Eyes - organs, thanks to which a person receives more information about the world around the world than from all other senses. But it happens that they tell us not what is in fact, lie to us. Why? How is it at all possible? And what to do if you do not believe your eyes?

Cheat all the senses

To make it easier to come to terms with the fact that our eyes are constantly deceived, let's start with the fact that all our senses are deceived in one way or another. So it happened.

For example, the stereo systems are deceived by our rumor. "Divorce" and the corresponding direction of sound make their business - the effect of presence is obtained, i.e. It seems to man that he is in the epicenter of videos, or in the hall during the concert.

The taste easily is deceived using taste amplifiers, flavor substitutes. There are whole enterprises where the taste and aroma of the products that we are accustomed to eat are manufactured. Thanks to this, our brain, seeing some routine, produced is unknown when, tells us that it is fresh, tasty, worthy of our attention.

It is also interesting that the information obtained from one sense body is adjusted depending on the information obtained from other senses. The brain, taking into account the whole obtained, gives an averaged picture. So, the color of the food affects her taste, with a runny nurse, it seems tasteless, etc.

Optical illusion. At every step

Why is inflamed information from your eyes? Let's try to figure it out. The bodies of view see what kind of picture and consist in conscientiously transmitting visual signals into the brain processing. It already has the processing schemes received.

For example, the lights located in a certain way will tell the brain that the object visible in the eyes. Also, do not forget that a certain image is formed from the pictures obtained from two eyes, and they are somewhat different.

You also need to tell about what. For the brain, every image that gives him eyes is new. At the same time, everything that we see is already similar to the fact that we have ever seen before.

So, the brain applies our visual experience in order to complete the picture now, at a particular point.

In fact, the brain gets absolutely meaningless information from the eye, and it gives it a value. Thanks to this, we see what we see.

When the brain processes the data received from the organs, it as if removes everything too much. This is well aware when considering the picture "Two in One". There is two drawings on a sheet of paper, but our brain one drawing perceives, and the other ignores.

In life, this is very and very often. For example, a person likes some kind of car model. And he often thinks that such a very and very much goes around the city. But a hungry man notices the signs of signs everywhere, the ads of the upponity, and people in their hands sees only goodies. All other information is ignored.

And that is not all. The brain can adjust the resulting image in accordance with human emotions. In order to present it better, recall this experiment. Two groups of people showed the same photo of the same man.

One said that this man is a killer and the dangerous criminal, another - that the famous scientist, genius of world science. In both cases, people asked to describe the appearance of a man. It is easy to guess that representatives of different groups perfectly saw a person in the photo.

The conclusion can be done here: a person sees what he wants to see.

Immediately remember about situations when we get information with the help of eye, and she fluttering past our mind, our thoughts, sent straight to the brain. The brightest example is hidden advertising.

Imagine this situation. You are watching the movie. And here you are aware that you want to eat a hamburger terribly. All your thoughts absorbs no longer a filmmaker, but the nearby poppy donalds. What's the matter? - You are perplexed. After all, a film is about racing, no food - only cars.

All wine hidden advertising. Somewhere on the podium during the auto racing, it was quite likely that the image of a hamburger was flashed in one way or another. His eyes saw him, bypassing consciousness, poisoned the information immediately to the subconscious. The result is hunger and the desire to eat exactly such a hamburger.

And further. It is impossible not to recall the famous experience, which show everyone without exception to students - psychologists and social psychologists. Group of people show video. On it there are several people in red T-shirts and several people in white T-shirts are transferred to the usual ball. The task of the subjects is to calculate how many times the face on the video in red t-shirts will make transmissions between themselves.

It takes a few minutes. The video ends. The tests are happily reported by the calculated number of gears. But it turns out that the task is only distracting maneuver. In fact, researchers were not interested in the number of transmissions at all, but however, our attention, how much we miss sight of when we concentrate on something one. So, during the video on the screen, right among the people throwing the ball, a man appeared in a gorilla costume. Nobody noticed him.

This was told by the subject and gave them to see the same video again. Gorilla saw, and a man in a T-shirt of another color, which was from somewhere appeared, no. Also, like the fact that during the video, one of the victims gone from sight.

Output. It seems to us that we see everything. We are confident that our eyes as accurately reflect the surrounding reality. In fact, everything is wrong .

We see what we want, we see what they want other things that our brain wants, which allows us to see our consciousness. What in this case is there impact? The question is rather philosophical ...

What if you do not believe your eyes?

Is it possible to do something if you don't really believe what you see? In most cases, no. Unfortunately. If you decide to somehow deceive, then, most likely it will work out. Especially if a professional is valid.

Based on various studies, the achievements of science in the field of studying the brain, sense organs, the eye is really able to create a situation where a person will be deceived. And the more money is inserted into the trick, the greater the likelihood that you can not even guess what you see not what is really.

This is the reality that needs to be taken. Man is not perfect. A person can be deceived and confused. Treat this normally. Let such situations associate with you with the magicians and magicians, and not with fraudsters.

