, collapsed," - noted the historian Nikolai Bugai in his book "Joseph Stalin to Lavrenty Beria:" They must be deported. "

After the Great Patriotic War, in March 1949, the power structures of the USSR began to implement Operation Surf to deport the inhabitants of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, who were convicted of links with the nationalist underground. Almost 100 thousand anti-Soviet citizens of the Baltic region have been forcibly evicted from their usual places to Siberia.

Gazeta.Ru wrote about these events in.

Said Tsarnaev / RIA Novosti

At the end of December last year, 75 years have passed since the forced deportation of Kalmyks, whom the Soviet authorities severely punished for collaboration individual representatives people during the German occupation. More than 90 thousand people in a few hours were put into railway cars for transporting cattle and sent from Kalmykia to Siberia and Central Asia. By the summer of 1944, the total number of those evicted had grown to 120 thousand at the expense of Kalmyks from other regions and the military.

tuva.asia

Special services officers began to evict the Crimean Tatars from their homes at dawn on May 18. In the meantime, it’s night for us, remembering other peoples who shared the same fate a little earlier.

At the later stages of the Great Patriotic War, in 1943-1944, the forced deportations of entire peoples to remote regions of the Soviet Union took place one after another. Earlier, Gazeta.Ru, as from the original habitats in the North Caucasus, was expelled from the Karachais on charges of collaboration.

Evgeniy Khaldey / RIA Novosti

The official view of the events of 75 years ago is currently undergoing major adjustments. So, in early May, it was announced that a section on the collaboration of the Crimean Tatars during the years of Nazi occupation would be cut out of the 10th grade textbook on the history of Crimea. The republican Ministry of Education and Science explained that the corresponding decision was made "in order to relieve social tension." Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev, Lavrenty Beria, Matvey Shkiryatov (in the first row from right to left), Georgy Malenkov and Andrei Zhdanov (in the second row from right to left) at a joint meeting of the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities of the 1st session of the USSR Armed Forces of the 1st convocation, 1938

RIA News"

On May 13, a commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR arrived in Crimea to organize reception from the special settlers of household property, livestock, and agricultural products. To help the members of the commission, the local authorities allocated up to 20 thousand people from among the party and economic assets of cities and districts for practical work on the registration and protection of the property left. The Commission developed an instruction containing a list and number of essential items that a special settler could take with him, although in practice the requirements of the instruction were often not followed. Dozens of freight trains were formed at railway stations. In the areas of compact residence of the Crimean Tatars, convoys were pulled together for the subsequent transportation of the evicted to the places of landing in the trains. Parts of the internal troops were dispersed throughout the settlements to organize the dispatch of people and the subsequent clearing of the territory. In the mountainous area, SMERSH operatives were completing the last comb. According to Djilas, in 1943 or 1944, Stalin complained to Tito that US President Franklin Roosevelt was demanding from him, in exchange for Lend-Lease supplies, to create a kind of enclave of the Jewish diaspora in Crimea. Allegedly, without the appropriate guarantees from Stalin on this issue, the Americans even refused to open a second front. In general, the head of the Soviet state had no choice but to free Crimea for Jews, for which it was required to evict the Tatars. It is alleged that the leaders of the United States and the USSR were seriously discussing the candidacy of the head of the future territorial entity. Say, Roosevelt insisted on Solomon Mikhoels, while Stalin offered his long-time and faithful colleague Lazar Kaganovich for this role.

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Considering the above, the State Defense Committee decided:

“All Tatars should be evicted from the territory of Crimea and settled as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. The eviction shall be entrusted to the NKVD of the USSR. To oblige the NKVD of the USSR (Comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars by June 1, 1944. "

It sounded like a sentence!

