Types of plants. Plants - what are they? Plant species The number of individual leaves is distinguished

Botany (from walnuts. bota is not - grass, roslin) – roslini science... Tsia nauka vivchaє species warehouse of roslin, budov, development, living, regularity of widening roslinnyh organisms. The "father" of the botany bouv Theophrastus (III-IV centuries BC), describing about 500 roslin and trying to test the classifikuvati. In the process of its development of botany, it was differentiated on a large number of rounds, which are often different from oneself and, in a matter of water, one can see how self-sustained botanical disciplines are: morphology of roslin, cytology of roslin, histology of roslin, embryology of roslin, genetics of roslin, physiology of roslin, taxonomy of roslin, paleobotany, ecology of roslin, algology, biology and etc.

Roslini- Clinical eukarotic organisms, which are built up to autotrophic life and lead to a new way of life. Growths of roslin even more than growing: from single-line microscopic (more single-line algae) to large-sized giant trees of a 10-12 m (baobab) and a height of 100-155 m (sequoia).

Features of Budovi Roslin

The molecular level of the organization of roslin is based on a warehouse and reworked chemical elements, inorganic and organic molecules. Inorganic speeches, like in the greatest number of vikoristy to grow with roslin, є water, mineral salts, kissen, carbon dioxide gas. It is necessary to think of words before growing in the process of vivification: water, mineral salts - in the process of mineral vivification through the roots; carbonic acid gas - zavdyannyy povitrynuyu through the leaves and set up with the dichanna of the roslin; kissen - zavdyaknuyu vivitnuyu through the leaves and get used to photosynthesis. Water take care of the fate of photosynthesis, transport of speech, healthy regulation of temperature. Carbon dioxide gas vikorystyutsya for photosynthesis, and mussen- for splitting speech and rejection of energy. Z mineral salts The most important thing for roslin can be salt Kaliyu, Kaltsiyu, Natriyu, which can be used with roslin for regulating processes and transporting rechovins. Nayposhiren_shoyu in a roslinny light with a group of organic speeches є in carbohydrates, as they take part in the process of growing cells and organism as a whole. The process of photosynthesis is established glucose, to enter the warehouse of keratin shells cellulose, deposit in reserve starch. Fatє with spare words, perhaps more important in prompting the cells of the cells and the exchange of the cells of the cells, when the fat is stored, it is necessary for the living of the organisms of energy. Take Bilki the fate of prompting new clients, pouring into the speed of chemical reactions, regulating the process of exchanging words. Nucleic acids to lay down a proviso role in the secured information and transmission on the sites.

Klіtinniy rіven the organization of the roses, at the root of the peculiarities of the living functions, the special features. plastidi(chloro-, chromo- and leukoplasts), for those who pretend to store organic speech. And to store and accumulate the growth of growth and polysaccharide starch. Oskilki roslini lead an unruly way of life that may be great growths, these shells may be especially mitigated, that їхnya klіtinnа steinka is inspired by cellulose. Of great importance for roslin is the transport of rechovins, which is a single organ of growth in a single organism, to that there are cells є cytoplasmic mistki (plasmodesmi). Have grown-up clitins - great vacuoles, Oskіlki take part in the healthy function of the body: storage of speech, taking products from vision, regulation of cytoplasm instead of water.

Schematic of budova roslinnoi clitini: 1 - plasmodesmi; 2 – klinna stinka with cellulose; H - plasma membrane; 4 - cytoskeleton; 5 – cytoplasm; 6 - chloroplast; 7 – ribosomy; 8 - inclusion of starch; 9 - Golgi apparatus; 10 - lysosome; 11 - mitochondria; 12 – vacuole with cell juice; 13 - smooth EPS; 14 - peroxisome; 15 – Shorstka ENP; 16 - core.

• On the cloth івні in the bagatoklіtinnikh roslin, smear buti such fabrics, yak tvirnі, pokrivnі, mechanіchnі, provіdnі, basic Inodі vіdіlyayut secretory fabrics.
• At the level of organs roslini, on the vidminu of the creatures, set up a new organization to improve your life. Organ – not a part of organism, as it will be enticed by a budov, borrowed more than a visitor's function. Organisation is formed by growing trees and is added to vegetative that generative... Vegetative organi- Organizationally, to visit the main life functions. Such organs in vishny roslin є root that pagin. The stench will give rise to rist, vitality, photosynthesis, dikhannya, transportation of words toscho. When the function changes, the vegetative organisms change, the species changes. For example, pahoni in cartopli videosmіnyuyutsya in bulbi, and in sunits - in vus for vegetative propagation. Generative organizations- Organizations that function as the formation of the beginnings of a new generation, and for the development of the new generation. With the application of such organs, a pine cone from a pine tree, a quilt, an apple and a fruit from such a pair of roses, like a cherry and an apple.
• On organismic pry A large number of roslin are characterized by strong dismemberment of the body, which is accompanied by the type of vivification, as it helps photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll, carotenoid, phykobilin.