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

Cheating feelings

(hallucinations, illusions). - At the heart of all our ideas about the outside world, there are perceptions that are obtained by us due to the irritation of the senses - view, hearing, tangles, smell and taste. Each of them has the ability to perceive irritation falling on it exclusively in the form of the quality of the sensation characteristic of it, according to the law of the so-called specific energy. These specific sensations may occur when irritation of this organ of feelings does not correspond to its nature; For example, the light is also perceived at a pressure on the eyeball, with the electrical excitation of the retina, at the moment of cutting of the optic nerve; During the catarrile destruction of the auditory body, noise in the ears is heard; In mechanical irritation of the sensitive nervous trunk there is a feeling in a remote skin area, in which its ending is branched, and so on. Thus, in the very conditions of the physiological segment of the senses, moments are concluded due to which there may be sensations without appropriate external irritation. In addition, also in the conditions of the normal function of the senses, there are sources of errors in the evaluation of external impressions, an example of which some phenomena of the refraction of light, two-challenges in the eyes, fusion of two tactile sensations in one at a very close distance, etc. Finally, with various diseases of the nervous system, like neurasthenia, hysteria, spinal dry tok, etc., there are a variety of imaginary sensations, sensitivity perversion, etc. All these categories of incorrect perception are not counted to O. feelings in the narrow sense of the word. In these cases, perverted and imaginary sensations are confined as such and moreover, or completely elementary, or occur in such a form that they do not at all violate the simultaneous correct perception of valid irritations. The technical term "O. feelings" is applied only to such erroneous or imaginary perceptions, in which the subject receives a sense of external irritation of the senses and relates such to the outside world. If there is still any subject creating perception, but the latter is perverted, then O. feelings are called "illusions"; If there is no external object that serves as a source of perception, we are talking about "hallucinations". This division of O. Feelings was introduced at the beginning of our century by the French psychiatrist Escake, but the difference between them was known earlier, and it is not essential, since the illusions undoubtedly enter into a hallucinator element. Therefore, in the future we will only talk about hallucinations. The origin of the word "hallucination" (Hallucination) is not known with an accuracy; It is produced from the verb άλύω (to be outside of themselves, worry, worry), then from the sound-speaking word όλολύύειν (ululari - shout as owl). First of all, consider the nature and content of O. feelings in those cases in which they are most often observed, namely, the mentally ill. Spectative hallucinations They are, then in the form of elementary light phenomena, and the subject sees sparks, lightning, rainbow colors, fiery pillars, etc., then in the form of more complex visual images: it seems certain persons, animals, figures, complex scenes, movable or fixed , quite distinct or unclear as shadows. Other patients see monsters, fantastic figures, which are approaching them, are removed. The dimensions of these figures may vary. Before the eyes of the patients sometimes played whole spectacles - undergoing processions, executed execution. Under the influence of visual illusions of the persons around others, they change their expression: they depict contempt or tenderness, take the features of other persons, old friends, the dead; Patterns of wallpapers and furniture turn into insects, bizarre figures come out of them. Hallucinations of hearing They are mainly in the voices, then distinct, loud, recognizable as a voice of a certain person, then unclear, silent. These voices are distributed from a certain place, from the ceiling or from the next room, or from the bottom, from the furniture, from the floor, or they are heard from the ear, or finally, from their own body, in the head, in the abdomen. They name the patient named, scold him, ask him questions, give advice, orders, answer his questions and thoughts. Sometimes he hears the conversations of different persons, listens to them, talks with them. The content of heard is often religious, and the voice is attributed to God. In addition to speeches, singing, cry of children, cries, noise, cannonal pallets, ringing bells. The initial point of all these hallucinatory speeches and sounds can be valid sound impressions. Under the influence of such sound illusions: Lai dogs, the singing of birds, the rustle of the leaves, the noise of moving wheels - all this swears the patient, repeats his thoughts, responds to them, etc. in the area smean and taste According to the special conditions of the functioning of these senses, it is difficult to separate the illusions from real hallucinations. By content, here O. feelings for the most part of an unpleasant nature, patients complain of suffocable gases, a body smell, the taste of feces, desiccine, metals, acids, etc. It is rarely observed tastes and smells of a pleasant character. Under O. feelings from touch The patient seems to be felt in certain areas of the body surface various external irritations, and they attribute their imaginary sensations to those sources from which such irritations usually proceed. The patient seems that they are electrified, magnetizes the invisible way that they are beaten, torture, harness, they are dripped on them drops of a hot liquid or a poisonous powder, spiders, snakes, etc. are crawling on their skin. Very often Combined with illusions from the internal organs. Then the most ridiculous, infinitely diverse delusional ideas arise. Patients complain that they are invisible to break through the skull and suck the brain that they are diverting blood, crush muscle bundles that their insides are turned into glass or stone, or completely removed, or that they do not have a stomach, nor the language that in the abdomen people or animals settled, etc. Special group, extremely common mainly among women make up hallucinations in sexual The sphere: they are tested towards sexual parts, the introduction of foreign bodies there, feel the movement of the fetus in the abdomen, approaching childbirth. And men have sensations in sexual sphere. In addition, in complex imaging, submitting a reason for such crazy ideas, take part of hallucinations from muscular feelings; This includes cases when the patient seems to be that their body has become easy, which it rises into the air, hangs freely in space, etc.