“During the Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars betrayed their Motherland, deserted from the Red Army units defending the Crimea, and went over to the side of the enemy, joined the volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans that fought against the Red Army; during the occupation of Crimea by fascist German troops, participating in German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars were especially distinguished by their atrocious massacres against Soviet partisans, and also helped the German occupiers in organizing the violent hijacking of Soviet citizens into German slavery and mass extermination Soviet people- said in the decree of the State Defense Committee signed by its chairman Joseph Stalin. - The Crimean Tatars actively cooperated with the German occupation authorities, participating in the so-called “Tatar national committees” organized by the German intelligence and were widely used by the Germans for the purpose of sending spies and saboteurs into the rear of the Red Army. "Tatar national committees", in which the main role was played by the White Guard-Tatar emigrants, with the support of the Crimean Tatars directed their activities towards the persecution and oppression of the non-Tatar population of Crimea and were working to prepare for the violent seizure of Crimea from the Soviet Union with the help of the German armed forces. "

tuva.asia

As stated in the collection of the Russian historian, the largest expert on deportations in the USSR Nikolai Bugai "Joseph Stalin to Lavrenty Beria:" They must be deported, "the events in the Crimean ASSR developed in a difficult situation. “The active actions of nationalist elements contributed to the fact that during the war years many of the Crimean Tatars were in the service of the enemy, supported him, although a significant part of the Tatar population was loyal to the Soviet regime,” the book says. - Measures aimed at preventing hostile actions by nationalists, according to government services, were not enough, and on May 11, 1944, the State Defense Committee adopted Resolution No. 5859ss on the eviction of the Crimean Tatars. Commissioners of state security Bogdan Kobulov and Ivan Serov were appointed heads of the operation. "

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According to the NKVD, sent to the head of the Soviet state, Joseph Stalin, 183,155 people were evicted. Some Crimean Tatar organizations give a fundamentally different figure - 423,100 residents, of which 377,300 were women and children. According to various estimates, from 34 to almost 200 thousand people died as a result of deportation. After the deportation of the Crimean Tatars as a result of the abolition of the Crimean ASSR on June 30, 1945, the Crimean region was formed.

On May 18, 1944, the forced expulsion of the Crimean Tatar population of the Crimean ASSR to Central Asia and remote areas of the RSFSR by the forces of the NKVD and the NKGB began. As in the case of the deportation of other peoples accused of cooperation with the German occupiers and collaboration during the Great Patriotic War, the operation was developed and personally supervised by one of the leaders of the Soviet special services Lavrenty Beria. Gazeta.Ru reproduces the tragic page of the Stalin era in the historical online.

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Deportation of Crimean Tatars to Last year The Great Patriotic War was a mass eviction of local residents of the Crimea to a number of regions of the Uzbek SSR, Kazakh SSR, Mari ASSR and other republics of the Soviet Union. This happened immediately after the liberation of the peninsula from the Nazi invaders. The official reason for the action was the criminal assistance of many thousands of Tatars to the invaders.

Collaborators of Crimea

The eviction was carried out under the control of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in May 1944. The order for the deportation of the Tatars, allegedly part of the collaborationist groups during the occupation of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, was signed by Stalin shortly before that, on May 11. Beria substantiated the reasons:

Desertion of 20 thousand Tatars from the army during the period 1941-1944; - the unreliability of the Crimean population, especially pronounced in the border areas; - a threat to the security of the Soviet Union due to collaborationist actions and anti-Soviet sentiments of the Crimean Tatars; - the hijacking of 50 thousand civilians to Germany with the assistance of the Crimean Tatar committees.

In May 1944, the government of the Soviet Union did not yet have all the figures regarding the real situation in Crimea. After the defeat of Hitler and the calculation of losses, it became known that 85.5 thousand newly-made "slaves" of the Third Reich were actually driven to Germany only from among the civilian population of Crimea.

Almost 72 thousand were executed with the direct participation of the so-called "Noises". Schuma - auxiliary police, and in fact - punitive Crimean Tatar battalions, subordinate to the Nazis. Of these 72 thousand, 15 thousand communists were brutally tortured in the largest concentration camp in Crimea, the former collective farm "Red".

Main charges

After the retreat, the Nazis took some of the collaborators with them to Germany. Subsequently, a special SS regiment was formed from among them. Another part (5,381 people) were arrested by the KGB after the liberation of the peninsula. During the arrests, many weapons were seized. The government feared an armed rebellion of the Tatars due to their proximity to Turkey ( last Hitler expected to be drawn into the war with the communists).

According to the research of the Russian scientist, professor of history Oleg Romanko, during the war, 35 thousand Crimean Tatars helped the Nazis in one way or another: they served in the German police, participated in executions, extradited communists, etc. For this, even distant relatives of traitors were entitled to exile and confiscation of property.

The main argument in favor of the rehabilitation of the Crimean Tatar population and its return to their historical homeland was that the deportation was actually carried out not on the basis of the real deeds of specific people, but on a national basis.

