OGE 2018. Russian language. 36 options for typical test tasks + 300 additional tasks. Vasiliev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Egoraeva G.T.

M .: 2018 .-- 312 p.

The authors of the assignments are leading experts who are directly involved in the development of control measuring materials (Vasiliev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N.) and the development of methodological materials for preparing for the implementation of control measuring materials of the Main State Exam (Egoraeva G.T.). The manual contains 36 options for typical test items of the Basic State Exam in the Russian language, as well as a workshop on preparation for assignment 15.3 - writing an essay. The purpose of the manual is to provide students with an opportunity to practice the skills of performing test tasks, similar to the tasks provided in the demo version of the OGE in the Russian language. The manual is addressed to teachers to prepare students for the Main State Exam, and to ninth-graders for self-study and self-control.

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CONTENT
TYPICAL TEST PROBLEMS
Work instructions 5
Option 1 6
Option 2 11
Option 3 16
Option 4 21
Option 5 26
Option 6 31
Option 7 36
Option 8 41
Option 9 46
Option 10 51
Option 11 56
Option 12 61
Option 13 66
Option 14 72
Option 15 77
Option 16 82
Option 17 87
Option 18 92
Option 19 97
Option 20 102
Option 21 108
Option 22 114
Option 23 119
Option 24 124
Option 25 130
Option 26 136
Option 27 141
Option 28 146
Option 29 151
Option 30 156
Option 31 161
Option 32 166
Option 33 172
Option 34 177
Option 35 182
Option 36 187
192 responses
Analysis of option 26 200
Analysis of option 28 206
Concise texts 213
PREPARATION FOR PERFORMANCE OF THE TASK 15.3. PRACTICE
Option 1 219
Option 2 228
Option 3 236
Option 4 244
Option 5 251
Option 6 259
Option 7 270
Option 8 278
Option 9 285
Option 10 291
Answers to tasks 298
The system of grading examination work in the Russian language 302

The examination paper consists of three parts, which include 15 tasks.
3 hours 55 minutes (235 minutes) are allotted for the execution of the examination work in the Russian language.
Part 1 includes one task and is a short written work based on the text that was heard (condensed presentation). The original text for a condensed presentation is auditioned 2 times.
This task is performed on answer sheet number 2.
Part 2 consists of 13 tasks (2-14). Part 2 assignments are performed on the basis of the text read.
Write the answer to tasks 2 and 3 in answer form No. 1 in the form of one number, which corresponds to the number of the correct answer.
The answers to tasks 4-14 are a word (phrase), a number or a sequence of numbers. Write the answer in the answer field in the text of the work, and then transfer it to the answer form №1.
The task for part 3 is carried out on the basis of the same text that you read while working on the tasks for part 2.

Compositions for the collection "OGE - 2018. Tsybulko. 36 options "

An essay on the theme "The boy was tall and thin, he kept his exorbitantly long hands deep in his pockets" (Option 1)

15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Valentina Danilovna Chernyak: "Emotionally evaluative words are words that are associated with the expression of any feeling, attitude towards a person, assessment of the subject of speech, situations and communication"

The well-known linguist V.D. Chernyak writes about emotional-evaluative words that they are associated with feelings, attitude or evaluation. I think these words help us understand the characters and the author's intention. For example, in the text of R.P. Pogodin, many such words are used. For example, in sentence 13 Mishka says about Sim that he "got out". This word shows us the contemptuous attitude of Mishka towards another hero. In sentence 16, he refers to Sima not by name, but very roughly: with the personal pronoun "you". Further, he calls Sima a sycophant, says that he is sucking up - this also shows us his rudeness and contempt.

Emotional and expressive words make a literary work more expressive.

15.2 Write a reasoning essay. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 55-56 of the text: “The bear got up and began to take pictures from the children. He collected all the sheets, put them back into the album "

In an excerpt from the work of R.P. Pogodin, we read about the relationship between children from the same yard. They did not like one of the boys, so they suspected him of various nasty things: for example, that he was a sycophant. Not understanding, they take away the album from Sima and disassemble the pictures. Only after some time their "leader" Mishka suddenly realizes that the album was intended for an old teacher who no longer works at school (this is stated in sentence 52). And from sentences 53 and 54 it becomes clear why Sima wanted to thank her: she helped him study during a serious illness. When Misha realized this, he felt ashamed, and he began to take pictures from the guys, put them back into the album. From sentences 67-75, we understand that the guys gave Maria Alekseevna the drawings Sima made for her.

These words mean that Misha knew how to admit his mistakes and correct them.

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: "What is conscience?", Taking the definition you have given as a thesis.

Conscience is the ability of a person to recognize that he is wrong; it restrains from doing a bad deed or reproaches if a person has already acted wrong.

In an excerpt from the work of R.P. Pogodin, Mishka took away from Sima an album with drawings that he made for the teacher, but then Mishka realized that he was wrong. Conscience reproached him, and he decided to correct his mistake. I took the drawings from my friends and still gave them to the teacher.

Both in life and in literature, we often meet situations in which a person experiences pangs of conscience. For example, in the novel by Alexander Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" the protagonist severely judges himself for cowardice. Fearing public condemnation, Eugene went to a duel with a friend and accidentally killed him. Onegin punishes himself - sends him into exile.

Each person must act in accordance with the requirements of his conscience.

An essay on the theme "The quiet bird chirping sounded like a spring joyfully ..." (Option 2)

15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Ditmar Elyashevich Rosenthal: "Our grammatical system provides many options for expressing the same idea."

The grammatical system of the Russian language offers the speaker different syntactic structures for expressing the same thing. They are synonymous.

For example, sentences with adverbs and subordinate clauses are synonymous. True, it is not always possible to replace the subordinate clause with an adverbial turnover, but if possible, the text becomes livelier and more energetic. This is probably why V.O.Bogomolov prefers such constructions, with an excerpt from whose book I got acquainted. In this text, there were a lot of participles and single participles. For example, in sentences 3, 5, 7, 12, 13 we find such constructions.

However, sometimes the writer prefers subordinate clauses: in sentences 21, 23 and some others. This makes the text more expressive and beautiful.

