Princess Board Olga (briefly)

The Board of Princess Olga - Quick Feature

The opinions of researchers disagrees when it comes to the date, as well as the place of birth of Princess Olga. The ancient chronicles do not give us accurate information, whether it was from a noble family or from a simple family. Some are inclined to the fact that Olga was the daughter of the Grand Prince of Oleg, others, argue that it comes from Bulgarian Prince Boris. The author of the chronicles "Tale of Bygone Years" directly says that the Motherland Olga is a small village under Pskov and that it is "from the kind of simple."

According to one of the versions of Prince Igor Rurikovich saw Olga in the forest, where he hunted to game. Deciding to cross through a small river, the prince asked for help from the girl passing on the boat, which he accepted at the beginning for a young man. The girl turned out to be clean thoughts, beautiful and smart. Later, the prince decided to take her in wives.

Princess Olga after the death of her husband (as well as during the reign in Kiev) from Drevlyan, manifested himself with a solid and wise government of Russia. She was engaged in political issues, managed with the warriors, governors, complainants, and also took ambassadors. Very often, when Prince Igor went to the military campaigns, his duties completely went on the shoulders of Princess.

After in 945, Igor was killed for the re-collecting Dani, Olga cruelly repressed them for her husband's death, manifested by an unprecedented trick and will. Three times she killed the Treated ambassadors, after which she gathered the army and went to the Treastan war. After Olga could not take main city Korosten (while the rest of the settlements were completely destroyed), she demanded from each house three sparrows and three pigeons, and then told her soldiers to attach to the paws of birds, to pour him and let go of birds. Last minute birds flew into their nests. So it was taken Korosten.

After pacifying the Drevlyan Prinjean took up the tax reform. She was canceled by the dealerships and are divided into the fields of the Earth, for each "lessons" (fixed). The main purpose of the reform was the streamlining of the Dani system, as well as the strengthening of state authority.

Also, during the prince of Olga, the first stone cities appeared, and its external state policy was not carried out with the help of military methods, but diplomacy. Thus, connections with Byzantium and Germany were strengthened.

The princess herself decided to adopt Christianity, and although her baptism did not affect the decision of Svyatoslav to leave Russia, Vladimir continued her case.

Olga died in 969 in Kiev, and in 1547 she was canonized to the saints.

Princess Olga

Princess Olga (~ 890-969) - the Great Princess, the widow of the Grand Duke of the Great Prince Igor Rurikovich, that the rules of Russia for the youngsters of their son Svyatoslav. The name of Knyagini Olga is in the source of Russian history, and is associated with the greatest events of the foundation of the first dynasty, with the first approval of Christianity and bright features of Western civilization.

After death, the simple people called her cunning, the Church - Holy, History - Wise. The first rulers of Russia - a semi-sucking Rurik and his son Igor were Varyags, i.e. Inomers in Russia, as well as the prophetic Oleg, standing between them, ruled Russia for the youngsters of Igor Rurikovich. This was the breed of Scandinavian conquerors who robbed and who captured many lands in Europe. Before Olga, the Rüric dynasty was not native to Russia, but, on the contrary, completely someone else, if you believe the vanity of the Varangian princes voluntarily from Novgorod. Only in the face of Princess Olga, inborn Slavica, initially the Varangian dynasty is weakened, the only one is made with his people.

According to the evidence of the Johnka of the Chronicles, Olga's Slavic name was discontinued, and only after her first marriage with the objects of Oleg, he calls her - maybe in honor of his name "Wolgy". It has not yet been established as the root of this name, Olga and Oleg have the consonant Scandinavian names of Helga and Olaf. But they resemble Russian magic and folk from the name. "Wolga" and "Will", the names of the Bogatyr, epic, in memory of which is forever the course of historical rivers as whales and the Volga.

When and where Olga was born exactly unknown. It is known that she was the granddaughter of the Gostomysl - a man who called on Varyag Rurik to rule Russia. According to one of the versions, Motherland Olga was the Bulgarian Plisch or Pleakowy, but the people's tradition call Olga native of the village of Stutnutr (Lyboutut), which in the vicinity of Russian Pskov. The legend says that Pskov was even allegedly founded by it. The touching story about the miracle, about the heavenly rays, who have occurred over the venue of the future Kremlin of Pskov and the prophecy of Olga relative to the future glory of Pskov. But scientific history refutes this legend. Undoubtedly, Pskov Ancient Olga and existed even before the coming of Varyags, but the legend confirms that there was a special cult of Olga in Pskov. Nestor says "And Sani is standing in Plekov and until this day." Thus, Pskov artificially chose how the Motherland Olga.

