What years of the reign of Ivana 3. Great Sovereign Ivan III Vasilyevich

Negotiations have stretched three years. On November 12, the bride finally arrived in Moscow.

The wedding took place on the same day. Marriage of the Moscow sovereign with Greek printed an important event Russian history. He opened the way to the relations between Moscow Rus with the West. On the other hand, together with Sofia, at the Moscow courtyard, some orders and customs of the Byzantine yard were established. The ceremonial became majestic and solemn. The Grand Prince himself was sublined in the eyes of contemporaries. They noticed that Ivan after marriage on the niece of the emperor of the Byzantine was a self-inflated sovereign at the Moscow Grand Duke Table; He first got a nick GroznyBecause it was for the princes of the squad by the monarch requiring unquestioning obedience and strictly punishing for healing. He was raised to a royal inaccessible height, to whom the boyar, Prince and the descendant of Rurik and Gedimin were to threaten a reverently along with the last of the subjects; In the first manual of the Terrible Ivan's head of Kramol Princes and Boyar lay down on the fell.

It was at that time that Ivan III began to inspire fear with one of his appearance. Women say contemporaries, fainted from his angry look. Courtful, with fear for their lives, should have funned to fun it in the watch, and when he, sitting in the chairs, indulged by Dremot, they stood motionlessly around, not daring to cough or make a careless movement, so as not to wake it up. Contemporaries and the nearest descendants attributed this change to sustained Sofia, and we do not have the right to reject their testimony. The German Ambassador Herberstein, a former in Moscow in the reign of Sofia's son, spoke about her: " It was a woman unusually tricky, according to her suggestion, the Grand Duke did a lot".

War with Kazan Khanate 1467 - 1469.

The message of Metropolitan Philip is preserved to the Great Prince, written at the beginning of the war. In it, he promises a martyr's crown to everyone who sheds her blood " for the sodes of God's Church and for Orthodox Hrestian».

At the first meeting with the head of the Kazan army, the Russians not only did not decide to start the battle, but did not even make attempts to cross through the Volga on the other side, where the Tatar ruarest was stood, and therefore they simply turned back; So, without even starting, "hike" ended with shame and failure.

Khan Ibrahim did not pursue the Russians, but made a punitive border on the preserving of the Kazan borders in kostroma Earth The Russian city of Galich-Merry and plundered its surroundings, although he could not take the most fortified rude.

Ivan III ordered to direct strong garrisons to all border cities: Nizhny Novgorod, Murom, Kostroma, Galich and make a response punitive attack. From the Kostroma limits, the Tatar troops kicked the Voivode Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Streyan-Obolensky, and the attack on the land of Mariers, from the north and west, carried out detachments under the command of Prince Daniel Kholmsky, who even came to Kazan itself.

Then Kazan Khan sent a response army in the directions: Galichsky (Tatars reached R. Yuga and took the Kichmen town and occupied two Kostroma parishes) and Nizhny Novgorod-Murmansk (under the Nizhny Novgorod, the Russians broke the Tatar army and captured the leader of the Kazan Detachment Murza Khuz-Berdy ).

"All the blood of Christian will fall on you for having issued Christianity, run away, battle with Tatars without putting and not having having having them, "he said. - Why are you afraid of death? Not an immortal man, mortal; And without rock, there is neither a man or a bird nor a star; Give me, the old man, the army in the hands, you will see if I evad my face in front of the Tatars!"

Ashamed Ivan did not go to his Kremlin Yard, but settled in the Red Terce.

Hence, he sent the order to the son to go to Moscow, but he decided to better attach his father anger than to go from the coast. " I will die here, but I will not go to my father"He said to the prince of Holmsky, who persuaded him to leave the army. He screamed the movement of the Tatars, who wanted to secretly cross through Ugra and suddenly rush to Moscow: Tatars beat off from the shore with a big damage.

Meanwhile, Ivan III, having lived for two weeks near Moscow, he reconciled from fear, surrendered to the clergy persuasion and decided to go to the army. But I did not reach the eel, but became in the Kremenets on the rude river. Here, again, he began to overcome fear and he was completely decided to cum the world and sent to Khan Ivan Kompanov with his jobs and gifts, asking for a salary, so as he retreated away. Han answered: " I'm sorry for Ivan; Let him come to beat by the man, as his fathers go to our fathers went to the Horde".

However, gold coins were minted in a small amount and for many reasons did not take root in the economic relations of the then Russia.

