History and culture of the city dir in the Sverdlovsk region. The city of Rezh, Sverdlovsk region - the main attractions Location and climate

An iron-smelting and iron-making plant was built by Savva Yakovlev. The metal of the Rezhevsky plant was considered excellent. In 1878, at the World Industrial Exhibition in Paris, a sheet of Rezhev's iron received a gold medal.

GPS coordinates

57.375170045363326, 61.39326293165192

Rezh city on the map

The plant operated until 1911, when it was closed due to the industrial crisis. Already in Soviet times, large reserves of nickel ores were found near Rez. The nickel plant that emerged here became the second in the USSR after Verkhneufaley. The Rezhnikel plant is still operating in the city. The main symbol of the city, which has become its hallmark, is the Church of St. John the Baptist, towering on Mount Eagle. The temple has a rather unusual architecture.

The stone one-altar church was founded in 1897, and consecrated at the very beginning of the 20th century - in 1902. The city cemetery is located near the temple. There is a good observation deck on the mountain near the temple. The city, the factory, the pond are perfectly visible from here. The Rezh River flows right under the mountain. Behind the mountain rise the absolutely black dumps of the Rezhnikel plant, completely devoid of vegetation and any life. The apocalyptic landscape of the waste dumps also attracts some tourists. One of the city's adornments is a monument to Labor and Military Glory. The monument stands on the right bank of the pond.

Closer to the city center, you can see another curious monument - a monument to the first builders of the Rezhevsky plant. A rich semi-precious strip of the Urals, widely known for its precious stones, passes through the Rezhevsky district. There are many mines and burrows in the local forests. The natural-mineralogical reserve "Rezhevskoy" was formed here, the administration of which is located in Rare. There is also a small but curious mineralogical museum "Gem strip of the Urals". Visitors will see in it stones that are found on the territory of the Rezhevsky reserve, including precious ones.

On the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains, in their middle part, the picturesque Rezh River flows. There is an interesting city on it with the same name - the city of Rezh. Belongs to the Sverdlovsk region and is the administrative center of the Rezhevsky urban district. The nearest large city of Yekaterinburg is located 83 km away.

According to one version, the name means “rocky shores”. And you can easily verify this by going to this city and seeing the beautiful Rezh River with its large rocks.

The Ural city began its history in 1773, when it was founded as a settlement. Russian businessman Yakovlev Savva Yakovlevich decided to build two factories there, one iron-making, the second iron-smelting. Then, with rapid development, the village acquired the status of a city, the celebration of the City Day falls on the first Saturday of July. In the XX century, exploration work began in these places to search for nickel ores and iron. The "semi-precious strip of the Urals", famous for its minerals - topaz, emeralds, tourmalines, amethysts, opal and others - passes through the territory of the city and its environs.

The history of the city is directly related to the emergence of the first factory. The Rezhevsky plant was considered the best iron processing enterprise in the entire territory of Russia. The products were known even in Europe and the USA. And the main difference was a longer service life of iron due to its excellent properties - it did not rust, had good malleability, a shiny surface, and did not require painting.

The monument to the craftsmen-founders was erected in 1973 on the 200th anniversary of the city. The monument was erected in honor of those people who founded the plant, and also achieved the best quality of their products. It is located in a public garden, trees rush upward around the monument.

Figures of two men, one of them is sitting, with a pensive look, the second is standing, both are looking forward, the inscription on the memorial plaque: "Rezhevskiy craftsmen-founders of the plant 1773 - 1993".

Location: Pushkin Street - 2a.

The house of the plant manager and the building of the old plant management

The country-famous Rezhevsky plant was built on the right bank of the Rezh river. At the very beginning, the plant had two workshops, the first for the production of cast iron, the second for the conversion of cast iron into iron. Later, new workshops were created on the left bank. There is also a building on the left bank, which was intended for the residence of employees of the administration of the Rezhevsky plant.

A distinctive feature of the building is the presence of a rotunda and a dome, although the building belongs to civil buildings. Many architectural elements of the building have not survived to this day, but even now it looks great. Before the Civil Revolution, the building was called the Lord's house or the house of the plant manager (pictured above), since the managers of the plant lived there. The house contains many legends, both the presence of treasures and the presence of a ghost. The most interesting are the underground passages connecting many buildings of the city.

On the same Sovetskaya Street, on the opposite side from the Lord's House, there is a plant management building (pictured above). It was built in the 19th century and rebuilt in the 20th century. In the middle of the 20th century, a prison was located in the basement. Above the central part there was a fire tower, where firefighters monitored the state of safety in the area and at the plant. Now the building has been rebuilt and has a slightly different look.

Location: House of the plant manager - Sovetskaya street 3, the building of the old factory management - Sovetskaya street 2.

The main tasks of the museum are the preservation and transmission of its history to descendants. Since 1990 - the year of foundation, the Rezhevsky Historical Museum copes with these tasks perfectly. Among the permanent exhibitions and expositions of the museum - the Old Rezhevsky plant; Life and crafts of the residents of the Rezhevsky district; The nature of the Rezhevsky region; Less residents during the Great Patriotic War.

Workshops on making folk dolls are held. It will be very interesting for children to take part in the interactive program "Russian hospitality", where they will learn in a playful way about the traditions of Russian hospitality in the past. And for very young children, pupils of kindergartens, the museum offers an educational program "Travel to the Museum". Such activities from an early age instill in children a love for their homeland, traditions and history of their land.

Location: Krasnoarmeyskaya street - 3.

Unique deposits of gems are located in the semi-precious strip of the Urals. Among them are tourmalines, aquamarines, shaitanian overflow and many others. In 2002-2004, the mineralogical museum "Gem strip of the Urals" was created.

In May 2004, it opened the first permanent exhibition dedicated to minerals. Now the museum has more than 3000 items. Two exhibition halls were opened. In addition, the museum organizes excursions to the ancient semi-precious mines, introducing tourists to the technology of mining stones.

Location: Sovetskaya Street - 4.

For the residents of the city of Rezh, the spring "Breakdown Key" is one of the most famous symbols of the city. According to an old legend, on the left bank of the Rezh River, a lightning strike struck the ground, due to which spring water flowed out of it. Many people come to the spring for pure water with healing properties. This is a very picturesque place, a spring flowing from the ground runs in a stream through the forest.

Admirers of the spring built a small house near the spring, the very bed of the spring is lined with stone, there are benches and a convenient descent to the source. 12 years ago, the spring was consecrated in honor of Saint Panteleimon, known for his good deeds and the miracle of healing the suffering and sick people. Tourists who travel to the holy places of the Urals are often brought to the spring. Residents and guests of the city also come here.

The town of Rezh strikes with its natural beauty, its surroundings are no exception. On the right bank of the Rezh River, there are the most beautiful cliffs called "Five Brothers". This area in 1983 was made a natural monument of regional importance. After all, such beauty must be preserved and increased.

The site consists of rocks, folded in the form of several walls, and the coastal outcrops are covered with pine trees and lingonberry meadows. Also here you can find some species of animals, mainly commercial ones. The place is a must-see for fishermen, nature lovers, outdoor enthusiasts.

The highest point of the city is Orlova Gora, which is a jumble of rocks. And it is located on the right bank of the Rezh River. Local residents have one very interesting legend connected with Orlova Gora. Old people said that once upon a time there lived robbers led by the chieftain, who was called the Eagle. And he, like the well-known Robin Hood, robbed rich people, and then gave it to the needy.

There was a betrayal, and the fast sleeping Eagle was killed. The comrades buried the body of the chieftain on the highest mountain, after which everyone called her Orlova. The mountain offers a good view of the city and the nickel plant.

In 1902, the Church of St. John the Baptist was built. It was made in the Russian-Byzantine style. During the Soviet years, divine services were not held. It was returned to parishioners in 1990. It is an object of cultural heritage of the Sverdlovsk region. It is located on the picturesque Orlovaya Gora, only 380 meters to the center of Rezh.

Location: Krasnoarmeyskaya street - 14.

On Victory Square, on the right bank of the pond, there is a monument to Labor and Battle Glory. The authors are sculptor Ya.P. Zaitsev and architect A.V. Astashkin. It was opened in 1973 as a token of gratitude to local residents who participated in the Great Patriotic War.

