The position of the main layers of the 19th century society table. The position of various layers of society at the end of the XIX century. Performed: teacher history and social studies

Task number 1.

Spend lines showing from which classes of classes and social segments of the population at the end of the XIX century.

Note. The question is quite contrived, since the connecting lines can be carried out between all categories. For example, at the end of the 19th century, 54% of officers took place in the Russian army, 26% from the bins and peasants, 14% from the intelligentsia, 3% from the clergy and 3% from the merchants. And such a picture was observed in each social layer.

Task number 2.

A. N. Engenagardt. Letters from the village. Ninth letter. 1880
"... American sells excess, and we sell the necessary urgent bread. The American-farmer himself eats excellent wheat bread, fat ham and lamb, drinks tea, gets dinner with a sweet apple pie ... our gear-agriculture eats the worst rye bread ... Bread out empty gray soup, considers luxury buckwheat porridge with hemp oil I have no idea about apple pie and the concepts, and even laugh will be that there are such countries where non-jewish men apple pies eating and bathers are the same feed. Our man man has a lack of wheat bread on a baby's packer; Baba will clarify the babe that herself eats, put in a rag - suck ...
... Wheat, good pure rye we ship abroad, to the Germans who will not have any rubbish. The best, clean rye we overthrow on wine, and the most like there is a bad rye, with a fortune, bonfire, the Sivets and all sorts of selection, obtained when cleaning the rye for a blinner, "this is eating a man. But not only that the man eats the worst bread, he is still undernourished. If there are pretty bread in the villages - eat three times ... there are more on Yarovina, potatoes, cannabis jumper in bread added. Of course, the stomach is naked, but from bad food people lose weight, sick, guys grow worse ... "
1. What features of peasant life did you learn from the document? 2. Why were Russian peasants who were forced to sell bread to the detriment of their nutrition?

1. A feature of peasant life was extreme poverty that arose due to the need to sell bread to the detriment of their own interests. 2. The reason for this was significantly increased obligatory payments (grades, redemption, interest), charged from the peasants, in the conditions of Malozhel.

Task number 3.

Fill the table.

Task number 4.

Fill the table.

Task number 5.

Insert the surname missed in the text.

From the memories of K. S. Stanislavsky.
"I lived at such a time when in the field of art, science, aesthetics began great revival. As you know, in Moscow, the then young merchants contributed to this, which for the first time came into the arena of Russian life and, along with its trade and industrial affairs, closely interested in art.
Here, for example, Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov , the creator of the famous gallery, which he donated to the city of Moscow. In the morning, he worked before the night or in the office, or in the factory, and in the evenings he was engaged in his gallery or talked with young artists, in which he said talent. After a year or another painting, they fell into the gallery, and they themselves became just well known, and then famous ...
Sergey Ivanovich Schukin Gathered the Gallery of French Artists of the New Direction, where everyone wanted to meet painting for free. His brother, Peter Ivanovich Schukin , created a large museum of Russian antiquities.
Aleksey Aleksandrovich Bakhrushin It established the only theatrical museum in Russia, collecting in it what belonged to Russian and part of the Western European theater.
And here's another excellent figure from the builders of Russian cultural life ... I am talking about the famous patron Savva Ivanovich Mammoth , which was both a singer, an opera artist, and director, and playwright, and the creator of the Russian private opera, and painting by the builder of many Russian railway lines. "

Task number 6.

Read the document and give written answers to questions.

Requirements of Morozov workers
"one. ... We, workers, we demand and ask that the fines do not exceed 5% earned ruble and that the worker has been warned about his bad job and caused no more than two times during the month.
2. Decide for the walk so that no longer exceeded more than one ruble, but so that the host will also be obliged to pay the worker for the program, occurring in the fault of the host: as the simple ... vehicle breakdowns and alteration to other works, etc. ., etc. ... at least forty kopecks per day or twenty kopecks in shift.
3. ... In order for each worker to get a complete settlement without any deduction and delay, according to the application for 15 days about the reluctance to continue work. Also, the owner is obliged to declare the worker in 15 days about its calculation, and all this would be recorded in the settlement notebook ...
4. ... Complete satisfaction of workers for running from the day of our stop, which occurred by the owner's fault. Walking day to count, at the request of workers, at least 40 kopecks. in a day.
Harch's unhindered issuance until the workers are satisfied in their requirements, without any receipt ... Also for the future time ... The issue of a salary would not be delayed further than the 15th or first Saturday after the 15th.
The free choice of headlights in the artist and that the old-year could not serve for more than three months ... dismiss from the posts of those employees and masters who will find the necessary workers and show a separate note. "
1. What are the causes of workers' strikes at Nikolsky Morozov Manufactory? 2. Have the workers put forward political demands? 3. What does the very fact of the collective demand for the collective demand for workers? 4. How were the requirements of Morozov workers in Russian factory legislation reflected?

1. The causes of the strikes were the deterioration of the situation of workers, the brutal exploitation from the owners and the arbitrariness of the administration. 2. Political requirements have not been put forward. 3. On the formation of an organized working movement. 4. The factory legislation adopted in 1886 determined the procedure for hiring and dismissal, the relationship between the administration with workers systematizes fines and the organization of labor in enterprises.

1863-1866

Children's children and graduates seminary allowed to obtain secular education

Elimination of class barriers and clergy update

1867

The elimination of the heredity of the parishes and the right to obtain spiritual education for all Orthodox

1869-1879

Liquidation of small parishes, establishing a salary and pensions for the clergy

Improving the material situation and turning the clergy in civil servants

Task number 8.

Make the text using the phrase below.
Abolition of serfdom. Liberalization of education. Democratization of the intelligentsia. Preservation of class privileges. Lack of political freedoms. Strengthening anti-government sentiment.

After cancellation of serfdom At the initial stage of reforms were taken steps liberalization of education. This contributed to the formation and democratization of the intelligentsia - New social layer. But, lack of political freedom and preservation of class privileges braked the development of society and led to strengthening anti-government sentiment.

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Bochkarnnikova Anna Andreevna

Educational and methodological manual for teaching the history of "Russia in the XIH century" (abstracts of lessons with multimedia presentations)

Russia under Alexander III.

Topic 1. Russia B80 - 90s. XIX century

Lesson number 1. Internal policy of Alexander III

Objectives lesson:

Educational: Find out whether the internal policy of Alexander III is indeed a counter-processing, i.e. The period of liquidation of the reforms of the previous reign

Developing: develop thinking skills, ability to draw conclusions and generalizations, the ability to allocate the main thing, compare and summarize, work skills with a textbook

Educational: to educate interest in history

Work forms: teacher's story, viewing a training video, work with a textbook

1. Organizing time.
2. Studying a new material.

1) Personality of Alexander III

In the assessment of the personality of Alexander III, historians still can not abandon the stereotypes that have developed in the Soviet period. This applies to both the level of education and education of the emperor and its personal qualities and the abilities of the statesman. These stereotypes are low-decamentality, nearby mind, foul language, drunkenness, striving for the suppression of any manifestation of freedom, etc. Currently, the desire for a more objective assessment of the reign of Alexander III is observed. From the position of objectivity should approach this issue and teacher. For better assimilation of the material, the question of the question can be divided into points.

1. Level of education and upbringing.

It is necessary to consider that Alexander III should not be the emperor. He was prepared for a typical military career for the great princes. He was heir to the throne after the death of his older brother Nikolai, in 1865 Alexander Alexandrovich was at that time for 20 years, and only from that time he had to catch the missed in education. The lack of education, Alexander III, replenished in large hardworking, independently detaining all questions.

Talking about it, the teacher can bring the opinion of the contemporary.

Document

"... As for the future Emperor Alexander III, then it can be said, he was somewhat in the pen; Neither his education nor his upbringing paid special attention ...

And indeed, Emperor Alexander III was a completely ordinary mind, perhaps, can be said below secondary education; According to the outside - she looked like a large Russian man from the central provinces, the costume would come to him: a fur coat, a trip and lapties; Nevertheless, he is his appearance, which reflected his huge character, a wonderful heart, grateful, justice and at the same time hardness ...