Even those who did not contribute to the fascists were sent into exile. At the same time, 15% of Tatar men fought alongside other Soviet citizens in the Red Army. In the partisan detachments, 16% were Tatars. Their families were also deported. This mass character reflected Stalin's fears that the Crimean Tatars might succumb to pro-Turkish sentiments, revolt and find themselves on the side of the enemy.

The government wanted to eliminate the threat from the south as quickly as possible. The eviction was carried out urgently, in freight cars. On the way, many died due to cramped conditions, lack of food and drinking water. In total, about 190 thousand Tatars were deported from Crimea during the war years. 191 Tartars died during transportation. Another 16 thousand died in new places of residence from the mass starvation in 1946-1947.

And the Day of Struggle for the Rights of the Crimean Tatar People. # The letters have collected shocking but important facts about the deportation of the Crimean Tatars and its consequences.

1. EVEN VETERANS DEPORTED

It is well known that the accusation of collaboration was the formal reason for the deportation of the Crimean Tatars, the indigenous people of Crimea. In the decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. GOKO-5859 dated 05/11/1944 on the eviction of the Crimean Tatars from their historical homeland, it was argued that many of them betrayed the Soviet Union, went over to the side of the enemy and even joined the German punitive detachments. Worse, “the Crimean Tatars were particularly noted for their cruel reprisals against Soviet partisans and helped the German occupiers in organizing the forcible removal of Soviet citizens into German slavery,” the authors of the document argued. In their view, deportation was a symmetrical response.

But it should be remembered that before the war and in the period from June 22, 1941 to May 9, 1945, about 21 thousand Crimean Tatars were drafted into the Red Army from the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the war in the territory autonomous republic four Crimean divisions were formed. One of them (Evpatoria) was almost immediately disbanded due to a lack of weapons, but this problem soon affected the defenses of other links. Most of the mobilized Tatars, however, fought not on the territory of the ASSR, but on the Transcaucasian and Southwestern fronts.

Many Soviet historians cited the figure - about 20 thousand Crimean Tatar deserters. In the post-Soviet era, Ukrainian historians come to the conclusion that this figure is significantly overestimated. During the period of the battles for Crimea, no more than 4.9 thousand Crimeans disappeared without a trace, and it is impossible to say that they all went over to the side of the enemy - probably many of them just joined the partisan detachments... At the same time, more than 3 thousand Crimean Tatars were killed during the war.

The family of the famous Soviet pilot Amet Khan Sultan was also deported

The demobilized were also subjected to deportation - the number of deported Crimean Tatar veterans is estimated at almost 9 thousand people. People who were evacuated from Crimea before the occupation and returned home by the spring of 1944 were also deported.

2. THE COLLECTION GAVE 15 MINUTES

When on the evening of May 17, soldiers in trucks began arriving in some villages, the Tatars, as usual, offered them to share the table, Sabe Useinova recalls. But by 19:00, the guests switched to an official tone and began to drive people out of their homes with rifle butts. Many in the confusion did not have time to take their documents with them.

The time allotted for the gathering depended on the whim of the commander of the group of soldiers, since the prescribed 2 hours for the gathering were practically not given to anyone. True, there is evidence of how the Chailak family was allowed to bake cakes before shipping - just about 2 hours of delay. Usually 10-15 minutes were given, and sometimes even less: in Ak-Bash - 7, in Bakhchisarai - 5.

It is clear that it was impossible to collect the allowed 500 kg of things per family for such a period of time. Any official permission, including the rations assigned to the special settlers, turned into a mockery.

3. TOTAL MORE THAN 190 THOUSAND WERE DEPORTED. CIVIL

In a telegram from the NKVD to Stalin, it was reported that 183,155 people were deported from Crimea (after demobilization in 1945, this figure will increase). Most of the Crimean Tatars (151 thousand) were deported to Uzbekistan. Smaller groups ended up in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Urals.

“During the eviction of the Tatars, 1137 anti-Soviet elements were arrested, and in total during the operation 5989 people,” a telegram dated May 20, 1944, addressed to Beria, was reported.

The total number of those deported in it is already 191 thousand. The last train arrived at the places of special settlement on June 8. On this day, Comrade Beria himself reported from Tashkent that 191 people died on the way - that is, approximately every thousandth. Undoubtedly, this figure is significantly underestimated.