A community judiciary was published in the year, with the help of which the proceedings were conducted. Nobility and noble army began to play a major role. In the interests of the noble landowners, the transition of peasants from one Mr. to another was limited. The peasants received the right to transition only once a year - a week before the autumn Yurian Day, the Russian Church. In many cases, especially when choosing Metropolitan, Ivan III behaved as the head of the church administration. Metropolitan elected the Episcopian Cathedral, however, with the approval of the Grand Duke. Once (in the case of Metropolitan Simon), Ivan solemnly conducted a newly dedicated prelate for the Metropolitan Department in the Assumption Cathedral, thus emphasizing the prerogatives of the Grand Duke.

The problem of church lands was widely discussed and the laity and clergy. Many laity, including some Boyar, were approvingly related to the activities of the Zavolzhsky elders aimed at the spiritual revival and purification of the Church.

The right of monasteries own the land put on the question of both the other religious movement, which actually denied the entire institute Orthodox church: ".

Potin V.M. Hungarian Golden Ivan III // Feudal Russia in the world-historical process. M., 1972, p.289

But the Russian limits entered into the Grozny Militia Khan Golden Horde Ahmat, who was preparing for war with Ivan III since the beginning of his rule. Ivan, having gathered a 180,000 thousand army, made Tatars to meet. Advanced Russian detachments, having overtook the Khan in Aleksina, stood in mind, on the opposite shore of the Oka. Another day, Han took Alexin an attack, lit it and, crouching through Oku, rushed to the Moscow squads, who first began to retreat, but receiving reinforcement, they soon recovered and drove the Tatars back for Oku. Ivan expected a secondary attack, but Ahmat at the occurrence of the night turned into flight.

Wife Ivan III Sophia Paleologist. Reconstruction of Skull S. A. Nikitina

In 1473 Ivan III sent an army to help Pskovs against German knights, but Livonsky Master, frightened by the strong Moscow militia, did not venture out to go out in the field. Pressure dislikes with Lithuania, who threatened close to the perfect gap, also ended with the world. The main attention of Ivan III was drawn to the provision of the south of Russia from the raids of the Crimean Tatars. He accepted the side of Mengly Gurya, who rebuilt on his older brother, Khan Nordulatalate, helped him establish themselves in the Crimean throne and concluded with him a defensive and offensive treaty, which remained on both sides until the end of the government of Ivan III.

Marfa Postener (Boreletskaya). Destruction of Novgorod Wehte. Artist K. Lebedev, 1889)

Standing on the river Ugra. 1480.

In 1481 and 1482, Ivan III shelves were fought by the Lionius in the ignition of Knights for the siege of Pskov, and there were large devastation there. Shortly before and shortly after that war, Ivan joined the Princess Vareusian, Rostov and Yaroslavl to Moscow, and in 1488 conquered Tver. The last Tver Prince, Mikhail, besieged Ivan III in his capital, unable to defend her, fled to Lithuania. (For more information - see the articles Association of Russian land under Ivan III and the association of Russian land in Moscow under Ivan III.)

A year before the conquest of Tver, Prince Kholmsky, sent to humor the rebellious Kazan king, the alegama, took Kazan attack (July 9, 1487), captured the Alelegam himself and built a Makhmet-Amen to the throne of Kazan Tsarevich, who lived in Russia under the patronage of Ivan.

1489 Announced in the reign of Ivan III conquest of Lands of Vyatka and Arskaya, and 1490 - the death of Ivan the young, the eldest son of the Grand Prince, and the defeat of the heresy of the jigging (Scharya).

In an effort to government self-rescience, Ivan III often used unfair and even violent measures. In 1491, without any visible reason, he signed his brother, Prince Andrew, in the dungeon, where he later died, and he took him a lot. Sons of another brother, Boris, Ivan forced to give up Moscow his diets. Thus, on the ruins of the ancient specific system, Ivan created the power of updated RUSi. Slava about him was separated in foreign countries. Emperors Germanic, Frederick III (1486) and successor it Maximilian, sent to Moscow embassies, like the King Danish, Khan Jagatai and King Iversky, and the King of Hungarian Matvey Korvin Entered from Ivan III to related ties.

Association of Northeast Russia Moscow 1300-1462

In the same year, Ivan III, annoyed by violence that the people of Novgorod tolerated from the Rhizers (Tallins), ordered the Hanseatic merchants in Novgorod in Novgorod, and the goods to take them in the treasury. By this, he is permanent than the commercial connection of Novgorod and Pskov with Ganza. Soon, the Swedish war soon, with success, leading by our troops in Karelia and Finland, ended, nevertheless an uncommon's world.

