What is a particle? Particles: Examples, Functions, Fundamentals, Spelling. Particles are form-forming or semantic: be it, let it be, yes, come on -

Dyachenko S.V.
junior researcher
IRYA them. V.V. Vinogradov RAS

How to recognize a particle in a sentence

What is a particle? As we know from morphology, a particle is a service part of speech that helps to express different shades of meaning. But how exactly do particles participate in changing the shades of our speech?

Shaping particles help us form new forms of words, for example, the conditional or subjunctive mood of verbs: I AM would like to visit Florence. These forms denote the speaker's special relationship with the world around him: his wishes and dreams, aspirations, needs, requests and orders, assessments of objects and events.

* Remember that shape-generating particles can also form the imperative mood of verbs and the degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Find the particles in the sentences and explain their role in each case:

1. The concert turned out to be longer than the organizers wanted, as the artists were often called for encores.

2. May this year bring us all joy and success!

3. If I could play the piano, I would play Chopin every night.

4. It was the most beautiful sunset that I have seen in my life.

5. The teacher said that my essay about Lermontov turned out to be less interesting than the essay about Pushkin.

6. Long live the sun, let the darkness hide!

7. I would love to show you this letter, but I cannot.

8. This time the student was more attentive in preparation and made fewer mistakes in his work.

9. “Tell your father, let him take tickets not to the mezzanine, but to the orchestra,” my mother asked.

10. The worst thing was that along with the key, the ability to get a brand new travel magazine from the mailbox was gone.

11. After the business trip, Mr. N began to express himself even more pompously than before.

Of course, in addition to the shape-generating particles, there are also brighter, more understandable particles for us - semantic... They help us express feelings and emotions that are associated with the subject of the conversation: uncertainty and doubt in someone's words, surprise or indifference. In addition, these particles help to organize information: they highlight an object, point to it, clarify information or enhance meaning. For example, the sentence There will always be summer here we can change with particles so that we get completely different values ​​(think about which):

It won't always be summer here.

May there always be summer here.

And here there will always be summer.

Will it always be summer here?

There will always be summer here.

And here there will always be summer ...

So, semantic particles help us to unobtrusively express different feelings and thoughts and, moreover, do not attract attention to themselves - that's why they particles! But in addition to modest small particles, other parts of speech act in sentences, designed to form syntactic connections and express emotions. How to distinguish a particle from a conjunction, preposition or interjection?

Union always associated with parts of one whole: it occurs with homogeneous members or with parts of a complex sentence. That is why the union has its place in the proposal, and it cannot "run" on the proposal to and fro: If you write the dictation well, we will watch a movie in the next lesson. We cannot transfer the conditional union "if" to the end: * You will write a dictation well if we watch a movie- sounds comical and incomprehensible, not in Russian, as they say. A particle, unlike a union, does not depend so much on the ratio of parts, the beginning and end of a sentence. It can move more freely, like a particle "would", or together with the word to which it is attached: Which- then the boy gave flowers to the veteran. - The veteran gave flowers to some then boy.

As you noticed, the connection of a particle with a word often leads to writing through a hyphen or even merged - this is how negative prefixes "not" and "not" appear:

I asked to give me not a large bag, but a small green bag. - I handed her a small green purse.

Pretext is associated with the cases of nouns and is used only with them. We cannot separate the preposition from the noun and transfer it to another part of the sentence, just as we cannot designate the emotion or idea that the preposition expresses. : During for five years Oleg has been diligently studying music.

Interjection in its functions is very close to the particle: this part of speech also expresses our emotions, secret movements of the soul and reactions to what is happening. To distinguish between particles and interjections, checking for connection with other members of the sentence will help: usually the particle is associated with the rest of the sentence, and the interjection can be separated into a separate exclamation: Oh, how long have I been to the theater! – Oh! How long have I been to the theater!