People on the trains died not only of hunger (some received government food only once for the whole journey), thirst, stuffiness, various diseases, but also from catastrophic stress. Numerous testimonies of corpses being pushed out of the windows under the roof of the carriage, and at best, left without funeral somewhere at the station, confirm the fact that deaths were numbered in the thousands. According to historians, more than 7.8 thousand people died during the transportation.

Infographics: Ukrinform

4. THE ARABAT TATARS FORGOT TO SEND - AND IN REMEMBER, GETTED WITH THEM

Due to the lack of documentary evidence, many consider the tragedy on the Arabat Spit a myth. We are talking about the Crimean Tatars who lived along a narrow strip of land near the Sea of ​​Azov. For some reason, residents of the Arabat Spit escaped deportation. When in 1945 Bogdan Kobulov was informed about the omission, he ordered to clear the area within two hours (later the period was increased to a day). A few Crimeans were gathered at the dock, loaded into the hold of an old barge - or several - and then towed out to sea and the Kingstones were opened, battening down the upper hatches.

Although it is difficult to say for sure about the reality and scale of this tragic episode, a similar action in the Chechen village of Khaibakh speaks in favor of its veracity, where NKVD officers burned local residents who could not be deported on time in one of the stables.

Installation by Roman Mikhailov “Radif. The Last Child ”- a book made from the metal of railway freight cars used during the deportation

5. SPECIAL SETTLERS WERE SENT TO TYPHOSIS SOKHOSKHOZ

The incidence of the Crimean Tatars in comparison with the inhabitants of Uzbekistan was enormous. The main carrier of diseases, including malaria and dysentery, was dirty water. In addition, the Soviet authorities neglected the danger of the spread of quarantine diseases. Even before the trains arrived in Moscow, a telegram was sent stating that not a single settlement in the Kermeninsky region of Uzbekistan was ready to receive settlers. The reason is the spread of two forms of typhoid in it (F-1 and F-5). Both forms are extremely dangerous and easily spread from person to person. The patients were supposed to be completely isolated - but of course nothing of the kind happened. Crimean Tatars were sent to state farms suffering from typhus, did not receive adequate medical care, and whole families died. In 1944-48. the mortality rate among them was almost 7 times higher than the birth rate.

6. THE PROMOTION STIGMATIZED THE DEPORTED TATARS - AND NOT ONLY AS THE "COLLABORATIVE"

“Explanatory work” was carried out along the train route with the population. Moreover, the Crimean Tatars were presented not just as traitors to the socialist homeland and Hitler's accomplices, but literally as some kind of fantastic monsters: dangerous animal-like creatures and even cannibals. Historian Valery Vozgrin says: “In Andijan, some Uzbek woman felt the head of Asanov’s son Murtaza for a long time, trying to find the horns, albeit small ones”. The locals either tried to stay away from the trains passing through the stations, or vice versa, prepared stones to throw at the newcomers.

A resident of the Boz-Su station village recalled: “Everyone was quiet. Waited for the door to open. And then the escort opened the door, and all the people moved forward - each with his own weapon. What appeared before our eyes cannot be described at once. I still cannot forget this. These eyes, these faces, these living corpses, looking at us from the freight cars, barely lifting themselves from the floor in their arms. These half-dead people are still in front of my eyes and they always, all my life, stand before me when I look into the eyes of elderly Crimean Tatars. It seems to me that it was them that I saw then on the platform ”.

7. THOUSANDS OF DESTROYED LIBRARIES

Of course, Stalin's policy towards the Crimean Tatars was not limited to physical displacement and destruction. The genocide also had its own cultural aspect. More than 500 rural national libraries, 861 school libraries (following the schools themselves), several large libraries and more than 100 extensive private collections were liquidated. Books in the Crimean Tatar language stored in Russian libraries were also destroyed - as a rule, they were burned.

“Crimean Tatars. Those who have not been to Crimea have never seen beauty ”. Postcard E.M. Boehm (1910)

The library collection "Tavrik" of the 19th century, which included rare books, manuscripts, maps and drawings, was plundered at the beginning of the occupation of Crimea, but the Germans were not interested in exporting books in the language of the Crimean Tatars, and the Soviet leadership was not interested in their salvation. In May 1944, the remaining books were burned in the courtyard of the Central Republican Museum. Most of the pre-revolutionary and medieval manuscripts did not survive this period either.