I will not argue that Emperor Alexander III was a man of relatively small education, it can be said - he was a man of ordinary education. But with what I can't agree with and what I often had to hear, this is with the fact that Emperor Alexander III was not smart. It is necessary to continue what to imply under the word mind: maybe Emperor Alexander III had a little mind, but he had a huge outstanding mind of the heart ... "

From the memories of X Witte

2. Personal qualities Alexander III.

The teacher notes that in the field of personal life, Alexander III was an excellent family man, an exemplary owner. As for his manner of communication, he could really bother firmly, call with a rough word, but he turned out only with the guilty. Often, for the characteristics of the personality of Alexander III, teachers call him adherence to alcohol. The teacher may refer to this as about the version of the version, but at the same time it is necessary to point out its unprove. The fact is that the only source in this matter is the article of revolutionary V.L. Burtsva in the newspaper "Future" (1912), in which he refers to the story of Physics P.N. Lebedev about his conversation with the head of protection and friend Alexander III P.A. Cherevin. That is, information about the drunkenness of the king, obtained through third hands and told by the enemy of the monarchy, can not not be in doubt. This version is confirmed by Alexander III health deterioration and his early death. But at the same time, they forget that the emperor undermined his health in 1888 during a catastrophe in the collars, when the royal train came to the rail and Alexander III, which was distinguished by the Bogatyr force, kept the falling roof of the car to save his family.

3. They were talking about the political views of Alexander III, he was an adherent of an absolute monarchy because of the lack of education and mind, but because of the belief that constitutional transformations will lead to serious public shocks. He made this confidence from the experience of the reign of his father, whose transformation only strengthened the revolutionary movement. True, Alexander III measures, aimed at strengthening autocracy and the estate, cannot be called progressive and even in some cases expedient. In this place, the teacher can turn to the end of the reign of Alexander II, when at the initiative of M.T. Loris-Melikova was developed by the draft representative of the deliberative body, and after the death of the emperor on March 1, 1881, Alexander III rejected this project.

The study film "Alexander III" is organized (made from DVD)

2) the era of counter-reviews

1. Fastening.

Thus, to talk about the complete refusal of Alexander III from the reforms is incorrect. It is rather a limitation of the action of reforms of 60-70x, but not liquidation. Although the restrictions were sometimes very significant. Those small rights and freedoms, in particular the all-known local representation, were again selected. As for the decrease in redemption payments by 16%, this did not eliminate the situation when the peasants paid more market value for the repurchased land

1. Homework. § 29-30. National and Religious Policy Alexander III - Abstract

National and Religious Policy of AlexanderIII. One of the main tasks of the National and Religious Policy of Alexander III was the desire to preserve the unity of the state. The path to this was seen primarily in Russification of national outflows. Not without the influence of victory to the Russian Orthodox Church was delivered to exceptional position. Those religions that recognized them "dangerous" for Orthodoxy were persecuted. Special severity of the Ober-Prosecutor of the Synod showedsectors. Often, the sectarian parents even took the children. Buddhists - Kalmyks and Buryats were persecuted, and they were forbidden to build temples, send worship services. Especially intolerable was the attitude towards those officially listed facing in Orthodoxy, but in fact continued to confess the previous religion.

The harsh attitude of the Government of Alexander III showed to the adherents of Judaism. According to the temporary rules of 1882, the Jews took the Llavo to settle outside the cities and the towns even withintraits of settling;they were forbidden to acquire immovable property in rural areas. In 1887, the trait itself was reduced. In L891, a decree was issued on the eviction of Jews who were illegally residing in Moscow and the Moscow province. In 1887, it was determined what percentage of the total number of students in educational institutions of MS Gly to compile Jews (percentage norm). There were restrictions on the occupation by some types of professional activities, for example, in the attorney. All these oppressions did not apply to the Jews who have passed into the Orthodox faith.

Poles and Catholics were persecuted - for them, access to public positions in the Kingdom of Polish and in the Western Territory was closed.

At the same time, the Muslim Church and Muslim courts were left in the inviolability of Muslim church attached to the Russian Empire. The local population was given the right of domestic self-government, which turned out to be in the hands of a local top. But the Russian authorities managed to arrange the working layers of the population to themselves, having reduced taxes and limiting arbitrariness of the nobility.

Alexander III refused to continue the liberal transformations launched by his father. He took a firm course to preserve the foundations of autocracy. Reformed activities were continued only in the field of economics.

Lesson number 2. Socio-economic development during the reign of Alexander III

Objectives lesson:

Educational: to find out the main trends and contradictions of the socio-economic development of Russia in 1880 - 1990.

Developing: develop the ability to analyze, summarize material, determine and explain the concepts, allocate the main thing and solve problems

Type of lesson: Combined

Training Methods: Reproductive and C / P

Work forms: teacher's story, survey, work with a textbook, watching a training film

1. Organizing time.
2. Actualization of knowledge on the topic: "Internal Policy of Alexander III"

1. Name the main task of the reign of Alexander III
2. Give the characteristics of the internal policy of Alexander III in areas:

A) peasant question

B) education and enlightenment

C) local self-government

D) working legislation

3) Do you agree with the statement that the period of the Board of Alexander III, was a period of counterposses, i.e. Period to eliminate the reforms of the previous reign?

1. Studying a new material.

1) agricultural development

Organized front conversation with students

List the characteristic features of the development of peasant economy in 2 floors. 19th century

• Malozhelela
• Agrarian resettlement
• Extensive path of development of agriculture
• Preservation of redemption payments

List the characteristic features of the development of landlord

• The use of the workshop of the peasants, for debts
• Landlord economy - the main supplier of commodity bread abroad

In the development of agriculture prevailed capitalist or feudal features?

Intensive or extensive means agriculture developed?

(In agriculture, feudal features were dominated with individual elements of capitalism. This explains the extensive path of development).

All these trends remained in the 80-90.

In 1891 - 1892. - drought, cooling, long rains → hunger → more than 600 thousand people died

2) industrial development of Russia

The video of the video "Economy under Alexandra III" is organized

Then: Filling the table "Economic policy in the field of industry"

Results: - creating a favorable situation for the development of the domestic industry, budget surplus,

1. Fastening.

Historical dictation

1. Workers

A) budget

B) taxes;

C) fine;

D) wine monopoly

E) indirect taxes

E) protectionism;

G) S.Yu. Witte

H) petroleum

And) proletariat;

K) Bourgeoisie

1. Homework. § 31.

Lesson # 3. The position of the main layers of society in the last quarter of 19 V.

Objectives lesson:

Educational: consider the position of the main sections of the Russian population in the 80s - 90s. 19th century, to get acquainted with the process of processing the estate structure in the class, features of the position of different layers of society

Developing: develop self-work skills, the ability to make generalizations, allocate the main

Type of lesson: Combined

Training Methods: Reproductive, Ch / P

Work forms: Written historical dictation, work with a textbook, Filling tables

1. Organizing time.
2. Actualization of knowledge on the topic: "Socio-economic development of Russia in the 80 -90E GG"

Historical dictation (Promotion - in a weak class)

1. Exceptional law of state for the production and sale of alcoholic beverages
2. Painting of expenses and revenues of the state for a certain period
3. Workers
4. Capital Owners, Owners of Labor Gunning, Using Funny Labor
5. industry industry, actively developing in the area Baku and Grozny
6. Payment charged with individuals and legal entities in the State and Local Budget
7. State policy aimed at defense and patronage of the domestic industry
8. Finance Minister, which was the initiator of Transsib
9. Recovery of workers for lateness, release of low-quality products
10. The mark-up set by the state for goods of mass consumption

A) budget

B) taxes;

C) fine;

D) wine monopoly

E) indirect taxes

E) protectionism;

G) S.Yu. Witte

H) petroleum

And) proletariat;

K) Bourgeoisie

1. Studying a new material.

Task 1. Create class schemes, classes:

1. Homework. 32-33.

Lesson number 4. Public movement in the 80s - 90s. 19th century

Objectives lesson:

Educational: introduce students with the basics of Marxist teaching, which will determine Russia's development in the 20th century; Find out the features of the development of liberal and conservative movements at this time;

Developing: develop the ability to generalize, determine to explain the concepts, to put and solve problems.

Type of lesson: learning a new material

Training Methods: Reproductive, Ch / P

Work forms: teacher lecture, organization conversation

1. Organizing time.
2. Actualization of knowledge on the topic:

Conversation with students

Remember, what influence was the murder of Alexander II on the internal political course of the Russian government?

The teacher complements students' responses:Killing Alexander II Javi-; Elked the strongest shock for Alexander III. Fearing attempts from "; Parties to revolutionaries, he spent the first years of his reign in Gatchina under the enhanced security of troops and the police. His main task he set the suppression of not only the revolutionary, but also a liberal-opposition movement.