In 1497, new concerns in Kazan prompted Ivan III to send there the governor, who, instead of the people who were unloved by the people of Mahmet-amine, built the throne of his younger brother and took the oath with the Kazan in loyalty to Ivan.

In 1498, Ivan experienced strong family troubles. At the court, the cope of conspirators was opened, mostly from prominent boyars. This Boyarskaya party tried to quarrel with Ivan III of his son Vasily, inspire that the Grand Duke intends to give the throne not to him, and his grandson Dmitry, the son of the deceased Ivan the young. Strictly punishing the perpetrators, Ivan III warmed up his spouse of Sophia Paleolog and Vasily, and in fact appointed Dmitry to the heir to the throne. But learning that Vasily was not so guilty, as was represented by adherents of Elena, the mother of the young Dmitry, he declared Vasily the Grand Prince Novgorod and Pskov (1499) and reconciled with his wife. (Read more - in the article The heirs of Ivan III - Vasily and Dmitry.) In the same year, the western part of Siberia, known in the old man, under the name of the Ugra Earth, was finally conquered by Ivan III, and since that time, our great princes accepted the title of state of the Earth Ugra.

In 1500, quarrels with Lithuania resumed. Princes Chernigov and Rylsky enrolled in the citizenship of Ivan III, who announced the war to the great prince Lithuanian, Alexander for the fact that he forced his daughter (his wife) to Elena to the adoption of the Catholic faith. IN a short time Governors of Moscow almost without battle occupied the entire Lithuanian Rus hardly to Kiev himself. Alexander, Dotole remained in idle, armed, but his squads were completely broken on the shores Decorations. Han Mengly Garyre, an ally of Ivan III, at the same time devastated the podolia.

Next year, Alexander was elected in the kings of Polish. Lithuania and Poland reinforced. Despite this, Ivan III continued the war. August 27, 1501 Prince Shuisky suffered a defeat during Syrian (not far from Izbork) from the Master of the Livonian Order, Plettenberg, Ally Alexander, but on November 14, the Russian troops operating in Lithuania won the famous victory near Mstislavl. In the ignition for failure in Syrian Ivan III, he sent a new army to Lionia, under the authorities, who ruined the neighborhood of Derpta and Marienburg, took many prisoners and headed knights during Helmet. In 1502, Mengly-Girey destroyed the remnants of the Golden Horde, for which he almost dissected himself with Ivan, as intensified crimean Tatars Now they claimed to unite all the former rational land under their own primacy.

Soon after, the Grand Duchess Sophia Paleologist died. This loss has strongly affected Ivan. His health, they have a strong, began to upset. Singing the proximity of the death, he wrote the will, who finally appointed his successor to Vasily . In 1505, Makhmet-Amen again occupied by the Kazan throne, he decided to postpone from Russia, robbed the Ambassador of the Great and Merchants, who were in Kazan, and many of them killed. Without stopping at this villain, he from 60,000 the army invaded Russia and besieged Nizhny Novgorod, but the Habar-Symsky, who bombarded there, forced Tatars there to retreat with damage. Ivan III did not have time to punish Mahmet-Amen for treason. The illness was quickly intensified, and on October 27, 1505, the Grand Duke died on 67 years of life. His body was buried in Moscow, in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral.

During the reign of Ivan III, the power of Russia was rapidly developed, bonded by the United Niider. Paying attention to the moral development, Ivan caused from Western Europe People skillful in art and crafts. Trade, despite the gap with Ganzo, was in a blooming state. At the Board of Ivan III, the Assumption Cathedral was built (1471); The Kremlin is obscured by new, more powerful, walls; the grain of the Chamber erected; It is arranged foundry, a gun yard and improved coin chasing.

A. Vasnetsov. Moscow Kremlin under Ivan III

Russian integrity is also a lot of Ivan III; All chronicles unanimously praise the device given by the troops. In his reign, they began to distribute to the children of the Boyarsky land, with the obligation in war time Estate the famous number of warriors, and discharges were instituted. Not to suffer locality, Ivan III, Ivan III, strictly heated the guilty in him, despite their title. The acquisition of Novgorod, cities taken away from Lithuania and Livonia, as well as the conquest of the land of Ugra, Arsk and Vyatka, he significantly expanded the limits of the Moscow principality and even tried to assign Dmitry Titul Titul to his grandson. With regard to the internal device, the publication of laws known as the Fate Ivan III, and the establishment of the urban and Zemstvo administration (like the current police).