From the considered character of deceptions of feelings, characteristic of the mentally ill, is that the imaginary perception created by hallucination becomes the property of consciousness in the form of a ridiculous idea, in the form of material for nonsense, and in many cases, mainly in the field of general feeling and touch, hallucinations are completely inseparable from delusional The forms in which they speak. In relation to hallucinations of vision and hearing, it is possible to separate impassive sensual perception from his delusional interpretation. For example, if the patient declares that he is heard by the abuse words that are transmitted by phone, it is quite clear that this idea is an invention, due to the desire to explain the origin of hallucinations. Similarly, in a complaint that the patient's hypnotism shows indecent parts of the body, we can distinguish nonsense from deception. However, there are often similar statements of patients or such behavior of them, which at first glance makes it makes the deception of feelings, in fact do not depend on real hallucinations at all. For example, paralytics sometimes say that they had various high-ranking faces, kings and princes, and that they were talking about or something they promised them; Or that he had breakfast with God and she was given such dishes, and such persons were sitting next to him. Another time you can watch the manias or weakly, as they have been led by a long time with someone conversations, they answer someone, they are reparished with someone. Or, also predominantly weakly or maniacs collect different litter, dirty papers, old buttons, hide these things and give them for big jewels. In all these cases, it is possible to make sure that the patients did not have the actual sensation at all - perceptions that constitutes the essence of hallucinations, and we are talking or about O. Memories, or about mixing dreams with reality, or finally about simple fantasy. In addition, it is very often with different psychosis, mainly in primary insolvent, a peculiar subjective phenomenon is observed, resembling O. hearing, but undoubtedly having another character. Namely, many patients talk about some inner voice, that they hear their own thoughts, they complain that someone says that someone else makes them thoughts. Some clearly distinguish the voices that they are heard from the outside, and those they hear only "mentally", and the latter can not be localized at all. Others complain that their thoughts are constantly repeated by the inner voice, like echo. Methods for expressing this peculiar subjective phenomenon are extremely different, and it may be that it represents numerous shades and modifications. But in essence, we are always talking about the obsessive sensations accompanying the thinking of patients, and for them themselves, these sensations are presented with something different from auditory perceptions. For this category of subjective phenomena, not coinciding quite with valid O. feelings, the name was established in psychiatry psychic hallucinations as well as pseudogalucinations.

About frequencies O. feelings in mentally ill It is impossible to present accurate digital data. The disorders of observers largely depends on what form of mental diseases they dealt with, since various psychosis contain very differently in the sense of complication of O. feelings. In general, in sharp shapes, hallucinations occur much more often and play a much larger role than chronic. It is also very differently the meaning of O. feelings for the flow and manifestation of mental illness: in some cases it is possible to trace the direct development of nonsense from O. feelings, in the other, nonsense is formed more or less independently of them; In some cases, the patient maintains the clarity of consciousness and himself complains about O. feelings, in other patients they take hallucinations for real reality and under the influence of O. hearing, such as hearing orders, are ready to make and commit the most dangerous deeds. In a known category of mental disorders, the name of acute hallucinatory insanity, O. Sovers play the role of the most outstanding symptom, appear in huge quantities, sometimes simultaneously in all senses, and cause a deep confusion of consciousness. With progressive paralysis of the persisted, on the contrary, hallucinations are often not completely absent for all the long-term course of the disease. Of great interest are observations in which there are evidence of O. feelings only on the one hand - on one eye or in one ear, or in which hallucinations in two symmetric organs are different. For example, the patient hears with the right ear of various brands, and left praise, promotion, or one ear hears the voices, inspiring him to commit suicide, and the other on the contrary - war-carrying him from suicide. With all the rarity of such observations, they deserve great attention, as will be said below.

In addition to mental heart disease poisoning The body is accompanied by well-known poisons, O. feelings, as a more or less permanent symptom. These poisons are predominantly alcohol, atropine, etc. Paladonna preparations, further opium, hashish (Odian hemp), Cocaine, Santonin. All these funds, especially the first two, in their influence on the nervous system are not limited to O. feelings, and produce, in addition, changes in consciousness, nonsense, in general, present spiritual disorder. But at a certain degree of poisoning, such a picture is obtained, which in many respects does not coincide with the obstruction in the exact sense of the word and, which is characterized mainly by abundant hallucinations; Moreover, the effect of one or another poison affects some features, sometimes so characteristic that it can sometimes be sometimes to determine the nature of poison. So, for example, Santonin already in small doses produces a yellow color of all visual perceptions (the so-called xantopsy); And with stronger poisoning, in addition, the halucinations of taste and smell are found. For alcohol poisoning, numerous small animals are typical - mice, cockroaches, snakes, and such deceptions of feelings with astounding constancy are observed with that. called white hot; In addition, in chronic alcoholism, a very common phenomenon is an auditory hallucinations in the form of graft words and threats. Inxication of Operating and Hašashich, along with a peculiar change in well-being, accompanied by hallucinations of vision and muscular feeling. Atropin poisoning is also characterized by multiple visual hallucinations, cocaine poisoning - peculiar Mnimo sensations under the skin. Close relationship with just considered deceptions of feelings, dependent on poisoning, represent hallucinations peculiar feverish infectious diseases. In the initial periods of typhoids, smallpox, measles and other feverish processes, with evening increase temperatures, there is a peculiar state of consciousness: it represents fast fluctuations between clarity and permanent with incoherent, fragmentary nonsense, and at the heart of this nonsense is massive hallucinations, primarily vision and hearing . The origin of these feverish deceptions of feelings, besides increasing the temperature of the blood, may also be due to self-determination, due to admission to the blood of poisonous products of bacteria producing a feverish disease.