After the arrest and execution on April 3, 1882, there were mass searches and clouds, as a result of which the St. Petersburg organization "People's Will" was defeated. At the same time, in 1881, he stopped his existence "black convey." The members of the "People's Will" were attempted to continue the "offensive" actions and turned to Alexander III with a letter in which they repeated their basic software requirements, promising if they were fulfilled, stop terror.

Remember, what were the program requirements of the "People's Will"?(Establishing socialism, universal equality. Political coup for the transfer of power to the people. Convening a constituent meeting, selected freely, on the basis of universal voting.)However, the government was not going to go to any political concessions and by 1886 "Folk Volya" was finally crushed. People's movement went to a dead end.

After that, liberal flowful flows begin to prevail in people.

1. Studying a new material.

1) Liberal Movement

Liberal population

Liberal populists believed that capitalism in Russia had not yet rooted. They ratified for the development of collective forms of production, in order to avoid capitalism in Russia. Collective property, as they believed, best suited the Russian conditions, the psychology of the peasantry. They offered to increase the peasant land tenure due to the colonization and procurement of land in landlords; organize a cheap loan for peasants, etc. The most prominent representative of this flow has become a philosopher and publicistN. K. Mikhailovsky.

- Think if there were anything common in the requirements of representatives of radical and liberal movements? How could event be influenced by a liberal movement?(General - the requirement of representative government, the introduction of democratic freedoms. But after the murder of Alexander II, act with such ideas meant to show some solidarity.from the murderers of the emperor, support their requirements.)Under Alexander III, the newly appointed Minister of Internal Affairs D. A. Tolstoy led a new offensive on Zemstvo. Stopped the existence of the "Zemsky Union". Under these conditions, the liberal movement takes new forms. From political issues, his attention appeals to human problems, a separate personality. The idea of \u200b\u200b"inconspicuous ministry", the tactics of "Small Affairs" comes to replace the constitutional requirements.

Liberals - Theory of "Small Affairs"

What do you think this theory consisted?(The activities of teachers, doctors, agronomists are their everyday, painstaking work, contributing to the improvement of the life of the people, helping him to free themselves from illiteracy, poverty, ignorance.)In the 80s. One of the centers of the liberal movement was the free economic society. Another center - founded in 1883 in memory of N. I. Pirogov Society of Russian doctors. In his activities, the land of Zemsky doctors took an active part. However, in general in the 80s. Liberal movement went to the decline. The events of the early 1880s, care with the political arena of Liberals, contributed to the fact that conservatism becomes the leading direction of government policies, the influence of liberal ideas on the production of this course is sharply reduced.

Remember the basic ideas of conservatives.(Preservation of absolute monarchy, preventing any attempts by reforms.)

2) the beginning of the work movement

Remember what two new classes appear in Russia in the second half of the XIX century?(Bourgeoisie and proletariat.)

Which one could be a new force in public movement and why?(Proletariat. Heavy working conditions, the high organization of workers made it possible to engage in public movement)

Already since the 1870s, strikes, workers' strikes become quite frequent in Russia, work movement.

Remember what a strike is, strike?(Lump-sum under the preliminary agreement Termination of work on the entrepreneur in order to achieve more favorable working conditions from it)

What are the requirements put forward workers?(Wage increase, reduction of the working day, cutting fines.)

One of the most important events in the working movement of this time was the Morozovsky strike, which took place in 1885 at the Morozov textile factory. Starters demanded to increase wages, streamline fines that should not exceed 5%, to ensure the reception of the produced goods with witnesses, the administration must prevent the workers about the dismissal for 15 days. The strike was suppressed, the participants of the strike were arrested. 33 people were betrayed by a court. However, the jury court made an acquittal sentence.

What do you think the strikers were justified?(The case was considered by the Jury Court. During the court, the jury learned about the present state of affairs at the Morozov factory.)

Remember the laws that had to regulate the relationship between workers and employers.

(From the events to solve the working question under Alexander III were carried out:

1882 - the law forbidden the labor of children under 12;

the working day of children from 12 to 15 years has been limited to the 8th hours;

1885 - the law prohibiting the night work of women and adolescents;

1886 - the law limiting the size of the fines, a ban on the distribution with workers through factory shops;

the law on punishing workers for participation in the strikes.)

3) Marxism in Russia

The crisis of revolutionary population, the need to search for new ways to reorganize society, on the one hand, and the development of the labor movement, on the other, have created conditions for distribution in Russia of Marxism.

Remember who was the creator of Marxism? What are its main provisions?(Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.)

In 1883 Russian emigrant revolutionaries created a Marxist organization in Geneva.

1883 - the group "Labor Labor".

The group includesG. V. Plekhanov, V. I. Zasulich, P. B. Axelrod. G. V. Plekhanov became her head.

Remember what revolutionary organizations did these people entered?(They were the participants of the organization "Earth and Volia" of the 70s, after it split, rejecting the tactics of an individual terror, became part of the "black redistribution". Stood on populist positions.)

Working with a table:

Group "Liberation of Labor"

In the 1880s, a number of underground Marxist groups and circles arise in Russia.

Working with a table:

Marxist circles in Russia

In 1895. From the scattered Marxist circles of St. Petersburg was formed"Union of the struggle for the liberation of the working class". One of his creators wasV. I. Ulyanov.

Recording on the board and in notebook:

1895 - "Union of the struggle for the liberation of the working class."

1. Homework. § 34. Optional - answer questions to documents on page 220 (for evaluation)

Lesson No. 5. Foreign Policy Alexander III

Objectives lesson:

Educational: the main directions of the foreign policy of Alexander III

Type of lesson: learning a new material

Work forms: lecture, viewing a training film

1. Organizing time.
2. Studying a new material.

The overall characteristics of the foreign policy of Alexander III.

Alexander III, in contrast to his father, fully assumed to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Gorchakov, firmly took the leadership of foreign policy into his hands. The head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was appointed a modest and executive official N. K. Gire, who, essentially, became so many minister as the performer of the Emperor's instructions on international issues.

The leaving of the family of impoverished Baltic nobility, the Swede for Nationality and Protestant in faith, Nikolai Karlovich Hire for more than thirty years was in a diplomatic service, and since 1875 he became Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. Without strong connections in a higher society and a decent state, afraid to lose his place, he tried to carry out an external politics to the emperor.

At the head of many departments of the Ministry and Russian Embassies in the leading countries of the world, experienced diplomats of the Gorchakovskaya school remained, which contributed to the successes of the country's foreign policy.

Having entered the throne, Alexander III in the deposte of the Ambassadors of Russia announced that he wishes to preserve the world with all powers. Throughout his 13-year-old reign, he adhered to a very careful foreign policy, believing that "Russia has no friends," since "our greatness is afraid." The exception was made only for Montenegro. The real "allies" of the state, Alexander III, considered his army and fleet. At the same time, unlike the offensive and targeted foreign policy of Alexander II - Gorchakov, Alexander III policy was the expectant, its directions and preferences often changed, being depending on the personal sympathies and sentiment of the emperor.

The main tasks of Russian foreign policy in the 80s and early 90s. Steel: Strengthening the influence of the Balkans, the maintenance of good neighborly and peaceful relations with all countries, the search for reliable allies, the establishment of peace and borders in the south of Central Asia, the consolidation of Russia in the new territories of the Far East.

Weakening the Russian influence in the Balkans.

After the Berlin Congress, the alignment of forces in the Balkans changed dramatically. Increased the role of Germany. With the joining of Bosnia and Herzegovina strengthened its position of Austro-Hungary. Romanian and Serbian rulers who have fallen under the influence of Austria-Hungary and not received on the basis of the war with Turkey what they promised to them, vinyl in all of Russia.

At the same time, Russia, which made the main contribution to the release of Balkan peoples, did not count on the benevolent attitude towards it by the governments of new independent states, especially Bulgaria. Having liberated Bulgaria, Russia hoped that in close proximity to the Black Sea Strait would receive in the person of a grateful country of a solid ally. In St. Petersburg, they developed a constitution for Bulgaria, a rather liberal at that time. She limited the allocation of the head of state, but emphasized the governments of the government.

The German Prince Alexander Bat Tenberg, who enjoyed Russia's support was elected head of Bulgaria. He appointed important ministerial posts of Russian military, and at the head of the government put L. N. Sobolev. Russian generals and officers were sent to Bulgaria, in a short time we created the modern army from the Bulgarian folk militia, strongest in the Balkans. But in May 1881, Prince Alexander performed the state reell, canceled the constitution, establishing actually autocratic board.