! Remember: If we come across a one-word sentence that expresses doubt or irony, we should be careful:

I got an A for the dictation today. - Really?

We were going to the cinema today. - Really?

* Think about what part of speech the words are in these sentences really and is it... You will find the answer at the end of the article.

Exercise. Find prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections in sentences. Explain the role of these parts of speech.

1. Over the years, this story has become overgrown with details and become more exciting than many modern detectives.

2. I'm talking exclusively about those biologists who prefer field research.

3.And even if you were scared, how can you test me?

4. Alas, time flies too unnoticed for young people!

5. Away from the native land, the heart becomes chilly and uncomfortable.

6. What a strange man our neighbor is!

7. Ah, how wonderful it is to get up on a June morning and go out into the dewy garden!

8. And why didn't I think to call you!

9. It was thanks to the horizontal extent of Eurasia that ancient people were able to exchange their inventions, plant seeds and domesticated animals.

10. Mother did not even remember the words spoken at dinner.

11. I would gladly give up everything and go to explore the desert, but I could not break my promise.

Answer(task to determine the part of speech of words really and is it:

These words are semantic particles in these sentences - the sentences are incomplete, therefore the other members are omitted.

The particles do not change. According to their meaning and role in the sentence, particles are divided into three categories:

• formative - serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb (b, would, yes, come on, albeit others);
• negative - particles are neither;
• modal - they introduce various semantic shades into the sentence and express the feelings and attitude of the speaker (perhaps, there, just others).

Do not confuse particles with other parts of speech.

1. A particle would be (b) after the pronoun what and the union so (What would you like? Father went to a sanatorium to get medical treatment.).
2. The particle after the pronoun is the union too (Same as yesterday. The sky above us was also dark, there was no moon yet.).
3. The particle after the adverb and the union as well (The same as today. Today it also sweeps.).
4. Particles not, nor prefixes homonymous to them (did not come - inhospitable, not trees - none).
5. The particle is now and the homonymous suffix is ​​that (table is someone).
6. Particles and other parts of speech homonymous to them:
   What a house! (particle what) - What is behind the house? (pronoun what with the preposition for)
   How good you are! (particle how) - I don't know how to do it better! (union like).

Examples of

Shaping particles

Forming a conditional mood: I would come, put on b, I would have to, no matter what happens Forming an imperative mood: long live, let's go, let him go, let him ride

Modal particles (semantic shades)

Particles with semantic shades are divided into groups by meaning:
the question: is it really really;
an indication here, and here, out, and out;
clarification: exactly, just;
allocation and limitation: only, only, almost exclusively.

Modal particles (expressing feelings)

The particles expressing the feelings and attitude of the speaker are divided into groups by meaning:
exclamation: what the how;
doubt: hardly, hardly;
amplification: even, however, even, after all, really, all the same;
mitigation of the requirement:-ka (do it, show it).

The negative particle is not

A particle cannot give a negative value and a positive one with double negation.
Negative meaning of the whole sentence:
Don't rush to answer. This will not happen.
Negative meaning of a single word:
Before us was not a small, but a large clearing.
Positive value:
A comrade could not help but help me.

Negative particle neither

A particle or, besides negative, can have other meanings.
Negative value with no subject:
Don `t move! Not a soul around!
Strengthening the negation with a particle not even a word:
There is not a soul around. Not a bush is visible.
Generalizing meaning with negative pronoun and adverb:
Whatever (= everything) he did, everything worked out for him.
Wherever (= everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields.

A particle is a service part of speech, which, without its completely independent lexical meaning, gives various shades to words and sentences or serves to create word forms.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but can be included in members of a sentence.
The main areas of use of particles are oral speech, fiction and journalism with elements of colloquial speech. The use of particles in speech gives statements great expressiveness and emotionality. Excessive use of particles leads to clogging of speech and loss of semantic accuracy.

The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to add additional nuances to the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content: « Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already less often the sun shone.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already- particle with amplifying value.