8. LATER EVERYONE RETURNED TO HOME

As you know, not only Crimean Tatars were deported in the 1940s. In 1944, Crimean Armenians, Greeks and Bulgarians were also deported. But, unlike them, who returned to their homeland in the late 50s, the Tatars were formally deprived of this right until 1974 (in reality, until the 1980s). Many special settlers simply did not have the material opportunity to return.

Often, Crimean Tatar orphans kept in orphanages received Russian or Uzbek surnames. Later, this did not allow them to establish contact with relatives.

9. OLD TOPONYMS WERE NOT SPECIFIED ALSO

The Crimean Tatars were not just separated from their families and torn away from their homes. The very memory of them had to be destroyed, right down to an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Majority geographical names was "Sovietized".

In 1944-1945. in Crimea, 11 regional centers were renamed (Larindorfsky district became Pervomaisky, Ak-Mechetsky - Chernomorsky) and 327 villages. Sometimes the renaming commissions chose the traditional “red” place names, but sometimes fanciful names like Novy Mir, Petrel and Pearl appeared.

Fragment of a map of Crimea by the Crimean Statistical Office of 1922

In September 1948, Stalin visited Crimea, and after his meeting with the secretary of the Yalta City Party Committee, a resolution was adopted “On renaming settlements, streets, certain types works and other Tatar designations ”. Local governments were forced to choose new names even for mountains and rivers. In the course of the last renaming, 1,062 settlements and more than a thousand natural objects received new names - about 80% of their total number. In the 50s, the process slowed down, although Cape Toprak-Kaya still managed to become a Chameleon.

“The village of Biyuk-Yashlav, the former estate of the Crimean Tatar nobles, was named Repino because the artist Repin was supposedly there,” says historian Gulnara Bekirova. "But such thoughtfulness is rare, usually the process was chaotic."

10. THE PERSECUTION OF THE CRIMEAN TATARS AS AN ETHNOS HAS NOT ENDED WITH THE XX CENTURY

In 2014, Mustafa Dzhemilev noted that the ruling circles of the Russian Federation are thinking about "creating conditions that will maximally ensure the exit of the Crimean Tatars from Crimea." Too often one hears about new searches, disappearances of Crimean Tatars and their oppression on the annexed peninsula. Thus, a new wave of repressions was reported on May 8, when Russian security officials took away the son of the head of the regional Mejlis, Ilver Ametov, in an unknown direction.

The Mejlis itself is recognized in Russia as an extremist association. According to European human rights activists, this contradicts the decree on the rehabilitation of the peoples of Crimea, which Putin signed after the annexation of the peninsula.

In 2016, the vice speaker of the so-called. of the State Council of Crimea Remzi Ilyasov said that the Crimean Tatars would not hold large mourning rallies on May 18. “We agreed that the initiative that was submitted last year should be continued this year and spent this day calmly, remembering all our relatives and friends who did not live to see their return to Crimea,” he said.

In fact, this means an unspoken ban on the holding of mass gatherings by Crimean Tatars.

In Kiev, on the contrary, actions are being held in support of the Tatars, and the Verkhovna Rada honored the victims of the genocide with a minute of silence. Like Crimean Tatars, many Ukrainians are deprived of the opportunity to return to their homeland, so solidarity and shared memory are more important than ever.

So, friends - today there will be a post about quite tragic events - it is exactly 75 years since the Stalinist genocide of the Crimean Tatars c. On May 18, 1944, the Crimean Tatars were deported in freight cars from Crimea to remote regions of the USSR - in particular, to sparsely populated regions of Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. The deportation was carried out by the punitive organs of the NKVD, and the deportation order was signed personally.

"But Stalin won the war!" - Amateurs of the USSR speak in the comments - "If Stalin had not sent people to concentration camps, then Hitler would have done it for him!" - echo them neo-Stalinists and conspiracy theorists. However, the truth is that there can be no justification for this genocide - just as there is no justification for other crimes of Stalin - like deportation, etc.

So, in today's post I will tell you about the deportation of the Crimean Tatars - what we must not forget today so that it does not happen again under the screams of "we can repeat it!" In general, be sure to go under the cut, write your opinion in the comments, well, add to friends Do not forget)

Why did the deportation start?