In 1975, the eternal flame was lit at the monument. And ten years later, on the marble slabs, they placed the names of the people who died in the war. Here flowers are laid on Victory Day, here are recruits, future defenders of the Motherland, swear an oath of allegiance to the Fatherland.

Location: Sovetskaya Street - 12.

Where the right tributary of the Aduy flows into the Rezh River, there is a stone that attracts crowds of tourists. Pines and aspen grow here. Birch trees. Once this Shaitan-stone served as a cult place among the indigenous population.

According to one of the legends, the Shaitan stone is the Master of the Ural Mountains, the petrified Master. The rocks are of irresistible beauty on the right bank of the Rezh River. And in 1976, archaeologists discovered interesting rock paintings. From the high rocky peaks a fascinating sight opens up, a good place to relax.

A resort for connoisseurs of excellent rest, lovers of forest nature. Wellness is created with a complex of thermal pools that impart a sense of harmony with nature. And the pristine Ural forest cleanses the body and strengthens the spirit.

Rooms of various price categories and comfort classes are offered. From entertainment - billiards, paintball, a playground for children, gazebos with barbecue, excursions, as well as excellent conditions for fishing. When fishing, you can catch large carp, pike, perch and other types of freshwater fish. Fishing tackle and a catamaran are available for hire. The restaurant offers delicious food and a pleasant interior. The thermal complex gives an unforgettable experience to every visitor.

Location: Lenin Street - 118.

The creative workshop "Buratino" produces handmade toys. The name is not accidental, because all toys are made of wood, like the hero of the fairy tale "Buratino".

The Levin family, headed by Evgeny Levin and his assistant wife Victoria, have been creating these wonderful works of art for a long time. They take part in a variety of craftsmen fairs. They give memories of childhood in the form of wonderful toys. Here you can buy memorable souvenirs, as well as leave a request for individual work.

Based on the book of the publishing house of the travel agency "Malysh and Karlson" "The City of Dir: 12 Generations". Many interesting facts about the history, sights of Rezh and excursions around the city and the surrounding area are presented on our new website "Rezh City: History, Sights, Excursions" - http://www.rezh1773.com/

Watch and download the electronic version of the book "City Dir: 12 Generations" on the website http://www.mkt1996.ru/

The photo shows the oldest photographic view of Rezha known to us, 1880. View of the administrative center on the left bank. The dominant feature is the bulk of the Epiphany Church, also in the center of the photo you can see the building of the Lord's House with a dome, a little to the right with the tower - the building of the factory administration.

Rezhevsky plant - the largest brainchild of Savva Yakovlev

On May 22, 1773, the breeder Savva Yakovlev received permission from the Berg Collegium to build an iron-smelting and iron-making plant on the Rezh River. This event is considered to be the date of birth of the city of Rezha.
Already at the end of 1774, the plant produced products. The first stage of industrial development began on the Rezhevskaya land. The situation in the Urals at that time was turbulent. A wave of the Pugachev uprising rolled in from the south. It is known that during the construction of the enterprise, one of the closest associates of E. Pugachev, ataman I. Beloborodov, came close to the plant under construction and threatened to burn it down. A military team with a cannon was sent to protect the construction site. Earthen fortifications were built around the plant, sentinels were posted on the roads. But the plan of the Pugachevites fell through, and the matter did not come to bloodshed.
There is information that Yakovlev personally chose the site for the construction of the Rezhevsky plant. Personally, together with his eldest son Mikhail, he supervised the construction. Among the 22 Yakovlev enterprises in the Urals, the Rezhevsky plant, along with the Byngovsky plant, ranked second or third in terms of cost and volume of output, yielding only to the Nevyansk plant, and among the six built by Savva it was the largest.
In 1781, the Rezhevskaya land and the Rezhevskaya plant became part of the Perm governorship (since 1796, the Perm province), for the first time leaving the Siberian territories with the center in Tobolsk. At the beginning of the 19th century, after several administrative redistributions within the Perm province, the entire Rezhevskaya land turns out to be part of the Yekaterinburg district. Until the abolition of the counties in 1923, the lands of the future Rezhevsky district occupied the northeastern corner of the Yekaterinburg district.

Savva Yakovlev or under the star of Elizabeth Petrovna

The founder of Rezha was born in 1713 in the city of Ostashkov, in the family of the tradesman Yakov Sobakin. At the age of nine, the father gave his son to the shopkeeper's assistants, where Savva was on the parcels. According to legend, working in a shop, a smart boy first learned to count, and then write and read.
In 1733, according to stories, on foot with a half of money in his pocket, he went in search of work in the capital of the Russian Empire. In St. Petersburg, Savva made a stunning career. According to oral reports, he started with street trading: he sold veal. Traded near the Imperial Summer Garden.
In the early years it seemed that life was hopeless: no growth, hard work, meager income. But in 1741 Empress Elizaveta Petrovna came to power in Russia. The daughter of Peter the Great had several small weaknesses. The most remarkable thing for the less-Jews was the empress's passion for beautiful male voices. Thanks to his voice, the Ukrainian shepherd Alyoshka Razumovsky became Elizabeth's favorite. It was this weakness of the daughter of Peter I that led to the rise of Savva Sobakin, and then to the founding of the city of Dzh. According to legend, inviting buyers at the fence of the Summer Garden, Sobakin attracted the attention of Elizaveta Petrovna. From that time on, Savva became a supplier of veal to the Empress's table. His high patronage allowed him to conclude a number of lucrative deals, first of all, to obtain wine leases in large centers of Russia. Having saved up the initial capital, Savva buys a number of light industry enterprises. For a successful entrepreneur, an appropriate title was needed. In 1762, Peter III elevated Sobakin to a hereditary nobility: it was rumored that before that Savva had supplied the emperor with money.
In the summer of 1762, as a result of a palace coup, Catherine II ascended the throne, ordering on this occasion to give out vodka to the people in taverns free of charge. Savva, either dissatisfied with the removal of Peter III, or out of greed, disobeyed. In St. Petersburg, a legend has been preserved that for disobedience he was given a cast-iron medal of a pood in weight with the order to wear it around his neck on holidays. The court poet G. Derzhavin wrote the epigram "To Skopikhin" for Sobakin, which was read throughout St. Petersburg. But very soon Savva managed to win the favor of this empress. According to legend, during her trip from St. Petersburg to Moscow for the coronation, Catherine expressed her indignation at the deplorable state of one rural church and ordered to remind her of this church upon her return to St. Petersburg. Savva was either present, or from someone he learned about this scene - he immediately gathered the masters who, in a short time, brought the unfortunate temple into its proper form. Catherine was amazed at Sobakin's helpfulness, canceled her punishment and ordered him to change his common surname to the harmonious Yakovlev.
Another time, on the occasion of the victory over Turkey, by order of the Empress, Savva opened taverns, after which there was simply an unparalleled three-day drunkenness in the city. At the end of the drinking bout, the government demanded from the tax farmer information about the amount of alcohol consumed and received in response such a huge figure that it simply fell into a dead end. It was decided to conduct an audit to find the truth. As a result, it turned out that all the St. Petersburg warehouses could not store as much vodka as Savva had declared. Yakovlev was put on trial, but soon for some reason pardoned, it was rumored that thanks to the patronage of His Serene Highness Prince G. Potemkin.
The newly minted nobleman becomes a member of the Free Economic Society, often communicates with Lomonosov. They say that it was Mikhail Vasilyevich who became the first mentor for Yakovlev in the mining business, a man who drew the attention of an industrialist to the Ural riches. In the mid-1760s, Savva first went to the Urals and began negotiations on the acquisition of several factories. From 1766 to 1779 Yakovlev buys sixteen and builds six iron-smelting, iron-making and copper-smelting plants. At this time, he manages to create the largest factory in the Urals, becoming the richest and most successful entrepreneur in Russia. According to N.I. Pavlenko, its rise at that time had no analogues in Russia either in terms of rates or methods of enrichment.
In St. Petersburg, the outstanding personality of Savva Yakovlev became legendary, firmly established in urban folklore. Savva was considered the largest landowner in the capital. In the city, Yakovlev owned two large plots of land. One, on Vasilievsky Island, next to the famous Stock Exchange: there were warehouses with finished products, as well as several residential buildings. Another stretched between the Fontanka River and Sadovaya Street. On it for Yakovlev, according to the project of Rastrelli himself, a large palace was built next to Sennaya Square in 1766.
Yakovlev played a special role in the history of Sennaya Square. In 1753-1765, at his expense, according to the project of architects B. F. Rastrelli and A. V. Kvasov, one of the most famous St. Petersburg churches was erected here - the Assumption, popularly nicknamed "Savior-on-Sennaya". The exterior decoration of the church was completed in the year of the coronation of Catherine II, and in honor of this event a crown was placed on the cross of the main dome. Next to the temple was a 40-meter bell tower with a huge bell. The vain Yakovlev wished to place his portrait on the bell next to the portrait of the Empress. The bell was famous. In St. Petersburg, there were legends about him. They said that during the life of Savva Yakovlev, this bell was rung only when he allowed it, and it was as if the tongue of the bell was attached to something with a special chain, which Yakovlev locked with a lock, and kept the key with him. The parish of the church made up that part of the capital, which would later be called "Petersburg of Dostoevsky", the heroes of the writer's works were associated with this temple. Fyodor Mikhailovich himself often visited it. Also, the church is associated with the names of G. Derzhavin, N. Nekrasov, N. Leskov, sculptor O. Mikeshin. There is a legend that at one time A.V.Suvorov sang in the choir of the church. In 1961, the temple was destroyed.