Special category O. feelings are hallucinations caused artificially by suggestion in hypnotic state (hypnotic hallucinations). At the request of the hypnotist, it admires the fragrance of non-existent roses, the taste of water, which he takes for sweet wine, etc. However, this kind of suggestion is possible only in the somnambulic stage of hypnosis, which the Awakening Subject does not save any memoirs. In addition, it is possible by suggestion to create post-hypnotic hallucinations and not only positive, i.e., to force a hypnotized awakening to see something, which does not actually exist, as well as negative, and well-known items that are in front of the subject's eyes do not exist (see hypnotism). Here, it should be mentioned about the deceptions of the senses observed sometimes in completely healthy faces before falling asleep (the so-called hypnogogic). Such hallucinations are tested when overworking in a transitional state of wakefulness to sleep. In these cases, we are mainly about visual hallucinations, less often about auditory.

Finally, the deceptions of feelings are also found at healthy People in a wipe state, beyond all conditions that violate mental health or clarity of consciousness. First of all, there are quite reliable instructions in the biography of some historical personalities, such as Socrates, Magomet, Benvenuto Chellin, Orleans, Luther, Pascal, Goethe, and others. Among them need to distinguish between two categories - those who believed in their hallucinations, taking They are for reality and explaining them according to the views of the era, and those who, being deceived by feelings, was clearly aware of them as such. But it would be mistaken to believe the deceptions of feelings in mental health for the peculiarity of the great, ingenious people, and see the evidence speaking in the benefit of kinship between the genius and an insidiousness. Among the various parts of celebrities, there are information and about random hallucinations, which was subject to one or another of them; There is no doubt that a number of other ingenious and wonderful personalities were free from this phenomenon. On the other hand, it is also subject to such persons who do not belong to the outstanding. There were few examples of this category. Of these, the case of Berlin Bookseller, Nikolai, who has experienced a long time hallucination and hearing, has been very popular with full psychic health and clear consciousness of nature of these phenomena. He saw a large number of people, men and women who moved and spoke to each other, and these phenomena lasted several months with a clear consciousness and absence of mental disorder. Currently, to clarify the question of the deceptions of feelings in healthy individuals, there is a material collected by collective research taken by various psychological societies, who appeal to be printed with the request, whether anyone had a feeling in a healthy and wakeful state, as if he saw someone or hears sounds, which were not really. Such studies produced for the first time in the 80s. English society for mental research, and later, other societies and persons in France, in America and in Germany, showed that several tens of thousands of people who responded to such a request, on average, about 12% gave an affirmative answer. Although the data obtained by this way cannot be recognized by quite reliable, but still on the basis of their fact of the existence of hallucinations of view, hearing and touching healthy persons cannot be considered exceptional rarity. It should be noted that in a well-known number of cases of hallucinations in healthy individuals coincided with some important event (death, danger to life) for the subject, which is the subject of hallucination. These O. feelings by analogy with dreams of dreams, premonitions, clairvoyance, etc. Mystical phenomena has recently been highlighted in a special group called telepathic And they were explained by the overall impact of one soul to another at a distance.

Turning to the question of origin and mechanism Hallucinations should be borne in mind that all the same mainly mental diseases deliver material to solve it. The posthumous changes in the brain in the case of such that there is no possibility to find out from what causes one or another symptom of this mental illness depended; Moreover, these changes are so diverse and apply to such various brain departments that, on the basis of them, they cannot be connected to O. feelings with a specific brain section. It goes without saying that in these cases, the study was mainly directed to those brain areas, which are central stations for nerve fibers branching in senses, and it turns out that painful changes in tissue in these parts of the brain are far from always coincide with hallucinations. . The same applies to the peripheral departments of the senses and nervous conductors connecting them with the central nervous system. Although in some cases it was observed that the change in the functions of the sense organ, primarily view, is reflected on the character of hallucinations, therefore, the latter in a certain extent depends on the peripheral department of the system that serves to perceive external impressions, but this dependence cannot be generalized, and, as The rule, in hallucinations it is impossible to catch any connection with the state of the corresponding peripheral organ. Often, visual hallucinations were observed at the blind, auditory - in the deaf. The aforementioned cases in which the content of O. feelings on both sides are not the same, also indicate the central origin of hallucinations. Therefore, judgments about the mechanism of origin of O. feelings can only have a hypothetical character. Theory Hallucinations offered by various authors changed depending on the psychological views and existing in this time exercise on the relationship between the senses and the brain. Old French psychiatrists have taken that a process occurring during hallucinations, more or less shadow, is based on live imagination, reproduction and association of representations. This so-called "mental" theory assumed that the hallucinatory image is essentially no different from the subjective image of fantasy or memories. Subsequently, this view was left and replaced by the so-called psycho-sensorial theory which is based on the position that one excitation of the imagination is not enough for the living objectivation of hallucinatory images, and that for this, the excitation should also be distributed on the substance of the corresponding sense body. This point of view placing the source of the hallucinatory process in the central end of the sense organ with the condition for the simultaneous excitation of the peripheral department, it can currently be considered generally accepted. Another question is, in which parts of the brain it is necessary to look for initial arousal at O. feelings? To clarify it, it should be borne in mind that the nervous conductors coming from the senses in the brain have several central stations in the last. Of these, the final lies in the cerebral cortex, but earlier than reaching it, the conductors of the senses come into contact with the centers located in the so-called subcortex brainstones. There is no doubt that conscious mental life, hugging also the perception of the senses from the outside world, is mainly associated with the activity of the brain bark, and that the latter-sensitive centers are localized images created by normal sensual perception. It is very tempting to imagine that under certain conditions there is painful irritation of these centers, and that this path arises hallucinations. A similar look at the origin of the hallucinations is known called cortical (Corking) theories And there are a number of anatomical and physiological facts that speak in favor of this theory. However, it allows the spread of excitation from the cortical centers to the periphery, i.e., in the opposite direction in which the normal function occurs. Therefore, still on a par with a cortical theory, another, placing the source of excitation during hallucinations in the subcortical centers, taking that it extends to the brain bark. A more detailed assessment of these theories is possible only with the help of special data of the anatomy and physiology of the brain. In conclusion, it should be noted that with the exception of those rare cases, when a completely healthy person temporarily experiences O. feelings, hallucinations generally belong to psychopathic phenomena, moreover, they quite rarely constitute the only manifestation of a psychopathic state, and in most cases there are on a par with them Symptoms of mental illness or irregular brain activity. Therefore, hallucinations themselves do not constitute a separate illness, which could require special treatment, regardless of the main mental or brain suffering.