Many of modern Ivan. III and new writers call him a cruel ruler. Indeed, he was strict, and the reason for this should be sought both in circumstances and in the spirit of the time. Surrounded by Kramoli, seeing disagreement even in his own family, still fragile himself in autocracy, Ivan was concerned about the treason and often for one unjudal suspicion of the punishment of innocents, along with the guilty. But with all that Ivan III, as the Creator of the greatness of Russia, was loved by the people. His government turned out to be an unusually important era for Russian history, which rightly recognized His Great.

Prince Ivan Vasilyevich 3-I was the son of Vasily Vasilyevich 2nd Dark from the Rurikovsky dynasty. The Board of Ivan 3rd I was remembered by the unification around Moscow of the essential part of Russian lands, turning it into the center of the Russian state. In addition, an important achievement was the complete liberation of Russia from the power of the hated Golden Horde. A regulatory act or a court of state laws was adopted - the lawyer, and reforms were also carried out, which laid the local land tenure system, distinguished from behavior.

Ivan the Great was born in January 1440. His direct name was Timofey, but in honor of John Zlatoust Princely, Ivan. The first mention of Ivan's 3rd as "Great Prince" falls at about 1449, and in 1452 he becomes the head of troops, which successfully freed the fortress of Kokshenga. The rule of short time by the state D. Shemyak was poisoned, and the bloody bloody unleashed without his participation was to decline.

The Board of Ivan 3rd begins together with his father. He manages Pereslavl-Zalessky, who at that time was one of the key cities in the Moscow State. Military operations and hiking are influenced by the formation of his views. Being first the nominal commander, in the future he headed the army, which closed the path to Moscow by invading Tatars.

In 1462, the years of the reign of Ivan 3rd, when after the illness and death of the father, he receives the right to inherit the throne and most of the state territory. He owns 16 cities, and Moscow belongs to him on a par with the brothers. Having fulfilled the will of the dying father, he divided the land in the will between all sons. At the Rights of the Elder Son, he joins the throne. The years of the reign of Ivan 3rd begin with the release of gold coins, which he marked the beginning of the reign.

The foreign policy of the country during this period was aimed at uniting land of Russia (northeastern regions) to a single Moscow state. I would like to note that this particular policy was extremely successful for Russia. The Board of Ivan 3rd, which was noted in the history of the beginning of the unification of the Russian land, was not satisfied with all. For example, it contradicted Lithuanian interests, so the relationship with was tense, and the border clashes took place constantly. The successes that were achieved through the expansion of the country contributed to the growth and development of international relations with Europe.

Another one an important point Announced the Board of Ivan 3rd. This is a design for the Russian state of independence. The nominal dependence on the Golden Horde was discontinued. The government concludes an alliance with Crimean Khanate, actively speaking on the side of the opponents of the Horde. Skillfully combined military power and diplomacy, Ivan 3rd successfully orients external policies in the east direction on

It is worth noting a lot to mention a lot to unite the Russian principalities. Dani Oryan Khan was also completely discontinued, which brought considerable benefit Rus.

Complex times began in 1480, when the Lithuanian prince entered the union with Khan Horde, and spoke at Pskov against the background of the Foreech of Lithuanians. The situation was resolved as a result of the bloody battle in favor of the Russian state, which was obtained by desirable independence.

The Russian-Lithuanian war, which constitutes a confrontation between the two states, has been completed from 1487 to 1494, ended with the conclusion of a peace treaty, during which Russia switched to most of the conquered lands, including the fortress of Vyazma.

It can also be noted the positive results of the government of Ivan 3rd in domestic policy. At this time, the foundations are laid in the management of the order and the local system, the centralization of the country and the fight against fragmentation is carried out. The epoch was marked by the cultural climb. The flourishing of chronicles, the construction of new architectural structures everywhere occurred during this period of time. This once again emphasizes that Ivan the 3rd was an outstanding ruler, and his nickname "Great" best describes it.

For forty-three years in Moscow, the Great Prince Ivan Vasilyevich or Ivan III (1462-1505).

The main merits of Ivan the Third:

Attachment of extensive lands.

Strengthening the state apparatus.

Enhancing the international prestige of Moscow.

