NOUN

Noun - This is an independent part of speech, which combines words denoting objects and animated beings (meaning of subject matter) and who are responsible for questions? what? This value is expressed with the help of independent categories of the genus, numbers, cases, animatedness and inanimacy. In the proposal, the nouns mainly act as subject to and supplement, but they can also be other members of the sentence.

Nouns discharges: nominal, specific, collective.

Depending on the lexic and grammatical signs, nouns are divided into:

mental (names of homogeneous objects, actions or states): house, bed

own (names of single items isolated from a number of homogeneous - names, surnames, geographical names and GD-): Vanya Petrov, Pluto, Moscow;

specific (call specific items and phenomena from real reality): Boy, station and abstract (abstract) (call the subject or sign abstract from a valid or a sign of a sign): hatred, love, care;

collective (denotes a set of identical or similar rugs to a friend of individual objects as one whole): student, leaf.

Lexico-grammatical Nouns names categories:

Inanimacy-indifference category: Animate nouns denote living beings (people and animals), and inanimate nouns are an object in their own sense of the word, in contrast to living beings. This category is manifested when the nouns are declining, namely in the divergent case of a plural: the form of a vinitive case of a plural number of animated nouns coincides with the form of a genitive case, and inanimately, with the form of a nominative case. The noun male genus (except on-, "the same thing happens in the only number.

Category of the genus: All nouns (not counting those that are always used in a plural: scissors, gates, etc.) refer to one of three births: male, female or medium.

Category of Numbers: In Russian, there is a single form (refers to one thought-leader of homogeneous objects): chair, sock, boy, and multiple numbers (denotes an indefinite set of homogeneous objects): chairs, socks, boys.

The only and multiple number differ in different endings, a different combination with other parts of speech.

There are nouns that have only the unique form: some distracted nouns (love, care), collective nouns (foliage, students), names of their own (Moscow, Siberia), some nouns, denoting substance (milk, gold).

There are nouns that, on the contrary, have a form of only multiple numbers: some distracted nouns (vacations, twilight), some nouns, denoting substance (soup, cream), names of some games (chess, hide and seek), some specific nouns that consist of several components (scissors, trousers);

Category of case: This category is based on the contrast of the case of case and denotes the ratio of the designated substrate to other subjects, actions or features. In Russian, six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, efficient, proposed.

The declination of nouns names is changes to the names of the nouns on the case.

In Russian, there are multiclined nouns: these are 10 nouns of the middle kind on -th (flame, burden, time, udder, banner, seed, stirring, chemus, tribe, name) - inclined with the increment of suffix - in the singular in all cases except for the cleaner, according to the 3rd decline, and in the appropriate case of the only number - on the 2nd decline, in the plural, inclined on the 2nd decline; Words Mother, Daughter (inclined by the 3rd decline with inclination -er-), the path (inclined in all cases of 3rd decline and only in the quality - on the 2nd one), child (this word is now not used in indirect cases singular).

There are also unclear nouns (that is, they do not change on cases and numbers). They mainly include words of foreign-speaking origin, which denote both inanimate objects (cafes, radio) and the face of the male and female family (attache, lady); They can also denote animals (kangaroo, chimpanzees), names and surnames, geographical names (Baku, Helsinki), etc.

Syntactic functions of nouns

In the proposal, the name of the noun can be; Any member:

subject to: Mom goes to the store,

supplement: I asked him to give me a book.

definition: Mom I bought a notebook with paper into a cage.

the application: The Volga River is very beautiful.

the circumstance: he achieved his despite difficulties.

taken: My father is an engineer.