Literature. See Psychiatry Manuals; In addition, BRIERRE DE BOISMONT. "Des hallowcinations" (P., 1845); Baillarger, "RECHERCHES SUR LES MALADIES MENTALES" (P., 1890); V. X. Kandinsky, "On pseudogalucinations" (1888); E. Parish, "Ueber Die Trugwahrnehmung Mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung Der International Enquête über Wachhallucinationen Bei Gesunden" (Leipzig, 1894); Lazarus, "Zur Lehre Von Den Sinnestäuschungen" (B., 1867).

D. Rosenbach.

• - Ambivalence of feelings - a complex of emotional - states associated with duality in relation to a person or phenomenon while simultaneously accepting and rejection ...

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• - ...

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• - - the complex state of the individual associated with the simultaneous appearance of opposing emotions and feelings; Manifestation of an internal conflict of personality ...

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• - See Optical Illusions ...

  Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

• - cf. And remember that you often used me: - these were your speeches ... Yes, the truth you told me: some deceptions in the world, the truth in people is not. All in Kryvda ... Melnikov. In forests. 4, 13. See fog in the eyes of impart ...

  Mikhilson's intelligent-phrase dictionary

• - * Memories * Desire * Dream * Delight * Loneliness * Waiting * Fall * Memory * Victory * Defeat * Glory * Conscience * Passion * Supervironment * Respect * Good luck * Pleasure * Success * * Faith * Loyalty * Fun * Pride ...

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• - From French: L "Education Sentimentale. Title of the novel of the French writer Gustava Flaubert. Authors of the Russian version of the name - Translators A. V. Fedorov and A. V. Dmitrievsky ...

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• - Without adultery. Quality. . 1. Lost the ability to perceive the surrounding; unconscious. OTT. . In admiration, delighted with anyone or from anything; Without memory, crazy. 2 ...

  Explanatory dictionary Efremova

• - Burning fog, in mіrѣ deception. Cf. And remember that you often used to say: in Miju fog, in mіrѣ deceptions - these were your roschi ... Yes, the truth you said MNѣ: Some deceptions on Svѣtѣ, truth in people NѣT ...

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• - Book. High. On the impact, environmental impact on emotions, feelings of youth. / I\u003e by name Roman Flaubert. BMS 1998, 100 ...
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• - Approx., Number of synonyms: 10 Padded in the unconscious, the faint condition of the cutting obmissed, the incisible incomplete unconsciously, who had fallen without feelings, fell in ...

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• - cut down, fall unconscious, fall without feelings, fall to fall out, turn off, fall into faint, lose ...

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• - Adv., Number of synonyms: 6 Cut offered Observing who left the lost consciousness somewhat ...

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• - Lose consciousness, fade, cut down, ...

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From the book how to deceive motorists. Purchase, lending, insurance, traffic police, GTO Author Gaiko Yuri Vasilyevich

Cheating in car dealerships Please note a few fresh schemes of cheating buyers and sellers in car dealerships - just the other day I about them friends and affected motorists told, first-hand, which is called. Skem first. You sell the car bought in your

We are accustomed to depend on our five major feelings and completely forgot that they can sometimes lie: various parts of the brain in the aggregate form our idea of \u200b\u200breality, but often it comes against common sense - our gray substance has a number of significant drawbacks. For example:

1. Your eyes can make you hear words

When you hear that someone says, then everything at first glance is quite simple: the mouth of another person gives rise to the sound that your ears hear. It seems that this scheme works fine, what can go wrong?

In fact, your eyes may deceive you: the vision of most people is a dominant feeling, which means that sometimes the eyes define what your ears hear.

For example, a person again also utters something like "Bah-Bakh-Bach", and after that, he suddenly changes the sound on "Fakh Fakh Fakh" - at least, if you believe in my eyes. In fact, the sound does not change, only "picture": that is, the voice still says "Bach", but because the articulation has changed somewhat, then you automatically start to hear another sound, and if you close your eyes or turn away, the sound will turn out again "Bach".