It is interesting: Portraits of Savva Yakovlev

Many museums in the Sverdlovsk Region keep copies of the portrait of Savva Yakovlev, painted in 1767 and now displayed in the Russian Museum of St. Petersburg. Until recently, it seemed that this is the only image of a major entrepreneur, and its author was considered unknown. But the research of the Hermitage researcher I. Kotelnikova made it possible to open two more portraits of Savva in the storerooms of the Hermitage and the Russian Museum, scientists came to the conclusion that these canvases and the previously known portrait belong to the brush of Mina Kolokolnikov, who, like Yakovlev, came from Ostashkov. On the newly discovered canvases, Savva Yakovlev is depicted in earlier periods of his life: from the funds of the Russian Museum ("Portrait of a Young Man in a Blue Caftan") - in the 1740s, and from the Department of the History of Russian Culture of the Hermitage - in the 1750s.
Mina Kolokolnikov is the only known student of Ivan Nikitin, the most eminent artist of the Peter the Great era. Later - the closest assistant to the famous portrait painters of the middle of the 18th century I. Ya. Vishnyakov and A.P. Antropov. Many researchers regard Kolokolnikov as a transitional link in Russian painting from the beginning to the middle of the 18th century. In addition to portraits of Yakovlev, Mina painted portraits of Elizabeth Petrovna, Catherine II and other famous contemporaries. Kolokolnikov painted plafonds in the Winter and Summer Tsarist Palaces, as well as in the Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Palace.
Almost until the end of his life he was a serf, and therefore went through many humiliations. The artist could be safely pulled out of the house at any time to fulfill the order, while paying absolutely nothing. That is why Mina often found himself, as he said, in great poverty and ruin. One day, Mina decided to hide in his house, avoiding another assignment. The soldiers who were looking for him inflicted damage in the house, caused many losses, and when they did find the artist, they dragged him to the office, where they undressed and wanted to punish him with whips, and only the intercession of the architect Chevakinsky saved Mina from shameful punishment.
Savva Yakovlev, who was reputed to be a tough and even cruel person, treated Mina as a fellow countryman favorably, paid for his portraits and relatives on time.

Interesting: The only monument to Savva Yakovlev

In 1824, 40 years after the death of Savva Yakovlev, his grandchildren decided to erect a monument in his honor on the cathedral square of Nevyansk. The granite base for it was bought back in the middle of the 18th century by Akinfiy Demidov for a monument to Father Nikita. But this monument was never finished, because the granite pedestal stood unnecessarily for a long time. And now, intended for a monument to one famous breeder, this pedestal served as the basis for a monument to another famous entrepreneur.
The Yakovlevs did not spare money for the bust, ordering its execution by famous Petersburg masters: the artist O. Kiprensky, who painted the most famous portrait of A.S. Pushkin, and the sculptor M. Krylov.
Upon completion of all the work, in August 1826, the bust was sent from St. Petersburg to Nevyansk. Most of the way we traveled on water. Semyon Chernavin, a passionate lover of strong drinks, was assigned to watch the valuable cargo. During the long river journey, he was constantly tipsy. For this reason, during the reloading of the monument from the large Volga ships to the flat-bottomed Kama ships, the bust, packed in boxes, fell into the water. The owners, having learned about what had happened, reprimanded Chernavin for the monument stained in Kama. This was followed by a long instruction: the bust of Yakovlev should have been unpacked, wiped dry with a rag, put in dried boxes with sawdust, after wrapping it in paper. Before completing a responsible assignment, Chernavin should have observed decency and no longer abuse alcohol. In Nevyansk, the monument was solemnly unveiled in the spring of 1827 on the square in front of the Transfiguration Church (now the square near the Eternal Flame): a cast-iron column was placed on a granite pedestal, on which a bust of Yakovlev was erected. All workers of the plant received a glass of vodka from the owners in honor of the holiday.
After the October Revolution, the bust of Yakovlev was thrown from the pedestal. And in 1924, after the death of V.I.Lenin, at a memorial meeting, the Nevyansk workers decided to raise funds for a monument to the leader. They say that the money was collected with great enthusiasm, so much was accumulated that most of it was transferred to orphanages. The monument was cast in 1924 in Leningrad according to the project of the sculptor V.V. Kozlov, and in November 1925 it was put on the Yakovlev pedestal. They say this is one of the first monuments to Lenin in the USSR. By the way, according to Kozlov's project, the famous monument to Lenin in front of Smolny in Leningrad and the original monument to Lenin on the globe, erected in Nizhny Tagil, were created. Since 1990, a monument on an old Yakovlevsky pedestal has been located on the main square of the city, in front of the Nevyansk Administration.

Rezhevskaya dam and pond

The centers of many Ural cities today are decorated with a dam and a pond, which, like birthmarks, show us the factory origin of these villages.
The most important and first structure at the Rezhevsky plant was also the plant's dam. It is interesting that its construction cost Savva Yakovlev almost twice as much as all the factory buildings combined. What was the old dam. The embankment, reinforced at the base with larch log cabins (ryazh), blocked the river and formed a dam. The dam was 362 meters long and 7 meters high. From the side of the pond, the embankment was covered with sod. The opposite, "dry" slope had a wooden retaining wall. Two cuts were made in the body of the dam: one permanent (working) and one "spring", for the release of the spring flood. From the side of the pond, the dam during the ice drift was protected by special wooden structures - ice cutters. From the working slot, water flowed down the plank gutters - chests. From them, along the lateral branches, it fell onto the wheels of mechanisms, whereby these mechanisms (hammers, bellows for furnaces) were set in motion. The dam foreman, a highly respected person at the plant, was responsible for the construction and normal operation of the dam. To repair and clean the dam, about once every ten years, the water from the pond was lowered. According to the recollections of the beginning of the 20th century, a lot of fish remained in the puddles that arose after the water left. Caught as best they could. The reserves were enough for many months - they salted whole barrels. Because of the fish, conflicts often occurred: the Kochnev and factory ones went wall to wall more than once. At the same time, the factory police were hiding, valuing their own safety. The old wooden dam was in operation for almost two hundred years, only at the end of the 1950s its major reconstruction began.
The Rezhevskaya pond, which arose as a result of the construction of the dam, throughout the history of the city was its city-forming beginning and the main decoration. In the Middle Urals, the Rezhevskaya pond with its embossed banks and a variety of landscapes is famous as one of the most beautiful. The Rezhelyans called the reservoir "Rezhsky seaside" during the Brezhnev era. Throughout the history of Rezha, the pond has been a place for organizing many festivals and sports competitions.