Features of the processes of life of Roslin

• Givlennya in roslin photoautotrophic, I will take care of the approval of carbohydrates from inorganic speeches for rakhunok vikorystannya sleepy energy. For deyak Roslin (for example, Peter Khrest) characteristic heterotrophic type of vivification. Roslin's lure is not the same minimal vitality, I will take care of the water supply of the mineral spoluk.
• Dikhannya at roslin aerobne, їm needs kisen, which is an acceptor of electrons. The smell of smelling from the atmosphere, or from the water, devin to take revenge in the razchenennoe stanі.
• Vidіlennya roslin often see cells and tissues, as they do not see any cells, and they do not have special secretory organs. Products of the vision are not large and they are classified in two groups: calls (for example, letters of speech of leaves) and internal (for example, waxes).
• Influence at the form tropes і nast_y. Tropizmi- the growth of the rooks in that straight, as it starts with a one-off flow of the singing official of the middle. They can be straightened right up to the bedsider (for example, the ruchs of the cats in the bedside down to the sun) or outward (for example, the ivy roots grow right up to the lighthouse). As a result of such ruins, those who borrowed the growth in the open space are more friendly to the world and unique to everything that is not safe for life. Nastya- the growth of the rooks in that straight, as if they were started by internal officials, but they would be injected if they didn’t zoom out. Such rucks are surrounded by the uneven growth of the lower and upper parts of the leaf, peels. You can do it with a stretch, if the light changes from time to time. Quite a kulbaby, a little latatta curled up for nothing, and a whimsical curse. And in the material of the spare navpaki, the sheets on the lights are curled up, and for the change in illumination, they are curled up.
• Roc as an active movement of the body in the open space. Big roslin is in power adhere to the substrate(at the sound of a clear-cut clichéd style). passive that active rukhs. Passive rukhs are found in the pouring wind, flowing in and out (for example, overflowing with a sulbaby). Active hands (for example, turning leaves to the light) because of the growth (growth of hands), for the wrinkle of all the middle clines (quick leaves). ...
• Rist of neobmezheniyі zdіysnyuє to improve all life (the development of the new middle age can go without a way to growth). Growth growers react to the change of minds of the dough, form a signified leaf surface for photosynthesis and a rooted root system for clinging water and mineral salts. At the roslin, at the vidminu there is tvarin, the rist is seen deprived in the dilyanka z solid fabric. Depending on the size of the solid tissue, three types of growth are available: top, bichny that insertable. Verkhivkovy Rist - the center of roots and pagons for dinner, which is good for the growth and growth of the clines of the Verkhivkovo solid fabric. The cultivation of the stems and roots, or bichny growth, seeks to participate in bichesky tirnoy fabrics. I insert rist - the center of pagons for dinner in dalyankas with inserted solid fabric, for example, at mzhvuzlyah wheat, rye. Rist roslin pass unevenly. The period of active growth is changing from the period of yogo development. For the periodical growth of roslin can be found without interruption that periodic. With an uninterrupted growth of growth, the growth of the growing line gradually grows (for example, in single-sided roses), and during the periodical period of growth, it is quiet from periods of calm, if the growth of the growth of the growth is leaning (for example, in a tree with a bed).
• The development of supervising two generations of cherguvannya: state (gametophyte) and non-state (sporophyte). The life cycle has an hour of cherguvannya generation of panuyuch (re-entangled) generations є generation, represented by photosynthetic organism, which, as a rule, is very much alive.
• Breeding at Roslin nestateve, vegetatively that status. Nestateve breeding- the whole process of reproduction, as a result of the participation of non-gravid cells is deprived of one organism. To that, all people on the site will be taken to the mother's body. Nonstate reproduction is intertwined with the versatility of new individuals, or, in a short hour, the establishment of a large number of territories can be protected. Vegetative propagation – multiplication by vegetative organs, їх species or large-scale parts of the mother's organism. In nature, vegetative propagation with a widespread growth in the number of growers and their growths, and also for the establishment of offspring there, de no nimble minds for statistic propagation. Vegetative propagation is the whole power, which grows the growing organisms of the creatures. Article reproduction – tse raznoshennya, as vіdbuvaєtsya for the fate of statute clines, as a rule, two Batkiv organisms. For the success of the statistic reproduction of the article, the clitine get angry and late afternoon, yake zdіysnyu poєdnannya is a sign of two Batkiv's personages. To this status, the multiplication will secure the establishment of young individuals, which will fall prey to the mind to the point of downgrading.
• Regulation of functions roslin's help phytohormones(auxini, cytokinin, hyberelini, ethylene and in.). Roslin can be injected onto individuals of their own type or other species behind the addition of biologically active spoluk. So, phytoncidi drive in microorganisms, alkaloids seize growths from the view of phytophagous creatures.
• In lantsyugs, the growth of growth is by producers, tobto organisms, which produce organic speech from simple inorganic speech.
• Extended... On the Earth, there are 500 thousand different kinds of roslin, and the skin kind of representations of a great number of individuals, which are widened on the singing territory - areas. Mistsevist, de extensions, is the type of roslin, called miscezrostannyam. Roslini vidnykh vidіv, scho mayut spіlne mіstsezrostannya, approve roslinne ugrupovannya. Historically, I have accumulated the number of species of roslin, flora, and the number of Russian nationalities in the region is roslinnistyu.

As people are victorious, they know a lot about us, and in more detail the price of “how to give people a growl” is easy to see in the statistics.