15.2 Write a reasoning essay. Explain how you understand the meaning of the last sentences of the text: “- There is no plan,” Vitka said gloomily with his usual directness. - And combat support too. This is irresponsibility and my oversight. I am responsible for this. "

The hero-narrator, after heavy fighting, forgot that he had been ordered to set up guards and outline a plan of action for an enemy attack (sentence 21). This was indeed necessary, but the narrator neglected it, albeit unintentionally, and because of his forgetfulness, his friend, the battalion commander Vitka, suffered. But the commander took all the blame on himself, realizing that the brigade commander could punish him and in any case would scold him. The words “This is irresponsibility and my oversight. I am responsible for this, ”they say that the battalion commander is an honest person who is not capable of letting a friend down, in addition, he is ready to be responsible for everything that happens in his unit. The narrator was confident in his friend, as stated in sentence 24, he was very ashamed that his friend would suffer through his fault.

Sometimes friends have to correct each other's mistakes.

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: "What is conscience?", Taking the definition you have given as a thesis.

Conscience is a feature of a person's personality. Anyone who has a conscience will try in no way to commit a bad deed. If he accidentally does something bad, then his conscience torments him and forces him to correct the evil caused.

In an excerpt from V.O.Bogomolov's work, the hero-storyteller forgot to fulfill the instructions of his friend the battalion commander, and because of this the brigade commander scolded Vitka. But the friend did not betray his friend, but took the blame. The narrator was very ashamed of this.

We often see examples of pangs of conscience in literature and life. For example, in the novel by FM Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov" one boy, Ilyusha, succumbed to the persuasion of the evil student Rakitin, treated a stray dog ​​to a piece of bread with a pin. The dog screeched and ran away. The boy thought that the Bug was dead, and this tormented him terribly, he even fell seriously ill. But, fortunately, later it turned out that the dog survived.

Every person needs a conscience.

An essay on the topic "In a school called" Republic of SHKID ", simultaneously with the newcomer Panteleev, a decrepit old woman, the director's mother, appeared ..." (OPTION 3)

15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Dmitry Nikolaevich Shmelev: "The figurative meaning of the word enriches our language, develops and transforms it."

In the Russian language, along with unambiguous words, there is a huge variety of such words that have not one, but two or more meanings. If you look in the Explanatory Dictionary, you can be convinced that there are even more such words than unambiguous ones. Of course, this is no coincidence. Polysemantic words give expressiveness to speech. Such a joke as a pun is based on the use of different meanings of one polysemantic word; the figurative meaning of the word allows you to make your statement brighter.

For example, in L. Panteleev's text in sentence 11 we read about how the pile of flat cakes “melted”. This word is used in a figurative meaning “decreased in size”, and we can easily imagine this picture: a pile of cakes becomes smaller and smaller, and then they disappear altogether.

In sentence 20, the author writes about the boy that his lips "jumped". This is also a word in a figurative sense. Reading, we immediately understand that the newcomer is almost crying from anger and resentment, to such an extent he is shocked by the actions of the guys.

Figurative words are often used in fiction as a means of expression.

15.2 Write a reasoning essay. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 47-49 of the text: “-You know, Lyonka, you are a fine fellow,” said the Japanese, blushing and sniffing. - Forgive us, please. This is me not only from myself, I speak from the whole class. "

The action of the book "Republic of SHKID" takes place in the colony. The guys who got there are, of course, not angels. Most of them stole on the street so as not to starve to death, and some of their habits remained at that moment, which is described in the episode with the stolen cakes.

But the new Panteleev was more honest than the others: it seemed dishonorable to him to steal from a blind old woman, so the other colonists beat him, and the director, without understanding, punished Panteleev, because he did not deny his guilt.

The other colonists felt ashamed. That is why the Japanese blushed when he asked for forgiveness from Lyonka. The guys suddenly realized that it is possible to live more honestly than they are: not to offend the weak, not to shift the blame onto others. This is stated in the words of the Japanese (in sentences 40 - 42). But going to the director and confessing is still too heroic an act for the guys who are not used to living honestly. As a result, no one supports the Japanese proposal, but the guys still felt guilty and agreed with the apology. Therefore, Lyonka made peace with the guys (proposal 51-52).

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE?

Conscience is what allows a person to be a person, a feeling of the right or wrong of an act, a kind of compass. Anyone who has a conscience understands how to act, and how not, and he tries to avoid bad deeds even if no one knows for sure about them.

Conscience helps us evaluate ourselves. Unfortunately, not everyone has a conscience. Some believe that she has only problems: she reproaches, does not give rest, and yet a person strives for happiness and peace. And it also happens that someone's conscience has not yet been properly formed. For example, in this text we just see the guys who did not listen to their conscience, because it rather interfered with them when they lived on the street and were forced to steal and cheat so as not to starve to death. But Lyonka's honest act first shocked them and caused aggression, and then forced their best feelings to awaken. They felt ashamed, which means that they have become a little better than they were before.

Conscience makes a person ashamed of others if they do something bad. I met such an example in the literature - in the story "Doll" by E. Nosov. The hero of this story, Akimych, is ashamed of those people who pass by the disfigured doll and do not pay attention to this disgrace. He buries the doll and says: "You can't bury everything." I think he means that shameless people with the tacit connivance of others have already done a lot of evil, it is already difficult to fix it. The author urges those in whom conscience is still alive not to get used to bad things, but to try to correct it.

Conscience is the core in the human soul.

An essay on the topic "I was standing in a semi-dark cold circus stable ..." (Option 5)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Lyudmila Alekseevna Vvedenskaya: "Any deviations from the norm should be situationally and stylistically justified"

The famous linguist L. A. Vvedenskaya has a saying: "Any deviations from the norm must be situationally and stylistically justified."

The Russian language is a rich and ideally structured system, this language is able to deeply and vividly describe the whole gamut of human emotions. A person who uses the Russian language has in stock a whole arsenal of phraseological units, sayings, an dishonorable number of synonyms, comparisons, metaphors, etc.