Production

The construction of the industrial buildings of the Rezhevsky plant began on the right bank, in the area of ​​the modern nickel plant, with the construction of a blast furnace with 12 hammers for the production and processing of cast iron. Later, another blast furnace was built nearby, two blast factories for 20 hammers for converting cast iron (brittle and non-ductile, suitable only for casting metal) into iron, a blacksmith's and nail shops, as well as a sawmill and warehouses. Most of the production was originally located on the right bank of the Rezh, only one critical shop, warehouses and factory management were located on the left bank.
The work of the plant was provided by auxiliary production: loggers, coal burners (turning wood into charcoal), miners, dozens of people ensured the delivery of raw materials and the export of finished products.
For logging, a forest dacha was assigned to the Rezhevsky plant (for the most part, it lay south of Rezhe), from which logging was carried out, outside the dacha it was forbidden to cut wood for the plant. Therefore, the problem of its renewal was very important. The forester (the caretaker of forests and incense) was responsible for this. Initially, while the forest was plentiful and, as often happens, it seemed that this resource was inexhaustible, the forester's status differed little from the average worker. But over time, from the second half of the 19th century, this position becomes among the first at the plant both in terms of payment and authority. Forest fires were also a big problem: at the beginning of the 19th century, there is a mention of forest inspectors who observed not only the fire situation, but also the illegal felling of the master's forest. In the last quarter of a century, such people were called foresters. For foresters, cordons were set up: a fire tower was erected on a high place in the middle of the forest, from which observation was carried out, a house with outbuildings was being built next to it, a vegetable garden was forged. There are references to the Ilyinsky, Okunevsky, Osinovsky cordons, which were set to guard the forest of the Rezhevskaya dacha.
Timber felling was carried out in the spring. For the production of charcoal, pine was mainly cut, birch and spruce were also used. Brigades were created for felling timber. The work was very hard, the living conditions were also difficult: they had to live in the forest in dugouts or huts. There is evidence that such work was often assigned as punishment. In the summer, the tree dried up. In the fall, work began again: the timber was piled up, processed, chopped and burned into coal in special pits, all the work was supervised by a poultry overseer (Lunegov is the very first among the famous bosses of coal burners, the mention of him dates back to the beginning of the 19th century).
Iron ore was mined at several mines in the vicinity of the plant, and richer ore from Nizhny Tagil was also used. Good roads were brought to the iron ore deposits, in low-lying places fortified with logs with embankments: such roads were suitable for transportation in any bad weather. The ore was mined in open pits. Workers carried the ore out of the huge pits on stretchers along special ladders. Water from the quarries was also pumped out manually. It was only from the middle of the 19th century that pumps began to be used for these purposes.
The life of a factory worker was hard. As a rule, they began to work at the age of 12-13, initially performing auxiliary work and earning a penny. The hard labor conditions, 12-14-hour working day quickly exhausted any physically strong person and by the age of 40 turned him into an old man. A real hell reigned in the workshops. Unbearable heat, gas pollution and dustiness, a frantic rhythm of work forced people to pour cold water on each other in summer, and in winter to run out into the yard and literally ride in the snow. The charcoal dust, which was poured over by "youngsters", that is, children, hot iron sheets, so that they would not be welded, clogged up the lungs. Continuous blows of hammers, hum of furnaces led to deafness, and low light - to loss of sight.

Village at the factory. Shvetsovs, Cherneevs, Komarovs ...

In 1773, builders and then workers began to settle near the plant under construction on the right bank of the pond. According to legend, the resettlement took place next to a source of clean water - a key that beats behind the modern building of school №1. Later, this key was nicknamed the Golden Key: the fact is that in the first half of the 19th century, gold was found here. Initially, the Rezhevskaya settlement was formed chaotically, there were no rules for its development, the concept of "street" was absent. Houses were built where they thought it was convenient and necessary to build, without regard to the general layout of the village. The sizes of vegetable gardens in those days were not stipulated in any way, each family had such a vegetable garden, which it considered necessary to have. In the middle of Rez, islands of forest were preserved - here and there individual spruces, pines and whole copses grew. Mushrooms were less often picked right outside the gardens.
The first workers of the Rezhevsky plant are mostly dependent people (possession workers in their status resembled serfs): either transferred by Savva Yakovlev to a new plant from Nevyansk, Verkhniy Tagil, Byngov, or newcomers from central Russia who became dependent on the breeder. These were completely different people in comparison with the freer rural population that settled in the Rezhevskaya land in the 17th century. Among the first Rezhev workers' surnames are the Morozovs, Komarovs, Cherneevs, Proskurins, Shchvetsovs, Ushakovs, Barakhnins.
With the growth of the enterprise, the factory settlement also expands. Yakovlev's clerks willingly accepted newcomers to the factory, be they former serfs or Old Believers. For such people, a special “annual hut” or “year-old” was arranged in the village. Each new fugitive lived in secret for a year. After that, he was given a place for a hut, and he became a full-fledged resident of the village.
A significant part of the workers in the village in the 18th - 19th centuries were Old Believers (who denied the official church), who were transferred from the Nevyansk factories and arrived from central Russia in search of salvation from repression. The owners of the plant appreciated the strict living standards of the Old Believers (denial of alcohol, idleness) and their diligence. That is why very often the Old Believers became the leaders of the Rezhevsky plant, selecting assistants for themselves also from the Old Believers' environment. It is known that the Old Believers were the Rezhev factory managers (clerks) Polycarp and Titus Zotov, Pavel Yakornov, Peter Kitaev.
On the left, more elevated bank of the pond, the administrative center of the village is being created: dwelling houses for the factory bosses and the plant management are being built. The building of the factory office (factory management), in the basement of which the iron warehouse was located, was built at the end of the 18th century. This building has survived to this day (located on the territory of a former mechanical plant: the second workshop) and is considered the oldest building in the city, the only one that has survived from the 18th century. In addition to the warehouse in the basement floor of the office, there was a guard tent, where the violators of the order were kept (the height of the room was three and a half meters and the only window under the ceiling made it impossible to escape). There is also information that a pantry was arranged in the basement of the office, in which the factory values ​​were kept (money, and later gold, the extraction of which from 1819 the Rezhevsk plant was actively engaged in). Like this: in one basement there is a treasury, a warehouse and a prison.