1. Speech in Russian, the criteria for their allocation.

In modern Russian, there are independent and official parts of speech, interjections and sound-speaking words. Independent (significant) parts of speech are called objects, their quality, properties or actions or indicate them. They have their grammatical values, carry a verbal emphasis on themselves and perform the role of major or secondary members of the sentence. Independent parts of speech include nouns, the names of adjectives, the names are numerical, pronoun, verbs, adverbs. Some scientists are the authors of textbooks (V. V. Babayitseva, L. D. Chesnokov) with independent parts of the speech consider the Communion and Templocoming. But more often, the scholars refer to special forms of verb (N. M. Shansky, M. M. Razumovskaya). Service parts of speech (prepositions, unions, particles) are not called reality phenomena, but indicate different relationships between words (prepositions), words and sentences (unions) or make semantic and emotional shades of words and suggestions (particles). They do not have the forms of wordinity, do not have verbal stress, are not members of the sentence. Arctic in Russian is expressed, but they do not call the sense of speaking: oh! Yeah! Alas! etc. Sound-resistant words reproduce sounds, screams: ka-ka-re-ku, Mu-U-y, etc. Neither interjections, no sound-speaking words are not members of the sentence.

2. Snow-sitting, its appointment in the language. Structure and types of phrases

according to the method of expressing the main word.

3. Syntactic analysis of the sentence, draw the scheme.

1. Speech parts, their general and distinctive features.

Nominal parts of speech in Russian - this is the name noun, the name is adjective, the name is numerical, pronoun. The features of these parts of speech studying morphology.

Personal parts of speech are independent (having a value), changeable (inclined) parts of speech, are members of the sentence.

The name of the noun takes one of the main places in our speech. Everything that exists in the world is named in a word - noun. Nouns names indicate the subject, answer questions who? what? (Youth, cat, blizzard, decision, Moscow, blue, excitement). The subject in grammar is called everything, what can I ask about? What is it?, for example: who is it? - human; what is it? - Tutorial. Nouns are divided into groups depending on the lexical value:

1) Specific - call the objects of the surrounding world (live or inanimate nature): a house, picture, TV; Boy, dog, bullfinch, oak;

2) real - call substances: gold, oil, gas, salt, polyethylene;

3) distracted - call phenomena, perceived mentally: properties, quality: whiteness, kindness, stupidity; Actions: Running, change, Clear; States: joy, sleep, laziness; Nature phenomena: blizzard, rainbow; Public phenomena: parade, reform;

4) Collective - call a lot of identical objects as one: foliage, defortion.

National names denoting the generalized names of homogeneous objects (phenomena) are called nominal, for example: river, mountain, city, kindness, uprising, tit. National names denoting the names of single (individual) items are called their own, for example: Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, Yuri Dolgoruky, Cat Marquis, Europe, Arbat. National names are divided into animate (Volzanin, carpenter, bear) and inanimate (home, newspaper, meshrora).

The division of animations for animate and inanimate names does not always coincide with the division of everything existing in nature on the living and non-living, for example, the names of the plants, the words people, the defense, a pack, the youth treat in inanimate, and the words of the doll, the dead, dead man, ace, currency, Trump (card terms) - for animate.

Nouques' names are male (man, house, tiger), female (sister, hut, tigress), average (generation, impression, patronymic) clan. Typically, it is not difficult to determine the name of the nouns of nouns, but there is a group of words that can correctly determine the genus, only by contacting the dictionary: Swan - Male genus; Shampoo - Male Rod; chassis - medium genus; Corn - female genus.

Some nouns for men, denoting a profession, occupation, can be used to designate persons both male and female (lawyer, geologist, seller).

Initial nouns more often apply to the average (cafes, menu, studio); The male genus includes nouns, calling people of male or animals (maestro, kangaroo); To female - noun, calling female faces (Miss, Madame, Frau, Lady).

The genus of geographical names is determined by the kind of correlated nominal nouns (Tbilisi - the city is a man's race).

Depending on belonging to the nature of the names, the nouns belong to the 1st decline (male, female genus with the endings, - I, the words of the general kind - EHOZ®); to the 2nd decline (male genus with a zero ending, the average genus with the endings is - -e); to the 3rd decline (female genus with zero ending), for example: hotels®, ban @ - 1st decline, cases \\ o ±, nail ^ - 2nd declination, youth ^), sensitivity ^] - 3rd Declination.