But still, every person has situations, joyful or bitter, when he sometimes lacks generally accepted norms to express his feelings. But in order to deviate from the general rules of language, the speaker or writer must have motives. These motives are explained by a specific situation, according to the statement of Vvedenskaya. For example, in the sentence “I stood in the semi-dark cold stable next to my sick friend and with all my heart I wanted to help her”. The author here says about a friend, and then that he wanted to help "her." The text is about the circus elephant Lyalka. Why does the author call her a friend and not a friend? After all, if "she" means "friend". The fact is that the author is deeply worried about the elephant and is very afraid that she will not recover, because she is very dear to him. The word “friend” takes on much more meaning than “girlfriend”. A friend is a close person, he will support and reassure, he will always be there. In this case, considering how the author is rooting for Lyalka, the use of the word "friend" can be justified.

He turns to Lyalka, who has already recovered. The author speaks to the animal as if it can understand his words. This exclamation shows how sincerely glad the author is that the elephant recovered and ate the food. Here, the appeal to the animal with these words is justified by the author's genuine joy.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of a fragment of the text: "We always go ahead with our crackers and whistles, we, clowns, clowns and amusers, and next to us, of course, beautiful, funny elephants"

The story "Elephant Lyalka" tells how the author is very worried about his friend, an elephant named Lyalka. She became seriously ill and refused to eat. The author all night dreamed that Lyalka was shivering, shivering, but in the morning it turned out that she had already recovered. The good mood of the elephant was indicated by the way she fervently sounded the trumpets. The author, with joy, came up with the thought “We always go ahead with our crackers and whistles, we, clowns, clowns and amusers, and next to us, of course, beautiful, cheerful elephants”. This means that in any case, life wins, love for this life and work. Despite the impending illness, Lyalka won and is ready to further delight the kids with her performances.

From the sentence “Seeing me and immediately recognizing Lyalka triumphantly trumpet” we see that the elephant is very happy with her friend and wants to show him that the disease has receded and she is ready to get back into line again.

The author is so happy with Lyalka's mood, he is proud that it is they who arrange a holiday for people, that clowns and clowns allow them to plunge into their carefree childhood again. Lyalka fully supports the author in this and seems to say: "Let the amazing cavalcade of joy and happiness of life always dance!"

Kindness is the ability to empathize and put yourself in the shoes of another.

There are many definitions of the word "kindness", but I will focus on the fact that it is, first of all, empathy, sympathy. To do good, you need to be able to try on the grief and troubles of others, and then do as you would like to be treated with you.

If a person or an animal is in trouble, you need to show your nobility and willingness to help, because these are the traits that characterize a real Human.

Kindness is visible in the behavior of the author of the story "Elephant Lyalka". He worries about the animal with all his heart. The author prepared medicine for Lyalka, then did not sleep all night thinking about her how bad she was. In the morning, seeing nothing, he ran to her, fed her. The author does good for the elephant, as for a true friend.

What motivates us when we give money for the treatment of a child we do not know, help frail old people, give up a seat on the bus, pick up a hungry stray cat? Kindness, of course. It is she who helps us to preserve this world and all the best that is in it.

An essay on the topic "Stood the last days of June ..." (Option 6)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian writer Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov: "The ellipsis are the traces on the tiptoes of the words gone"

Despite all the richness of the Russian language, every person at certain moments of life is faced with a situation when he cannot find the right words; when it seems: here they are, spinning on the tongue, but he is not able to pronounce them, although they are clearly implied in speech.

This phenomenon is confirmed by the statement of the Russian writer V. V. Nabokov: "The ellipsis are the traces on the tiptoes of the words gone." If in a conversation we can understand from a person's behavior that he is not saying something, then in written speech this function is performed by an ellipsis.

In the sentence “Well, Grishuk, get well without me…” Emelya said goodbye to his grandson, who was seriously ill. “And I'll go after the fawn,” we clearly see how hard it is for a grandfather to leave one sick boy, but he has no other choice. The ellipsis in this sentence clearly slip anxiety, sadness, Emelya's worries about her grandson.

We can say that the ellipsis is used to save language resources.

Further, after returning from hunting empty-handed and after asking his grandson whether his grandfather had shot the fawn, Emelya says: “No, Grishuk ... I saw him ... Yellow himself, and his face is black. Stands under a bush and pinches the leaves ... I took aim ... "

Here, under the ellipses, one can clearly see the desire to console Grisha, to explain to him that his hand did not rise to shoot a defenseless fawn.

The ellipsis is an understatement that can be easily deciphered from the context and behavior of the character.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the ending of the text: “Grisha fell asleep and all night saw a little yellow deer walking merrily in the forest with his mother, and the old man was sleeping on the stove and also smiling in his sleep”

The text ends with the sentence "Grisha fell asleep and all night saw a little yellow deer who was happily walking in the forest with his mother, and the old man slept on the stove and also smiled in his sleep."

Emelya's grandfather went to the forest, hoping to get a fawn, and exactly the one that Grishutka wanted him so much. But seeing how the deer bravely protects its cub, risking its life, he could not shoot, although the animals were only a few steps away from him.

To the question of his grandson, he replied: “How he whistled, and he, the calf, as it chirps into the thicket - only he was seen. He ran away, shot a sort of ... "

Grishutka was glad that the little yellow fawn remained alive and listened with pleasure to the stories of the case. Sincere childhood joy can be seen in the following sentences: “The old man told the boy for a long time how he had been looking for a calf in the forest for three days and how he had run away from him. The boy listened and laughed merrily with his old grandfather. "

15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word KINDNESS?

Our world is based on kindness, responsiveness, willingness to help others. Kindness is what keeps everything beautiful in our life. If we did not show kindness and compassion to any living being, we would simply disappear from the face of the earth. By showing goodness and accepting it from others, we know that everything is still good in our life, not all is lost.

This text perfectly shows the act of mercy and kindness. The old hunter lost three days, his sick grandson was waiting for him at home. Luck was right in front of the old man. But, seeing how selflessly the deer protects its cub, he took pity on both of them. Instead of returning home with rich prey, he chose to give life to defenseless animals. What is this if not an act of kindness? The old man remembered who his granddaughter just miraculously survived when attacked by wolves, however, at the cost of his mother's life.