To Moscow, the Yaroslavl Principality (1463 g), Tver Principality of 1485, Rostov Principality of 1474, Novgorod and its possession of 1478, Perm region 1472 were joined

Ivan the third led successful wars with the Grand Duchy Lithuanian. Under the contract of 1494, Ivan III received Vyazma, other lands, his daughter, Princess Elena Ivanovna, married to the new Grand Prince Lithuanian Alexander Yagelon. However, related ties, stretching between Moscow and Vilna (the capital of Lithuania), did not prevent a new war. It turned to the son-in-law Ivan III of the real military catastrophe.

In 1500, Ivan III's troops defeated Lithuanians on the River Deck, and in 1501 they defeated under Mstislavl again. While Alexander Yagellon rushed in his own country, trying to establish defense, Moscow governors occupied more and more new cities. As a result, Moscow put under control of a huge territory. According to the truce of 1503, the Grand District Lithuanian gave Toropets, Putivl, Bryansk, Dorogobuzh, Mosalsk, Mtsensk, Novgorod-Seversky, Gomel, Starodub and many other cities. It was the largest military success in the life of Ivan III.

According to V.O. Kestchevsky after the unification of the land, the Moscow Principality has become national, now the whole Great Russian has lived within its limits. At the same time, Ivan called himself in diplomatic correspondence as the Sovereign of All Russia, i.e. I made my claims at all on all the land, which were once part of the Kiev state.

In 1476, Ivan the third refused to pay tribute to the rulers of the Horde. In 1480, after standing in the Ugra, the dominion of Tatar khan was over and formally.

Ivan the third successfully concluded dynastic marriages. His first wife was the daughter of Tver Prince. This marriage allowed Ivan Vasilyevich to apply for the Tver Prince. In 1472, he married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Sophie Paleologist. The Moscow Prince became as if the successor of the Byzantine emperor. In the heraldry of the Moscow principality, not only the image of George Victorious, but also the Byzantine double-headed eagle. At the beginning of the 16th century. The ideological concept began to develop, which was to justify the greatness of the new state (Moscow - 3 ROM).

With Ivan III in Russia, especially in Moscow, built a lot. In particular, the new walls of the Kremlin, new temples erected. Europeans are widely involved in the engineering and other services, first of all, Italians.

At the end of his reign, Ivan the third pulled into a sharp conflict with the Orthodox Church. The prince sought to limit the economic power of the Church, to deprive its tax breaks. However, this could not be done.

At the end of the 15th early 16 centuries. The state office of the Moscow Principality began to form. The princes in the attached lands became the boyars of the Moscow sovereign. These principalities were now called destroyers and were managed by the governors of feeders from Moscow.

Attached Land Ivan 3 used to create an estimate system. The noblemen landowners in possession (not in the property) plots of land that should have been treated with peasants. In the exchange of nobles carried military service. The location cavalry became the core of the Army of the Moscow Principality.

The Aristocratic Council at Prince was called the Boyar Duma. It included a boyars and roundabouts. There were 2 nationwide departments 1. Palace. He managed the lands of the Grand Duke. 2. Treasury. I personified finances, state seal, archives.

In 1497, the first national situation was issued.

Personal power of the Grand Duke was sharply intensified, which can be seen from Ivan's will. The advantages of the Grand Duke Vasily 3 in front of other members of the princely family.

Now only the Grand Duke collected taxes in Moscow and led the criminal court on the most important affairs. Prior to this, the princes of heirs owned areas in Moscow and could collect taxes there.

Exceptional right to minimize the coin. Before that, the Great and Specific Princes had such rights.

If the brothers of the Grand Duke died, without leaving sons, then their dots went to the Great Prince. Prior to this, the specific princes could dispose of their patrimony at their discretion.

Also, according to contracts, Vasily 3 has appropriated to himself the sole right to negotiate with foreign powers.

Vasily III (1505-1533) who inherited the throne from Ivan III, continued its course for the construction of a single Russian power. With it, it has lost the independence of Pskov (1510), as well as Ryazan (1521). In 1514, as a result of the new war, Smolensk was captured with Lithuania.

Confrontation between the Moscow state and the Grand Principality of Lithuania

Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

This state intensified in the middle of the 13th century. Since his rulers managed to successfully resist the detachments of the German Crusaders. Already in the middle of the 13th century. Lithuanian rulers began to join the Russian principalities to their possessions.