This illusion is called the Effect of Macroke, and the most amazing thing is that even if you know which sound is pronounced in reality, your ears will still hear what the eyes suggested. As a rule, the Effect of McGroke is minimized if you are dealing with a familiar person, but manifests itself to the fullest when congently with a stranger. It matters even what a person is dressed - you subconsciously expect certain words from it.

2. Your brain removes some objects from the field of your field of view when you are driving

We have all observed optical illusions, but this is only a small part of how the brain can deceive our senses: it is able to ignore the light light at night in the rear view mirror, when you drive the car. For example, look at the flashing green point in the center in the picture within ten seconds.

Did you pay attention to the yellow points in a circle? No, because after a few seconds they disappear from sight: you know that the points are still on the spot, but your brain refuses to see them. Light lamps and headlights disappear when you concentrate on the road ahead. That is why people who are guilty of an accident often utter: "He appeared as if from nowhere!"

Scientists call this phenomenon "blindness caused by movement." It is believed that this is the ability of the brain to discard the information that at the moment it identifies as not meaning. There are too many stimuli in the world - sounds, smells moving towards facilities - and if the brain processed all incoming information, then it would be a significant overload. Instead, he sifts "useless" things: that is why it is so difficult to track all the random passers-by walking on one street with you.

The problem is that the brain does not always respond correctly to the signals: in our example, the brain takes blue lines for something important, because they move, and ignore yellow points, because they remain in place.

3. Your eyes are able to influence the taste of food.

If you do not have a deviation called synesthesia, then you are hardly thinking about what color is the taste or vice versa - as a taste looks like. But in fact, these feelings are interrelated: our eyes determine how much such food will have to taste, and it's not just that we want to eat that food that looks appetizing.

For example, tasters believe that some products are better combined with red wine, and with white - others, moreover, each variety of wine is revealed at a certain temperature. Scientists set out to find out what affects the perception of taste, and asked members of one of the London wine clubs to describe the flavor of white wine. At first, people talked about the tastes traditionally considered characteristic of white wine - bananas, Maracuy, red peppers, however, when the researchers added red dye to wine, experts began to talk about the tastes characteristic of red wine. Note that it was the same wine, only another color.

This experiment was repeated many times in different clubs, and always the result was the same. Once, one of the authoritative tastors tried to describe the taste of white wine painted in red, and tried quite a long time - but not because it was correctly identified by the variety, but because he tried to recognize from which red berries it was done.

An example with wine is not the only one: the tint of glass can affect the temperature and taste of the drink, for example, in one of the experiments, the participants hot chocolate seemed tastier if they drank it from cups of orange or coffee-colored, and the taste of strawberry jelly will seem fully if the dish is filed On a white plate, not on dark.

4. Your brain "changes" the size of the surrounding objects

The eyes often deceive us regarding the size of the objects that we see: take a look at the two red lines in the photo and try to understand which one is longer.

If you answered that the line on the right, then you are an absolutely normal person, and you still mistaken - if you put the lines nearby, it will become obvious that they are the same. The brain reduced the line to the left for the same reason, for what far objects seem to be less - the point is in the future.

To see such illusions in real life, it is enough to look at the night sky: when the moon just rises above the horizon, it looks huge, but over the next few hours it gradually "decreases" and closer to midnight seems very small. This does not mean that the moon unexpectedly moved away from the Earth - it looks more just because the objects in front of it are trees and buildings - create the illusion of perspectives.

And that's what is strange: how easy you can give in illusions, depends on what you used to see: So, urban residents are more vulnerable to deceptions of vision. On the other hand, if you grew away from civilization, there will be so many memories of large rectangular objects in your brain, so it will be more difficult to deceive it by means of illusion.

5. You can easily forget where your limbs are

If you put a fake rubber hand next to your hand and ask what your hands are actually yours, then you will surely answer this question without thinking, but most likely be mistaken. If your real hand is covered with something, and you see only the brushes, it is enough just to touch both hands at the same time to enter your brain in misleading: you do not see your real hand and automatically accept the fake - visible - your hand for your own. If you hit the artificial hand with a hammer, then you will flinch, although they won't feel pain - the brain instinctively reacts to the blow.

It is even more interesting that as soon as your brain takes an artificial hand for your own, the temperature of the real hand, hidden from your eyes, sharply falls, pointing to the limitation of blood flow at this time - in other words, your brain begins to deny the existence of your real hand on physiological level.

This phenomenon, also called proprioception, shows that your eyes play a huge role in awareness of their own parts of the body: it allows you to drive a car without looking at your legs, or blindly typing text on the keyboard. For the same reason, teenagers seem clumsy - they do not immediately have time to get used to what they grown, and their brain often distorts the visual perception of its own body.

Proprioceptia is often used to treat phantom pain after amputation - just show the patient an artificial limb with the help of a mirror so that the brain decided that the hand or leg is still in place.

We are accustomed to depend on our five major feelings and completely forgot that they can sometimes lie: various parts of the brain in the aggregate form our idea of \u200b\u200breality, but often it comes against common sense - our gray substance has a number of significant drawbacks. For example:

1. Your eyes can make you hear words

When you hear that someone says, then everything at first glance is quite simple: the mouth of another person gives rise to the sound that your ears hear. It seems that this scheme works fine, what can go wrong?

In fact, your eyes may deceive you: the vision of most people is a dominant feeling, which means that sometimes the eyes define what your ears hear.