All of this is shown in the sentences “It was as if it snapped in the chest of old Emelya, and he lowered the gun. The hunter quickly got up and whistled - the small animal disappeared into the bushes with the speed of lightning. "

In real life, there are many cases when people, risking their lives and health, rescued children in trouble, pulled out of burning houses, rescued from the water, from animal attacks.

All these cases give us hope that we will not be left without a helping hand in trouble.

Essay on the topic "Now Kolka, Vovka and Olya rarely met: vacation ..." (Option 7)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Irina Borisovna Golub: "In artistic speech, the use of homogeneous members of a sentence is a favorite means of enhancing its expressiveness."

The Russian linguist IB Golub has a saying: "In artistic speech, the use of homogeneous members of a sentence is a favorite means of enhancing its expressiveness."

It is often not enough for the speaker to express his thoughts using only one word, one synonym or description. In order to give persuasiveness and expressiveness to his speech, a person can use homogeneous members of the sentence, as, for example, in the sentence "But he told me like he was and saw, and Olya's eyes opened even wider."

Here the homogeneous members of the sentence are the words “was” and “saw”. In order to understand the meaning of the sentence, it would be enough to use only one of them, but the use of both of them gave dynamism and brightness to the sentence.

The feelings and melancholy of the protagonist can be seen in the sentence "I watched how the arrow turns, how it trembles, where it points." It would be enough to say that the boy was looking at the compass, but the words "spins," "trembles," "points," convey how dear to the boy his compass.

Kolka's compassion shows that he does not even expect to get a puppy for a compass. It is enough for him at least that the dog will live. He is ready to lose what is so dear to him, just to know that the puppy will not be drowned: “I’m not for good,” Kolka sighed. - Let him live with you, if you want. I am for you not to heat. "

15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word KINDNESS?

The age-old question - what is kindness? Each person will answer it in their own way, based on their own life experience. For some, kindness is the willingness to help the weaker and helpless than you are, for another, it is the ability to be compassionate, to share the pain and grief of your neighbor.

I believe that kindness implies the willingness to make any sacrifices so that an innocent living being does not suffer, it does not matter whether it is a person or an animal. You show good if you stop cruelty and injustice, without thinking about how it will turn out for you. Conversely, you indulge evil if you silently observe it, without even participating in it.

Kindness is when a person does not pass by someone else's misfortune or trouble, believing that it does not concern him. In the text, the boy Kolka is ready to donate something dear to him free of charge for the sake of saving the puppy, which he will not receive: “That was the decision. Vovka dragged the puppy home, Olka ran away, and Kolka with a compass went to say goodbye. I watched the arrow turn, how it trembled, where it points. "

I had to observe one case once. On the busy road lay a sick dog in a collar, breathing heavily. People passed by, glancing disgustedly at the animal. Only one girl dared to approach her without fear of human condemnation and opinion. She gave the dog water and pushed it away from the road onto the grass.

In this case, it was more important for a person to help, to show good, than what others might think.

An essay on the theme "There were long cold rains that night ..." (OPTION 8)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Irina Borisovna Golub: "Definitely personal sentences in comparison with two-part sentences give dynamism and laconicism to speech."

The well-known linguist IB Golub has a saying: "Definitely personal sentences in comparison with two-part ones give the speech dynamism, laconicism."

Native speakers, and not only, can express their thoughts without using personal pronouns to save language money and time. They, of course, give the sentence more concreteness, but they can still be omitted for the sake of brevity without losing the meaning of the sentence. For example, in the sentence "Let's cook porridge!" the soldiers could have said, “We’ll cook porridge!”, but they used a definitely personal sentence. The elimination of the pronoun "we" gave the sentence a brevity and a sense of solidarity among the soldiers, their common joy.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the ending of the text: “The orderly also smiled and, stroking the nearest dog, replied:“ They ate the oatmeal. But they brought you on time. "

The text ends with the sentence “The orderly also smiled and, stroking the nearest dog, replied:“ They ate oatmeal. But they brought you on time. "

The story tells about a difficult wartime. Cold, hunger, no food, soldiers eat only water with breadcrumbs. And what a happiness it was when the soldier Lukashuk suddenly found a bag of oatmeal, which seemed to the poor soldiers a real treasure. They were already looking forward to eating plenty of hearty porridge. But suddenly the owner of this bag showed up and carried it away.

After a while, when things got better with food, the soldier Lukashuk was rescued by the very man who took their last hope from them - a bag of oatmeal. He turned out to be a military orderly.

It seems that this orderly seems to be making excuses to Lukashuk for what happened then. He makes it clear to the wounded: thanks to the fact that he gave the porridge to the dogs, they managed to take him out on a sled and thereby save him. After all, if the orderly had not done this, the animals would have weakened from hunger and, perhaps, thanks to this very incident, Lukashuk remained alive, because the dogs brought him on time. This is what happens in life: what at first glance seems like death, in fact, unexpectedly becomes salvation.

15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word KINDNESS?

Kindness is such a life phenomenon when a person helps others, despite the fact that for him it is fraught with some inconvenience, loss of time, etc. This means giving another a piece of his warmth without fear of freezing himself.

To know that today you have made life better for someone, to be aware that you have done good to someone - is this not happiness? The joy and satisfaction from giving is much stronger than they are in a situation where you receive something yourself. Kindness makes the life of each of us better and brighter. If you have done good to someone, that someone along the chain will do good to another.

The text contains an example of showing kindness and compassion. The orderly, who took the bag of oatmeal from the soldiers, gave it all to the hungry dogs, although he himself could get enough of it, because it was a very hungry, wartime. Due to the fact that the orderly, to his own detriment, fed the animals, they were able to gain strength and bring the wounded and injured on sleds. This is what the sentence says “- They ate the oatmeal. But they brought you on time. "

There are many people who, despite being busy and limited in finances, visit orphans in orphanages and helpless old people left alone. These people share with them not only material values, but also warmth, which means that life for whom becomes brighter.

An essay on the topic "At dusk, Bidenko and Gorbunov went out on reconnaissance, taking Vanya Solntsev with them ..." (OPTION 9)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement taken from the Literary Encyclopedia: “By forcing the characters to talk to each other, instead of transmitting their conversation from himself, the author can bring appropriate shades to such a dialogue. He characterizes his heroes by subject matter and manner of speech ”.