Alexander III, an eagle opponent of all constitutions, first responded to these events quietly. But the prince did not use popularity in Bulgaria, only part of the bourgeoisie was supported, closely related to the Austrian and German capital. Fearing that Bulgaria can completely affect the influence of Austria-Hungary and Germany, Alexander III was forced to put pressure on Battenberg and make him restore the Constitution. This, as well as the excessive and not completely skillful intervention of Russian officials in the internal affairs of Bulgaria, made Prince the irreconcilable enemy of Russia.

In order to finally derive Bulgaria from under Russia's influence, the Serbian king, incited by Austria-Hungary, in November 1885 declared Bulgaria war and invaded its territory. But the well-trained Bulgarian army broke his troops and joined Serbia.

By this time, a popular uprising broke out in East Rushelia. Turkish officials were expelled from this province, and was announced to join it to Bulgaria. These events occurred spontaneously and were not agreed with the Russian government, which caused the anger Alexander III.

The union of Bulgaria, conflicting the articles of the Berlin Treaty, caused a sharp crisis in the Balkans. War was brewing between Bulgaria and Turkey with the inevitable involvement of Russia and other great powers in it. But Russia was not ready for a big war, besides, Alexander III was not going to defend the "ungrateful" Bulgaria. At the same time, on behalf of the emperor, the Russian ambassador to Turkey decisively stated Sultan that Russia would not allow the invasion of Turkish troops to East Ru-Melia.

Alexander III departed from the everhead of the Russian foreign policy, demanding the protection of the Balkan Orthodox peoples. He suggested that Bulgaria independently solve his affairs, withdrew Russian officers from the Bulgarian army, did not interfere in Bulgarian-Turkish relations. Moreover, the emperor made a strict adherence to the decisions of the Berlin Congress. Thus, Russia from the enemy of Turkey and the defender of the Southern Slavs turned into virtually in Turkey's alliance.

A sharp turn in Russia's policies caused a wide wave of anti-Russian moods in the Balkans. This was used by Austria-Hungary, put on the throne of united Bulgaria after the expulsion of the Battenberg of his own gender. In November 1886, diplomatic relations between Russia and Bulgaria were torn. Russia's influence was also undermined in Serbia, and in Romania.

Search allies.

The Russian foreign policy towards Germany and France changed dramatically. Both states were interested in Union with Russia in case of war with each other, which could flare out at any time.

Germany considered Russia the only conservative force, in the Union with which it would be possible to stop the growing democratic movement in Europe. In 1881, the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, taking advantage of the aggravation of the Anglo-Russian contradictions in Central Asia and the weakening of Russia's influence in the Balkans, proposed to resume the "Union of Three Emperors" for the six years.

But at the same time, the German government concluded a contract with Austria-Hungary, directed against Russia and France in secret from his Russian ally. Using Franco-Italian contradictions, Germany bowed Italy to join this Austro-German Union. On May 20, 1882, the agreement between them was issued. And if the parties agreed in the "Union of Three Emperors" only about neutrality in the case of hostilities against each of them, the Triple Union of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy envisaged direct military assistance to each other. The "Union of Three Emperors" did not bring any benefit of Russia. Moreover, hiding behind the "Union", Austria-Hungary significantly strengthened its position in the Balkans and especially in Bulgaria. Germany established close relations with Turkey and sought by all means to cause the war of Russia with England.

In 1887, the relationship between France and Germany aggravated to the limit. Alexander III, using related ties, personally turned to the German emperor and kept him from attacking France. The disappearance of his plans for the defeat of France, Bismarck made tough economic measures: forbade Russia's provision of loans, raised duties on the import of Russian goods to Germany. The disorder between Russia and Germany caused a positive reaction in France.

It began to rapprocheate Russia with France. It was marked by the provision of large French loans. In August 1891, the actions of both powers were agreed in the event of a military threat to one of the parties, and a seventory military convention was signed in the year. The Russian-French Union has become a counterweight of the previously concluded Turkish Union of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

Rabbar of Russia and France had a positive value. It made it possible for a long period to approve peace and relative consent in Europe. Thanks to the personal efforts of Alexander III, it was possible to avoid the war of Russia with Austria-Hungary, to prevent one more war between Germany and France.

Asian policy of Alexander III.

The main tasks of Russia in the Asian direction were: the end of the war in Central Asia and the establishment of solid borders with Afghanistan, then depending on England, as well as the consolidation of the newly acquired lands of the Far East.

In Central Asia, the lands of half-garden Turkmen tribes remained uncompaired. After taking in January 1881, Geok-Te-Pe and Ashgabat in 1882 were formed by the Custinian region. Russian troops continued their promotion to the Afghan border, which ended in 1885 by the take of the Mervsky Oasis and the city of Coss.

The protests of England Alexander III gave evasive answers. UK attempt to book an anti-Russian coalition in Europe failed. Russia managed to avoid collisions with England. In 1885, an agreement was signed on the establishment of Anglo-Russian military commissions to identify the Russian-Afghan border. The work of the Commissions was completed in 1895 by the establishment of the final borders of Russia with Afghanistan. At this, the expansion of the borders of the Russian Empire and the inclusion of new lands in Central Asia has ended.

In the last years of his reign, Alexander III, the order of affairs in Europe and Central Asia was forced to be, albeit with great delay, pay attention to the Far East. The disadvantage of this territory from the center of the country, the lack of good roads, the weakness of the military forces forced Russia to avoid international complications in this area.

At the same time, Japanese and American industrialists, using the insecurity of maritime borders, predicted the natural wealth of this richest edge.

The collision of Russia's interests with Japan was inevitably. Rapidly increasing Japan, defeating in1894 china, began to accelerately prepare for war with Russia. With the help of Germany, a modern army was created, many times overlooking Russian troops in the Far East. England and the United States helped build a Japanese navy. Not only economic, but military causes forced the Russian government to begin the construction of the Great Siberian Route - the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Despite the major failures of Russian diplomacy in the Balkans, Russia retained its role in the Great Power and until the end of the XIX century supported the world on its borders. However, acute foreign policy contradictions Alexander IIImanaged only to pay offbut not eliminate finally.

1. Fastening.

View Fragment "Foreign Policy Alexander III

Alexander III attribute words:

"When the Russian king is fishery, Europe can wait." What do these words indicate?

1. Homework. § 35

Lesson number 6. Art culture 2 Paul. 19th century

1. Studying a new material.

Literature.

(Name representatives, indicating that realism remained the most important direction)

The leading area of \u200b\u200bthe spiritual life of Russia for the second half of the XIX century. Literature continued to remain. In the context of the growth of the literacy of the population and the absence of a wide discussion of heated vital problems, Russian literature was not only significant cultural phenomenon, but also performed public tasks. "The literature from the people who has no political freedom," I. Herzen wrote, "the only tribune, from the height of which he forces to hear the cry of his indignation and his conscience."

The main artistic direction of the second half of the XIX century. Critical realism became. He was distinguished by increased attention to the display of real life on the basis of its critical perception. For the literature of that time, the spirit of accusation was characterized by a close interest in the life of a simple person, the desire to find ways and means of combating the vices of society.

The most striking example of accusatory literature is creativity.Mikhail Evgorfsvich Saltykov-Shchedrin. Funny, but at the same time terrible, Russia appears in the works of the Great Satirik ("provincial essays", "the history of one city", "Lord Gzlovlev," Pompadura and Pompadurshi). Artistic technique, which enjoys a writer, grotesque. In his works, he brings to extremes all existing human vices and weaknesses. The writer does not know the mercy of neither officials, nor to representatives of the highest light, nor to the merchants, nor to the emerging bourgeoisie.

Work Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky ("Poor people", "Crime and Punishment", "The Brothers of the Karamazov", "Idiot", "Caught and insulted") - this is the world of human suffering, tragedy of the powerless and humiliated personality. The writer showed how the suppression of human dignity destroys his soul, divides his consciousness; It appears, on the one hand, the feeling of his insignificance, on the other, the need of protest, the desire to approve themselves as a free personality. Often, such self-affirmation leads the heroes of Dostoevsky to the peculiar to the crime. But the writer's sympathies on the side of these rebeling people, but those of his heroes who possess endless human kindness, are endowed with a subtle mental intuition. Dostoevsky saw moral support for man in the idea of \u200b\u200bGod.

To the second half of the XIX century. The flowering of creativity belongsLion Nikolayevich Tolstoy. His brilliant novels "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection", stories, stories, dramatic works with a stunning artistic force reveal the most complex movements of the human soul, bring out a merciless sentence of morality, the bushes, inserts, reigning in the Higher Society, often oppose His folk moral values \u200b\u200band traditions.