Village at the factory. Smorodentsev, Lotsmanov, Yudin

On the left, "administrative" bank, probably since the foundation of the village, a wooden chapel was felled, mentions of it are found at the end of the 18th century, it was located "a hundred yards from the manor house", in the very center of the village, that is, probably , on the site of the future Epiphany Church (now a technical school). During the first decades of the Rezhevsky history, the population of the village was attributed to the Nikolaevsky temple of the village of Glinsky, the very first temple within the boundaries of the Rezhevsky district. It is known that on solemn occasions the Glinsky priests came to Rezh and conducted services in the Rezhev chapel (for example, at the end of the 18th century, the priest Smorodentsev). In general, it is believed that the owners did not build the church for a long time, limiting themselves to the chapel, due to economy (it was necessary to maintain not only the church, but also its clergy), and also because a significant part of the population of the village was made up of Old Believers.
Among the leisure facilities of the first half of the 19th century, one can note a damask shop (pub) and a more "serious" drinking house.
In the first decades of Rezhev's history, there was no school in the village, the first mention of teaching Rezhev's children dates back to 1824, at this time Andrei Lotsmanov arrives at the Rezhev plant as a teacher to correct free-thinking, who is traditionally called the first Ural revolutionary (he had experience in teaching, having worked for some time at a school at the Verkh-Isetsky plant, the very first educational institution of the mining district). Lotsmanov taught in the building of the factory office, since there was no special building for the school. Probably, with his departure from Rezh, the collective education of children was also completed. According to E. Chernoukhov, teaching experiments in Rare, in an office or in private houses, may have been repeated, but they certainly did not have consistency and systematicity. Most likely, private lessons were practiced in some homes. By the way, while in Rare, Lotsmanov wrote the story "The Negro, or Freedom Returned", obviously the first literary work in the history of our city.
This is how K. Bogolyubov describes in his historical story "Andrey Lotsmanov" a lesson in the Rezhev factory office in the 1820s. “The factory school was located in the office building, next to the factory police room. Through a thin bulkhead, one could hear everything that was happening in the next room. The disciples sat, huddled closely together, in a small, semi-dark closet. There were boxes of sand on the tables in front of them, as there was not enough paper. They wrote with wooden pointed sticks and leveled what was written after the teacher had looked. There were ten schoolchildren, ranging in age from eight to fifteen. Most of them worked in the factory. All of them had to be taught to read and write. " Historical sources of the 1830s - 1840s point to a stable figure: 11 - 12 percent of the factory population in Rare were taught basic literacy.
We find the first mention of Rezhev's medicine in the description of the Rezhevsky plant by P. Tomilov in 1807: "There is no special hospital, and the patients are at home, they use the hired ... head physician Postupalsky." That is, the Yakovlevs hired a physician in Yekaterinburg who periodically visited the Rezhevsk plant, visiting the homes of the sick. Soon, medicinal students began to work in the village on a permanent basis: smart young men were selected from the local population, who were taught to read, at the Yekaterinburg hospital they received the most necessary practical medical training. For the first time, a medical student at the Rezhevsky plant was mentioned in 1812, this is Nikolai Yudin, in fact, this is the first known Rezhevsky physician. Rezhev's medical students could open abscesses, heal bruises, aches, pain in the lower back, removed cast-iron fragments from the bodies that had flown off from hammers and anvils, could open the bodies of the dead. But all this first time still took place at home. Only in 1823, presumably in the area of ​​present Pushkin Street, the first Rezhevsk hospital was opened, which could receive at least a dozen patients for inpatient treatment.
At the highest place near the plant, on Orlovaya Gora, a settlement cemetery was formed. For more than two centuries it has been the main necropolis of Rezhev. Several ancient gravestones dating back to the 19th century have survived to this day in the cemetery. According to legend, Orlova Gora got its name from the nickname of the legendary robber ataman, Eagle's grandfather.

The heirs of Savva Yakovlev

Under Savva Yakovlev, the Rezhevsky plant was considered one of the most modern and largest in the Urals. A significant part of its production buildings, unlike many enterprises, was built not of wood, but of bricks. In terms of the production of cast iron from 22 Yakovlev plants, Rezhevskaya ranked second after Nevyansk.
After the death of S. Yakovlev in 1784, disputes began between the heirs over the division of his huge industrial empire. The future of the Yakovlev plants is acquiring the importance of state significance. Well-known courtiers, including Prince G. Potemkin, Senator I. Elagin, act as mediators in the disputes between the heirs. Decrees about the division are approved by Catherine II herself. The controversy continues until the beginning of the 19th century. As a result, Yakovlev's enterprises in the Urals were divided between the three sons of Savva, Peter, Ivan and Sergei. The middle son Ivan got a smaller share of the inheritance. But, like all fabulous Ivans, ours also turned out to be no fool. Having bought the maternal share for a song, he not only bypassed his brothers, but also turned into the largest breeder in the Urals. In total, he got 9 factories, in 1797 united in the Verkh-Isetsky district. The Rezhevsky plant in this district ranked second in terms of value and output. At the beginning of the 19th century, the district system in the Urals was officially approved. The Verkh-Isetsky district at that time was considered the largest and most advanced in terms of technical equipment and product quality.

Alexey Ivanovich Yakovlev. The heyday of the Rezhevsky plant

In 1804, after the death of Ivan Savvich, the Verkh-Isetsk industrial empire was inherited by his son Alexei, who owned the district's factories until his death in 1849.
Under him, the production of the famous branded products began - high-quality sheet roofing iron, which stood for a hundred years without any painting. Emperor Alexander I, during his trip to the Middle Urals in 1824, was surprised by the excellent organization of production at the factories of Alexei Ivanovich. The sovereign was amazed at the level of the social sphere at Yakovlev's enterprises (although, quite likely, this was a skillful embellishment of reality). After examining the hospital of the Verkh-Isetsky plant, Alexander I publicly admitted: "Yakovlev's cornet has such a lovely hospital for the workers, the Russian emperor does not have one for his soldiers."
The superiority of the factories of Alexei Yakovlev at that time was generally recognized. So the owner of the Nizhne-Tagil factories, Nikolai Demidov, writes to the inventor of the first steam locomotive in Russia, Efim Cherepanov: "Alexey Ivanovich Yakovlev is the first breeder in my eyes." This circumstance was very worried about the Demidovs in Nizhny Tagil. That is why Efim Cherepanov more than once went to the Yakovlev factories with espionage assignments, which, apparently, he performed without much zeal.
The name of Alexei Ivanovich Yakovlev is associated with the golden age in the industrial development of the Rezhevsky plant.

This is interesting: A.S. Pushkin and the Yakovlevs

The son of Alexei Yakovlev, Ivan, was not at all like a business father. Fabulously rich and carefree, he lived on a grand scale: feasts, holidays, accompanied by antics, about which all Petersburg spoke. Ivan Alekseevich was especially fond of gambling. The game of cards, most likely, brought him together with A.S. Pushkin, who lost to Yakovlev a decent amount of 6 thousand rubles at that time. In the spring of 1829, Pushkin wrote a letter of confession to Ivan: “It's hard for me to be guilty before you, it's hard to apologize, especially since I know your delicacy of gentlemen. You are going the other day, and I am still in debt. My debtors do not pay me, and God forbid they should not be bankrupt at all, and I (between us) have already lost about 20 thousand. In any case, you will be the first to receive your money. I hope to pay them back before you leave. Otherwise, let me hand them over to Alexei Ivanovich, your father; and you warn me, do mercy, that these 6 thousand were given by you to me on loan. At the end of May and at the beginning of June I will have a handful of money, but for the time being I am broke and climbing. "
Meanwhile, Ivan Yakovlev leaves for Paris, where he lives for several years, maintaining the same lifestyle and shocking Parisians. From Paris, he tries to facilitate Pushkin's departure to France, when the poet dreamed of leaving Russia, writes Pushkin for some reason encrypted letters. But Alexander Sergeevich, for some reason, remains in Russia.
In the summer of 1836, Yakovlev returned from Paris. Pushkin still has not returned the debt, writes that he remembers and will definitely return it. But he does not have time - death in a duel prevented him. Millionaire Yakovlev could have forgiven the debt in favor of an orphaned family, but he demanded a return. They say that he flattered his pride that a famous poet was in debts to him. The money was returned by the guardianship overseen by Emperor Nicholas I.