It was created in 1922, and in the same year Moscow recognized the Crimean Tatars as the indigenous population of Crimea. In the interwar period, in the 1920s-1930s, Tatars made up almost a third of the population of Crimea - about 25-30%. In the thirties, after Stalin came to power, mass repressions against the Tatar population of Crimea began - dispossession and deportation of the Tatars, repression, mass "purges" of the intelligentsia in 1937-38.

All this turned many Tatars against the Soviet regime - during the war, several thousand Tatars fought against the USSR with weapons in their hands - in fact, I did not touch on this issue in my post with - how and why people fought against the USSR. In the post-war years, this was allegedly the "official reason" for the deportation of the Crimean Tatars - although according to the same logic, it was possible to deport all Russians from Russia - whom at least 120-140 thousand people fought in Vlasov's army alone (not counting other units).

In fact, the Tatars were deported for completely different reasons - the Crimean Tatars were historically strongly associated with Turkey and were also Muslims - and Stalin decided to deport them precisely for this reason - since they did not fit into his head in the picture of an "ideal USSR" and were "extra people". This version is also supported by the fact that, together with the Tatars, other Muslim ethnic groups were also evicted from the regions adjacent to Turkey - Chechens, Ingush, Karachais and Balkars.

How exactly did the deportation take place?

NKVD soldiers broke into Tatar houses and declared people "enemies of the people" - allegedly because of "treason" they were forever evicted from Crimea. According to official documents - each family could take with them up to 500 kilograms of luggage - however, in reality, people managed to take much less, and most often they went to the boxcars just in what they were wearing - houses and the things left behind were plundered by the military and NKVD soldiers.

People were transported by trucks to railway stations - later they sent about 70 trains to the east, with the doors of freight cars tightly closed and hammered in with nails, crowded with people. During the very movement of people to the east alone, more than 8,000 people died - most often people died of typhus or of thirst. Many, unable to bear the suffering, went mad.

In the first two years, about half (up to 46%) of all deported people died - never being able to adapt to the harsh conditions of the lands where they were deported. Almost half of these 46% were children under the age of 16 - they had the hardest time. People were dying from the lack of clean water, from poor hygiene - due to which malaria, dysentery, yellow fever and other diseases spread among the deportees.

Soviet concentration camps and erased memory.

In all this tragedy, there is another very important point- about which Russian sources are silent. The settlements themselves, where people were deported, were not some kind of villages or cities. Most of all they looked like real concentration camps- these were special settlements fenced with barbed wire, around which there were checkpoints with armed guards.

The exiled Tatars were used in slave labor in the form of almost free labor - they worked for food on collective farms, state farms and industrial enterprises - the exiled Crimean Tatars were entrusted with the most difficult and dirty work, such as manual harvesting of cotton treated with pesticides or the construction of the Farhad hydroelectric power station.

In 1948, Soviet Moscow declared that it would always be so - the Tatars were recognized as life prisoners and had no right to leave the territory of the special settlement camps. Also, the Soviet government constantly fomented hatred of the Crimean Tatars - the locals were told terrible stories that terrible "traitors to the homeland, cyclops and cannibals" were coming to them - from whom you need to stay away. According to eyewitnesses, many local Uzbeks then groped the Crimean Tatars to find out if those horns were growing?

In 1957, the USSR began to erase all the memory of the Crimean Tatar people.This year, all publications in the Crimean Tatar language were banned, and from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia about the Crimean Tatars - as if they never existed.

Crimes without a statute of limitations. Instead of an epilogue.

All the time that has happened since the moment of deportation - the Crimean Tatars fought for their right to return to their homeland - constantly reminding the Soviet authorities that there is such a people, and it will not be possible to erase the memory of them. Tatars held rallies and fought for their rights - and finally, in 1989, they achieved the restoration of their rights, and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in November 1989 recognized the deportation of the Crimean Tatars illegal and criminal.

As for me, these crimes of the Soviet regime have no statute of limitations and are no different from Hitler's Holocaust - he also chose an "unwanted people" for himself and tried to destroy both it and all the memory of it.

The good news is that the USSR itself recognized these actions as crimes. The bad news is that there is now a turn around - many from Russia are now looking at Stalin's affairs again and shouting "Krymnash!" and "we can repeat" - apparently, these are the descendants of those who once built concentration camps for the Crimean Tatars and stood at checkpoints with machine guns ...