Particles appeared later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( just, just, barely, really, right and etc.); with verbs ( let it, let it go, let it be, it would, because, you see and etc.); with unions (a, yes, and, but and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.). Some particles are not associated with other parts of speech by origin: here, whether, -ka and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as , conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles ( no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, after all, ).

Comparison with other parts of speech

In terms of their structure and functions, the particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from the significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of the sentence, but can be part of the members of the sentence. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relations between words and sentences, i.e. a particle never connects anything.

When parsing the particle is highlighted along with the word to which it refers or is not highlighted at all.

In the science of the Russian language, there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Classifications may differ from one author to another.

Particle discharges.

According to their value and role in the sentence, the particles are divided into categories.

• formative,
• negative,
• semantic (modal).

Shaping particles

- particles that participate in the formation of some forms of various parts of speech (verbs, adjectives, adverbs, state names, pronouns).

• Particles that serve to form the mood forms of the verb:
  • imperative mood - yeah let it (let it), let it (let it) :long live, let him go, come (let's) go;
  • subjunctive (conditional) mood - would (b): said would, helped would , put on b ; what would did not happen.
    Particle would (b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, can be separated from the verb in other words: I b went to the workers. I wanted would live in Moscow. I did more would better. I AM would made even better.

  Particles be, let, let, yes, come on (come on) are part of the verb form and are part of the same member of the sentence as the verb, are underlined with it. The form-building particle is a component of the verb form and is written out with the verb during the morphological parsing of the verb as part of speech.

• Particles that form forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbs, state names - more, less : more important, less important; more interesting, less boring.
  Comparative value can be amplified by particles yet and all : yet scarier all more interesting.

During the formation of forms, particles approach morphemes: more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a suffix) - more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a particle).

Postfixes are not particles -sya (-s), -something, -something and no, no as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, participles and adjectives, regardless of the continuous or separate spelling. A particle should be distinguished -then and -then : which -then, where -then ( ) - I AM -then I know everything. (particle)

Comment.

In the Babaytseva complex in Russian, some other authors (Glazunov, Svetlyshev) proposed a different approach, where something, something, something - referred to word-building particles and form pronouns and adverbs : someone - someone, someone, someone, someone; some - some, some etc. Negative particles are also classified as word-formative particles. not and nor : who is no one, no one; when never, never etc. In this case, the particles turn into .
With the help of a particle not words with the opposite meaning are formed: friend is foe, happiness is misfortune.
Some words without not no longer exist: bad weather, sloppiness, ignoramus, it is impossible and etc.
These questions should be checked with your teacher.

Negative particles

No, no- the most frequent particles. Besides: no, not at all, not at all.

Particle NOT plays a major role in the expression of negation, attaches the following meanings:

• negative value for the whole sentence: This will not happen.
• negative value for an individual member of the sentence: Before us was not a small, but a large clearing.
• positive meaning, statement (via double negation with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; could not help but say.

Most often negative particle not is part of the predicate: At night did not have rain. ( did not have- predicate) I Do not know. (Do not know- skaz.)

NI particle gives:

• negative value in a sentence without a subject: Neither from place!
• strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: Around No nor souls. Not it is seen nor zgi. In the sky No nor clouds. Sometimes nor used without not : In the sky nor clouds.
• strengthening and generalization of any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle is used in the subordinate clause nor ): What nor (= everything) would do, everything worked out for him. Where nor (= everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
• On repetition, the particle nor gains importance creative (connecting) union : Neither Sun, nor the air won't help me. ( nor - union)
• Negative particles include the words no. It is used when answering a negative or unspoken question: Want? No ... To reinforce the denial, the word No is repeated or used before a negative predicate: No, I don't want to.
  Particle No corresponds in its role in the sentence to the affirmative particle Yes : Will you go? Yes .
• not at all, far from, not at all .