Rezhevsky clerks-plant managers. Zotovs, Kozlov, Kitaev

The managers of the Verkh-Isetsky district (which included the Rezhevsky plant) during this period were people of the people: talented, technically competent, they achieved that sheet iron with the brand “A.Ya. - Siberia ", meaning" Alexey Yakovlev - made in Siberia ", has become synonymous with high quality not only in Russia, but in Europe and the USA. The most famous district manager is the famous Grigory Zotov, a talented inventor and expert in mining. At the factories of the district, he introduces a rolling method of production, which made it possible to obtain sheet roofing iron of excellent quality. Under him, the Verkh-Isetsk factories (including the Rezhevsk one) became the most effective in the Urals. In 1824, Emperor Alexander I, during his visit to the Urals, stopped in Yekaterinburg, where he had a conversation with serf Gregory for more than an hour in an informal setting. The emperor tried to figure out how Zotov managed to achieve such brilliant success. Soon, at the will of the sovereign, Zotov, together with his family, was freed from serfdom, he was allowed to write directly to the tsar about everything related to the mining industry. Zotov is one of the owners of the Kyshtym factories. Having become the owner, he himself applied the most severe measures to the forced laborers: dozens of them died in his factories. In 1827, the commission of Count Stroganov revealed, as they would say now, gross violations of human rights. Grigory Zotov, who was dubbed the "Kyshtym beast" and his relative Pyotr Kharitonov are in exile. For other owners, the state of affairs in the factories was not the best, but Zotov is an Old Believer, with the coming to power of Nicholas I an offensive against the Old Believers began, probably Zotov became a custom victim of this offensive.
The managers (clerks) of the Rezhevsky plant were a match for the district administration. Strong, rude, sometimes cruel, they came from simple artisans and therefore knew the process of metallurgical production firsthand. They have achieved that the Rezhevsky plant is beginning to be used as an example for other enterprises, they go to the plant to learn from the experience of the Rarevites, the quality of the products of the Rezhevsky plant at this time is considered standard. The excellent organization of the production process at the Rezhevsky plant, the high quality of its products were repeatedly noted by contemporaries. In 1835, the magazine "Mining" gave an excellent assessment of the Rezhev metal. The author of the publication complained that other Ural factories could not achieve this quality. “The sheet iron of the Nizhne-Tagil factories, which is excellently soft, despite all the efforts, cannot be given the appearance that Rezhev's one has.. the last one. " At the end of the 1820s, the manager of the Goroblagodat factories with the center in Kushva sent his craftsmen more than once "to inspect the factory equipment at the Verkh-Isetsk and Rezhevsk factories as better than others arranged for the factory economy."
The very first of the famous Rezhev factory managers (clerks), Grigory Levitskov, served in this position until 1790, probably under his leadership the first Rezhevsky plant management was built (later the second workshop of the RMZ), perhaps he stood at the very origins of the Rezhevsky plant. From 1825 to 1832, the duties of a clerk at the plant were performed by Yakov Kozlov, according to whose decree the first church in Rarely was built - the wooden St. John the Baptist Church on Orlovaya Gora, in Soviet times he became the hero of K. Bogolyubov's historical stories "Zarnitsy" and "Andrey Lotsmanov ". In the 1830s, Pavel Yakornov, a representative of the famous dynasty of Ural artisans and clerks, served as a salesman at the Rezhevsky plant. From the beginning of the 1840s to the 1860s, the Rezhevsky plant was headed by Petr Kitaev, a representative of an even more famous mining family, probably in the position of a plant manager (clerk) he served for the longest term. Under Kozlov, Yakornov and Kitaev, a large-scale reconstruction is taking place at the plant: many factory buildings are being rebuilt in stone, at the same time a stone Lord's house is being erected.
The most famous Rezhev rulers in history are the Zotovs, representatives of the legendary and unconditionally the most famous Ural dynasty of artisans and factory administrators, not far behind in their glory from their first masters, the Demidovs. Polykarp Zotov, brother of Grigory Zotov's "Kyshtym Beast", was in charge of the Rezhevsky plant from 1811 to 1817. It was at this time among the servants of Grigory Zotov that there were many less ruminants: was not his brother engaged in the supply of live goods? After the death of his father until 1825, the legendary Titus Zotov, even more famous than his uncle (according to D.N.Mamin-Sibiryak), served as Rezhev's clerk. It is he who organizes gold mining on the Rezhev factory lands, and after he was freed from the Yakovlevs - on the Siberian land, it was he who became the hero of the works of the Ural classic Mamin-Sibiryak, the hero of Yekaterinburg legends and traditions.

Interesting: King of Russian gold

According to a number of researchers, together with his uncle Grigory Tit Zotov became the prototype of the elder Privalov from the “Privalov Millions” of D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak. In general, it was our classic Mamin-Sibiryak who left most of all the memories of the life of the famous Rare Russian citizen, for example, in his essay “The City of Yekaterinburg”.
Titus was born in 1795. Most of Zotov's childhood and youth were spent in Rare, where his father Polycarp served as a manager at the Yakovlevs' factory. Since 1814, gold mines have been opened in the Urals one after the other, when Titus becomes the Rezhevsky plant manager, such mines are also opened in the area of ​​the Rezhevsky plant. The world's first "gold rush" began. Being a serf of the Yakovlevs, Titus Zotov, according to legend, bought off (according to another version, he was released thanks to a conversation between his uncle Gregory and Emperor Alexander I) and, becoming free, began to trade in gold on a large scale. He moved to Yekaterinburg, after which he opened mines not only in the Urals, but also in Siberia. By the 1840s, Tit Zotov, along with Anika Ryazanov, according to D.N.Mamin-Sibiryak, became the first and most successful king of gold mining in Russia. He was one of the main heroes of the "gold rush", which, starting in the Urals, swept Siberia and North America, where he was described by the American writer Jack London. For 10 years in the Siberian taiga, Zotov mined gold worth 30 million rubles and became one of the richest people in Russia (the construction of a decent stone church at that time cost 30 thousand rubles). Soon he lost all measure in his expenses, began to lead a truly royal lifestyle. They say that the fantastic life of the former Rheumite reached its climax when, in 1847, his son married the daughter of another Golden King, Anika Ryazanov, and this wedding, according to legend, lasted a whole year, an event unparalleled in the history of Russia. During the wedding, they squandered money for a terrible thing: from the balcony of their mansion (located on the site of a modern agricultural academy), Zotov used to throw the musicians a hundred per song if he entered the courage (the salary of the artisan for two years).
Titus Zotov is known as a donor for church needs. For example, in 1846 he allocated a decent amount for the manufacture of a silver shrine for the relics of St. Simeon of Verkhotursky; in 1914, Emperor Nicholas II presented a canopy for this shrine.

Products of the Rezhevsky plant

The main product of the Rezhevsky plant was sheet iron: it did not rust, did not require painting, had a shiny surface, and was distinguished by an unusually long service life. About half of the iron produced in Rarely was exported, most of all to the USA, the other half to St. Petersburg and the Nizhny Novgorod fair. According to legend, in the United States, even after twenty years of service, the Rezhev iron was more expensive than the new European one. Such advantages, first of all, are explained by the peculiarities of the Rezhevsk ore (an admixture of nickel) and the technology of iron processing: after rolling, the metal went under the hammer, as a result of which work hardening was obtained, which protected the iron from rusting. In addition to sheet iron, the Rezhevsky plant produced a variety of working tools, nails, household items, for example, irons. The legendary Rezhev pans were very much appreciated in the market, according to stories, they did not require oil at all when frying. In addition to the production of purely peaceful products, the plant carried out military orders. For the first time, a large military order was received during the Patriotic War of 1812. At that time, the enterprise produced the entire range of artillery shells that were in service with the Russians. Pallets for shells, sets of metal parts for cannons and carts were also produced. Rezhev's weapons contributed to the victory over Napoleon, which was noted by the government. All military supplies for the Russian army were carried out by Yakovlev free of charge. In addition, for free, Yakovlev covered all the state buildings in Moscow with his iron, which were damaged during the famous fire when Napoleon entered the capital.

