In fact, Aristarkh Samos - Samos was an island near Turkey - developed the form of the heliocentric system of the world even about 200 BC. Other ancient civilization, including various Muslim scientists in the 11th century, retained the same beliefs that were built at the work of Aristarch and European scientists in medieval Europe.

In the 16th century, Astronomer Nikolai Copernicus invented his version of the heliocentric system of the world. Like others before him, Copernicus relied on the work of Aristarha, mentioning the Greek Astronomer in his notes. Copernicus theory became so famous that when most people discuss heliocentric theory in our days, they refer to the Copernicus model. Copernicus published his theory in his book "On the rotation of the heavenly spheres". Copernicus placed the Earth as a third planet from the Sun, and in his model drawn around the Earth, not the sun. Copernicus also put forward the hypothesis that the stars are not moving in orbits around the Earth; The Earth revolves around his axis, which makes the stars look, as if they are moving across the sky. Through the use of geometry, he was able to turn the heliocentric system of the world from the philosophical hypothesis to the theory, which did a very good job, predicting the movement of the planets and other celestial bodies.

The only problem that stood in front of the heliocentric system of the world was that the Roman Catholic Church, a very powerful organization during Copernicus, considered her heretical. This may have been one of the reasons why Copernicus did not publish his theory until he was on her deathbed. After the death of Copernicus, the Roman Catholic Church worked even more diligent to suppress the heliocentric point of view. The church arrested Galileo for supporting the heretic heliocentric model and kept him under house arrest over the last eight years of his life. At about the same time, when Galileo created a telescope, an astronomer Johann Kepler improved the heliocentric system of the world and tried to prove it with the help of computations.

Although its progress was slow, the heliocentric system of the world finally replaced the geocentric system of the world. Although a new evidence appeared, some began to ask questions, the Sun was the center of the Universe. The sun was not a geometric center of orbits planets, and the center of gravity is also not quite in the center of the sun. What this means, although children in schools teach that heliocentrism is the correct model of the universe, the astronomers use both the same type of the universe, depending on what they are studying, and what theory makes them calculates easier.

The word "universe" is known to all from early childhood. It is him that we remember when we raise our heads and, having hopping my breath, look into the endless sky filled with lights of stars. We ask ourselves: "How endless is our universe? Does she have specific spatial boundaries, finally, can I find the place where the center of the Universe is located? "

What is the universe

Under this term, it is customary to understand all the variety of stars, which can be seen not only with the naked eye, but also with the help of a telescope. It includes many galaxies. Since we cannot yet see the universe completely, then its borders are not available for our eyes. It may well be that she is completely infinite. It is also impossible to determine for sure its form. It is most often presented in the form of a disc, but it may well be a ball, and oval. And no less disputes arise around the question of where the center of the Universe is located.

Where is the center of the Universe

There are various theories of explaining this concept. So, we can remember Einstein: according to it the center of the Universe, any point can be considered relative to which measurements are made. Over the years of the existence of mankind, a view of this problem has undergone major changes. Once it was believed that it was the Earth - the center of the Universe and the whole Universe. According to the ancients, she had to have a flat shape and rely on four elephants, which, in turn, stand on the turtle. Later, a heliocentric model was adopted, according to which the center of the Universe was in the sun. And only when scientists realized that the sun was just one of the heavenly stars, and not the biggest, ideas about the center of the universe came to the same thing we have today.

The so-called "Big Explosion Theory" was proposed to the entire astronomical community by Fred Hõl - a famous physician scientist - as an explanation of the emergence of the universe. Today it is it, perhaps most popular in a wide variety of circles. According to this theory, the space that now occupies our universe, it arose as a result of a very fast, reminiscent of an explosion, expansion from negligible initial volume. On the one hand, in all human ideas, such a model should have not only quite certain boundaries, but also the center that is in the place from which the expansion itself began. But there are matters that people living in a limited is simply impossible to imagine themselves. So and the point that is an astronomical center of space may be in another inaccessible to us, measurement.

Studies telescope "Hubble"

Recently, the media appeared reports that the Hubble orbital telescope made a series of shots of the core of our universe. And a certain city was found in the center of the universe, from which the galaxies run by the fan. It is not possible to explore in detail it is possible because it is located too far.

Wherever there was a point of the astronomical center of our universe, we can not yet be able to achieve it, but even just see.

The heliocentric system of the world is the idea that the sun is the center of the universe and the point around which all planets rotate, including the Earth. This system assumes that our planet performs two types of movement: progressive around the sun and rotating around its axis. The position of the Sun itself relative to other stars is considered unchanged.

The term "heliocentrism" comes from the Greek word "Helios" (translated by the "Sun").

Finding a certain central point of the Universe is provided only if the universe. Such is obliged according to the Heliocentric system of the world.

Also in this system there was such a concept as external and inner planets. The latter belonged to Mercury and Venus, because Their orbits of rotation around the Sun should always be inside the Earth orbit.