Yak lyudin vikoristovu roslini?

Speak about the vicorian roslin by people since then, it is possible to explore the five main spheres, de ludin is directly preceded by the vicorist roslin:

• Yak produce food;

For the first time, it became apparent that the people were put to the roslin, since they thought they were going to take it, and they’d be happy. Fruits and bulbs, seeds and roots, young grasshoppers and grows, formed a significant part of the race of ancient people. At the same time, there is a need for a growth of the growth of the new and old. So much more quickly, the tight and straight link of people with the roses, as all the knowledge accumulated about the new types of roses, and also by way of ways of rejecting the fire and tied with him a lot of winter snow.

• Dzherelo sirovini for industry;

Roslin often vikoristovuyut yak vyhіdniy material abo sirovin. Derevina, bavovna and іnshі fibers, as well as removing from roselin rubber, cellulose, roselinnі oils and fats, tannin words and barvniks are still more needed for bagatokh galuzei of the national government.

Yak likarski zasobi;

Yak lykarski zobi roslini play an even more important role. The houses about the likars' power of the Roslin were taken from the people of the rich capital. These are the kind of speeches to take revenge on in the bagatokh roslinas, and we know, which injecting a stench on the organism of people.

• For decorative purposes;

Well, what about us not to like to decorate your life, a flower bed or a garden with beautiful quits or roslin? The stench creates a special calm and warmth.

SPECIES AND STRUCTURE OF PLANTS

Plants differ in morphological characteristics - the shape of the root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits. Below are the basic general information about the morphology of plants, necessary for their determination.

Root- one of the main vegetative organs of higher plants.

Roots absorb water and nutrients and carry them into the aboveground organs, and also firmly fix the plant in the soil. In some plants, such as carrots, the root is used to store reserve nutrients. In root-sprouting plants (raspberry, lilac, aspen) vegetative propagation is carried out with the help of roots. All the roots of a plant form a root system, which in many plants reaches considerable sizes and sometimes exceeds the aerial part by several times, penetrating into depths, for example, in wheat up to 2 m, in camel thorns up to 15 m. The root system also grows in breadth - for example , in corn up to 2 m, and in an adult apple tree up to 15 m from the trunk of the plant.

In addition to underground, there are aboveground roots. Among them, there are aerial roots that form on the stems and hang down (monstera, orchids, etc.), stilted roots that extend from the trunk and, having reached the soil, penetrate into it (mangrove plants of the humid tropics), tenacious roots, with the help which many lianas attach to trunks, rocks and rise to a light source (ivy, vanilla, etc.). Some tropical marsh plants have respiratory roots that rise above the bog surface and provide air to the root system. The root systems of plants absorb and absorb water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil and serve as conductive tissues for the transport of these substances.

Root system, which has a well-developed main root (it is longer and thicker than others) and lateral roots extending from it, is called a taproot. Found in spruce, legumes, sorrel, sunflower, etc.

Rod root systems are divided into cone-shaped (for carrots) and onions (for beets); fibrous - the main root is not developed, and the root system is a bunch (lobe) of roots of approximately the same thickness (cereals, buttercup, onion, garlic, etc.); adventitious roots - depart from the rhizome (perennial grasses, vir, etc.), are formed on stems, especially on creeping ones, even on leaves.

In some plants, the roots serve as a store of nutrients, and therefore they become thick and fleshy. These are the roots of carrots, parsley, turnips, rutabagas, beets, etc. The stem also takes part in the structure of the root: the upper part of the root, bearing leaves (head), is a shortened stem. Root crops are biennial plants. Root tubers - thickened stores of nutrients - are formed from lateral and adventitious roots (dahlias, celandine, orchids, etc.).

Rhizome. On the rhizome, as well as on the aerial shoot, there are apical and lateral buds. From the buds of the rhizome, its lateral branches and aerial shoots grow. In the rhizomes of wheatgrass, anemone, lily of the valley, etc., many nutrients are deposited, which are consumed in spring for the formation of new vegetative organs, as well as flowers, fruits and seeds. Rhizomes are typical for most perennial herbaceous plants (sedge, wheatgrass, sorrel, primrose, etc.).

The rhizome looks very similar to the root, however, the root never has not only leaves, but even their rudiments, the rhizome remains a stem underground, so it is possible to find rudiments of leaves in the form of small scales, “eyes”.

Rhizomes, like roots, are elongated and are located in the ground horizontally, along the soil surface, or vertically, like real roots.

Tubers represent massive thickening of the stem with small buds of leaves in the form of "eyes".

The stem of the plant has the following main functions:

Keeps foliage in the air by positioning it so that it receives as much light as possible;

Serves as a conductor of nutrients from the root to the leaves and back.

Leafy stem is called a shoot, the place of attachment of the leaf to the stem is a node, and the section of the stem between the nodes is an internode.

Plant stems have different shapes, color and variety.

By position to the surface of the earth, the following types of stems are distinguished:

• erect stem;
• ascending (ascending) - horizontal at the bottom, becoming vertical at the top (thyme, bearberry, etc.);
• creeping - creeping on the ground, such a stem is often rooted with the help of adventitious roots (cinquefoil, periwinkle, etc.);
• curly - twines around a support (beans, bindweed);
• the climber rises up, clinging to the support with antennae (peas, grapes, cucumbers).