Write in the comments what you think about all this.

On May 11, 1944, shortly after the liberation of Crimea, Joseph Stalin signed the Resolution of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. GOKO-5859:

“During the Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars betrayed their Motherland, deserted from the Red Army units defending the Crimea, and went over to the side of the enemy, joined the volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans that fought against the Red Army; During the occupation of Crimea by fascist German troops, participating in German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars were especially distinguished by their brutal reprisals against Soviet partisans, and also helped the German invaders in organizing the forcible hijacking of Soviet citizens into German slavery and the mass extermination of Soviet people.

Crimean Tatars actively cooperated with the German occupation authorities, participating in the so-called "Tatar national committees" organized by the German intelligence and were widely used by the Germans for the purpose of sending spies and saboteurs into the rear of the Red Army. The "Tatar National Committees", in which the White Guard-Tatar emigrants played the main role, with the support of the Crimean Tatars directed their activities to persecute and oppress the non-Tatar population of Crimea and worked to prepare for the violent seizure of Crimea from the Soviet Union with the help of the German armed forces.

Considering the above, the State Defense Committee
DECIDES:

1. All Tatars to be evicted from the territory of Crimea and to settle them for permanent residence as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. The eviction shall be entrusted to the NKVD of the USSR. To oblige the NKVD of the USSR (Comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars by June 1, 1944.

2. Establish the following procedure and conditions for eviction:

a) allow the special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in an amount of up to 500 kilograms per family.
Remaining property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and household land are taken over by local authorities; all productive and dairy cattle, as well as poultry, are accepted by the People's Commissariat for Meat Industry, all agricultural products - by the People's Commissariat for Agriculture of the USSR, horses and other working cattle - by the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR, pedigree cattle - by the People's Commissars of the USSR.
Acceptance of livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products is carried out with an extract of exchange receipts for each locality and every household.
Instruct the NKVD of the USSR, Narkomzem, Narkommyasomolprom, Narkomsovkhozes and Narkomzag of the USSR by July 1 of this year. d. submit to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR proposals on the procedure for returning the livestock, poultry, agricultural products received from them to the special settlers on exchange receipts;

b) to organize a reception from the special settlers left by them in the places of eviction of property, livestock, grain and agricultural products, send to the place a commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR consisting of: chairman of the commission comrade Gritsenko (deputy chairman of the SNK of the RSFSR) and members of the commission - comrade Krestyaninov (a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Land USSR), Comrade Nadiarnykh (member of the NKMiMP collegium), Comrade Pustovalov (member of the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture), Comrade Kabanov (Deputy People's Commissar of State Farms of the USSR), Comrade Gusev (member of the Collegium of the USSR People's Commissariat for Finance).
To oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Benediktova), the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Subbotina), the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Smirnova), the People's Commissars of the USSR (Comrade Lobanov) to send livestock, grain and agricultural products from the special settlers, in agreement with Comrade Gritsenko , in Crimea, the required number of workers;

c) oblige the NKPS (Comrade Kaganovich) to organize the transportation of special settlers from the Crimea to the Uzbek SSR by specially formed echelons according to a schedule drawn up jointly with the NKVD of the USSR. The number of echelons, loading stations and destination stations at the request of the NKVD of the USSR.
Calculations for transportation shall be made according to the tariff for transportation of prisoners;

d) The USSR People's Commissariat for Health (Comrade Mitereva) should be allocated for each echelon with special settlers, within the time frame agreed with the USSR NKVD, one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines, and provide medical and sanitary services for the special settlers on the way; The USSR People's Commissariat for Trade (Comrade Lyubimov) will provide all trains with special settlers daily with hot meals and boiling water.
To organize meals for the special settlers on the way, provide the People's Commissariat of Trade with food in an amount, according to Appendix No. 1.