For example, a person again also utters something like "Bah-Bakh-Bach", and after that, he suddenly changes the sound on "Fakh Fakh Fakh" - at least, if you believe in my eyes. In fact, the sound does not change, only "picture": that is, the voice still says "Bach", but because the articulation has changed somewhat, then you automatically start to hear another sound, and if you close your eyes or turn away, the sound will turn out again "Bach".

This illusion is called the Effect of Macroke, and the most amazing thing is that even if you know which sound is pronounced in reality, your ears will still hear what the eyes suggested. As a rule, the Effect of McGroke is minimized if you are dealing with a familiar person, but manifests itself to the fullest when congently with a stranger. It matters even what a person is dressed - you subconsciously expect certain words from it.

2. Your brain removes some objects from the field of your field of view when you are driving

We have all observed optical illusions, but this is only a small part of how the brain can deceive our senses: it is able to ignore the light light at night in the rear view mirror, when you drive the car.

Did you pay attention to the yellow points in a circle? No, because after a few seconds they disappear from sight: you know that the points are still on the spot, but your brain refuses to see them. Light lamps and headlights disappear when you concentrate on the road ahead. That is why people who are guilty of an accident often utter: "He appeared as if from nowhere!"

Scientists call this phenomenon "blindness caused by movement." It is believed that this is the ability of the brain to discard the information that at the moment it identifies as not meaning. There are too many stimuli in the world - sounds, smells moving towards facilities - and if the brain processed all incoming information, then it would be a significant overload. Instead, he sifts "useless" things: that is why it is so difficult to track all the random passers-by walking on one street with you.

The problem is that the brain does not always respond correctly to the signals: in our example, the brain takes blue lines for something important, because they move, and ignore yellow points, because they remain in place.

3. Your eyes are able to influence the taste of food.

If you do not have a deviation called synesthesia, then you are hardly thinking about what color is the taste or vice versa - as a taste looks like. But in fact, these feelings are interrelated: our eyes determine how much such food will have to taste, and it's not just that we want to eat that food that looks appetizing.

For example, tasters believe that some products are better combined with red wine, and with white - others, moreover, each variety of wine is revealed at a certain temperature. Scientists set out to find out what affects the perception of taste, and asked members of one of the London wine clubs to describe the flavor of white wine. At first, people talked about the tastes traditionally considered characteristic of white wine - bananas, Maracuy, red peppers, however, when the researchers added red dye to wine, experts began to talk about the tastes characteristic of red wine. Note that it was the same wine, only another color.

This experiment was repeated many times in different clubs, and always the result was the same. Once, one of the authoritative tastors tried to describe the taste of white wine painted in red, and tried quite a long time - but not because it was correctly identified by the variety, but because he tried to recognize from which red berries it was done.

An example with wine is not the only one: the tint of glass can affect the temperature and taste of the drink, for example, in one of the experiments, the participants hot chocolate seemed tastier if they drank it from cups of orange or coffee-colored, and the taste of strawberry jelly will seem fully if the dish is filed On a white plate, not on dark.

4. Your brain "changes" the size of the surrounding objects

The eyes often deceive us regarding the size of the objects that we see: take a look at the two red lines in the photo and try to understand which one is longer.

If you answered that the line on the right, then you are an absolutely normal person, and you still mistaken - if you put the lines nearby, it will become obvious that they are the same. The brain reduced the line to the left for the same reason, for what far objects seem to be less - the point is in the future.

To see such illusions in real life, it is enough to look at the night sky: when the moon just rises above the horizon, it looks huge, but over the next few hours it gradually "decreases" and closer to midnight seems very small. This does not mean that the moon unexpectedly moved away from the Earth - it looks more just because the objects in front of it are trees and buildings - create the illusion of perspectives.

And that's what weird, how easy you can give in illusions, depends on what you are accustomed to see: So, urban residents are more vulnerable to the deceptions of vision. On the other hand, if you grew away from civilization, there will be so many memories of large rectangular objects in your brain, so it will be more difficult to deceive it by means of illusion.

5. You can easily forget where your limbs are

If you put a fake rubber hand next to your hand and ask what your hands are actually yours, then you will surely answer this question without thinking, but most likely be mistaken. If your real hand is covered with something, and you see only the brushes, it is enough just to touch both hands at the same time to enter your brain in misleading: you do not see your real hand and automatically accept the fake - visible - your hand for your own. If you hit the artificial hand with a hammer, then you will flinch, although they won't feel pain - the brain instinctively reacts to the blow.

It is even more interesting that as soon as your brain takes an artificial hand for your own, the temperature of the real hand, hidden from your eyes, sharply falls, pointing to the limitation of blood flow at this time - in other words, your brain begins to deny the existence of your real hand on physiological level.

This phenomenon, also called proprioception, shows that your eyes play a huge role in awareness of their own parts of the body: it allows you to drive a car without looking at your legs, or blindly typing text on the keyboard. For the same reason, teenagers seem clumsy - they do not immediately have time to get used to what they grown, and their brain often distorts the visual perception of its own body.

Proprioceptia is often used to treat phantom pain after amputation - just show the patient an artificial limb with the help of a mirror so that the brain decided that the hand or leg is still in place.