Modified stems consist of an underdeveloped shortened stem (bottom), bearing numerous closely knit fleshy leaves (onion, tulip, lily).

The modification of the stem, formed from shortened shoots, is called a thorn (hawthorn, blackthorn). The outgrowths of the bark, easily removed with the drink, are called thorns (rose hips, rose, raspberries). The long, creeping, thin stems are called whiskers (strawberries).

Antennae- also modified shoots, with the help of which the plant clings to the support, rising up (grapes, pumpkin).

By cross section stems differ in:

• cylindrical, most of them (chamomile, corn);
• oblate (calamus);
• triangular (lily of the valley, sedge);
• tetrahedral (labiate);
• multifaceted (cacti);
• ribbed (horsetail, valerian).

The leafless, inflorescence-bearing stem is called an arrow (onion, primrose, dandelion). The leaves of such arrows form a basal rosette near the ground.

The stems can be herbaceous and woody.

Among arboreal trees, trees, shrubs, and semi-shrubs are distinguished.

Trees is a life form of perennial plants with one stem (trunk) that persists throughout its life. All this is characteristic of higher plants, which have dissection into leaves, stems and roots. The lower plants do not have such division. The body of lower plants is called thallus, or thallus (from the Greek "tallos" - sprout).

Shrubs- the life form of perennial plants, which are characterized by numerous trunks with branches extending almost from the surface of the earth. The main trunk develops only at the beginning of the plant's life.

Shrubs- shrubs, woody only from below, in the upper part they are herbaceous, dry and die off by winter (sage, blueberries).

In trees and shrubs, all aboveground parts are perennial, except for the leaves, which generally live only one year.

Herbs They call the life form of plants with a succulent, green and completely woody entire aerial part annually dying (except for the buds).

Among flowering plants, there are annuals, which live one year, during which they grow from seeds, bloom, bear fruit and die off. Biennials live for two years. In the first year, the vegetative part of the plant develops from the seeds, in the second year, a flowering shoot is formed. After fruiting, two-year-olds die off. Perennials live for more than two years, some up to 100 years or more. Having reached a certain age, perennial plants can bloom and bear fruit every year. Annuals and biennials are herbaceous plants, and perennials can be both herbaceous and shrubby or woody plants.

Many plants have leaves on them. Karl Linnaeus planted 170 different types of leaves.

Sheet- a vegetative organ that forms on the stem and performs the most important functions of a green plant - photosynthesis, transpiration (controlled evaporation of water) and gas exchange.

In most plants, the leaves are green and consist of a leaf blade and a petiole, with which they attach to the stem. Such leaves are called petiolate (in apple, birch). Leaves without petioles are called sessile (in flax, agave). In cereals, the lower part of the leaf is expanded and covers the stem, forming the sheath (vaginal leaves). In many plants, special outgrowths develop at the base of the leaf petiole - stipules that look like films, scales, small leaves. The size of the leaves ranges from a few millimeters to 10 m or more (for palms). The lifespan of the leaves depends on the morphological and physiological characteristics of the plant, seasonal changes in nature (prolonged drought, sharp cooling and other factors). In deciduous plants, the leaf is retained during the growing season, that is, for several months; in evergreens (spruce, pine, ivy, araucaria, etc.) - from 1.5 to 5 years or more. Leaf modifications have arisen in the course of evolution due to the influence of the environment, so some leaves sometimes do not look like an ordinary leaf. For example, thorns in cacti, barberries, etc. are adaptations to reduce the evaporation area and a kind of protection from being eaten by animals.

The leaf usually consists of two parts: the blade and the petiole.

A leaf devoid of pubescence is called naked, with hairs - pubescent, abundantly pubescent - woolly.

According to the method of attachment, the leaves are divided into:

Sessile - leaves without a petiole.

At the place of attachment of the leaf to the stem, small leaves are sometimes located - stipules. There are usually two of them, they varied form, sometimes grow together, forming a bell-tube around the stem (legumes, rosaceae).

Umbrella- forming leaf sheaths due to the expansion of the petiole in some plants.

According to the degree of education, leaves are distinguished between simple and complex.

Simple leaves contain one leaf blade on the petiole - whole or dissected (lobed), according to this feature, simple leaves are divided into two varieties.

When describing whole leaves, indicate the shape of the leaf blade and the outline of the leaf edge.

By the shape of the leaf blade, leaves are distinguished:

• needle-like (needles);
• subulate - shorter and wider than needles (juniper); linear - long with parallel edges (cereals, calamus);
• oblong - long, but the edges are not parallel (sea buckthorn);
• lanceolate - 3-4 times as long as wide (willow);
• oval;
• rounded (nasturtium, aspen);
• ovate - rounded base and pointed apex (lilac, nettle);
• obovate - rounded apex, pointed base (bearberry);
• rhombic scapular (nyvyanka);
• heart-shaped (linden);
• reniform (clefthoof);
• arrow-shaped (arrowhead);
• elliptical (ficus, mullein);
• pointed elliptical (bird cherry, lily of the valley, buckthorn);
• thyroid - leaves of any shape, in which the petiole is attached not to the edge, but to the middle of the leaf (nasturtium).