An important feature of the Lithuanian state was his two-handnicity. A smaller part of the population was the actual Lithuanians, while the majority of the population were the Slavs-Rusyn. It should be noted that the process of expanding the Lithuanian state was relatively peaceful. The reasons:

Attachment often occurred in the form of dynastic unions.

Friendly policy of Lithuanian princes in relation to the Orthodox Church.

Russian (Rusinsky) language became the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian and was used in office work.

Developed legal culture of the Lithuanian principality. There was a practice of concluding written contracts (rows), when local elites agreed on their right to participate in the choice of governors for their lands.

To the middle of the 14th century. The Grand Principality of Lithuanian united all Western Russian land except Galicia (he entered the time of the Polish kingdom).

In 1385, Lithuanian Prince Yagailo entered a dynastic marriage with the Polish princess Jutyig and signed an agreement in Krevo, which largely identified the fate of the Lithuanian state. According to Krevian Uania, Yagailo took over the obligation to turn the whole population Lithuanian Princess In the true Catholic faith, as well as to beat the Polish lands captured by the Teutonic Order. The agreement was beneficial for both parties. Poles received a powerful ally to combat the Teutonic Order, and the Lithuanian Prince Help in the dynastic struggle.

The conclusion of Crevian Ulya helped the Polish and Lithuanian state in militarily. In 1410, the United States of the two states caused a decisive defeat of the Army of the Teutonic Order in the battle near Grunwald.

At the same time, until the end of the 1430s. The Lithuanian principality experienced a period of intense dynastic struggle. In 1398-1430 Grand Duke Lithuanian was Vitovt. He managed to consolidate the scattered Lithuanian lands, joined the Dynastic Union with the Moscow Principality. Thus, Vitovt actually disavowed Krevian Ulya.

In the 1430s. Prince Svidrigaylo managed to unite around himself to know Kiev, Chernihiv and Volyn lands, who were unhappy with the Catholization and Centralization policies and began the struggle for power in the entire Lithuanian state. After a tense war 1432-1438. He failed defeat.

In socio-economic terms, the Lithuanian principality developed quite successfully for 15-16 centuries. At 15 in. Many cities switched to the so-called Magdeburg law, which guaranteed self-government and independence from the princely power. On the other hand, a huge role in the life of the Lithuanian state played to know, which actually divided the state into the zone of influence. Each prince had its own system of legislation and taxation, its military detachments, controlled state authorities in their lands. 15 out of 40 cities that were located on the territory of modern Belarus were on the Magnatse lands, which often limited their development.

Gradually, the Lithuanian state was increasingly integrated with Polish. In 1447, the Polish king and the Lithuanian Prince Casimir published generally granted instances, which guaranteed the rights of the gentry (nobility) both in Poland and in Lithuania. In 1529 and 1566. Panskaya Rada (Council of Aristocrats, the Supreme Government Office of the Lithuanian State) initiated the creation of 2 Lithuanian statutes. The first codified the norms of civil and criminal law. The second statute regulated the relationship of the gentry and aristocrats. The gentry received guaranteed rights to participate in local and public administration (SEMICS and WALL SYSIMS). At the same time, administrative reform was carried out, following the example of Poland, the country was divided into voivodeship.

In comparison with the Moscow State, the Lithuanian principality was distinguished by greater religious tolerance. On the territory of the principality coexisted and competed by the Orthodox and Catholic Church, in the middle of the 16th century. Quite great distribution received Protestantism.

Lithuania and Moscow relations during the second half of 15-16 centuries. Were in most part intense. States competed with each other for control over Russian lands. After a series of successful wars, Ivan 3 and his son Vasily Third Suma \u003d whether to add border lands in the windows of Oki and Dnipro, the most important success of Vasily 3 became accession after a long struggle of a strategically important Smolensk Principality in 1514

During the Livonian War 1558-1583. The Lithuanian army at the first stage of hostilities suffered serious defeats from the Moscow king's troops. As a result, in 1569, Lublin Sania was concluded between Poland and Lithuania. Causes of conclusion: 1. Military threat from the Moscow king. 2. Economic situation. In the 16th century Poland was one of the largest grain traders in Europe. Lithuanian to know wanted to get free access to such a profitable trading. 3. The attractiveness of the Polish Shuttle Culture, great legal guarantees that were from the Polish gentry. 4. For the Poles, it was important to gain access to very fertile, but poorly mastered lands of the Lithuanian principality. According to UNENING, in the composition of the United States, Lithuania maintained its proceedings, administration and Russian in office work. The freedom of faith and the preservation of local customs was particularly noted. At the same time, Volynsky, Kiev lands were transferred to the Polish kingdom.