It is necessary to distinguish nor (not) a prefix, particle and union. The prefix is ​​written together ( nobody, nobody, nobody). Particle and union are written separately: no not a soul (particle, reinforces negation); Neither (union) rain, nor (union) the snow couldn't stop it.

Sense particles

Semantic (modal) particles - particles that introduce various semantic shades into the sentence (clarify, accentuate, strengthen), express the feelings and attitude of the speaker.

Particle groups by value:

• Introduce semantic shades:
  • interrogative —whether (eh), really, really :
    Really This is true? Truth whether this is? Is it do you disagree with me?
    Is it and really often act as synonyms: Is it (is it really) did not you recognize me? But, they can have different meanings.
    In sentences with is it doubt is expressed, the speaker seems to argue with the interlocutor, is sure of the inadmissibility of the fact: Is it can I lie?
    In sentences with really doubt and surprise appears: Really did he deceive us?
  • indicative — here (and here), there (and there), here, there and .
    Highlight the subject that you need to pay attention to: Here my village.
  • clarifying — exactly, just, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, exactly, exactly : Exactly she told me about it. Just he knew about it.
    Particles exactly , just serve to highlight the most important information.
  • express excretion, limitation(restrictive and excretory) - only, only, exclusively, almost, only, something : I am not sick, only) tired a little.
• particles that express the speaker's feeling and attitude:
  • exclamation particles - what the how , Well: What a soul! How amazing! well, business!
    These particles express admiration, surprise, indignation.
    Particle how has a homonym how - pronoun how and union how .
    Particle how usually used in exclamation clauses: How delightful evenings in Russia!
    Pronoun-adverb how used in interrogative sentences and is a member of a sentence : How are you feeling How - circumstance.
    Union how - in complex sentences: I will tell you, how to live on.
  • express doubt —hardly, hardly: Barely whether it will do. Unlikely he will agree.
  • amplifying particles - even, same, not, well, really, after all, after all, only, only and etc.
    Particles highlight words in a sentence: Masha are familiar only famous monuments. ( Only - amplifying particle, in the sentence is part of the definition only known).
    Some particles of this discharge can perform the role of unions : The moon has become brighter, the stars the same only turned blue. Particle the same highlights a word stars and connects the first and second sentences.
  • express relaxation of requirements — —ka.
    In combination with imperative verbs, this particle softens the meaning of the verb: Do It! - Do It -ka .

Examples:

• And day and night, the cat is a scientist all walks along the chain in a circle. (A. Pushkin) - amplifying value
• Well what the neck, what theeyes! (I. Krylov) - exclamation value
• Yeslive the sunYesthe darkness will hide (A. Pushkin) Let the brown one burst stronger. (M. Gorky) - forms the imperative mood of the verb
• The same word, but not sowouldsaid. - forms the subjunctive mood of the verb.
• What we talked about before only thought, now they have brought it to life. Only thought -only not an adverb, not a union, since nothing binds, but strengthens the meaning of the verb (thought, but did not do). Hence, it is a particle.

This material will be devoted to the service part of speech - the particle. The categories will be considered, examples are given, the differences from homonymous words are shown.

Introducing the particle!

Let us examine with you what a particle is. You may have just noticed that in the previous sentence it is the word “same”. So, a particle is a service part of speech, which introduces new semantic emotionally colored shades into sentences, and serves to form new forms of a word. Let's give an example right away.

He came. A simple, one might say, faceless sentence. Let's add various particles to this sentence.

He just came.

He just came.

Did he come?

He barely came.

Pay attention to how much the meaning has changed and an emotional color has appeared in the sentences, it was only necessary to add small elements. By the way, “only” is also a particle.

It is worth noting that the Russian language is so rich in such components of speech that there are not even specific requirements for memorizing them. It is necessary to learn to find, see in the text, and also be able to distinguish them from other words in sentences. We will talk about this in our article.