3. To oblige the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Uzbekistan, Comrade Yusupov, Chairman of the SNK of the Uzbek SSR, Comrade Abdurakhmanov, and People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR, Comrade Kobulov, before June 1 of this year. d. to carry out the following measures for the reception and resettlement of special settlers:

a) accept and resettle within the Uzbek SSR 140-160 thousand people of special settlers - Tatars, sent by the NKVD of the USSR from the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
The resettlement of special settlers should be carried out in state farm settlements, existing collective farms, subsidiary farms of enterprises and factory settlements for use in agriculture and industry;

b) in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, create commissions consisting of the chairman of the regional executive committee, the secretary of the regional committee and the head of the UNKVD, entrusting these commissions with all measures related to the reception and accommodation of arriving special settlers;

c) in each region of resettlement, organize regional troikas consisting of the chairman of the regional executive committee, the secretary of the regional committee and the head of the RO of the NKVD, entrusting them with preparing for the placement and organizing the reception of arriving special settlers;

d) prepare guzhavtotransportation for the transport of special settlers, mobilizing for this transport of any enterprises and institutions;

e) ensure the provision of household plots to the arriving special settlers and provide assistance in the construction of houses with local building materials;

f) to organize in the areas of resettlement of special settlers special commandant's office of the NKVD, attributing their maintenance at the expense of the estimates of the NKVD of the USSR;

g) Central Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the UzSSR by May 20 of this year. d. submit to the NKVD of the USSR Comrade Beria a project for the resettlement of special settlers in regions and districts with an indication of the station for unloading trains.

4. To oblige the Selkhozbank (Comrade Kravtsova) to issue to the special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR, in the places of their settlement, a loan for the construction of houses and for economic establishment of up to 5,000 rubles per family, with an installment plan of up to 7 years.

5. To oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Subbotin) to allocate flour, cereals and vegetables at the disposal of the SNK of the Uzbek SSR for distribution to special settlers during June-August of this year. d. in equal monthly amounts, according to Appendix No. 2.
Issuance of flour, cereals and vegetables to the special settlers during June-August of this year. d. produce free of charge, on account of the agricultural products and livestock accepted in their places of eviction.

6. To oblige NPO (Comrade Khrulev) to transfer within May-June from. to strengthen the vehicles of the NKVD troops, garrisoned in the areas of settlement of special settlers - in the Uzbek SSR, the Kazakh SSR and the Kirghiz SSR, Willis vehicles - 100 pieces and trucks - 250 pieces that were out of repair.

7. To oblige Glavneftesnab (Comrade Shirokova) to allocate and ship by May 20, 1944 to the points at the direction of the NKVD of the USSR 400 tons of gasoline, at the disposal of the SNK of the Uzbek SSR - 200 tons.
The supply of gasoline should be made at the expense of a uniform reduction in supplies to all other consumers.

8. To oblige the Glavsnables under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Comrade Lopukhov) at the expense of any resources to supply the NKPS with 75,000 wagon planks of 2.75 m each, with their delivery by May 15 of this year. G.; transportation of NKPS boards to carry out by own means.

9. The People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR (Comrade Zvereva) to release the NKVD of the USSR in May of this year. from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for special events 30 million rubles. "

The draft decision was prepared by a member of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs L.P. Beria. Deputy People's Commissars for State Security and Internal Affairs B.Z.Kobulov and I.A.

The bulk of the Crimean Tatar collaborators were evacuated by the occupation authorities to Germany, where the Tatar SS Mountain Jaeger Regiment was created from them. Most of those who remained in Crimea were identified by the NKVD in April-May 1944 and convicted as traitors to the Motherland. In total, about 5,000 collaborators of all nationalities were identified in Crimea during this period.

The deportation operation began in the early morning of 18 May and ended on 20 May 1944. For its implementation, the troops of the NKVD (more than 32 thousand people) were involved. The deportees had very little time to get ready. Officially, each family had the right to take with them up to 500 kg of luggage, but in reality they were allowed to take much less, and sometimes nothing at all. After that, the deportees were taken by trucks to the railway stations.

On May 20, Serov and Kobulov reported in a telegram addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria:

“We hereby report that started in accordance with your instructions on May 18 this year. The operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was completed today, May 20, at 16:00. Only 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 echelons, of which 63 echelons with 173,287 people. sent to their destinations, the remaining 4 echelons will also be dispatched today.

In addition, the district military commissars of the Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of military age, who were sent to the cities of Guryev, Rybinsk and Kuibyshev, according to the orders of the Main Directorate of the Red Army.

Of the 8000 people sent at your order to the trust "Moskovugol", a special contingent of 5000 people. also make up the Tatars.

Thus, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were removed from the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ”.