What is the historical meaning of Olga? She is a pramatery of our Orthodoxy. It was on her wise head of the crown for the first time decorated with an Orthodox cross. Before Olga there were three more or less vague Varangian reign; All three form an era not so much peaceful management as the gradual conquest of a huge country from the Baltic to the Black Sea. In essence, all this almost 100th period from the Board of Varyagov to Igor was not so much Russian history, so much Varyazhi - it was the story of their campaigns on Byzantium. The conquest of Russia was passing. It was not the goal, but only the means of another great conquest, the capture of the second Rome.

A huge pressure from the north to the center of the then civilization ceased only in the century of Olga. She first stopped Varyagov and introduced the element in the Varangian element, as Slavyanka, the beginning of a more peaceful and soft culture. In the face of Olga, Varangian nationality breaks and becomes Russian.

Olga finishes the Varangian story in Russia and starts Russian. The princely-robbery period ends and princely-hedgehogs begin. In the face of Olga, the difficult conception of statehood is coming to an end - the conquest of Russia with Varyags, and the times of people's independence begins. After the death of her husband, Olga was not inherited not by the state, but captured by barbarians a semi-divine country, where the settled life was still full of fermentation: where agriculture struggled with hunting and nomadic cattle breeding.

Princess Olga Varangian statehood was exhausted by two actions: robbery outside the country and robbery inside the country. The consequence of such a system was the Treet Rebellion and the first rearness in Russia. The circumstances of the Drevalnsky rebellion were the following. In 944 Prince Igor in the Union with Pechenegs decided to take the second attempt to conquer Constantinople (after an unsuccessful attempt in 941). On the way, Igor gathered a tribute from the Ridge. However, reaching Constantinople, Igor's squad never started hostilities, and a new peace treaty was concluded somewhat less profitable for Russia than Oleg's contract. On the way back to Rus (945), Igor decided to once again collect tribute from the Ridge and was killed for what he tried to do it before the appointed date. One of the Greek chroniclers, Lev Dyakov, assures that the Drevlyan ruined Igor, tied to two trees, bent to the ground and then released.

After the death of Prince Igor Olga inherited an extremely difficult state status: the first serious riot, could threaten the full collapse yet not yet to the end of the state threatening from the individual tribes. Completed the rebellion that he broke out among the recently conquered Lithuanian population. The success of the rebellion could be the fatal temptation and for other recently conquered tribes. Therefore, Olga operated coolly and especially cruel. The ambassadors of the Drevlyan were killed, the capital of Drevlyan is destroyed, most of the Drevlyan is converted into slavery. Having suppressed the Treaks, Olga restored uniformly, dumbered the passion and saved the young state from death.

Some researchers are sometimes confused, at first glance, too, the revenge of Princess Olga. However, one should not forget that at that time Olga was still a zealous pagan and his actions, first of all, Olga performed his sacred religious debt. Historian Soloviev says, justifying Olga that "the custom of revenge was a secret custom, who replaced justice, and the one who holy performs the responsibilities of revenge is the necessary hero of truth" and that "the duty of revenge for the human race was then the responsibility of religious, the responsibility of the expression of piety."

For the ancient Slavs, revenge was considered noble, since protecting the violated rights of the murdered, the Avenger undertakes a fatal danger of his own life. The revenge of Prinjean Olga does not in any case cannot be viewed as a personal revenge - it is primarily to the taming of state insurrection. The rebellion of the rebellion, Olga began the struggle with the cause of the rebellion, in the blatant disadvantages of the then statehood.

What was not to Olga - this is a cultural disorder of the Earth, throwing military hikes, Olga began for peaceful, purely economic campaigns. The chronicle notes that Olga went to the taming of the Drevala land, but as a helger, "and there is a wagon on the bodies of land with his son and with a friend, standing up by the charters and lessons, the essence of her and catching." After having a heavy war, only "Summer One" next year goes Wolga Novugorod and settles around the place of posts and Dani, and on the Louis regulations and Dani "

Olga traveled through a huge and wild country everywhere, arranging the state and cultural organization. Her predecessors - Varangians, like all the Germans, built only castles: Rubule city, as the supporting points of their power. Before the people's life, it was, except for the capture of Dani, there was no case. Olga led himself as the first sovereign of Russia, she remembered the peaceful - the duties of power. She, Speaking Karamzin: "Divided the land to the floors or parish."