When identifying a plant, the edge of the leaf is also important.

Depending on the outline of the edge, the leaves are divided into:

• whole (lily of the valley);
• serrated - sharp teeth with equal sides (strawberry);
• serrated - sharp teeth are inclined to one side - to the top of the leaf (nettle, bird cherry);
• notched - there are notches along the edge (mother-and-stepmother);
• crenate - the teeth are blunt and rounded, the notches between them are sharp (mullein);
• wavy (kelp, watch).

The edges of the leaf blade are also more complex:

• double-toothed (elecampane high);
• crenate-toothed (male fern), etc.

Simple leaves with a dissected leaf blade differ from whole leaves by deeper cuts at the edge of the leaf.

Depending on the depth of the cuts, leaves are distinguished:

• lobed - the cuts of the leaf blade reach a third or a quarter of its width (oak, maple);
• separate - the cuts are deeper, but do not reach the main vein or petiole (buttercup, valerian).

The sections between the cuts are respectively called blades, lobes (for separate ones), segments (for dissected ones).

According to the degree of elongation of the leaf blade, leaves are distinguished:

• palmate - the length and width are approximately the same, they usually do not have a main vein (maple).
• feathery - the length exceeds the width, they have a main vein (oak).

When describing leaves with a dissected leaf blade, two indicated signs are usually noted and double names are used - finger-lobed (maple), pinnate (oak), finger-separated, etc. With an odd number of segments, the leaves are called unpaired.

Cirrus leaf segments, in turn, may have deep cuts of the 2nd order - double-pinnate (male fern). In the presence of cuts of the 3rd and higher orders, the leaves are called, respectively, thrice-pinnate or multiple-pinnate (dill, caraway).

Often, when describing leaves with a dissected leaf blade, as well as for whole leaves, the outline of the leaf blade is also indicated, for example, in oak - obovate and pinnately-lobed, in caraway - lanceolate and triple-pinnate.

Compound leaves the leaf blade consists of several leaves, which are attached to the petiole or main vein with short petioles. These leaves, in contrast to simple leaves, fall off one by one during leaf fall. But the difference between these types is not always clear-cut. Compound leaves are also divided into:

• palmate - leaf blades are attached to one center (horse chestnut, wild grapes);
• pinnate - leaf blades are attached along the entire length of the petiole (peas, bean, acacia);
• ternary - consist of three leaf blades (clover).

There are also transitional forms - finger-peristo-complex (bashful mimosa).

By the number of individual leaves, they are distinguished:

• pair-pinnate (yellow acacia);
• odd-pinnate (mountain ash, licorice).

Individual leaves can also be complex, in this case they are called double-peristo-complex, double-peristo-complex, etc.

By location, the leaf on the stem can be:

• next - in each node of the shoot only one leaf (birch, sunflower),
• opposite - in the knot there are two leaves located opposite each other (viburnum, elderberry),
• whorled - there are three or more leaves in a node (juniper).

In some plants, the leaves form a rosette at the base of the stem (dandelion, plantain).

To determine the type of plant, the flower is of particular importance, which is the most important organ of the plant. Flowers are not found in all plants, but only in angiosperms, which are sometimes called flowering plants.

Give color to the flower its secondary parts, playing a protective or "signal" role, attracting insects to itself, while the part of the flower, in which the most important processes of formation of sex cells (gametes) take place, in most cases is inconspicuous and poorly visible.

A number of terms are used to describe the angiosperm flower.

Peduncle- the part of the stem that bears the flower. If the pedicel is not developed, the flower is called sessile. The peduncle emerges from the axil of the leaf, which is called the covering, or, less correctly, the bracts. In addition, many plants have one or two small leaves on the peduncle, which are called bracts.

Receptacle- the upper part of the peduncle, to which all parts of the flower are attached - the calyx, corolla, stamens, pistils. The receptacle is usually somewhat widened, it can be flat, in some it is conical (buttercup, raspberry) or concave (rose, cherry, plum).

Cup is the outer circle of the flower, it is usually formed by green leaves - sepals. Distinguish between separate and inter-leaved calyx, in the latter most often only the lower parts of the sepals grow together, forming a tube. When describing the shape of the sepals, the same terms are used as for the leaf.

Corolla frames the calyx, consists of leaves - petals, colored in different plants in different colors. In many plant species, the corolla is colored in one color, characteristic of a given plant (cornflower, bird cherry, mountain ash), in others, the corolla color can vary (rose, lilac, potato). The corolla can be divisible (bird cherry, wild rose) and spice-petal (nightshade, labiate). The fused parts form a tube, the non-fused parts form a bend. There are corollas: correct - all the petals are the same or, if they are different, alternate correctly (lily, cherry, poppy); irregular - the petals differ in shape and size (violet, snapdragon), only one plane of symmetry can be drawn through the corolla. The correct corolla can be bell-shaped (bell), funnel-shaped (bindweed), tubular (sunflower). With an incorrect corolla, a two-lipped corolla is distinguished - there is an upper and lower lip (labiate, norichnikovy), moth (in legumes, peas), etc.

Plants that have a corolla and a calyx are called two-coated, and plants whose flowers have only a calyx or only a corolla (or have neither one nor the other) are single-coated.