Basic discharges of particles

Of the whole variety of these elements, four categories can be distinguished.

1. Form-forming particles (let's, let them be) are intended to form the form of a word, they can form degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.
2. Negative (no, far from, not at all, not at all).
3. Particles that can characterize a feature (it can be a state or an action), flowing in time, in terms of effectiveness or completeness of implementation, or vice versa - sterility, incompleteness.
4. Modal particles, which can be interrogative maybe), indicative (here, there), clarifying (exactly, exactly, exactly), excretory and restrictive (only, only), exclamation (what for, how), amplifying ( even, not, after all, after all, all the same, everything), softening requirements, showing doubts (hardly, hardly) and, finally, incentive (let it be, let it be).

Examples of

Consider a modal particle as an example in sentences:

• Aren't we going fishing today?
• Here he is, a real champion!
• This was precisely the moment that could not be missed.
• What music is this!
• Still, I had to do the work again.
• May the sun always shine!

Modal particles serve to convey additional meaning of meaning in the text or in the speech of the speaker, strengthen the emotional side and focus attention.

Modal Shapers

With the help of formative elements, it becomes possible to create new forms of words. This category of modal shaping particles can be attributed: let, be, yes, come on (-s), less, the most, albeit more.

Let's give examples for clarity.

The word "would" can be used to form the conditional mood of the verb. I would have done more if I had gotten up earlier.

The imperative form of inclination is formed by modal particles let, let, come on, yes. Here are some examples:

• Let the spring come.
• Tell him to hurry up.
• "Let there be light!" - said the electrician.
• Let's take a trip to another country.

For the formation of a comparative degree of adverbs and adjectives, form-building elements are more, less. For example:

• Faster rise to the floor with an elevator.
• Less successful venture.

The form-forming element itself (we pay attention to the number and gender) can serve to form an excellent form in an adjective, for example: the brightest.

All these listed form-building elements are included in the verb form. When parsing a sentence into members, it is recommended to underline them as one member of the sentence, even if they are not next to each other. It is necessary to give examples of sentences with modal particles.

• I wouldn’t be late if I hadn’t been late at work.
• Let them come tomorrow.
• Circumstances are less fortunate today.
• Now I will ask a more difficult riddle.
• She has solved the most difficult task in her life.

It should be noted that such formative elements can be divided into conditional and imperative moods. The conditional inclination includes modal particles would, b.

The imperative includes such particles as: let it, let it go, yes, let it go, let it go.

Difference from homonymous words. Examples of

Let's remember what homonyms are. So, homonyms are words that are the same in spelling and sound, but different in meaning.

It is important not to be confused, to be able to see and distinguish homonymous words. Examples:

• Give him half a tablet of medicine every half hour. In this context, the word let's is not a formative element, but a form of a verb give.
• Now let the boat go downstream. There is also the word let it cannot be a particle, it is a verb form let it go.
• Is it really you? - I am the most. In this variant, the word most is a pronoun and has no connection with an adjective.
• She spoke very softly, as if apologizing. In this sentence, the word as if constitutes an indivisible structure that can be replaced by synonyms as if or as if.

Oh, those particles! How much we taught, how much we trained, but we cannot remember: we will confuse them with unions, then with adverbs. I just want to shout: "Help!"

First of all, remember that you will not be able to learn the particles by the "list". It is necessary to understand the peculiarities of this official part of speech, the composition of which is constantly being replenished.

It grows at the expense of conjunctions (a, and, yes, either, whether), adverbs (exactly, straight, barely, already), pronouns (what, everything) and even verbs (see, I mean, let it go, almost, something) ... Such particles are considered to be derivatives by their origin. Actually, there are not very many particles, the most famous are NOT, NOT, SAME, HERE, VON, -KA. These particles are non-derivatives.

According to their composition, particles are divided into simple and composite. When a particle consists of one word, then it is called simple (What a bad luck! Where did it go?). If it consists of two words, less often of three, then it is already composite (I was looking for you, or not?).