Every book lover knows how well monologues or dialogues of characters characterize them, vividly highlight their literacy, good breeding and other individual characteristics.

For convenience, the author could simply briefly convey the essence of the conversation between two or more book characters, but it is the schedule of their detailed dialogue that allows the reader to form an opinion about each of them. From the sentence “Well, what the hell are you hanging around here at night, you bastard! - shouted a rough German voice with a cold, "it is clear to us that these words belong to a cruel man who knows no mercy. There is even no need for a more detailed description of this character - the reader is already so clear that nothing good should be expected from him.

The next example: “Oh, uncle, don't hit! He whimpered plaintively. - I was looking for my horse. I found it by force. The whole day and the whole night was dangling. Lost ... - he shouted, swinging his whip at Serko. Here the author could simply write that the boy pretended to be a shepherd and asked for mercy. But this phrase of Vanya helps the reader to vividly imagine the image of a miserable shepherd who is exhausted and begs to let him go in peace.

The characters' phrases, their unique manner of speaking help the reader to immerse himself deeper into the work and create the effect that he himself seems to be present at the scene of the events being described.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 31-32 of the text: “He knew that his friends, loyal comrades in arms, were nearby. At the first cry, they will rush to the rescue and lay down the fascists, every one of them. "

The boy Vanya is entrusted with a very important mission - to be a guide for the scouts, introduce them into the enemy camp and warn of danger. For this purpose, the image of a shepherd fool has been thought out for him. Vanya is well aware of how important this goal is and how much depends on him.

The text contains a sentence: “He knew that his friends, loyal comrades in arms, were nearby. At the first cry, they will rush to the rescue and lay down the fascists, every one of them. "

When Vanya showed the way to Bidenko and Gorbunov, he bumped into two Germans and was overwhelmed by real horror. He was not even afraid for himself, but because their whole plan would collapse. He knew that in any case, his comrades would not give him offense, they would protect him from the Nazis. When one of the Germans humiliatingly hit him, Vanya was furious: “How! Some fascist flaw dared to kick him, a soldier of the Red Army, a scout of the famous battery of Captain Yenakiev! " But he pulled himself together in time. If he gives vent to anger, the end of their plan. Despite the fact that there were people behind him who would protect him, Vanya pushed his personal resentment into the background and put his important task in the first place: “But the boy also firmly remembered that he was in deep reconnaissance, where the slightest noise could detect group and disrupt the execution of a combat mission. "

The boy Vanya, in the guise of a shepherdess, coped with his task with honor and did not disappoint the scouts, who completely relied on him.

The text describes a terrible time for a great country - the Great Patriotic War. Those were the years when every citizen of our country was required to be fearless, ready to sacrifice everything in the name of victory and freedom. This was the time when ordinary Soviet people performed feats for the sake of their Motherland.

A feat in my understanding is when a person puts the well-being of his people and country in the first place, and then he takes care of his personal welfare. A feat is something for which a person is ready to sacrifice his life.

During the war, millions of people lost their families, shelter, they united for the sake of victory over the enemy, casting aside their personal concerns.

A simple Russian boy Vanya stoically endured the bullying of the Nazis, threw away his pride. It was incredibly difficult for him, but he knew that he simply had no right to let down his comrades: "Then he suppressed his anger and pride with a mighty effort of will." He coped with the horror that gripped him from meeting the enemies, and led the scouts further.

From school we hear incredible stories about the heroism and exploits of the Soviet people during the war. Despite the nation and religion, they all as one stood up to defend their country, were not afraid of difficult trials. People boldly made their way into the enemy camp, freed the prisoners, rescued the wounded. All these are the feats thanks to which we today have the opportunity to live and love, enjoy the peaceful sky above our heads.

Essay on the theme "Once, when my grandmother was on her knees, talking heartily with God ..." (OPTION 10)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Yevgeny Nikolaevich Shiryaev "The entire organization of linguistic means in fiction is subordinated not only to the transfer of content, but to the transfer of artistic means."

The artistic style differs from the scientific, official and journalistic in the richness of its means of expression. If in scientific works and newspaper articles there are only dry facts, then fiction gives unlimited scope for imagination. Fiction novels, short stories, stories abound in such artistic means as metaphor, comparison, description, hyperbole, personification and many others.

A vivid example of the use of artistic means is shown in the following sentences: “On a quiet night, his red flowers bloomed smokelessly; only a darkish cloud hovered very high above them, not interfering with seeing the silver stream of the Milky Way. The snow glowed crimson, and the walls of the buildings trembled, swayed, as if striving to the hot corner of the courtyard, where fire played merrily, filling wide cracks in the workshop wall with red, sticking out of them with hot crooked nails. "

The text describes the heroism of the grandmother, who fearlessly and with enviable self-control gives out instructions: "- Barn, neighbors, defend! The fire will spread to the barn, to the hayloft - ours will burn to the ground and yours will take care of it! Chop the roof, hay into the garden! Fathers-neighbors, take it on friendly terms - God help you. " The author shows a simple dialect peculiar to this woman, these phrases characterize her as a man of courage and not losing her composure.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the sentence of the text: "It was impossible not to listen to her at this hour."

The text describes a fire that happened in two in the middle of the night and alarmed all the inhabitants of the house and neighbors. The servants and even the grandfather, the owner of the house, rushed about in confusion while the fire devoured everything in its path. And only my grandmother managed to maintain her composure, act rationally and give instructions to save the household and the whole family. Even to neighbors who have run in, she advises how to save barns and hay.

The little grandson, on whose behalf the story is told, describes in detail the events of this terrible night: “It was as interesting as the fire; illuminated by fire, which seemed to catch her, black, she rushed around the yard, keeping up everywhere, giving orders to everything, seeing everything. "

The boy notices how his grandmother fearlessly ran into the burning workshop and carried out an explosive vitriol. She even managed to calm the frightened, hovering horse. Calls him affectionately "little mouse". The grandmother took upon herself all the burden and responsibility: "- Evgenia, take off the icons! Natalia, dress the guys! - Grandmother commanded sternly, in a strong voice, and grandfather quietly howled: - I-and-s. Therefore, the grandson immediately understood: "It was impossible not to listen to her at this hour."