The calyx and corolla form the perianth. If the calyx and rim are different in it, it is called double. A simple perianth consists of one circle and is colored in one color; it can be corolla, i.e. colored like a corolla, in different colors (tulip, lily of the valley, snowdrop), or calyx - colored green (beets, nettles, sorrel). In some plants, the perianth is absent - these are bare flowers (ash, willow, sedge).

The main parts of the flower are stamens.(where pollen grains appear, inside which male gametes appear - spermine) and pistil (where the egg is formed). The stamen consists of a lower part - a filamentous filament - and an anther containing pollen. The number of stamens is different, as indicated in the description of the plant.

Pestle consists of a swelling - an ovary, sitting on a small pillow - a receptacle, which ends in a peduncle. A small column rises above the ovary - a column ending in a flat or branched stigma, on which pollen falls. The ovary is always hollow. Inside, in the nest (or nests), there are ovules, or ovules, and in each ovule there is an egg. After fertilization, the fruit is formed from the pistil. The flower often (but not always) develops the perianth-petals, which make up the corolla of the flower, and sepals, from which the calyx is formed - the outer wrapper of the flower. Both the main and secondary parts of the flower are located on the receptacle.

Most flowers have both a stamen and a pistil. Such flowers are called bisexual. There can be only pistillate and only staminate flowers. A plant on which both staminate and pistillate flowers are developed is called monoecious (birch, oak, corn, cucumber, alder). In the same plant species, individuals carrying only pistillate flowers and individuals carrying only staminate flowers can be found. Such plants are called dioecious (nettle, sea buckthorn, aspen, poplar, sorrel). These plants are heterosexual - male (staminate) and female (pistillate) individuals. Stamens never produce seeds. In bisexual plants, the flower contains stamens and pistils (bird cherry, poppy, buckthorn), in unisexual plants, there are only stamens in the male flower, and only pistils in the female. There are also polyhomous plants, which, along with unisexual flowers, also have bisexual (buckwheat, ash).

Flowers are single, they are usually large. Small flowers are collected in inflorescences, which are distinguished by a significant variety.

Distinguish between simple and complex inflorescences.

Simple inflorescences have a main axis (peduncle), on which pedicels with flowers are located.

Among the simple, inflorescences, several varieties are distinguished:

Brush- pedicels with separate flowers (bird cherry, wild rosemary, currant, white acacia) depart from the elongated floral axis. The brush is also one-sided, like a lily of the valley.

Colo it differs from the brush in the absence of pedicels; sessile flowers (plantain, orchid) are located on an elongated peduncle.

Earring- drooping inflorescence in the form of an ear, there are only unisexual flowers (willow, poplar, birch).

Ear- an ear with a thick fleshy axis (corn, vir, calla).

Shield- it can be considered as a brush in which the flowers are at the same level, since the lower pedicels are longer than the upper ones (viburnum, valerian, hawthorn).

Umbrella- on the shortened axis, pedicels are located, like the rods of an umbrella (onion, celandine, cherry, apple tree).

Head- the main axis is shortened; sessile flowers (clover, thyme) are densely located at the top.

Basket- numerous sessile small flowers are located on the thickened and widened part of the peduncle - receptacle - flat or concave. Outside, the inflorescence is covered with green leaves - this is a wrapper. Such an inflorescence is sometimes mistaken for one flower. The flowers in the basket are tubular (tansy) and reed (dandelion). Some plants have two of these types of flowers in the inflorescence (chamomile, sunflower, mountain arnica).

Complex inflorescences- from the main flower axis, the lateral ones depart, on which simple inflorescences are located. A compound ear consists of simple spikelets sitting on a common axis (cereals, wheatgrass).

Sophisticated umbrella- the inflorescence is formed by several umbrellas (umbrellas) located at the ends of the lateral axes (carrots, parsley, dill, caraway seeds).

Panicle- complex brush - on the main elongated axis there are lateral flowering branches in the form of a brush. The general outline of the panicle is usually pyramidal (lilac, wormwood, oats).

In complex inflorescences, there are combinations of different simple inflorescences - for example, scutellum and baskets (yarrow, tansy). Instead of single flowers forming a simple shield, there are inflorescences in the form of baskets.

Fetus more often formed due to the overgrown ovary of the pistil. The main part of the fruit is the seeds, they are located inside the pericarp. The fruit is held on the stalk - the former stalk. The fruits are divided into dry and juicy. There are also single and multi-seeded fruits.

Single-seeded dry fruits. Achene is a single-seeded fruit with a leathery pericarp that does not fuse with the seed (sunflower, chamomile). At the top of the fruit, there may be a crest (dandelion, valerian), which contributes to the spread of seeds by the wind.

Nut- a hard woody pericarp (hazelnut), such smaller fruits are called nuts. Achenes and nuts with leathery membranous appendages are called lionfish (elm, ash, horse sorrel, birch).

Caryopsis- the filmy thin pericarp grows together with the seed (cereals).

Dry polyspermous fruits. Unlike single-seeded fruits, they break open, freeing the seeds. The capsule can have a different number of nests and open in different ways - a lid (plantain, henbane), denticles on the top (primrose), several valves (St. John's wort, tricolor violet), holes (poppy, snapdragon), longitudinal cracks (dope, spurge) ...