Only by comparing similar words in a certain context, it is possible to correctly determine where the particle itself is, and where its homonym is a union or adverb. Finding out the differences is best in a sentence, because the particles and their "counterparts" immediately show special properties.

Let's take four sentences as an example: The world is very big and very beautiful. And Moscow was not built right away. She explained everything simply and clearly. I just got lost in an unfamiliar place.

In the first sentence, the union And connects two homogeneous compound nominal predicates "big" and "beautiful". In the second, the I particle enhances the meaning of the subject "Moscow". Unions connect not only homogeneous members, but also parts of a complex sentence. And particles cannot be a means of communication, they play a completely different role: they introduce additional semantic shades or help to form the form of a word, but more on that later. In the third sentence, the adverb JUST depends on the predicate "explained" and plays the role of a circumstance of the course of action. In the fourth, the particle JUST is not a member of the sentence, it is impossible to put a question to it from the predicate "got lost", and it only strengthens the meaning of the sentence.

We use particles in almost every sentence, but we often overlook these little "toilers" of the language. And you can't do without them, especially in colloquial speech, where they unite with each other and become composite: That's a problem! Oh yes Petka, dear rogue! So the lessons are over ...

Shaping particles are quickly remembered and easily recognized, there are few of them:

WB, B serve to form the conditional mood of the verb, have the meaning of the possibility, the presumption of the action, they can occupy different places in the sentence (If I were a magician, I would make all people happy.);

YES, LET'S, LET'S, LET'S, LET'S help the verb to form the imperative mood and sometimes act in conjunction with the KA particle, which expresses the softening of a demand or request: DAY-KA, LET-KA, LET-KA, DAYTE-KA, NU-KA (Yes good luck to the world! Let me read the book.).

We must not forget the particles that help to form some comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs. Composite comparative degree in adjectives and adverbs is formed with the help of particles MORE, LESS: stronger, less fast; more quickly, less strongly. And the compound excellent for adjectives requires the presence of particles MOST, MOST, LEAST: the strongest, fastest, least successful).

There are elements that are considered word-formative in their essence: -TO, -OR, -NOT, KOE-, NOT-, NOR-. They participate in the formation of indefinite and negative pronouns and adverbs. These "building blocks" have lost their belonging to particles, as they ceased to be separate words.

And yet, most often we are dealing with semantic particles, in some school textbooks they are called modal. Their types are especially numerous in meaning, and most importantly, they are difficult to remember. So get ready! At the beginning of the table, the particles most commonly used in speech are indicated. At the very end, there are three groups of particles that often do not fall into the usual classification.

Particle discharges

It is a pity that scientists and methodologists did not come to a unified classification of particles, so in some school textbooks they name only five categories, in others - eight. What should a teacher and students do? The question is rhetorical!

Literature

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2. Tikhonov A.N. Modern Russian language. (Morphemics. Word formation. Morphology). Ed. 2, stereo - M .: Citadel-trade, ID Ripol Classic, 2003. - S. 436-442.

3. Dudnikov A.V., Arbuzova A.I., Vorozhbitskaya I.I. Russian language: Textbook for the average. specialist. study. institutions. - 7th ed., Rev. - M .: Higher. shk., 2001. - S. 217-228.

4. Shklyarova T.V. Russian language. Handbook for schoolchildren and applicants (manual for secondary school). - M .: Gramotey, 2002 .-- S. 260-268.

5. Voilova K.A., Goltsova N.G. Handbook-workshop on the Russian language. - M .: Education, 1996 .-- S. 127-137.

6. Bulatnikova A.E. Particle learning features / Russian language at school. - 1981. - No. 1. - S. 56-59.

7. Sokolova G.P. Once again about NOT and NOT ... (Formation of spelling skills in repetition lessons) / Russian language at school. - 2003. - No. 5. - S. 15-23.