From the late 70s. The literary activity beginsAnton Pavlovich Chekhov. Chekhov heroes are small officials who ruined the nobles, the provincial intelligentsia, students, crushed by life problems, deeply suffering from indifference and misunderstandings of others. A. P. Chekhov seeks to show a person as it is, not embelling, without resorting to attempts to delete and tighten the reader: "Then the person will be better when you show him what it is." Russian literature of the second half of the XIX century. Tried to give a generalized portrait of the hero of his time, a person of action, which does not want to put up with the existing reality.

New heroes appeared in the literature - intellectuals, nihilists, professional revolutionaries. One of the first to vision of such a hero was offeredIvan Sergeevich Turgenev. In 1860, his novel "On the eve" was published. In it, the writer in the form of the allocator Bulgarian Insarov brought a man with a one-person character, all the forces of which are focused on the desire to free their homeland. Artistic study of the "new man" I. S. Turgenev continued in the book "Fathers and Children" (1862). The novel shows a cruel and complex process of breaking the previous managers of the life of society, contradictions and clashes of interest in all spheres of life - between landlords and peasants, between nobles and allocates, inside the noble estate. All this appears in the novel as a destructive element, exploding the estate partitions, changing the usual course of life. The personification of this element is the main character - NiHist Bazarov. Despite the dual attitude of Turgenev to his hero, he represents it as a courageous, consistent in his beliefs of man. At the same time, the writer is anxiously observing how the destruction of the old society becomes for such people in itself. This topic was most disturbed from the pages of Roman F. M. Dostoevsky "Demes", written in the footsteps of Nechaev. Dostoevsky saw signs of a dangerous social illness in the "Nechaevshchina". The worship of the formed part of the society before revolutionary romanticism leads to the emergence of people for whom the main slogan is the statement that "the goal justifies the funds." In their consciousness there is a blurring of moral concepts. For the sake of achieving their goal, they go to the worst crimes. They put themselves, according to Dostoevsky, above God, having appropriating the right to dispose of the life and death of man. Such people will never be able to build a fair society on earth. For politics outside morality carries only destruction.

One of the consistent supporters of critical realism, which the discharge young people considered their ideological leader was a poetNikolay Alekseevich Nekrasov. The leading place in his work was occupied by the theme of people's life, her extremeness and bitterness. At the same time, his works (the poem "Who lives well in Russia" and others) are imbued with faith in the forces of the people who can change life for the better.

Painting.

Russian painting of the second half of the XIX century. Solved the same social issues as literature. It was the direction of critical realism.

(The main direction is realism and critical realism. In 70s. 19th century. There is a new, independent of the Academy of Arts Association - a partnership of mobile art exhibitions. This organization has satisfied the annual exhibitions, showed them in different cities of Russia and distributed money between members of the partnership) Then the characteristic of the painters

One of the largest artists of this direction isVasily Grigorievich Pereov. He managed to show many unsightly sides of the modern life with the accusatory pathos. In 1861, Perov writes the painting "Rural Cross in Easter". The success of the picture of the survey into the public scandal. It depicts a drunken pop with a faced view, collapsed on a porch in death inxication with a codille in his hands, an old man carrying an inverted down head icon, the hostess of the heaven, casting the dead of drunk, etc. The picture was perceived as the spirituality of the clergy and the darkest Crashing the need of the people. Pictures V. G. Perov - this is a detailed story about the situation of Russian estates ("Tea drinking in Mytishchi", "The arrival of the goover in a merchant house", "the last Cabac of the head"). A special impression is made by the cloths depicting the difficult life of children ("Troika").

"TROIKA. Pupils Masters are carrying water "-pictures children pronounced in Sanya with a huge garbage barrel of water, children cause compassion from the viewer. The boy posing for the central figure in three years died. Mother asked the artist show her picture. Having come to the Tretyakov Gallery, the woman exclaimed: "Here he is like alive!. Here and the Zubik is broken! ". After that, the woman prayed for the paintings, like the icon. Perov made for mother hand-drawn portrait of a boy Vasi

"The arrival of the goover in a merchant house" -the response to the "Major Watch" Fedotov. At the hands of the governess, which delivered a letter to a letter of uncertainty and terrible alien to the merchant world. On the wall - the portrait of the old-fashioned "Kupchina" is the founder of this dark kingdom. The character of a young knocker is disgusting. His face expresses "shameless curiosity" (Perov). The only bright spot in the picture is a girl in pink, to which the governess is invited. Pink color in Perova as a rule indicates spiritual purity

"Prival Hunters" -Perov has a whole series of hunting cycle paintings. This picture has become a kind of hunting cycle icon. The elderly hunter tells the interlocutors of "terrible history," the expression of his face, the position of the hands, one of the people (commoner), is ironically smiling and scratched with the head (it is clear that this man went on fire and water, he does not believe in the horror plate), a young hand The listener is stressful. The young man enthusiastically makes a "terrible story." The hunters are so passionate on that they do not even notice the flow of ducks.

In 1863, in the russian life of Russia, there was a series of outgoing event. The 14 graduates of the Academy of Arts refused to write a mandatory painting for the plot of Scandinavian mythology. They justified this by the fact that in modern Russian life there are more worthy theme for the brush. Without having received permission to a free choice, the Buntari left the Academy and founded the St. Petersburg Artists, who in 1870 was transformed into a partnership of mobile art exhibitions. Mobile these exhibitions were called because they were satisfied not only in St. Petersburg and Moscow, but also throughout Russia. It was a kind of "walking in the people" of Russian artists. The main criterion for the selection of paintings at the exhibitions, which became outstanding events in the life of the Russian province, was the requirement to reflect life with all its acute problems, in all topical.

The head and theorist of the mobileians wasIvan Nikolaevich Kramskaya. Kramskaya entered the story of Russian painting primarily as an outstanding portraitist. He created a whole series of images of the largest figures of Russian culture - portraits M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N. A. Nekrasova, L. N. Tolstoy. Many works of Kramsky stand on the verge of a portrait and thematic painting ("unknown", "disadvantageous grief").

"Unknown" - A young woman in fur and velvet, with an arrogant expression of the face that rides the Nevsky Prospect, critics called the "weighing of large cities." In the picture, the accusatory meaning is seen. However, in the face of heroine, it is possible to see not only arrogance, but also sadness, covered drama

"Christ in the desert" -in the center of the limitless desert, Jesus Christ is sitting in tense, sorrowful meditation. Kramskaya portrayed the hero of the picture making a difficult choice and the premonishing tragic junction - the victim in the name of people.

Among the artists who signed the first charter of the Movie Partnership were also N. N. Ge, A. K. Savrasov, I. I. Shishkin, brothers K. E. and V. E. Makovsky, V. G. Pereov. I. E. Repein, V. A. Surikov, N. A Yaroshenko, K. A. Savitsky, and others, joined them. From the mid-80s, V. Serov, I. I. Levitan, V. D. Polenov.

The vertex of the realism of Russian painting the second half of the XIX century. Creation is rightly consideredIlya Efimovich Repina And Vasily Ivanovich Surikova, whose canvases created a collective image of the Russian people. The most losing public sound was the work of Repin "Burlaci on the Volga", "did not expect", "refusal of confession", "Propagant's arrest". In the 70s and 1980s. The artist became interested in historical topics - "Tsarevna Sophia", "Ivan Grozny and this Ivan on November 16, 1581," "Cossacks write a letter to Turkish Sultan." I. E. Repin possessed and the undoubted gift of the portraitist. He also left us the images of writers, composers, actors.

The canvas Vasily Ivanovich Surikova is the artistically recreated history of the chief hero of which is the Russian people. "Morning an arrow of execution", "Menshikov in Berezov", "Boyajna Morozova", "Filing Siberia Ermacom" - these paintings entered the Golden Fund of Russian Artistic Culture.

"Menshikov in Berezov" -one of the paintings of the historic block of Surikova talks about the fall of the last bright representative of Peter's era

"Boar Morozova" -the most famous picture. Feodosia in imprisonment. The pale face of frosts with the shoulder cheeks and the fanatical shine of the eyes is beautiful and terribly at the same time Morozova Bala defender of old-believe. In 1671, she was arrested, deprived of the state, tortured, but she refused to change his faith and died. In all guarantees. Which with his left hand clung to Sanya and highly raised the right with folded two - and huge inner strength and incredible nervous tension. In the crowd there are those who frankly laughs, gloating (pop, merchant), but more in the crowd of those who sympathize with the heroine, raises 2 fingers of the weakly, bowed a frost lady in a yellow scarf, a young nun looks out of her back. The sister of the boyars goes next to the sleigh, and the boy runs to them.