The government's power at that time was traveling, so to speak outpatient type. From November to April, the princes were sent annually in the "File" - not only for collecting Dani, but also for the court and reprisals. Olga established the marks, i.e. Stations for treating. She also installed the regulations, i.e. determined the content of Dani.

The Great Woman herself studied, traveling, and forced everyone to learn others. It can be this science to explain that amazing authority, which she acquired from Igor's squad and civilians. Under Princess, Olga is not recorded by the chronicler neither the ropot of troops nor the multiple of people.

Protecting the United States and giving the country, the view of the state-cultural, Olga began to his third feat - to the introduction of Christianity. Understanding that the religious conscience is free, Olga was baptized only by herself, without raving or his family, nor subjects, she believed in the power of his example and knew that voluntarily adopted true religion. Svyatoslav was not baptized only because of the fear of ridicule on the side of the squad. Olga presented a great fracture. Historians argue that Olga confessed Christianity in Kiev before baptism, returned from the Tsargrad, she found many followers, because Christianity in Kiev existed even to Askold and Dira, penetrating to us from Greek trading.

It is likely that Olga also invested in strengthening Christianity the same consistent perseverance, which invested in strengthening the state, and the same organizational ability. Until death after the adoption of Christianity (14 years), Olga continues to preach Christianity. The son of Olga became a warrior. Constantly walked to war, Bil Vodny, Khazar, Yasov and Kasogov, Bulgarians and Greeks. Some trips with not only glorified Russia, but also spread its expanses.

The head of the merit of Olga is that after the death of Prince Igor, she did not allow to freeze all the weak Russian statehood. Suppressing the uprising of the Drevlyan, Olga was divided Russia on volosts, which was a very far-sighted political solution. She canceled a dangerous "Filion" by setting the solid size of the Dani ("lessons"), the timing of her delivery and the place of collection ("Foreigns"). These grades became then supported centers of the Prince of Power.

We should not forget that Olga was a prom motion of Christianity in Russia. The further process of the Baptism of Russia continued its grandson Prince Vladimir. Without a doubt Olga did everything for the good and dawn of the state. After death, the people called her cunning, the church - the Holy, the story of the wise.

Olga was the first woman in Russian history, which rules by the state.

She was born around 890. Nothing is known about her parents except that they lived in Pskov. Another young was married to Prince Igor. They had a son Svyatoslav.

Beautiful, smart, energetic Olga was a decent wife of Kiev Prince. While Igor was in the campaign, she was engaged in the affairs of the Russian state. Olga had even his squad and his ambassador who participated
In the negotiations with Byzantia after a successful hike, Igor.

In 945, Prince Igor died when he went to collect tribute - fur, honey, silver - from the Ridge, who were conquered by Kiev princes. Staying with the juvenile son, which was then only three years old, Olga began to manage
state.

The chronicle calls Olga the most wise man of that time and tells that she was very much taken care of the state, which was ruled. During the trips to Russia, Olga set the solid sizes of Dani, so that, paying it, people did not remain without anything and could normally live. The princess divided the country to pieces
- Fights, at the head of which put special princely authorized, and they watched the territories entrusted to them.

With Olga, the capital of Russia - Kiev - became one of the most beautiful and large cities in Europe. Here for the first time in Russia began to build stone buildings.

During the reign of Olga, there were no large hikes, no Russian blood flowed. With it, the state strengthened his authority is not wars, but the cunning and diplomatic talent of Princess. So, for example, Byzantia then refused to pay Rus Tribute, which was supposed to do after the campaign of Prince Oleg on Constantinople,
And the Russian merchants in this country began to oppress. Olga personally went to the Byzantine Emperor Konstantin Bagryanoroven and convinced him not to violate the conditions of the previous agreement. This case made a big impression on the rulers of other European countries. And the Byzantine emperor was so amazed
The mind and beauty of Olga, which even wanted to marry her, but the princess trick managed to reject his proposal.

In 955, Olga one of the first in Russia adopted Christianity and with baptism received the name Elena. She persuaded the baptized and his son Svyatoslav, but he refused, because he was afraid - the squad will laugh at him. Rus's baptism occur at the grandson of Olga - Vladimir.

Olga left himself a good memory as a woman who loved her homeland and his people. She founded the city of Pskov, where the embankment and the bridge are named after it. Died Princess in 969. Great Russian
Historian Nikolay Karamzin wrote that her death mourned the entire Russian people from Mala to Great and that the princess proved: a woman can also wisely manage the country. Russian orthodox Church Salted Olga to the saints. In the city of Kiev, she has a monument, and one of the bays of the Japanese Sea in honor of the princess is called Olga Bay.