When you hear that someone says, then everything at first glance is quite simple: the mouth of another person gives rise to the sound that your ears hear. It seems that this scheme works fine, what can go wrong?
In fact, your eyes may deceive you: the vision of most people is a dominant feeling, which means that sometimes the eyes define what your ears hear.
For example, a person again also utters something like "Bah-Bakh-Bach", and after that, he suddenly changes the sound on "Fakh Fakh Fakh" - at least, if you believe in my eyes. In fact, the sound does not change, only "picture": that is, the voice still says "Bach", but because the articulation has changed somewhat, then you automatically start to hear another sound, and if you close your eyes or turn away, the sound will turn out again "Bach".
This illusion is called the Effect of Macroke, and the most amazing thing is that even if you know which sound is pronounced in reality, your ears will still hear what the eyes suggested. As a rule, the Effect of McGroke is minimized if you are dealing with a familiar person, but manifests itself to the fullest when congently with a stranger. It matters even what a person is dressed - you subconsciously expect certain words from it.

2. Your brain removes some objects from the field of your field of view when you are driving

We have all observed optical illusions, but this is only a small part of how the brain can deceive our senses: it is able to ignore the light light at night in the rear view mirror, when you drive the car. For example, look at the flashing green point in the center in the picture within ten seconds.

Did you pay attention to the yellow points in a circle? No, because after a few seconds they disappear from sight: you know that the points are still on the spot, but your brain refuses to see them. Light lamps and headlights disappear when you concentrate on the road ahead. That is why people who are guilty of an accident often utter: "He appeared as if from nowhere!"
Scientists call this phenomenon "blindness caused by movement." It is believed that this is the ability of the brain to discard the information that at the moment it identifies as not meaning. There are too many stimuli in the world - sounds, smells moving towards facilities - and if the brain processed all incoming information, then it would be a significant overload. Instead, he sifts "useless" things: that is why it is so difficult to track all the random passers-by walking on one street with you.
The problem is that the brain does not always respond correctly to the signals: in our example, the brain takes blue lines for something important, because they move, and ignore yellow points, because they remain in place.

3. Your eyes are able to influence the taste of food.

If you do not have a deviation called synesthesia, then you are hardly thinking about what color is the taste or vice versa - as a taste looks like. But in fact, these feelings are interrelated: our eyes determine how much such food will have to taste, and it's not just that we want to eat that food that looks appetizing.
For example, tasters believe that some products are better combined with red wine, and with white - others, moreover, each variety of wine is revealed at a certain temperature. Scientists set out to find out what affects the perception of taste, and asked members of one of the London wine clubs to describe the flavor of white wine. At first, people talked about the tastes traditionally considered characteristic of white wine - bananas, Maracuy, red peppers, however, when the researchers added red dye to wine, experts began to talk about the tastes characteristic of red wine. Note that it was the same wine, only another color.
This experiment was repeated many times in different clubs, and always the result was the same. Once, one of the authoritative tastors tried to describe the taste of white wine painted in red, and tried quite a long time - but not because it was correctly identified by the variety, but because he tried to recognize from which red berries it was done.
An example with wine is not the only one: the tint of glass can affect the temperature and taste of the drink, for example, in one of the experiments, the participants hot chocolate seemed tastier if they drank it from cups of orange or coffee-colored, and the taste of strawberry jelly will seem fully if the dish is filed On a white plate, not on dark.

4. Your brain "changes" the size of the surrounding objects

The eyes often deceive us regarding the size of the objects that we see: take a look at the two red lines in the photo and try to understand which one is longer.

If you answered that the line on the right, then you are an absolutely normal person, and you still mistaken - if you put the lines nearby, it will become obvious that they are the same. The brain reduced the line to the left for the same reason, for what far objects seem to be less - the point is in the future.

To see such illusions in real life, it is enough to look at the night sky: when the moon just rises above the horizon, it looks huge, but over the next few hours it gradually "decreases" and closer to midnight seems very small. This does not mean that the moon unexpectedly moved away from the Earth - it looks more just because the objects in front of it are trees and buildings - create the illusion of perspectives.
And that's what weird, how easy you can give in illusions, depends on what you are accustomed to see: So, urban residents are more vulnerable to the deceptions of vision. On the other hand, if you grew away from civilization, there will be so many memories of large rectangular objects in your brain, so it will be more difficult to deceive it by means of illusion.

5. You can easily forget where your limbs are

If you put a fake rubber hand next to your hand and ask what your hands are actually yours, then you will surely answer this question without thinking, but most likely be mistaken. If your real hand is covered with something, and you see only the brushes, it is enough just to touch both hands at the same time to enter your brain in misleading: you do not see your real hand and automatically accept the fake - visible - your hand for your own. If you hit the artificial hand with a hammer, then you will flinch, although they won't feel pain - the brain instinctively reacts to the blow.
It is even more interesting that as soon as your brain takes an artificial hand for your own, the temperature of the real hand, hidden from your eyes, sharply falls, pointing to the limitation of blood flow at this time - in other words, your brain begins to deny the existence of your real hand on physiological level.
This phenomenon, also called proprioception, shows that your eyes play a huge role in awareness of their own parts of the body: it allows you to drive a car without looking at your legs, or blindly typing text on the keyboard. For the same reason, teenagers seem clumsy - they do not immediately have time to get used to what they grown, and their brain often distorts the visual perception of its own body.
Proprioceptia is often used to treat phantom pain after amputation - just show the patient an artificial limb with the help of a mirror so that the brain decided that the hand or leg is still in place.