Repin

"Barge Haulers on the Volga" -this picture embodies the search for the animals. Household genre, severe life of a simple people. 11 Burlakov are 11 different characters, life stories. But in the picture there is not only a household genre, there are also endless spaces - a high sky, a huge river.

"Did not wait" - The face of returned from the reference is full of flour and alarm of a man who returned home and is not sure if he is right, will they understand him, will they take back. Faces of children also express emotions - the girl does not remember the Father, she is scared, tense, and the boy, who has come to the house, opened his mouth from excitement and glows joy. The population's wife's wife squeezes the armrest of the chair, all directed to her husband

"The shovels write a letter to Turkish Sultan" -the picture on political events in Ukraine is 17th century, but for the artist, the main thing was to show laughter (the letter to Sultan was extremely offensive and obscene). It seems here are all varieties of laughter: from a loud laughter to restrained giggling - all the facial expressions and poses of laughing people.

To the genre of Russian folk tales addressedViktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov ("Alenushka", "Vityaz on the crossroads", "Bogatyry", "After traveling by Igor Svyatoslavich with Polovtsy"). His paintings are imbued with the spirit of people's fairy tales, religious searches and reflections to the fate of the native of the hero.

"Bogatyri" - the most famous work of Vasnetsov. Ilya Muromtsy with his hands hangs the panic, Dobrynya Nikitich holds behind the sword. The closure among the ancient warriors was intended only for mortal contractions, the sword is not just a weapon, but an ancient symbol of valor and honor. Dobryni's strength is probably less than that of Ilya, but it sees spiritual clarity, nobility. Alyosha Popovich in the hands of a bow is not a bogaty weapon: it is not killed in hand-to-hand combat, but at a distance. And he watches Irsk: this cunning does not scream and the booty will not miss. Vasnetsov so deeply penetrated in the spirit of Russian warns, that they are difficult to imagine somehow otherwise.

« Knight on the crossroads "-The famous expression is written on the stoneof fairy tales. Tiredly lowered spear of the knight emphasizes the depth of the thrown. Skull and bones add tension

"Alenushka" - it was one of the first Russian paintings, where the experiences of a person were transferred through the state of nature. Dark water as if attracts a desperate Alyonushka. Her face is mournfully, the fingers are tensely connected, everything speaks of deep sadness. Honor legs of Alenushka unequivocally point to the "peasant" prototype, from which Vasnetsov wrote his heroine

The main object of attention from many artists was the Central Russian landscape, the nature of the Russian North. PicturesIvan Ivanovich Shishkin Create the impression of power, strength, the greatness of Russian nature, which must be inherent in the Bogatyan people

« Morning in the Pine Forest "," Ship Grove "-for the first time in Russian art, the artist showed not the edge of the forest and not the view of the forest was given, but the magnifier with the huge trunks of the trees. Cracks of bark, blades, stones - everything is carefully spelled out. Caution attracts dull stumps on the sides of the stream and the leaning pine and the fun greed of two bears, looking at a highly hanging hive.

Amazing in beauty Russian landscapes are depicted in the paintingsI.I. Levitan.

Vasily Polenov "In the overgrown pond" -this picture is called "Baladowa about time." Presented an image of the speed of time. Old bridges with a nostalgic squeeze, wipe alternating a path, dodge. The figure of a woman's figure is barely visible on the bench. At the heart of the painting is the virtuoso-famous gradation by the same green color. Polenov - Unsurpassed Master - Colorist. Mutnarked in detail and details of the shore.

Popularly used canvasIvan Konstantinovich Aivazovskywho loved to portray the sea more.

"Ninth Val" - A huge wave of the raised sea is ready to fall on the wreckage of the ship with a handful of people. This spectacle is simultaneously scary and beautiful: the formidable element of water with awesome art is transferred to the finest shades of color.

"Black Sea" - One half of the picture takes the sea, the other is the sky. Not only the shape and color of the waves are shown here, but also running the clouds, poetic longing longing, reinforced with tiny sail disappearing on the horizon

Sculpture.

The most famous sculptor of the second half of the XIX century. Was M. Antolsky. In his views, he was adjacent to the mobile phone. M. M. Antocolsky created a series of historical ports: "Ivan Grozny", "Peter I", "Yaroslav

Wise "," Ermak

An outstanding event in the cultural life of the country was the discovery of the monument to A. S. Pushkin in Moscow, which was created by popular donations. The author of the monument was the famous sculptor Alexander Mikhailovich Pekpeshin.

Mikhail Osipovich Mikishin in his monument "Millennium of Russia" in Novgorod (1862) depicted 129 sculptural figures. He used similar techniques when creating a monument to Catherine II in St. Petersburg (1873).

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Internal policy of Alexander III (1881 - 1894) 25.04.2008

Peasant question Working legislation of reform in the formation of local self-government reform proceedings

Alexander III - the peasant question of 1881 - the temporal state of the peasants was discontinued. Reducing redemption payments for 1 rub. Cancellation of the pillow of 1882 - a peasant bank was created (provided preferential loans to buy land) 1893 - the yield of peasants from the community is limited. Land redirers - 1 time in 12 years ban selling community land

Alexander III - working legislation of 1882 - forbidden children up to 12 years old working day from 12 to 15 years old - 8 hours 1885 - Forbidden the night work of children and minors limited to challenge the responsibility of workers for participation in the strikes

Local self-government 1889 - the law "On Zemsky district police officers". There were 2200 Zemsky sites led by the Zemskiy Chiefs (only nobles), which managed the peasants, had the right to judge them. 1890 - "Regulations on the provincial and county diseases institutions" - only nobles could be elected to the Slash, the peasants could elect only vowels. 1892 - city position. Improved property values. City self-government put under the control of the government

Education 1884 - Universities lost autonomy increased training for training, student organizations 1887 are prohibited - the law "On the kitchen kids" - a ban on training in gymnasiums to children from the lower layers, increased the fee for training the children of peasants studied in church-parish schools tightened Censorship in print. Closed newspapers and magazines

The proceedings of the Zemsky district bosses could cancel the decision of the volost (world) court of 1887 - the Minister of Justice had the right to ban public consideration of any case in court

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Liberal movement Liberal population (N.K. Mikhailovsky) advocated the main injury of the community to increase the peasant reliefs at the expense of colonization and procurement of landowners the theory of "Small Affairs" (in the land) Departure from political problems. »People, daily Ra-Bota on improving the living standards of the people

In the 80s XIX century Liberal movement went to the decline the leading direction was conservative

The beginning of the working movement of 1885 - Morozovskaya strike in the city of Orekhovo-Zuev Requirements - Economic: raise the salary, streamline fines, warning about dismissal for 15 days. 33 people were arrested, the jury court justified

The activities of Alexander III by resolving the working matter of 1882 - the labor of children under 12 years of age is prohibited, the working day of children from 12 to 15 years has been limited to 8 hours of 1885 - the night work of women and children of 1886 is prohibited - the limitation of fines, the ban on the board with workers through factory shops law on punishing workers for participation in the strikes

Ideas K.Marksa and F. Engelsa Views on society Private property leads to human inequality and exploitation by man. At all stages of the development of society, exploiting tators are allocated and exploited To eliminate the nera-Valivity, it is necessary to liquidate private property, and the means of production to re-give workers

The ideas of K. Marks and F. Engels views on the state state - the weapon of coercion in the hands of the dominant class. With the abolition of classes, the state is honored

Ideas K. Marks and F. Engels ways to achieve the goals Revolution The driving force of the revolution - the working class (proletariat) for the leadership of the revolution need a worker (proletarian) party

Marxism in Russia 1883 - Created "Labor Liberation Group" (Geneva) - First Russian Marxist Organization Leaders: Plekhanov, V. Zasulich, P. Axelrod

The group "Labor Labor" goals The nearest goal is the bourgeois-democratic revolution (cancellation of feudal remnants, the introduction of the Constitution) the ultimate goal - the Communist Revolution (approval of socialism, the conquest of the political authority) methods of the proletariat - the main strength of the revolution to create a working party distribution of works of Marx and Engels in Russia peasants - are not an assistant in revolution

Marxist mugs in Russia Circles year, place of leadership Activity Circle of the blessing 1883 - 1885 Peter-Burg D. Breying the study of Marxism Propaganda among the workers of the newspaper "Worker"

Marxist mugs in Russia Circles year, place of leadership activities Comradist St. Petersburg-Ski Master 1885 - 1888 P. Opinsky Propaganda Marxism among workers

Marxist mugs in Russia Circles year, place of leadership activities Circle Fedo-Seeva 1888 Kazan N. Fedoseev Propaganda Marxism among workers and students Organization of student unrest

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Foreign Policy Alexander III 23.05. 2008.