The consequences of Ulya: 1. Increased military potential. The Polish king Stefan Batori managed to apply severe defeats by the troops of Ivan Grozny, the Moscow kingdom eventually lost all its conquests in the Baltic States. 2. Powerful migration of the Polish population and the population of Galicia to East of the Lithuanian state. The reception of Polish culture is primarily a local Russian to know. 4. The revival of spiritual life, since the Orthodox Church was necessary to compete in the struggle for the minds with Catholics and Protestants. This contributed to the development of the education system.

In 1596, on the initiative of the Catholic Church in Brest, the church Uania between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches of the Commonwealth was concluded. The Ulya was actively supported by Polish kings that were counting on the consolidation of their state.

According to Ulya, the Orthodox Church recognized the supremacy of the Roman Pope and a number of Catholic Dogmas (Filioque, the concept of purgatory). At the same time, the Orthodox rituit was preserved.

Ulya not only did not contribute to the consolidation of society, but the opposite of his split. Only a part of Orthodox bishops recognized the Ulya. The new church received the name of the Greek Catholic or Uniate (from 18th century). Other bishops retained the loyalty of the Orthodox Church. This was supported by a significant part of the population of Lithuanian lands.

Additional stress contributed the activities of the Zaporizhia and Ukrainian Cossacks. The detachments of free people of Christians went for the prey in the wild field in 13 V (sponsors). However, the consolidation of the Cossacks into severe and recognized strength occurs in 15-16 centuries. Due to the constant raids of Crimean Khanate. In response to raids, Zaporizhia arose to Schish as a professional military association. Polish kings actively used Zaporizhzhsk Cossacks in their wars, but the Cossacks remained a source, since they were joined by all dissatisfied current situation.

Years of life: 1440-1505. Years of the Board: 1462-1505

Ivan III - the eldest son of the Grand Duke Moscow Vasily II Dark and great Princess Mary Yaroslavna, the daughter of the Serpukhov Prince.

On the twelfth year of life, Ivan was combined with marriage with Maria Borisovna, Tver Prince, at the eighteenth year already had the Son Ivan on the nicknamed young. In 1456, when Ivan was 16 years old, Vasily II was a dark appointed him with his co-program, and at 22 he became the Grand Duke of Moscow.

Ivan's later, Ivan participated in the campaigns against the Tatars (1448, 1454, 1459), a lot of people seemed to the time of entry into the throne in 1462, Ivan III had the previous character, was ready to take important state decisions. He had a cold, reasonable mind, a steep temper, an iron will, distinguished by special power. The character of Ivan III was secretive, cautious and rushed not quickly, but waiting for the case, elevated time, moving to it measured steps.

Outwardly, Ivan was beautiful, thin, high and slightly narrowed, for which he got the nickname "humpback".

The beginning of the Board of Ivan III marked the release of gold coins, on which the names of the Grand Duke Ivan III and his son Ivan the young, heir to the throne were explained.

Ivan III's first wife died early, and the Grand Duke entered into a second marriage with the nephew of the last Byzantine emperor Konstantin XI, Zoe (Sofia) Paleologist. Their wedding passed in Moscow on November 12, 1472. She immediately joined in political activities, actively helping her husband. With Sofier, it became more severe and cruel, demanding and powerful, demanded full obedience and punishment for healing, for which Ivan III was the first of the kings called Grozny.

In 1490, the son of Ivan III was unexpectedly died of first marriage, Ivan young. Dmitry's son remained from him. Before the Grand Duke, the question arose who to inherit the throne: the son of Vasily from Sophia or the grandson Dmitry.

Soon the conspiracy against Dmitry was revealed, the organizers of which were executed, and Vasily was taken into custody. February 4, 1498 Ivan III walked grandson to the kingdom. It was the first coronuation in Russia.

In January 1499, a conspiracy against Sophia and Vasily was revealed. Ivan III cooled to his grandchildren and came up with his wife and son. In 1502, the king imposed on Dmitry opal, and Vasily was declared the Grand Duke of All Russia.

The great sovereign decided to marry Vasily on the Danish princess, but the Danish king donated from the offer. Fearing not to have time to find an overseas bride, Ivan III chose Solomon, the daughter of a minor Russian dignitary. The marriage took place on September 4, 1505, and on October 27 of the same year Ivan III the Great died.