So, the names of the nouns have a specific lexical and general grammatical importance (item) are divided into groups, depending on the value, have permanent morphological signs (own - nominal; animated - inanimate; genus, declination).

The names of adjectives indicate the sign of the subject and answer the questions what? What? What? what kind? Using the names of the adjective item can be described from different points of view. If the adjectives indicate the quality of the subject, which can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent (smart - smarter (comparative degree) is the smartest (excellent degree), they are called high-quality. Qualitative adjectives give the characteristic of the subject: ruddy, kind, large, warm.

Adjective names, indicating that the subject determined by them is related to another subject, called relative: silver - is related to silver, silver; Moscow - Related to Moscow. Belonging the subject to any person or animal determine the attracted names of adjectives: Mamino (dress), fox (traces), Petina (book).

So, the adjectives have a specific lexical and general grammatical significance (a sign of the subject) and a permanent sign - a discharge on the value (qualitative, relative, attracted). In Russian, there are a lot of words that have the value of the number, accounts, for example: two, twos, double, doubled by double. But only the word two is called numeral.

The name is numeral - the name of the speech, which means the number, the number of objects (two days), their order with the score (second student) and answers the questions how much? What? which the? (in the account).

Numbered names are divided into o-priced (answer the question how much? - five, fifteen, twenty-five, one hundred and twenty-five) and ordinal (answer what kind of question? Or who? - Fifth, fifteenth, twenty-fifth).

Quantitative numerals may indicate integers (five), fractional (one fifth) or have a collective value (five).

Numbered names are simple (consist of one word), complex and composite (of two or more words): eleven, five hundred, thousand two hundred and thirty one.

So, the names are numerals have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning (number) and constant morphological signs: there are ordinal and quantitative, simple, complex and composite, integer, fractional and collective (quantitative).

Pronouns - these are words that are used instead of the name, denote persons (I, you, you, he, she, it, they), indicate objects, signs of objects, the number of objects, without calling them specifically (that, this, all , so much). From all other registered parts of the speech of pronoun are characterized by the fact that they themselves do not have an independent value, but in speech, in the text it becomes concrete, because it corresponds to a specific person, subject, sign, quantity: There was a vase on the table. She [Vase] was an extraordinary form. It happened in the city, which [city] is known to everyone. The value and grammatical features are distinguished by nine proliferations: 1) Personal (I, we; You, you; He, she, it; they); 2) Returnable (Himself); 3) Press (mine, yours, our, your, your own); 4) index (this one, that, such, such, so much); 5) the definition (itself, the most, all, any, each, other); 6) relative (who, what, what, what, which, how much, whose); 7) Questionaging (who? What? What? Whose? Which? Which? Where? When? Where? Where? Why? Why? What?); 8) negative (no one, nothing, any); 9) Uncertain (someone, something, someone, someone, someone, someone). The pronouns have morphological signs of the part of the speech with which they relate.

So, all registered parts of speech are independent, have specific lexical and general grammatical importance and constant morphological signs (grammatical values).

The initial form for registered speech parts is a nominative case, the only number, male genus (except the name of the noun). Non-permanent signs are also common. Personal parts of speech are changed by cases, numbers, childbirth (except noun). We prove this by changing sequentially all words in the phrase consisting of registered parts of speech.

For qualitative names of the adjective non-permanent sign, the change in the shape of the word (complete or brief), the degree of comparison (comparative and excellent).

Personal parts of speech in the proposal act as the main or secondary members.

Part of speech - This is a category of language words, which is determined by syntactic and morphological features. In the languages \u200b\u200bof the world, first of all are opposed to the name (hereinafter determined by a noun, adjective, etc.) and verb. It is also generally accepted by dividing parts of speech on independent and service. In the article, the morphological analysis can be viewed by many additional characteristics of speech parts.

Independent parts of speech (include words that call objects, their actions and various signs):
1. Noun
2. Verb
3. Adjective
4. Numeral
5. Pronoun
6. Adverb
7. Participle
8. Tempecios
9. Words of the category of status

Service parts of speech (Do not name neither objects or actions, nor signs, but express only relations between them):
1. Pretext
2. Particles
3. Unions
4. Interdomitia, sound-speaking words.