Alexander III is a peacemaker "Russia has no friends, since our greatness is afraid." Alexander III

Tasks of foreign policy 1) Strengthening the influence of the Balkans 2) Conservation of the world 3) Search allies 4) consolidation of Russia in the south of Central Asia and the Far East

1) Balkan question after the Russian-Turkish war 1877 - 1878. - exacerbation of relations between Russia and Bulgaria. Alexander III refused to help Slavs in the Balkans Russia lost its influence on the Balkans, Austria-Hungary strengthened its position

2) SOLVES RUSSIA - Germany 1881 - Union of Three Emperors (Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary) 1882 - Triple Union (Mannia, Austro-Hungary, Italy) Customs Wars between Russia and Germany Russia - France France provided Russia Large loans 1891 - Russian-French Military Union

Triple Union (Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary) 1882 Annta (Russia, France (1891 g), + England (1907 g) I World War

Despite the major failures of Russian diplomacy in the Balkans, Russia retained its role in the Great Power until the end of the XIX century.

Homework § 35

Grade 8 History of Russia

Theme lesson : "Position The main layers of the population in the second halfXIX.century "

The purpose of the lesson:

Type of lesson:

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The Great chain broke out, broke up and hit one end - on Barina, another - on a man

The position of the main layers of the Company in the second half of the XIX century

What is the estate? Large groups of people who are distinguished by rights and obligations recorded in tradition or law and inherited

Lesson Plan: Classes and Classes in the Poreform Society Peasantry Nobility

The purpose of the lesson: show how the position of the peasantry and the nobility has changed after the cancellation of serfdom; Determine what reasons for changing the social status of these groups of population are.

The peasantry until 1861 after 1861 the rights of the earth

The peasantry until 1861 after 1861, the rights are personally dependent - we will easily

The peasantry until 1861 after 1861 the rights are personally addicted - the land of Earth put on the mantitude of money

The peasantry until 1861 after 1861 the rights are personally addicted - We have a money for money, government taxes

The peasantry until 1861 after 1861 the rights personally dependent - we are personally free, but the rights are very limited to the Earth put on the municipality of money marks, state tax

The peasantry until 1861 after 1861 the rights are personally dependent - we are personally free, but the rights are very limited to the Earth put on the alertness Mavel Tax Money, State Tax

The peasantry until 1861 after 1861 the rights of the rights are personally dependent - we are personally free, but the rights are very limited by the Earth put on the Metitude Major Money Money Maritime Labor Tax

The position of the peasantry after the abolition of serfdom ... Legal position The material situation The attachment to the community The stratification of the peasantry is personally free peasant, but with limited civil rights. He was in a serious material situation, first of all, due to redemption payments. Poverty and vitality tightly tied to the community with her circular lie. But the bundle led to the emergence of the "new" peasant who wishes to utter themselves.

Nobility until 1861 after 1861 Economic Position Political

Nobility until 1861 after 1861 Economic situation Privileged Regulations: Earth - Property of the Nobility Political Position

Nobility until 1861 after 1861 Economic situation Privileged Regulations: Earth - Property of nobles Political position Political domination

Nobility until 1861 after 1861 Economic situation Privileged position: Earth - the property of the nobles lost economic and political advantages political position Political domination

Suppose ...

"The Great chain broke out, broke up and struck by one end - in Barina, another - on the man" How do you understand this statement in the context of today's lesson?

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Grade 8 History of Russia

Theme lesson : "Position The main layers of the population in the second half of the XIX century"

The purpose of the lesson: Show how the position of the peasantry and nobility has changed after the cancellation of serfdom;

determine what reasons for changing the social status of these groups of population are.

Type of lesson: "Opening" of a new knowledge (1 lesson)

Number of hours of this topic -2

Lesson number in section - 14

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Work sheet on the topic "The position of the main layers of society"

Block 1 "Peasantry"

1. Using the textbook text (p.158-159, 224-226), fill in the table: "The position of the peasantry after the reform of 1861".

2. Read the document and answer questions.

A.N.Engelgard. Letters from the village. Ninth letter. 1880

"... American sells an excess, and we sell urgent bread. The American-farmer himself eats great wheat bread, fat ham and lamb, drinks tea, hires dinner with a sweet apple pie ... our man's agriculture eats the worst rye bread ... Breads empty gray soup, considers luxury buckwheat porridge with hemp oil, About apple pie and concept has no idea. Our man man has a lack of wheat bread on a baby's packer; Baba will clarify the babe that herself eats, put in a rag - suck ...

Wheat, good clean rye we ship abroad, to the Germans who will not eat any rubbish. The best, clean wheat we oversail on the wine, and the most that neither there is a bad rye with all sorts of seven - that's it eats a man. But not only that the man is the worst bread, he is still undernourished. If there is a pretty bread in the villages - eat three times ... they are labeled more on Yarovina, potatoes, a copopley jumper in bread add. Of course, the stomach is naked, but from bad food people lose weight, the guys grow worse ... "

1. What features of peasant life did you know from the document?
2. Why did Russian peasants be forced to sell bread to the detriment of their nutrition?

3. Using the textbook text (p.224), fill in the table: "The peasant community is self-governing rural society"

Classes and classes.

All urban and rural population shared "on the difference in state rights" for four main discharges: nobility, clergy, urban and rural ordinary people.

The privileged estate remained nobility. It shared on personal and hereditary.

Right to personal nobility that was not inherited Representatives of different estates, consisting of public service and having a lower rank in the table of ranks. Serving the Fatherland, you could get and hereditary, i.e., transmitted by inheritance, nobility. To do this, it was necessary to get a specific rank or the Order. The emperor could come to the offacarious nobility and for successful entrepreneurial or other activities.

City inhabitants- hereditary honorary citizens, merchants, breasts, artisans.

Rural ordinary people, Cossacks and other people engaged in agriculture.

In the country there was a formation of a bourgeois society with his two basic classes - bourgeoisie and proletariat. At the same time, the prevalence in the economy of Russia semi-feudal agriculture contributed to the preservation and the two main classes of the feudal society - landlords and peasants.

The growth of cities, the development of industry, transport and communications, the increase in cultural requests of the population leads in the second half of the XIX century. To increase the share of people professionally engaged in mental labor and artistic creativity, - intelligentsia: engineers, teachers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, etc.

Peasantry.

Peasants are still the overwhelming majority werethe population of the Russian Empire. Peasants, both former serfs and state, were part of self-governing rural societies - communities. Several rural societies amounted to a parish.

Community members were associated circular liein the payment of taxes and mapping. Therefore, there was a dependence of peasants from the community, which manifested primarily in limiting freedom of movement.

For peasants existed special Volost Courtwhose members were also elected rural gathering. At the same time, the random courts endured their decisions not only on the basis of the norms of laws, but also guided by the customs. Often, these courts punished the peasants for such misconduct as an unreasonable waste of money, drunkenness and even witchcraft. In addition, the peasants were subjected to some punishments that have long been abolished for other classes. For example, the random courts had the right to sentence members of their estates under the age of 60, to the strain.

Russian peasants read the elders by age, considering them as carriers of experience, traditions. This attitude was applied to the emperor, served as a source of monarchism, faith in the "Tsar-Batyushku" - the intercessor, the guardian of the truth and justice.

Russian peasants personalized Orthodoxy. Unusually harsh natural conditions and related work - suffering, the results of which did not always correspond to the efforts spent, the bitter experience of the lack of town years immersed the peasants to the world of superstition, and rites.

The exemption from serfdom brought to the village big changes:

• P the degradation of peasants intensified in total. Slightly peasant (if he was not engaged in other, non-targeted labor) became a symbol of rustic poverty. In the late 80s. In European Russia, 27% of courtyards were slaughtered. The sign of poverty was considered the presence of one horse. Such farms were about 29%. At the same time, from 5 to 25% of the owners had up to ten horses. They bought large land ownership, hired bathers and expanded their farm.