15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word FEAT?

Both in works of art and in real life there were and are numerous examples of feats that were performed by both men and women. A feat is a selfless act that is performed in the name of saving the Motherland, family, strangers, even at the cost of one's own life. Only a Man with a capital P, noble and ready to help, is capable of such an act. The man-hero runs to the aid of those who are in a difficult situation, and he is the last to think of himself.

In the text, such a Person is a grandmother, she is the only one, risking her life, burst into a building enveloped in fire in order to save the rest, save barns and hay, not only her own, but also those of her neighbors. She does not give in to panic, but calms the rest. She managed to calm down even a horse running in fear: “- Don't be afraid! - the grandmother said in a bass, patting him on the neck and taking the reins. - Ali, will I leave you with fear of this? Oh you little mouse ... "

They say about such women: "He will stop a galloping horse and enter a burning hut."

The world rests on such heroic people, they give a chance for survival when it seems that everything is over, the end. The feat does not depend on age. I remember a case when a fifteen-year-old boy rescued seven neighbour's children from a burning house, while the rest succumbed to panic and lost hope.

Answers to the collection of 36 options "Typical examination options" OGE-2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko.

Option 1

2. 12
3. 12345679
4.leather bag
5.12 (or) 21
6.25 (or) 52
7.35 (or) 53
8.is what

Option 2

2. 124
3. 568
4. spoke affectionately
5.14 (or) 41
6.15 (or) 51
7.12 (or) 21
8.title

 
Option 3

2.24 (or) 42
3. 2345678
4.whispered with a fright (or) whispered with a fright
5. 125
6.35 (or) 53
7.13 (or) 31
8.with the utmost

Option 4

2. 12 (or) 21
3. 267
4.the effort of the will
5.34 (or) 43
6.25 (or) 52
7.34 (or) 43
8. fairway (or) fairway

Option 5

2. 135
3.56 (or) 65
4.walking in smiling
5.15 (or) 51
6.23 (or) 32
7.34 (or) 43
8. snide

Option 6

2.23 (or) 32
3. 123458
4.Lived carefree (or) lived carefree
5. 345
6.45 (or) 54
7.14 (or) 41
8.like a dog

Option 7

2. 12 (or) 21
3.45 (or) 54
4. wildflower
5.14 (or) 41
6. 234
7.35 (or) 53
8.kakwind blown

Option 8

2.45 (or) 54
3. 1234679
4.said mockingly
5. 125
6.35 (or) 53
7.35 (or) 53
8.Opposite

Option 9

2. 125
3. 1569
4.pushed (or) pushed hard
5.35 (or) 53
6. 135
7.45 (or) 54
8. during the day (or) at night during the day

Option 10

2. 123
3. 345689
4.night without sleep
5.45 (or) 54
6.24 (or) 42
7.45 (or) 54
8. goner (or) goner

Option 11

2.13 (or) 31
3. 156
4.scream with delight
5.24 (or) 42
6. 134
7.24 (or) 42
8.old old

Option 12

2. 124
3.37 (or) 73
4.problems of apogeometry
5. 234
6.23 (or) 32
7.14 (or) 41
8.Valous

Option 13

2. 12 (or) 21
3. 345678
4. spoke anxiously
5.34 (or) 43
6.15 (or)
7.14 (or) 41
8.looked
 

Option 14

2.14 (or) 41
3. 134567
4.Watch a smile
5.25 (or) 52
6. 234
7. 245
8.crimson
 

Option 15

2. 245
3.48 (or) 84
4. hassle in vain
5.45 (or) 54
6. 234
7. 125
8.Candidate
 

Option 16

2.34 (or) 43
3. 12456
4.cried without sound
5.12 (or) 21
6. 145
7. 24
8.cut (or) rubber

 
Option 17

2.24 (or) 42
3.37 (or) 73
4.Soul beauty
5. 234
6.34 (or) 43
7.12 (or) 21
8.foot

Option 18

2.13 (or)> 31
3.47 (or) 74
4.was whispering
5.24 (or) 42
6.25 (or) 52
7.13 (or) 31
8.sbiten

Option 19

2. 125
3. 12578
4.found errors
5. 123
6. 125
7. 234
8.ship (or) ship

Option 20

2.24 (or) 42
3. 345678
4. told in detail
5.34 (or) 43
6. 125
7.14 (or) 41
8.the liar (or) the liar

 
Option 21

2.35 (or) 53
3. 157
4.lightly corrected
5.12 (or) 21
6. 12
7. 25
8.terrestrial
 

Option 22

2. 235
3. 23456789
4.love unrequited
5.35 (or) 53
6. 125
7. 12
8.like the palm

 
Option 23

2.24 (or) 42
3. 1578
4.person of no conscience
5.14 (or) 41
6.12 (or) 21
7.25 (or) 52
8.clean (or) clean

Option 24

2.14 (or) 41
3. 1234579
4.go non-stop
5. 134
6. 134
7.35 (or) 53
8.intentionally (or) deliberately

Option 25

2.35 (or) 53
3. 259
4.looked soft
5.25 (or) 52
6.45 (or) 54
7.14 (or) 41
8.It's the people

Option 26

2.34 (or) 43
3. 13458
4.spoke with a laugh
5. 124
6. 125
7.14 (or) 41
8.flaunt

Option 27

2.34 (or) 43
3. 167
4.plaid fabric
5.35 (or) 53
6.25 (or) 52
7.24 (or) 42
8. hurdy-gurdy (or) hurdy-gurdy

Option 28

2. 123
3.14 (or) 41
4.will-willed person
5.45 (or) 54
6. 234
7.35 (or) 53
8.threw off

Option 29

2.45 (or) 54
3. 2346789
4.asked perplexedly
5. 124
6.15 (or) 51
7.34 (or) 43
8. flaunt

Option 30

2. 12 (or) 21
3. 145
4.board fence
5.34 (or) 43
6.25 (or) 52
7.23 (or) 32
8. rack

Option 31

2.45 (or) 54
3. 12345689
4.Managed attention
5.25 (or) 52
6.25 (or) 52
7.23 (or) 32
8. will rise to lie
 