She was the first woman who became the government of one of the largest, in those times, the states of Kievan Rus. The revenge of this woman was terrible, and the Board is severe. Perceived the princess ambiguously. Someone considered her wise, someone cruel and cunning, and someone was real holy.

Interpretation of the modern artist portrait of princess Olga. (wikimedia.org)

While still a very young girl, Olga became the wife of the Grand Duke Kiev Igor. According to legends, their first meeting was rather unusual. One day, a young prince, who wished to cross over the river, called himself from the shore to himself. I saw my accompanying already after they sailed. Surprisingly the prince, a girl was sitting in front of him, besides incredible beauty. Gone to feelings, Igor began to decline it to adultery. In response, the girl reminded the prince about honor and that he should be a worthy example for everyone. The assessed by the words of Youth Virgin Igor left his intentions. Noting the mind and chastity of the girl, he broke up with her, keeping her words and image in memory. When it was time to choose the bride, none of the Kiev beauties came to his heart. Remembering the stranger, Igor sent her guardian of Oleg. So Olga became the wife of Igor and Russian princes.

Olga becomes the wife of Prince Igor. (wikimedia.org)

Princess Olga Mastit for her husband

However, the princess became known only after the tragic death of her husband. Soon after the birth of the son of Svyatoslav Prince Igor was executed. He became the first ruler in the history of Russia, who died on the hands of the people, perturbed by repeatedly charged Dani. The heir to the throne was at that time only three years, so in fact, all power passed into the hands of Olga. Officially, it is rules Kievan ruus Until the adventure of Svyatoslav, in fact, and later, since her son was absent most of the time in military campaigns.

The first thing she took after the death of her husband, - mercilessly dismissed the rallians, guilty of Igor's death. Pretending that she agrees to a new marriage with the prince of Drevlyan, Olga dealt with their elders, and then subdued and all the people. In his revenge, the princess was unfriendly: Drevdan was buried alive, burned.

Princess Policy Olga

Knyagin Olga sent his main forces to internal politics. She spent several reforms, including administratively tax: established trade and exchange centers in which the fees ordered occurred. The financial system has become a strong support for the princely power in the distant lands from Kiev.

Rusted the defense power of Russia. Strong walls grow around the cities, the first state borders were installed in the West.

Princess strengthened international relations with Byzantium, and relations with Greece opened Olga a New Look on the christian faith. In 954, the princess for the purpose of religious pilgrimage and the diplomatic mission went to Constantinople, where with honor was adopted by Emperor Konstantin VII buggernogenic.

Olga Princess with Son, Modern Illustration. (wikimedia.org)

Princess Olga and Christianity

Before the adoption of Olga Olga, two years studied the foundations of the Christian faith. Visiting worship, she was amazed by the greatness of temples and shrines. The princess, who received the name of Elena when baptized, became the first woman who was officially adopted Christianity in pagan Rus. Upon his return, she ordered to build on the challenges of the temples. During the period of his reign, the princess erected the temples of St. Nicholas and St. Sophia in Kiev, the Annunciation of the Mother of God in Vitebsk. According to her decree, Pskov was built, where the temple of the Trinity was erected. According to legend, the place of the future temple was indicated by the rays from the sky.

Princess tried to be attached to Christianity and his son. Despite the fact that many nobles have already adopted a new faith, Svyatoslav remained faithful to paganism. The baptism of Princess Olga did not lead to the establishment of Christianity in Russia. But her grandson, the future prince Vladimir, continued the mission of his adored grandmother. It was he who became the Baptist of Russia and founded the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kiev, where and suffered the relics of Saints and Olga. With his rule, the princess began to be memorized as a holy. And already in 1547, it was officially counted on the face of saints. It is worth noting that only five women in christian history - Maria Magdaline, the first factor of Focla, the martyr APFIA, Tsarina Elena is equivalent and enlightened and enlightened by Georgia Nina. Today, the Holy Princess Olga is revered as a patron of widows and converts Christians.

Olga, the spouse of Prince Igor, the mother of Svyatoslav and the grandmother of the Baptist of Russia, Vladimir entered our story, like the holy princess, the first of Christianity's light on our land. However, before becoming a Christian, Olga was a pagan, cruel and vengeful. It was this that she entered the chronicle of the "Tale of Bygone Years." What did Olga do?