Rezhevskoe gold. Mellini, Zotov, Markov

In 1745 the Shartash peasant Erofei Markov discovered the first gold deposit in Russia near Yekaterinburg. As a respectable citizen, he reported this to his superiors, but they could not find gold at that place at once. As often happens, Erofei paid for his honesty, enduring many trials and humiliations. Finally, in 1747, gold was discovered, and in 1748, the first gold mine in Russia, the Shartash mine, was laid. In memory of the mine on the highway Rezh - Yekaterinburg, a memorial sign was erected. Much later, in the 1890s, a distant descendant of Erofei, Gavrila Markov worked at the Rezhevsky plant as a superintendent of gold mines, living on the first floor of the Lord's house (a building with a dome), where bailiffs now work.
In 1812, a decree was issued that allowed private initiative in the search and extraction of gold, and also guaranteed the inviolability of private lands in the event that gold reserves were discovered there. The Yakovlevs and other private traders, for whom the discovery of gold on their lands before was like death, since it could lead to the loss of these lands along with factories, start active searches. It was in 1812 that the old Rezhevsky legend attributes the first gold discovery on the territory of the village. At this time, a group of prisoners of war of Napoleon's army arrived at the Rezhevsky plant, among them was the Italian Giuseppe Mellini, who, being a glassblower, established the production of window glass in Rare. In search of sands suitable for making glass, in the area of ​​modern Trudovaya Mellini street, he allegedly accidentally discovered gold, which was reported to the administration of the plant.
In 1814, Lev Brusnitsyn, at the confluence of the Berezovka and Pyshma rivers (on the way to Yekaterinburg, we cross Pyshma near that very place), discovered a method for washing placer gold. The use of this method showed that there is a lot of gold in the Middle Urals: this is how the "gold rush" began, which later covered Siberia and North America. In 1819, when Tit Zotov was the clerk at the Rezhevsky plant, the first mines were opened on the territory of the dacha of the Rezhevsky plant. A gold-mining factory was established at the plant. In terms of gold production, the plant is consistently among the first in the Middle Urals, at other times ahead of the famous Berezovsky (Yekaterinburg) mines. The volumes in different years were different, but the numbers of 20-40 kilograms of mined gold per year are consistently found. The volumes of 646 kilograms (40 pounds 14 feet and 3 spools) of gold mined in 1824 (the final of the reign at the Rezhevsky plant of the "king of Russian gold" Tit Zotov) or 616 kilograms (38 pounds 3 pounds 41 spools 61 shares) look fantastic - in 1899.
Gold was mined both directly in the village and in its vicinity. According to the stories, the key that beats behind the building of the First School, in those years, was called the Golden Key, because gold was washed in it. The well-known mines of the closest surroundings are the left bank of the Rezh River in Kochnevo, Proboyny, Mezhevoe, in the bed of the Bystraya and Talitsa rivers, near the village of Pershino. In total, during the reign of the clerk Tit Zotov, 13 mines were opened within the dacha of the Rezhevsky plant, by the end of the 19th century there are a few more of them. In the middle of the century, 57 gold washing machines were operating in these mines.
All the work in the mines was supervised by the artisans of the Rezhevsky plant, they formed a team of those wishing to earn extra money in the artisanal business (as a rule, these were residents of the neighboring village). The most primitive tools of labor: pick, crowbar, wheelbarrow. The prospectors lived in dugouts and semi-dugouts, washing work was associated with water and led to corresponding diseases. From the second half of the 19th century, gold washing began to be mechanized, and technical innovations were introduced.
Gold has always attracted dishonest people, so several similar stories have come down from Rezhev's past. One of them, like artisan A. Sokolov, robbed prospectors. Taking the gold, he seemed to blow away the waste rock aside, while there, as if by chance, the grains of gold were blown away, which he later picked up and pocketed. “Once one of the prospectors said to Sokolov with annoyance:“ Andrey Vladimirovich, you blow one more time, and then I’ll leave without anything! ”.

Development of the village. The first temples. Ponomarev, Bayborodin, Chernobrovin

In 1830, Rezh, for the first time in its history, began to develop according to the general plan. According to this plan, the Rezhevskaya pond becomes the main town-forming element of the village. A network of streets is formed around the pond, their roadways are decorated with the estates of artisans, the main part of which were residential buildings with windows and a facade facing the street. The artisan's house consisted of an upper room, a kitchen, and a cold closet. Near the house there was a closed courtyard with outbuildings located around the perimeter: a delivery, or, in other words, a 19th century garage, a barn where all kinds of supplies were kept, a stable, above which a hayloft with an opening for hay was set up. In the garden, out of harm's way, outside the yard, there was a bathhouse. You can even remotely imagine the craftsman's estate by visiting the old house of the dam master I. Bayborodin, at Pushkin, 15.
The main street in the village, Bolshaya (now Lenin), was guided by the wooden St. John the Baptist Church, the first Rezhevsky temple, creating an extraordinary visual connection between the earthly world and the mountain world. It seems that this is the very first and, interestingly, almost the main architectural ensemble in Rare, connecting the Caesarean (the main street, and then the square) and Bogovo. The church was built on the initiative of the clerk Y. Kozlov in 1830. Already in the 20th century, this Kozlov became a literary hero in stories about the life of the first Ural revolutionary A. Lotsmanov: in them the clerk is presented as an experienced man in production, tough with people and completely reluctant to accept any education. The first in Rare, St. John the Baptist Church - wooden, rather cramped, inside is simply plastered, without painting, already in the 1830s the ministers complained that the roof of the church was leaking, and the plaster was falling off. The name of the first Rezhev priest was Antioch Ponomarev, he served in the Rezhev church for over 20 years and established himself as a modest, diligent and God-fearing man. Being fully supported by the Yakovlevs (salary, housing and mowing), the priest was supposed not only to enlighten local residents with the "light of the Gospel", but also to instill in the artisans the spirit of obedience to the factory bosses.
Since 1826, the authorities in Russia and in the Urals have begun a powerful campaign against the Old Believers: the closure of churches, repression. At the same time, they are trying to influence the Old Believers by the carrot method, offering them the preservation of their rituals, but subject to submission to the Orthodox clergy. Those who agreed were called co-religionists, they were allowed to build their own temples. In 1839, at the dam, on the right bank of the pond, on the site of the modern Monument of military and labor glory, at the request of I. Bayborodin, S. Peskov and P. Kruglov, a wooden church of the Assumption of the same faith was built. According to a photograph from the beginning of the 20th century, it had a fence with a beautiful gate. The Assumption Church was famous for its wonderful icons, which by 1840 were made by the famous Nevyansk icon painter I.P. Chernobrovin; the works of this master are mentioned in many regional textbooks. Today the icons of Chernobrovin have been preserved in the St. Nicholas Church in the village of Byngi. The Nevyansk icon-painting school is one of the most famous in the history of the Urals and Siberia, its most eminent representatives were the Bogatyrevs and Chernobrovins, the most famous among the latter is our Ivan Chernobrovin.

The spiritual center of the village

Since those ancient times, the place around the Assumption Church of the same faith has acquired the significance of the most important spiritual center, first in the village, and then in the city. Moreover, in contrast to the Epiphany Church and the square, which a little later appeared on the "imperious" left bank, the right-bank spiritual center, somehow it happened, became a national one forever. The Assumption Church, despite the many years of opposition from the authorities to the Old Believers, was built exclusively on people's savings, later a ministerial school building (now School No. 1) will be erected nearby, by the way, also on public money, the school will become the most revolutionary (oppositional, again to the government) educational institution in the village, and in 1973 again, to a large extent on folk funds, on the site of the Assumption Church they will erect the most that neither is a national monument - the Monument to the military and labor glory of the less people. Since that distant 1839, this place has developed a kind of special spiritual atmosphere, which, both in tsarist and Soviet times, served as an important unifying principle for the less ruthless. By the way, school graduates and newlyweds nowhere do not like to be photographed as in this place: maybe it is not by chance that they are drawn here?

Master's house

At the same time, the factory buildings are being rebuilt. And on Pokrovskaya Street (now Sovetskaya), two buildings are being erected, which today have become the main monuments of the heyday of the Rezhevsky plant, almost the only monuments of the era of classicism on the territory of Rezha. Today, near the Rezhevskaya embankment, in the center of the city, there is an old building with a dome, where a mineralogical reserve and other organizations are currently operating. Nearby is the building where the Sberbank branch and the Ruslan trading house operate. Already in the 1950s, the upper floor was added to the building.
Initially, these two buildings constituted a single complex intended for the residence of the leaders of the Rezhevsky plant, this complex was called the Lord's House. The buildings were united by a stone fence with a gatehouse, partly preserved to this day. Behind the fence between the two houses there was a huge utility yard, behind it was a garden (formed apparently in the second half of the 19th century), which was called the Lord's, now it is a park area in front of school No. 3. In addition to walking alleys with gazebos, there was a greenhouse with flowers in the garden ( Obviously, this is the first place for growing flowers in Rare), among which are gladioli, greenhouses with vegetables.
Many legends and traditions are connected with the house of the plant manager. One of the legends says that factory treasures were kept in the basement of the building: indeed, in our time, a basement with a very "cunning" entrance was discovered here. But the most interesting stories are connected with mysterious underground passages that connected the house of the plant manager with many buildings of the old city.