Option 32

2. 135
3. 2468
4.Laugh without malice
5.24 (or) 42
6.13 (or) 31
7.12 (or) 21
8.from the last forces

Option 33

2.15 (or) 51
3. 1256789
4. nodded courtesy
5.15 (or) 51
6.24 (or) 42
7.12 (or) 21
8.nano delivered

Option 34

2.35 (or) 53
3.48 (or) 84
4.parent house
5. 235
6.25 (or) 52
7.25 (or) 52
8.shack (or) shacks

Option 35

2.35 (or) 53
3. 6789
4. taught by diligence
5.24 (or) 42
6.24 (or) 42
7.15 (or) 51
8.Dispatch (or) Dispatch

Option 36

2. 125
3.12 (or) 21
4.Kicked out mercilessly
5. 145
6. 134
7.24 (or) 42
8. hit

The OGE for 9th grade students is the same serious test as the USE for high school students. By and large, this examination can be considered a dress rehearsal before passing the final examinations and entering the university, so one cannot do without serious preparation. The OGE in Russian is a compulsory exam that determines for a student his attestation mark and allows him to enter a specialized humanitarian class.

However, among the students there are also those who consider Russian to be not a very difficult subject. They believe that the language in which daily communication takes place, correspondence on social networks, watching films and programs, can be passed without much difficulty. This opinion let down many ninth-graders - the OGE in this subject includes many different tasks that reveal the ability to use literary language norms, as well as an understanding of the rules of vocabulary, grammar, syntax and punctuation.

Another innovation in the OGE is speaking, which causes difficulties for children who are not used to expressing their thoughts competently. Let's figure out what you should pay attention to when preparing for this exam, on what dates it will take place, and what changes can be introduced into KIMs in 2018.

Demonstration version of the OGE-2018

• Demo version of the OGE in Russian
• Demo version of the listening assignment (audio file)
• Requirements codifier

Dates of the OGE in Russian

According to the preliminary exam schedule, the Russian language will need to be taken on the following dates:

• early examination - 04/25/2018. Reserve day - 05/04/2018;
• the main date of the OGE is 05/29/2018. The reserve will become 06/19/2018;
• additional exam - 09/04/2018. The date 17.09.2018 is indicated as a reserve.

Regulations and features of the exam

The profile commission responsible for the development of KIMs for the Russian language announced that in 2018 there will be no changes in tickets.

The student will be able to work with KIM for 235 minutes. On this OGE, students will be able to use the spelling dictionary provided to them in the classroom. This concludes the list of subjects allowed in the Russian language exam. Do not take smartphones with you, notes with rules and exceptions, do not try to carry a headset or mini-headphones, hoping to deceive bystanders and cheat. Any illegal actions will lead to only one result - removal from the class and a bad mark for the OGE.

Structural and substantive part of the ticket

KIMs on this subject are designed to assess the preparation of 9th grade graduates in everything related to the Russian language. Based on the results of this OGE, the commission draws conclusions about whether it is worth enrolling a particular student in a specialized linguistic class and issuing him a high school graduation certificate. Since 2017, the OGE includes written and oral parts, each of which is worth talking about separately.

Start preparing for the OGE in the fall in order to have time to work through all the material

Written part of the examination

When working with a ticket, schoolchildren will have to demonstrate their skills in the use of written speech, as well as language skills of a linguistic, analytical and classification nature, an understanding of the rules of grammar, stylistics, punctuation and spelling, the ability to communicate with others through writing. The ticket consists of three parts, which contain 15 tasks of different difficulty levels:

• the first part - one task in the form of a presentation according to the text heard. The maximum points that can be obtained for this part is 7. The audio file with the text will be scrolled twice. During the first listening, students can make notes on the draft form. The students will then be given 3 minutes to reflect on their notes and understand which aspects eluded them when listening to the text. After that, the recording is re-staged. After that, ninth graders will have the opportunity to rewrite their thoughts on the clean sheet;
• the second part - tasks numbered from 2 to 14, providing a short answer from the student. In this part, students will have to independently formulate an answer or choose and write it down from the list offered in KIM. The work is carried out on the basis of the text issued with the ticket. The correct answer to each task will bring you 1 point, the maximum number of points for the second part of the KIM is 13 points;
• the third part is task number 15. Students will be given 3 topics, among which they need to choose one and write an essay. The maximum score for the third part is 9.

Note that in this OGE, points are separately set for the student's competent and accurate speech in presentation and composition (maximum - 10 points). A total of 39 primary points can be scored for CMM.

Oral part of the Russian language exam (speaking)

Pupils of the 9th grade, who will take the OGE in 2018, will have to pass not only a written, but also an oral exam in the Russian language. According to some reports, speaking will take place first, and it is this that will determine the student's admission to the written part of the OGE. Speaking is aimed at identifying the communication skills of schoolchildren. It will test the ability to conduct a monologue and dialogue, the ability to read texts with intonation and emotional coloring, as well as retell what has been read, justifying their statements.

In 2018, ninth graders will not be able to get off with just a written exam. In addition to writing and tests, they will have to take speaking!

Structurally, CMM consists of four parts, each of which is a separate task:

• the first task is to read a scientific and journalistic fragment. You can score 2 points for this part;
• the second task - the student will have to retell what he has read, attracting additional information and commenting on his statements. This task can also bring 2 points to your piggy bank;
• the third task is a monologue on the chosen topic. It can be assessed with a maximum of 2 points;
• the fourth task is a dialogue with the examiner, who can give up to 3 points for the answer.

Compliance with literary language norms is assessed separately when completing the first and second assignments - here you can earn up to 2 points. The speech design of the answer when working with tasks number three and four is estimated at 3 more points. The maximum primary speaking score is 14.

Most likely, in speaking, texts will be offered that tell about the life of prominent Russian figures, scientists, cosmonauts, writers. The points for the oral exam will not be translated into grades - the student receives either "pass" or "fail". For the successful delivery of speaking, according to preliminary information, you will have to score at least 50% of the primary points.