Camping Igor

Start by S. last hike Her husband, Prince Igor. In the record for 945, it is said that the squad began to complain Igor to the fact that "Sveneldeld's rasters", that is, people who make up the near circle of his governor of Svendeld, all "washed with weapons and clothes", while Igorovi Vigilaniki themselves " Nagi. " It is unlikely that the princes of the warriors were so "nagi" so that it was worth talking seriously, but with a squad at that time they tried not to argue, because it was from her, whether the prince will increase on the Kiev throne. Therefore, Igor went to the Drevlyans - this is a tribe that dwells in the territory of the Ukrainian Polesia - and learned there formed by the pogrom, adding new payments to the old Dani, in order to cover the blatant nudity of their warriors. Having gathered this tribute, he went to be ravis, but on the road, apparently, decided that the sly Doodle was still planted somewhere. By sending the main part of its people home, he himself with a small squad returned to the Treated capital of the Earrows, "Wishing more wealth." It was a mistake. Trees, led by his prince, gave him a rebound, killed all the warriors, and Igor himself was subjected to a terrible execution: hesitated him, tied to the legs to the heights of two bent trees.

The first revenge of Olga

Thinking in this way with Igor, the Drevnsky Prince sent a delegation to Kiev, to the helpless, as he seemed to be widow. Mal suggested Olga his hand and heart, as well as protection and patronage. Olga adopted Ambassadors Laskovo, said courtesy in that spirit that Igor, they say, no longer return, and why not get married for such a wonderful prince, as small. And so that the wedding conspiracy is even more magnificent, she promised the ambassadors to give them a great honor, looked around that tomorrow they would bring them to the princes the courtyard right in the roaster, after which they will be solemnly announced by Prince Will. While the ambassadors slept from the pier, Olga ordered to dig a deep hole in the yard. In the morning, the rook with the rafts was raised by the servants of Olga in his arms and solemnly carried in Kiev to the most printed courtyard. Here, together with the rook threw the pits. The chronicler reports that Olga, approaching the edge of the pit and leaning over him, asked: "Well, what is the honor of you?", To which the Drevln was answered: "We are pretty igorous death." By the sign of Olga, the wedding embassy was covered with the earth alive.

Second revenge of Olga

After that, the princess sent to Malu Ambassador to send her to match the most best peopleSo that Kievans see what the honor is provided to her. Otherwise, after all, they can respond, do not let the princess in the estimate. Mal, not suspecting a trick, immediately equipped a great embassy. When the matchmaker arrived in Kiev, Olga, as he was the welcome hostess, ordered to cook them to the bathhouse so that guests could wash off the road. And as soon as the Drevlyans began to wash, the doors of the bath were supported outside, and the baths flew from four sides.

Third revenge of Olga

Having understood with the shuts, the princess sent to say Malu that she goes to him, but before the weddings wanted to make a trianue on the grave of her husband. Mal began to prepare for the wedding, ordered to navory honey for feast. Waving to the eraser with a small retinue, Olga, accompanied by Mala and the most noble arches came to Igor's grave. The feast in the mound was almost overshadowed by the issues of Mala and his close: and where, in fact, the matchmaker, whom he sent to Kiev? Why are they not in princess? Olga replied that the matchmakers are going to follow and are about to appear. Satisfied with this explanation, Mal and his people began to go for hop. As soon as they dropped, the princess gave a sign to his warriors, and they put on the place of all the Ridge.

Hike camping

After that, Olga immediately returned to Kiev, gathered a squad and made a campaign on the village earth. In the open battle, the arms were broken, they fled and hid behind the walls of the eraser. Siege lasted all summer. Finally, Olga sent to Chody Ambassador, who proposed the removal of the siege on very soft conditions: Olga is limited to the withdrawal of humility and tribute: three pigeons and three sparrow from each yard. Of course, the requested tribute was sent immediately. Then Olga ordered to tie every bird grilled clutch and release it. Birds flew, of course, in their nests, and a fire began in the city. So fell aspire, the capital of the Drevalnsky Prince Mala. At this Olga was saturated with revenge. Further, as the chronicle reports, she behaved no longer as an angry woman, but as a wise statesman. She went on extensive lands, subject to Kiev princes, establishing "lessons and seats" - that is, the size of the tribute and the place of its fees. Now no one could, like the unreasonable Igor to go for a tribute to the same place several times, arbitrarily establishing its size. Princely tribute from the robbery prey began to turn into normal taxation.

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