Bean- a single-celled, multi-seeded fruit, opens with two valves (peas, beans, sweet clover).

Leaflet- similar to a bean, but opens with only one slit along the seam of the seam (larkspur).

Pod- a two-nested multi-seeded fruit, opens with two valves, between which there is a septum, on it there are seeds on both sides (cabbage, mustard, jaundice). Smaller fruits of this structure are called a pod (shepherd's purse). Juicy fruits.

Drupe- the seed is inside a hard woody shell (bone), outside of which are the pulp and skin (plum, cherry, bird cherry). They can also have several seeds (buckthorn, bearberry). Drupes are also dry (walnuts, almonds).

Berry- the seeds are inside a juicy pericarp, consisting of pulp and skin (blueberries, cranberries, lingonberries, currants, grapes, tomatoes).

Pumpkin- unlike berries, the outer part of the pericarp is hard, even woody (pumpkin, watermelon, melon, cucumber).

Compound or composite fruits are formed from a flower with several pistils, consist of simple fruits. They can be dry and juicy. Collected nut (spring adonis), prefabricated achene (cinquefoil), prefabricated drupe (raspberry, blackberry) are examples of prefabricated fruits.

There are also false fruits- in their formation, in addition to the ovary, other parts of the flower take part. So, in strawberries, the juicy edible part - the pulp - is formed due to the overgrown receptacle, and small fruits (achenes) are on the surface. In the wild rose, the walls of the fruit are also formed by an overgrown receptacle, and the fruitlets - nuts - are inside.

What kind of roslin? If there were dews on the earth? Yakimi boules of napersha dews on the earth? How could a tree grow?

What kind of roslin?

So I want to be able to adapt to the power supply chain: roslin is a price for those who are growing. It’s not a science, but one was guessed right from the rice that had been picked up. Roslina consistently improved her body. Clitini, rostashovani on the stems and roots, spread continuously, the stench "pratsyuyut" uprodovzh the whole life of the growth.

From the knowledge of me: having reached the singing tovschini, the tree of aging. Ale take intercourse of the living space, the growth is not in sight: the cambiums are all the same to go, wanting to die again.

Effort to grow up to provide additional "attachments" for living. The stench will soak up the mineral speech from the water. The more the growth of the root grows, the more the more beautiful the growth of the root.

Roslin, on vidminu see tvarin, malukhomi. The stench can be oversaturated, ale in the іnshy way. Liani wrap around the support and inodi "overlap" in one place on the inshe. The Sonnyashnik turns his sheet of paper next to the Sonny. The curl is crooked that curls its pelus. Allegedly, a large number of growers live on one place with all their life (and only one hundred, and one thousand rockiv, like a sequoia).

That head of the growing line from the live, smut її Significance on Earth is the value of photosynthesis. In the process of photosynthesis, during the interaction of sleepy light, driving in carbon dioxide, acid and folding organic speech, such as protein and nucleic acid, are established. Photosynthesis is deprived of the day, with sleepy light, at the skin green leaf, grassy and naval at the water, so they swim in the oceans of your water or are attached to the bottom. Prior to photosynthesis, all organisms are healthy, but greens are replaced with chlorophyll and a group of other carotenoids.

Life on Earth will be taken care of by the flow of Sontsya on the land line and the ocean.

Ale and, with his bend of the growth, continue to grow life on Earth. When folded, the roslin grates are visible in the coal, which, near the viglyad, in carbon dioxide, go up into the atmosphere. When dispensed, water is also used. The aim of the elements is to become victorious with new generations of roslin.

In the course of a thousand years, the growth of the Roslin was approved and the root, and the brown copalini: peat, stone, vugilla, naphtha.

If there were dews on the ground?

Most of the happy students vvazayut that the planet Earth was formed three years earlier for half a million years. Found lattices of various organisms have been found in rocks that may be 3.8 milliard rocks. Bacteri-anaerobias with the first slugs of the Earth, like organisms, were not victorious, they couldn’t be victorious for a wild kissen, which has not yet boiled in the atmosphere.

Vvazhaєte, for the first time in the process of photosynthesis "pishov" in bacteria. Photosynthesis is a valuable natural process, if during the interaction of sleepy light, driving in carbon dioxide, an organic speech and vilny kissen become established.

The first simple one-liners and mushrooms appeared close to 2 million years ago. These grids were found in the deposits of the Proterozoic era on the territory of Greenland and Canada. The development of life on the Earth, growing and growing, and growing in the process of photosynthesis.

Scientists vvazayut that blue-green water growth (the whole name, and not just a color) and mushrooms are the first representatives of the rose-tree light on Earth. Tse lower roslini.

More than 2 milliards rocky in that time, the first ground-growing lines were made of moss, as we can bachit at a time in gray minnows.

Close to 400,000,000 rubles to that date, the folds of the growing line have come to an end. The stench smelled of fancy ferns. Ferrous fern with the first mali of the root, the stem of the leaf. Tse vzhe signs of vishny roslin.

Dinosaurs appear for an hour. The growth of the growing line was multiplied by the plant.

The pines and conifers of the tree appeared in less than 300,000,000 years. The group of trees is composed of numerical representatives, such as pine, yalin, smereka, cedar, modrina and ін. All the trees of the tree love their seeds at the cones.