• a sharp gain of the need for money. The peasants were supposed to pay redemption payments and pillow,having funds to earth and worldly fees, for rental payments for land and to repay bank loans. The involvement of most peasant farms in market relations occurred. The main article of the peasant income was the sale of bread. But due to low yield, the peasants were often forced to sell grain to the detriment of their own interests. The export of bread abroad was based on the malnutrition of the villagers and was rightly called contemporaries "Hungry Exports".

• Poverty, associated with redemption payments, lack of land and other turmoil tightly tied the bulk of the peasants to the community. After all, she guaranteed mutual support to their members. In addition, the distribution of land in the community helped survive the middle and the poorest peasant in the event of hunger. Put on between communities were distributed shopped, and not boiled down in one place. Each community member had a small one (strip) in different places. In a dry year, a plot located in Nisina could give a completely deign harvest, in the rainy years he left the plot on the hillock.

There were peasants who were committed to the traditions of fathers and grandfathers, a community with her collectivism and security, and there were also "new" peasants who wish to sell themselves on their own fear and risk. Many peasants went on earnings in the city. The long-lasting convergence of men from the family, from rustic life and rural work led to an increase in the role of women not only in economic life, but also in peasant self-government.

The most important problem of Russia on the eve of the XX century. It was to turn the peasants - the main part of the country's population - in politically mature citizens, respecting both their own and other people's rights and capable of actively participating in public life.

Nobility.

After peasantic reform In 1861, the bundle of the nobility was quickly lost due to the active inflow to the privileged estate of the immigrants from other segments of the population.

Gradually, the most privileged estate lost its economic advantages. After the peasant reform of 1861. The area belonging to the nobles decreased by an average of 0.68 million tenth 8 * per year. The number of landowners among the nobles declined. In almost half of the estate, estates were considered small. In the varying period, most of the landowners continued to apply semi-represented forms of housekeeping and ruined.

At the same time part of the nobles widely participated in entrepreneurial activities: In railway construction, industry, banking and insurance business. Entrepreneurship activities were obtained from redemption under reform of 1861, from passing land for rent and secured. Some nobles became owners of large industrial enterprises, they took prominent posts in companies, became owners of shares and real estate. A significant part of the nobles replenished the ranks of the owners of small trade and industrial institutions. Many acquired professions of doctors, lawyers, became writers, artists, artists. At the same time, part of the nobles broke up, after replenishing the lower layers of society.

Thus, the decline of the landlord economy accelerated the bundle of the nobility and weakened the influence of landowners in the state. In the second half of the XIX century. There was a loss of the nobles of the dominant position in the life of Russian society: political power focused in the hands of officials, economic - in the hands of the bourgeoisie, the sovereign of the Dum was the intelligentsia, and the class of once all-sound landlords gradually disappeared.

Bourgeoisie.

The development of capitalism in Russia led to An increase in the number of bourgeoisie. Continuing to officially be listed by nobles, merchants, mothers, peasants, representatives of this class have played an increasing role in the life of the country. Starting from the times of "railway hot" 60-70s. the bourgeoisie was actively replenished at the expense of officials. Entering the Board of Private Banks and Industrial Enterprises, officials provided a link between state authorities and private production. They helped the industrialists to receive profitable orders and concessions.

The period of folding of the Russian bourgeoisie coincided with the active activities of populists within the country and with the growth of the revolutionary struggle of the Western European proletariat. Therefore, the bourgeoisie in Russia looked at autocratic power as his protector from revolutionary performances.

And although the interests of the bourgeoisie were often inflicted by the state, she was not solved against active actions against autocracy.

Some of the founders of famous trade and industrial families - S. V. Morozov, P. K. Konovalov - until the end of their days remained illiterate. But they tried to give good education, including university. Sons often sent abroad to learn trade and industrial practice.

Many representatives of this new generation of bourgeoisie sought to support scientists, representatives of the creative intelligentsia, invested money in creating libraries, art galleries. A significant role in the expansion of charity and patronics was played by A. A. Kashinkov, P. K. Botkin and D. P. Botkin, S. M. Tretyakov and P. M. Tretyakov, S. I. Mammoths.

Proletariat.

Another one the main class of the industrial society was the proletariat. All hired workers belong to the proletariat, including those employed in agriculture and fishery, but his core was factory-factory, mountain and railway workers - industrial proletariat. His formation went along with industrial coup. By the mid-90s. XIX century About 10 million people were employed in the field of hired labor, industrial workers were numbered 1.5 million.

The working class of Russia had a number of features:

• He was closely connected with the peasantry. A significant part of the factory and plants was placed in the villages, and the industrial proletariat itself was constantly replenished with a village from the village. The factory factory worker was usually a proletter in the first generation and retained a close connection with the village.
• Workers became representatives of different nationalities.
• Russia was observed significantly large concentrationproletariat at large enterprises than in other countries.

Life workers.

In factory barracks (hostels), they settled not in the workshops, but according to the provinces and the villages from which they arrived. At the head of workers from one terrain stood a master who was gaining them to the enterprise. Workers with difficulty got used to urban conditions. The separation from native places was often led to a fall of a moral level, drunkenness. Workers worked for many hours and to send money home, juts in raw and dark rooms, poorly fed.

Performances of workers for improving their position in the 80-90s. They became more numerous, sometimes they took sharp forms, accompanied by violence over the factory authority, the defeat of factory premises and clashes with the police and even with troops. The oldest was a strike that flashed on January 7, 1885 at the Nikolskaya Morozov Manufactory in the city of Orekhovoiyev.

The working movement during this period was the answer to the specific actions of "their" manufacturers: an increase in fines, a decline in rates, forced issuance of salary goods from factory shop, etc.

Clergy.

Church ministers - clergy - accounted for a special estate, divided into black and white clergy. The black clergy - the monks - made special obligations, including the departure from the "World". Monks lived in numerous monasteries.

The white clergy lived in the "world", his main task was the exercise of worship and religious sermon. From the end of the XVII century. A procedure was established, according to which the place of the deceased priest was inherited, as a rule, his son or other relative. This contributed to the conversion of a white clergy into a closed estate.

Although the clergy in Russia belonged to the privileged part of society, rural priests, who were overwhelming part of it, wore a pitiful existence, as they were fed to their work and at the expense of the parishioners, which themselves often barely reduced their ends meet. In addition, as a rule, they were burdened with large families.

The Orthodox Church had its educational institutions. At the end of the XIX century. In Russia, there were 4 spiritual academies in which about a thousand people were studied, and 58 seminaries who trained to 19 thousand future clergymen were studied.

Intelligentsia.

At the end of the XIX century. Of the more than 125 million residents of Russia, 870 thousand could be attributed to the intelligentsia. There were more than 3 thousand scientists and writers in the country, 4 thousand engineers and technicians, 79.5 thousand teachers and 68 thousand private teachers, 18.8 thousand doctors, 18 thousand artists, musicians and actors.

In the first half of the XIX century. The ranks of the intelligentsia were replenished mainly at the expense of the nobles.

Part of the intelligentsia could not find applications to their knowledge in practice. Neither industry, nor zemstvo, nor other institutions could provide employment to many graduates of universities, whose families have experienced material difficulties. Getting higher education was not a guarantee of raising the living standards, and therefore the public situation. This gave birth to protest.

But in addition to the material remuneration for his work, the most important need of intelligentsia is freedom of expression, without which unthinkable genuine creativity. Therefore, in the absence of political freedoms in the country, the anti-governmentals of a significant part of the intelligentsia intensified.

Cossacks.

The emergence of the Cossacks was associated with the need to master and protect the newly acquired land acquired. For its service Cossacks received land from the government. Therefore, the Cossack is both a warrior, and a peasant.

At the end of the XIX century. There were 11 Cossack troops

In the villages and towns there were special initial and average Cossack schools, where much attention was paid to military training of students.

In 1869, the nature of land tenure in the Cossack regions was finally determined. Community possession of blind lands was fixed, of which each Cossack received a Pai in the amount of 30 tents. The rest of the Earth constituted the military supply. It was intended mainly to create new stannel sites as the Cossack population grows. Public uses were forests, pastures, reservoirs.

Output:

In the second half of the XIX century. There was a breaking of the textile partitions and the formation of new groups of society for economic, class sign. The composition of the new entrepreneurial class - the bourgeoisie - the representatives of the merchants, and the lucky peasant entrepreneurs, and the nobility are pushing. The class of hired workers - the proletariat - is replenished primarily at the expense of the peasants, but the gentleman, the son of a rural priest and even the "noble gentleman" was not uncommon in this environment. There is a significant democratization of the intelligentsia, even the clergy loses its former closure. And only the Cossacks mostly remains a commitment to its former lifestyle.