Internal policy Ivan III

The cherished goal of Ivan III activity was the collection of land around Moscow, to end with the remnants of the specific disunity for the sake of creating a single state. Ivan III's wife, Sophia Paleologist, in every way supported the desire of her husband to expand the Moscow state and strengthen the autocratic power.

One and a half century Moscow extorted the tribute from Novgorod, took the land and almost put Novgorod to his knees, for which they hated Moscow. Understanding that Ivan III Vasilyevich He finally wants to subordinate to the Novgorod residents, they freed themselves from the oath of the great prince and formed a society for the rescue of Novgorod, headed by Martha's Martha, a widower.

Novgorod concluded an agreement with Kazimir, the king of the Polish and Grand Duke Lithuanian, according to which Novgorod passes under his supreme power, but at the same time retains some independence and the right to Orthodox faith, and Kazimir undertakes to defend Novgorod from the encroachment of the Moscow Prince.

Two times Ivan III Vasilyevich sent ambassadors to Novgorod with good wishes to form and join the land of Moscow, Metropolitan Moscow tried to convince Novgorod to "correct", but everything is in vain. Ivan III had to make a campaign to Novgorod (1471), as a result of which Novgorod were broken first on the Ilmen River, and then Schend, Casimir did not come to the rescue.

In 1477, Ivan III Vasilyevich demanded that the Novgorod fully recognized him with his master, which caused a new rebellion, which was depressed. On January 13, 1478, Velikaya Novgorod completely obeyed the power of the Moscow sovereign. In order to finally be addicted to Novgorod, Ivan III in 1479 replaced the Novgorod Archbishop of Ferofila, the unreliable Novgorod residents rearranged into Moscow lands, and Muscovites and other residents were settled on their lands.

With the help of diplomacy and strength Ivan III Vasilyevich and subjugate other specific principalities: Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474), Tver (1485), Vyatska lands (1489). Anna Ivan issued his sister to Ryazan Prince, thereby securing the right to interfere in the affairs of Ryazan, and later and got the city inherited from nephews.

Inhumanly arrived, Ivan with brothers, take away from them the lotion and depriving them of the rights of any participation in state affairs. So, Andrei Big and his sons were arrested and imprisoned.

Foreign policy Ivan III.

During the reign of Ivan III, in 1502, the Golden Horde ceased to exist.

Moscow and Lithuania often fought because of Russian lands located near Lithuania and Poland. As the government of the great sovereign, Moscow, more and more Russian princes with their lands passed from Lithuania to Moscow.

After the death of Casimir Lithuania and Poland again divided between his sons, Alexander and Albrecht, respectively. The Grand Duke Lithuanian Alexander married the daughter of Ivan III Elena. The relationship between the son-in-law and the test was worse, and in 1500 Ivan III announced the war Lithuania, which was successful for Russia: Parts of Smolensky, Novgorod-Seversky and Chernigov principalities were conquered. In 1503, a truce agreement was signed for 6 years. Ivan III Vasilyevich rejected the proposal for the eternal world until Smolensk and Kiev are returned.

As a result, war 1501-1503. The Great Sovereign of Moscow forced the Livonian Order to pay tribute (for the city of Yuriev).

Ivan III Vasilyevich during his reign has taken several attempts to subjugate the Kazan kingdom. In 1470, Moscow and Kazan concluded the world, and in 1487 Ivan III took Kazan and built the Khan Makhmet-Amen to the throne, which was 17 years faithful novice of the Moscow Prince.

Reforms Ivan III

With Ivan III, the title of "Grand Duke All Russia" began, and in some documents he calls himself king.

For internal order in the country, Ivan III in 1497 developed a civil law (judicial law). The main judge was the Grand Duke, higher Institution Fixed boyars. There have been an ordinary and local management system.

The adoption of the lawsuit Ivan III has become a prerequisite for establishing serfdom in Russia. The law limited the yield of the peasants and gave them the right to transition from one owner to another once a year (Yuriev Day).

Results of the Board of Ivan III

At Ivan III, the territory of Russia was significantly expanded, Moscow became the center of the Russian centralized state.

The Epoch of Ivan III is marked by the final liberation of Russia from the Tatar-Mongolian yoke.

During the reign of Ivan III, the Uspensky and the Annunciation of Cathedrals, the Granovy Chamber, the Church of the county were built.