Noun

The noun is part of speech, with the help of which denotes the subject. The noun answers questions: who? what? (Dad, Song). They are distinguished by childbirth, and nouns are changed on cases and numbers. There are animated (person) and inanimate (home).

Adjective

Qualitative adjectives are adjectives denoting the property of the item that can manifest themselves with different intensity: fast, white, old. Qualitative adjectives have comparison degrees and brief forms: fast, white, old. Relative adjectives are adjectives denoting the property of the item itself by its attitude to action or other subject: iron, measuring, door, inflatable. Attractive adjectives are adjectives, indicating the belonging to the subject of them to someone or anything: sister, fathers, foxes.

Numeral

Numerical - this is part of speech, which means:

• the number of items, answering the question: how much?These are quantitative: three, fifteen, one hundred thirty five;
• the order of items with the score, answering the question: which the?These are ordinal numerals: the third, fifteenth, one hundred and thirty fifth;
• the total number of items, it is a collective number: both, two, four, six, nintero, etc.

Pronoun

The pronoun is part of speech pointing to the face, a sign or subject, without calling them. The pronouns are divided into:

• personal: We, I, you, you, she, it, he, they;
• return: yourself;
• press: our, mine, yours, yours, your own;
• questionally relative: what, who, what, what, whose, how much, which, who, who,,
• indexing: that, this one, so much, so;
• determined: the most, himself, all, all, all, everything, everyone, any, other, any;
• negative: nothing, nothing, nothing, noctor, no one;
• uncertain: some, something, some, someone, somewhat, something, someone, anything, something, any.

More about pronouns for beginners in video:

Verb

The verb is part of speech that means a state or action, answers any of the questions: what to do?, what have you been doing?, what is he doing?, what will do?, and has signs of the species, person, pledge, time, numbers, kind, and inclination (in the subjunctive tilting, last time). There are such forms of verbs: infinitives, communion and verbal spirits.

1. Infinitives - an indefinite form without signs of face, time, numbers, pledge, kind and inclination: to sleep, run, read.
2. Participle - an unqualified form of verb, denotes the action or state of the subject in the time variable in time; The communion can vary on cases, numbers and childbirth, and also has signs of the species, time and collateral (it differs from the adjective). Communions, in turn, are divided into another more species:
3. Activities - action performed by a sign by a sign: a bloomed garden reading a student;
4. The suffering communion is a sign that arose as a result of the impact of anything or anyone on a sign of a sign: leaf abrupt by the wind, abandoned stone.
5. Tempecios - This is an immutable form of verb, indicates the action as a sign of another action: Obesusyl, sat on the bench; spoke, without looking into the eyes. From the communion differs in that it has signs of pledge and species, but does not change.

Adverb

Instant is part of speech, which means a sign of quality, actions or subject, answering the question: when?, as?, where?, why? and so on. The main sign of the adverb is immacitation: yesterday, slowly, everywhere, etc. The larch also includes placed adverbs: nowhere, where, so, in no way, when, sometimes, never, from here, where, where , there, why, therefore, because why, then, etc.

Pretext

The pretext is an immutable service part of speech used to connect words: K, B, C, from, on, in, between, through, for the sake of, during, through, around, like, about, relative, due to, according to, later, Really, despite, by virtue, due to, depending on, in relation to, etc.

Soyuz

The Union is an immutable service part of speech that serves to connect members of the proposal and (or) parts of a complex proposal (it is necessary to distinguish the alliance from prepositions, the preposition connects words, not syntactic units). Types of Unions:

1. writing unions: Yes, and, or, or, but, either, also, too.
2. Subordination unions: before when, while, so that, like, because, since, due to the fact that, as if, as if, if, if, although, in order to, despite the fact that, not only ... But ..., not so much ... how much ... etc.