Converting points into marks for a certificate

The scale by which the points for the written part of the exam are recalculated into attestation marks is as follows:

• from 0 to 14 points - a solid “two”;
• from 15 to 24 points - score "three";
• from 25 to 33 points - score "four". At the same time, at least 4 points must be obtained for literacy. If less than 4 points are scored for literacy, the student is given a "satisfactory" grade;
• from 34 to 39 points - mark "five". However, getting an A also requires compliance with a certain condition: if a student was given less than 6 points for literacy, he gets a “four”.

When distributing students to specialized linguistic classes, the advantage will be given to children who score 31 points and higher for the written part of the work.

How to prepare for the OGE in the Russian language?

Train yourself to write essays, and then passing the exam will not cause you problems

The presence of the oral and written part of the exam suggests that students will have to work hard to master all types of language activities. Specialists from specialized commissions recommend that schoolchildren pay attention to the following points:

• repeat and work out all the rules and exceptions found in the school curriculum of the Russian language;
• hone the application of language norms by regularly writing dictations and statements. When writing statements, time the time to teach yourself in the allotted time to choose abstracts and write them briefly on the draft;
• write at least 10-15 essays on the topics proposed in the KIMs of the past years. You will have to highlight the main problem, comment on it, show your skills in drawing analogies and knowledge of suitable quotes, the site reports. Remember - the commission first of all evaluates the understanding of the topic and the ability to write, without being distracted from the author's thought. If you step aside or try to use general phrases, you risk getting 0. A good essay can be written only if you read the classics of world and Russian literature and critical articles on the main works from the school curriculum during the year;
• the oral part, as a rule, concerns the discussion of prominent Russian figures. Look at interesting programs, read publications about the life and work of Yuri Gagarin, Tsiolkovsky, Pirogov, as well as other famous artists, writers and scientists. Retell what you read to parents and friends to practice beautiful and competent oral speech;
• regularly read fiction and non-fiction texts aloud, working with intonation and stress.

Answers of the OGE in Russian language 2018. I. P. Tsybulko

Answers to the variants of the OGE-2018 manual in the Russian language 36 options. Typical exam options. Edited by I.P. Tsybulko ...

Block 1. Options 1-4.

Job number	Option 1	Option 2	Option 3	Option 4
2	3	1	4	2
3	2	3	1	4
4	to push	glance	twisted	splash
5	spoiled	(not) exposed	simultaneously	circulated
6	leave	allotment	steal	weirdness<или>absurdity<или>stupidity
7	stood proudly	uncovered deftly	door jambs	pairs of swans
8	let's go to	I answer	the old woman was (almost) blind	felt ashamed
9	48	13	15	5964 or 6459
10		34 or 43	12 or 21
11	3	3	4	4
12	145 or any combination of these numbers	168 or any combination of these numbers	3	1
13	42	21	24	12
14	19	25	1721 or 2117	7910 or any combination of these numbers

Block 2. Options 5-8.

Job number	Option 5	Option 6	Option 7	Option 8
2	2	4	2	3
3	3	3	3	1
4	upbeat	told	sighed	leaned over
5	slowly	scared	abandoned	tied
6	wear	will run	straightaway	surprised
7	circus stable	waited impatiently	shouted with joy	plywood sleigh
8	ate	bring	he is needed	got sick
9	54	29	68	46
10	56 or 65		24 or 42	6
11	4	3	2	2
12	25 or 52	34 or 43	3	126 or any combination of these numbers
13	16	48	78	11
14	46 or 64	32	5	40

Block 3. Options 9-12.

Job number	Option 9	Option 10	Option 11	Option 12
2	4	3	3	1
3	3	2	2	2
4	dawn	throwing open	splashes	peakless cap
5	invented	red-hot	hidden	deciduous
6	got lost	came out	hard<или>unbearably<или>painfully<или>drearily<или>unbearable	today<или>now
7	volitional effort	yard corner	on the right bank	fascist ranks
8	you can't imagine	take off	seems	they died
9	27	35	14	12
10	34 <или> 43	126 <или>any combination of these numbers	456 <или>any combination of these numbers	56 <или> 65
11	2	3	3	3
12	23 <или> 32	13 <или> 31	27 <или> 72	56 <или> 65
13	6	10	38	17
14	15	41	6	30

Block 4. Options 13-16.

Job number	Option 13	Option 14	Option 15	Option 16
2	1	2	1	3
3	1	4	3	1
4	scatter	cover up	endless	spread out
5	mentally	confused	circled	mysterious
6	touched	face	flying<или>you go<или>moving around	learned
7	pilot school	joyful feeling	mental strength	maternal traits
8	the decision was a mystery	burned burn	managed to achieve	amazed
9	29	6	1	7
10	124 or any combination of these numbers	23 or 32	34 or 43	34 or 43
11	3	4	4	2
12	12368 or any combination of these numbers	356 or any combination of these numbers	24 or 42	67 or 76
13	29	15	12	22
14	2	20	26	10

Block 5. Options 17-20.

Job number	Option 17	Option 18	Option 19	Option 20
2	4	3	4	2
3	4	1	1	4
4	rose	cleared	overcome	exhausted
5	bound	slowly	uniform	wooden
6	stolen	refusal	immediately or instantly	Wait
7	confidently said	garden in the snow	boy from the village	said with a sneer
8	would you steal	remember	mail lucky	drawn
9	30	31	6	49
10	45 or 54	23 or 32	910 or 109	346 or any combination of these numbers
11	2	1	2	3
12	2		1234 or any combination of these numbers	13 or 31
13	28	4	18	67
14	32	46	2	69

Block 6. Options 21-24.

Job number	Option 21	Option 22	Option 23	Option 24
2	3	4	3	4
3	2	4	4	2
4	nailed	bring	rose	beautiful
5	wounded	embarrassedly	wine	pewter
6	fear or horror	heavy or overweight	got sick	carelessly or badly
7	Vasya's violin	apple branch	father's request	looked admiringly
8	No	I sent	tell	not cleaned
9	30	18	123 or any combination of these numbers	10
10	2	7	45 or 54	34 or 43
11	2	3	3	2
12	8	1710 or any combination of these numbers	24 or 42	13 or 31
13	20	9	21	51
14	38	1920 or 2019	49	10

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