The first quarter of the rose line was 150,000,000 rubles to that. The good fortune stolen from us gave them great trials, sporadically with the roslin, and the bad ones were not so good stolen. This has become more and more, both by the number, and by the views. Our days have wider growing lines everywhere.

Yakimi boules of nipershі roslini on the ground?

Voseni 1912 p. bilya village of Rhine in Scotland, the Silsky Likar W. McKee, for the sake of great satisfaction, was also engaged in geology, having broken the seeds from the rocks and rapt, and miraculously saved roslinny grates. On the bare, thin stems sat podovgasti pouches with the same walls. Yak s "I had grown up for the year, the whole thing found dew on the Earth. Vona lived close to 415 million years ago. They called them kuksoniya."

More and more surpluses of kukson and similar roslin (chlorneophyta, rinia, psilophyta) were known in the Czech Republic, the USA, and Western Siberia. All of them were called rinophytes, after the name of the Scottish village of Rhine.

Let it be assumed that the first species of growth were inhabited in the logistical masses and boules that were similar to the growth of growth, but not on the occasional growth. The stench did not smell of root and leaves, the bagatokh did not have a solid stem with supporting tissues. Kulki with spores of mali tovsti stinki, up to 4 mm. The stems are known to have food.

Nybіlshoyu bula rіnіya. The height is up to 50 cm, and the thickness of the stem is close to 5 mm. Obviously, in the swamps, there are spravzhny khashi riniy. The stem at rіnіya ended with a makіvkoy, despised to argue. The tsi "mnosti" for the disputes reached 12 mm.

Psilophy went from the beginning. They already have a flat, straight stem. Psilofit bouv u decilka developed vischiy for rіnіyu. From the bare stem came the hairs of the hairs. At the shkіrtsі of the stem, there are prodigals, and the thorns on the surface of the boole are wedged with thorns up to 2-2.5 mm. Bichnі gіlki ended with "powers" in the form of elips, de bouly argue.

Yak to grow a tree?

Yak and all living things, trees need vitality for growth. Yak yogo tree? From the ground, the roslin got water and mineral salts. In the meantime - dykoxide in carbon, and the green leaves of the tree are processed into starch, sugar and cellulose. At the same time in the atmosphere you see kissen. This is a chemical process that will prevent the growth and development of the tree.

Between the tree and the bark of the tree, there is a thin ball of clitin - cambium. At the same time, there are new clients. That, when they come to the inner part of the cambia, they make the tree, and the bark on the outside.

The diameter of the tree grows steadily, and the tree does not fall through the bark. Vona go, go and go.

The tree grows uphill and wide. On the tip of the skin gilka є the clitini, it is possible to share. The stench is filled with new leaves, and the stench itself will podovzhuyut.

In an hour grows gilok trust. New cells become solid, similar to little pieces, step by step transforming into brunka. These brunettes are easy to pick up on the trees. The hinges of the brunks open or fall off, and the steam starts to start.

On the sprіzі of the tree one can see the last growth of light and dark smog. The light of the smog is stored from the larger cells after the size, approved by the attachment and the early lithium. The dark smuggles are stored for the smallest cells, which have grown more and more. The stench was pretended to be like a lita. For їх size it is possible to notice about "m tree, which has set itself up for a rik, and a small part of a dough comes from a tree.

Schob roslina bullet healthy, oh, come forth, do not finish the good vitality and sanctification. Even more important є stosunki mіzh roslins in ugrupuvannі. The tree grows much more beautifully, as mushrooms settle on these roots: birch trees - in birch fox, bili - in dibrov, and buttermilk - in a dairy. This is also called symbiosis.

Leaves and roots of deyaky trees, for example, bird cherry, feline, pine, oak, see the words, how to drive the growth of the sus. To that, the pine trees and dibrovi are so clear, the pines there are not thick.

Most of the green trees do not shed their cover in the face of cold weather. Tse vіdbuvaєatsya step by step stretching out to the rock, that the stench is expected to become overgrown with greenery.

Autumn leaf fall is extremely important for the life of the lisu. Having fallen out of leaf to serve as kind, zapobіgaє vimerzannyu roots.

Why do you want to see the leaflets in a razor-sharp way?

Yaky garniy lіs naprikіntsі Veresnya! There is a young birch leaf on the smith of a green pot. And the maple and oak stand black in the green and in the red hut.

Why do you want to see the leaves of the rice barn? Zgadaimo, with its green color of the stink of goiters, I see a green pigment in them - chlorophyll. (Especially rich in carotene in carrots)

A bit of pigment is not washed out, and chlorophyll is deprived of greens. From the cold days of lively speech, accumulated from the leaves of trees, it should come at the gilka that stovbur. Oscillations of the collection of lively speeches are crumpled, chlorophyll is folded. From the beginning of the day, the little pigments, which are constantly bulging at the leaf, will be remembered. І mi nasolodzhuєmosya rozmaittyam zabarvlennya trees.

Closer to autumn, the base of the skin leaf will form a thin ball of light-roses "of the smallest cells. After breaking through the leaf, you will see a scar on the pagony, which will place a scar on the foliage of the leaf.