Particle

Particles are official words that give semantic or emotional shades to individual words or suggestions: neither, not, in some way, -libe, -to, - -da (s), -U, - I, too, - whether, yes, yes, let, even if, even, just, just, really, do you really know, well, come on, they say, because, they say, well, as if, as if , for sure, it seems, like, allegedly, perhaps, tea, maybe, it is, just, almost, not, if, hardly, not, etc.

Bunch

A bundle is a service word that ripped from a pronoun or verb paradigm. The bunch indicates the syntactic relationship of the proposal components. The ligaments include words, phrases, hidden forms of verbs, forms of verb be, for example: it is, it is, there is, to appear, mean, appear, be called, mean. Often, the bundles are lowered and in their place in the proposal put a dash, for example: Car - [is] not luxury, but a means of movement.

Everything for study »Russian language» Parts of speech in Russian

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1. All the words of the Russian language can be divided into groups that call parts of speech.

Together with the syntax, morphology is a section of a language science called grammar.

2. Each part of speech has signs that can be combined into three groups:

3. All parts of the speech are divided into two groups - independent (significant) and service. A special position in the system of speech parts is occupied by interjections.

4. Independent (significant) parts of speech Include words that call objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions to independent words, and in the proposal, significant words are members of the sentence.

The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:

	Part of speech	Questions	Examples
1	Noun	who? what?	Boy, uncle, table, wall, window.
2	Verb	what to do? what to do?	Saw, cut, know, find out.
3	Adjective	what? whose?	Good, blue, mamm, door.
4	Numeral	how much? which the?	Five, five, fifth.
5	Adverb	as? when? Where? and etc.	Fun, yesterday, close.
6	Pronoun	who? What? how much? as? and etc.	I, he, so, mine, so much, there.
7	Participle	what? (what makes? What made? etc.)	Dreaming dreamed.
8	Tempecios	as? (what making? What made?)	Dreaming, deciding.

Notes.

1) As noted, there is no single point of view in linguistics in the situation in the system of speech parts of communion and verbalism. Some researchers refer them to independent parts of speech, others consider them by special forms of verb. Communion and verbality really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and the forms of verb. In this manual, we adhere to the point of view, reflected, for example, in the textbook: Babayitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 classes. M., 2001.

2) In linguistics there is no single point of view on the composition of such a part of speech, as numeral. In particular, in "Academic grammar" it is customary to consider ordinal numbers as a special discharge of adjectives. However, the school tradition refers them to numeral. We will adhere to this position and we are in the present manual.

3) In different manuals, the composition of pronoun is characterized in different ways. In particular, words there, there, nowhere et al. In some school textbooks refer to adverbs, in others - to pronuches. In this manual, we consider such words as pronouncing, adhering to the point of view reflected in "Academic grammar" and in the textbook: Babayitseva V.V., Chesnikova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 classes. M., 2001.

5. Service parts of speech - These are words that are not called neither objects or actions, nor signs, but express only relations between them.

For official words can not be issued a question.

Service words are not members of the sentence.

Service words serve independent words, helping them to unite with each other in the composition of phrases and suggestions.

The official parts of speech in Russian include the following:

pretext (in, on, about, out of);

soyuz (and, but, but, however, because to, if);

particle (would, whether, not even, just, only).

6. occupy a special position among the parts of speech.

The interjections are not called neither objects, no actions, nor signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express relationships between independent words and do not serve to communicate words (as official parts of speech).

Interdudice transmit our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use such interjections as ah, oh, wow; To express the feeling of cold - br-R., to express fear or pain - oh etc.

7. As noted, some words in Russian can change, others - no.

TO unchangeable All service parts of speech, interjections, as well as significant parts of speech as:

adveria ( forward, always);

tempecistry ( leaving, leaving, accepting).

Some also do not change:

nouns ( coat, taxis, blinds);

adjectives ( coat Color Beige, Electric Color Costume);

pronouns ( then, there).

via end;

Wed: sister - sisters; I read - read.

via finishes and premisted;

Sister - to the sister, at the sister, with sister.

via auxiliary words.