Rezhevskie dungeons

In the 19th century in Rare, according to stories, a whole system of underground passages was created, connecting the most important buildings of the village. Stretching hundreds of meters, this system was a complex engineering structure: passages precisely connected several buildings that were remote from each other at considerable distances, were protected by fasteners, had some kind of dead-end corridors and rooms, many doors. Why these transitions were created, no one knows for sure. Therefore, rumor offers a variety of explanations for the origin of the Rezhev dungeons, including mysterious and scary ones. V. Ya. Skornyakov recalled that when he was a child, a friend showed him the way to the dungeons with his friends, but he refused to go underground, explaining that there were many big, fat rats. The teenagers went down to the indicated place and found the passage. There they saw a door with a lot of old shoes behind it. Then the second. Behind it rose a mountain of skulls. Someone said that these are the skulls of the Old Believers. The teenagers could not open the third door because of the sagging earth. At the end of the 20th century, the dungeons reminded of themselves with several failures, aroused the interest of specialists. But the city did not find funds to conduct research.

Epiphany Church. The power center of the village

The wooden Church of St. John the Baptist, small, remote from the center and rather poor, did not meet the needs of the local population. Almost immediately after its construction, there were appeals to Alexei Yakovlev with a request to build a stone parish church in the center of the village. A similar appeal from 1837 is known. But the tight-fisted businessman did not approve of such plans: "When the time comes, I will prescribe." Such a time came 10 years later: according to the project of the architect of the Ural Mining Board K. G. Tursky, one of the most famous Ural architects, the construction of the grandiose Epiphany Church began. The work was carried out from 1847 to 1860, when the Epiphany Church was consecrated, along with the Lord's House, which became the main monument of the era of classicism in Rare.
Toursky at that time created not only the architectural dominant of the village, for decades he predetermined the political, official center of Rezh. Before the revolution, on the square in front of the church, less people will gather during the most important events for them and for the whole country. During the Civil War, the Bolsheviks, similar to Red Square in Moscow, will try to create a necropolis on the square for revolutionary heroes. Later, a tribune will be installed here, and all meetings and demonstrations will take place on this square. It is here that a monument to Lenin will be erected, and it is in front of the former Epiphany Square that the building of the city committee of the CPSU (now the regional administration) will be erected in the middle of the 20th century. In 1917, far from everything was destroyed to the ground - the memory of the place was preserved, influencing the life of new generations.
According to the recollections of contemporaries, the interior of the Epiphany Church was rich: a carved wooden iconostasis was ordered from the famous Moscow masters Golyshevs. The smooth surface of the iconostasis, made of pine wood, was painted orange, and the linden wood carvings were gilded. The walls of the church are covered with bright blue paint.
A house for the priest was erected nearby (now the editorial office of the newspaper "Rezhevskaya Vesti"), which also became an important place of spiritual communication. Street Krasnoarmeyskaya, where the house of the clergyman was located, before the revolution was called Popovskaya.
In 1930, the Epiphany Church was closed, for some time there was a cinema in the building, dances were organized, and in the fall of 1949 the building was handed over to an agricultural school, and its reconstruction into an educational institution began. Today the walls of the construction college keep the masonry of the old church. Pilasters (vertical projections on the wall in the form of columns) that adorned the Epiphany Church are still visible on the facade of the technical school building from the side of Krasnoarmeyskaya Street.

Interesting: architect Turskiy

So who was the builder of the main Rezhevsky temple? Karl Gustavovich Toursky is one of the most famous Ural architects of the 19th century. Born in 1801, an artist-architect by education - graduated from the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. During his studies he was awarded a medal. After completing his studies, he worked for about ten years in the Office of the Directorate for Building Bridges. It was at this time that many famous St. Petersburg bridges were being built: for example, Bankovsky with sphinxes, under which, in search of treasures, the mafia from the movie "The Adventure of Italians in Russia" was digging.
In 1832 Tursky left for Tomsk, where he became the chief architect of the Tomsk province. He is building something in Tomsk, and also fulfills the plans of the cities of Biysk, Kuznetsk, Kainsk and Kolyvan.
After 1842, Karl Gustavovich became the architect of the Ural Mining Board, replacing the deceased MP Malakhov, the most famous Ural architect, in this position. That is why Toursky is completing many unfinished buildings by Malakhov. In the history of Yekaterinburg, Toursky became famous as one of the most prominent architects of the city.
Moreover, the architect's talent turned out to be multifaceted: he erected buildings of various purposes. These are also public buildings: in 1845 - 1847 Karl Gustavovich built the first city theater (better known to us as the cinema "October" - "Colosseum" at the intersection of Lenin Avenue and Karl Liebknecht Street). These are also cult buildings: Tursky was completing the construction of the famous in Yekaterinburg Ascension Church on the Ascension Hill in front of the Church on the Blood after Malakhov. This is an educational institution: the First Yekaterinburg gymnasium, now an elite gymnasium number 9 (here, for example, Yeltsin's daughters studied) next to the main square of Yekaterinburg. These are residential estates: the Ryazanovs on Kuibyshev Street, Borchaninov on March 8 Street, house 18. These are industrial buildings: on the Yekaterinburg dam, the architect rebuilt the building of the world famous Imperial Lapidary Factory (has not survived), whose masterpieces are still the pride of the Hermitage and Louvre and other museums in the world. For his work on the construction of the factory, Toursky was awarded a diamond ring.
In 1846 Toursky became the author of the first obelisk in the Urals, erected on the border of Europe and Asia. True, in fact, a memorial sign was installed in honor of the stay of the heir to the throne Alexander Nikolaevich (future Alexander II) in 1837 and Duke Maximilian of Leuchtenberg in 1845. In 1920, the inscription about these events was shot down and the plates "Europe" and "Asia" were placed. Moreover, it is curious that on the slab the year of installation of the obelisk is indicated erroneously - 1837.

On the banks of the Rezh River, 83 kilometers from the regional capital. The area of ​​the settlement is 33 square kilometers.

A settlement on the site of the modern city appeared in 1773, at the same time it was decided to build an iron and iron works here.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Régis ironworks produced products of reference quality, which even Emperor Alexander I admired.

In 1878, in the capital of France, the sheet metal of this plant was recognized as one of the best in the world and was awarded a gold medal.

In 1911, due to the crisis in metallurgy, the plant was closed.

In the winter of 1918, all of Rezha's private enterprises were nationalized.

In the early 1930s, two nickel deposits were found in the vicinity of the city. After a while, a nickel production plant was built in the city, which was the second nickel enterprise in the country. The city is divided into several districts: Station, Harbor, Kochnevo, Sixth Section, Seven Winds, Stroygorodok.

The city has Yekaterinburg time. The difference with Moscow time is +2 hours Moscow time + 2.

Industrial enterprises of the settlement: mechanical plant, cable plant, garment factory, chemical plant, reinforced concrete production, crushed stone production, two quarries, bakery, agricultural machinery production, children's clothing production, PVC pipes production.

The telephone code of Mr. Rezh is 34364. The postal code is 623750.

Climate and weather

In Rarely, a continental climate prevails.

Winters are harsh and long. Summer is short and cool.

The warmest month is July - the average temperature is 18.9 degrees, the coldest month is January - the average temperature is -16.4 degrees.

The average annual rainfall is 495 mm.

Population of the city of Rezha for 2019-2020

Population data were obtained from the State Statistics Service. Graph of population changes over the past 10 years.

The total number of residents in 2019 was 36.8 thousand people.

This one from the graph shows a slight drop in the population from 39,300 people in 2006 to 36,843 people in 2019.

As of January 2019, in terms of the number of inhabitants, Rezh was ranked 428 out of 1117 cities in the Russian Federation.

Rez landmarks

1.Rezhevsky plant- this enterprise was built in the first half of the 19th century. This monumental building has a domed finish, and it was also built on a prototype of the Moscow Kremlin Senate.

2.Church of John the Baptist- this wooden Orthodox church was founded in 1830 on Mount Orlova. The new stone church building was erected in the Russian-Byzantine style.

3.Historical and Literary Museum- a cultural institution was opened in 1960. At the moment, the museum's fund contains more than 3 thousand exhibits: paintings, numismatics, books, photos, letters, household items of the city residents.

Transport

In the village there is a railway station Rezh, which connects the city with Artyomovsk, Yekaterinburg, Alapaevsk, Irbit, Tavda, Mezhdurechensk.

Public transport consists of taxis and buses.

From the bus station of the city there are bus routes to Lenevskoe,