The most important feature of heliocentrism are annual parallax stars. This effect is manifested in the form of a change in the visible coordinates of the star. It is associated with the change of the position of observers (astronomers), which arose due to the rotation of the Earth around the Sun.

Heliocentrism in antiquity and medieval

Thoughts that the Earth moves around a certain center of the whole world, arose in the heads of the ancient Greeks. So there were assumptions about the rotation of the earth around their axis, as well as about the movement of Mars and Venus around the Sun, which together with them revolves around our planet. However, it is believed that for the first time the heliocentric system of the world was set forth in the III century BC. e. Aristarkh Samossky. He made two important outputs:

1. Most likely that our planet rotates around the Sun. The reason for the size of the sun, which significantly exceeds the size of the Earth. Data on the relative values \u200b\u200bof the Earth, the Moon and the Sun were obtained from their own calculations of Aristarha.
2. Due to the lack of visible annual parallaxes of the stars, he suggested that the orbit of our planet seems to be a point of relative to the distances to the stars.

However, the ideas of Aristarch did not acquire widespread in antiquity. The most famous version of the geocentric system in ancient Greece was the so-called theory of homocentric spheres, the development of which Astronomers Evdox, Callipp and Aristotle were engaged. According to this theory, all celestial bodies rotating around our planet were fixed on rigid spheres combined between themselves and having a single center - land.

In connection with such an worldview of the prevailing part of society, other adherents of the ideas of Aristarha Samossky did not express their views, as a result of which the Greeks refused this idea and completely accepted geocentrism. Any schools who taught rationalism at the time did not support the ideas of Aristarha, as they considered the nature of the universe was non-private for understanding and excluded any opportunity to describe the dynamics of the planets.

In the Middle Ages, heliocentrism was almost not mentioned in scientific works, except for some of his ideas, for example, the rotation of the Earth around its axis.

Scientific revolution Nikolai Copernicus

In 1543, the Polish astronomer, the mechanic and clergyman Nikolai Copernicus published his scientific work, which was called: "On the rotation of heavenly spheres." In it, an astronomer described the heliocentric theory, confirming it a number of physical calculations based on the theoretical mechanics that then. According to his concept of changing the day and night, as well as the movement of the Sun in the sky due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis. Similarly, with the help of the Earth around the Sun, the movement of our shine in the sky throughout the year is explained.

Copernicus explained the following phenomena:

• As a result of the movement of the Earth, which is alternately, it is approaching, it is distinguished from any of the planets of our system, these planets make the so-called. Pictory movement. That is, after some time, they start moving in the opposite direction from the direction of the sun.
• Prerequency of equinoxies. Throughout the 18th centuries, scientists searched for the reasons for such an effect as preceding the equinoxes, according to which, every year, the spring equinox comes somewhat earlier. In his writings, Nikolai Copernicus was able to describe this effect as a result of the periodic displacement of the earth's axis.
• In the footsteps of Aristarha Samos, Copernicus argued, and also argued that the sphere of stars is located at a very long distance relative to the distances between the planets, as a result of which scientists do not observe annual parallaxes. And the assumption of the rotation of our planet around its axis confirmed as follows: if our planet is still stationary, then the rotation of the sky should occur due to the rotation of the stellar sphere itself, and given the calculated distance to it, the speed of its rotation will be unthinkable.

In addition, the heliocentric system could explain the change in the shine and sizes of the planets of the solar system, as well as to give a more accurate estimate of the size of the planets and distances to them. Nikolai Copernicus itself was able to roughly determine the size of the Moon and the Sun and the time to specify the time for which Mercury completely passes his orbit around the sun - 88 terrestrial day.

Despite the perfect revolution in the field of astronomy, Copernicus theory had several flaws. First, the central point of the system described by him remained the center of the Earth orbit, and not the sun. Secondly, all the planets of our planetary system moved in their orbits unevenly, and our planet retained its orbital speed. And also most likely, Copernicus did not discard the idea of \u200b\u200brotating heavenly spheres, but only suffered the center of their rotation.

Followers and opponents of Copernicus

Subsequently, the Polish astronomer had a large set of followers, including Jordan Bruno, who argued that the sky is not limited to heavenly spheres, while the other shine, it is heavenly bodies, which are not inferior to the sun. Unfortunately, Bruno was called the heretic for his convictions and sentenced to burn.

The famous Italian scientist supported Copernicus theory, based on his own observations. He also argued that the Earth never occupied the place between Mercury (or Venus) and the Sun, which pointed to the rotation of these two planets around the star in orbits inside the earth. The opposite statement proved the location of the Earth's orbit inside the orbits of the external planets. Because of his convictions in 1633, the 70-year-old Galilean was susceptible to the inquisition process, as a result of which he was under the "home arrest" until his death in 78 years.

Opponents of heliocentrism insisted on several arguments that disprove Copernicus theory. If the Earth rotated around his axis, then the monstrous centrifugal force would tear it. Moreover, all light items would fly from her surface, and they would move in the direction opposite to rotation. It was assumed that all the celestial objects are not masses, so they can move without the application to them of great strength. In the case of the Earth, the question arose about the existence of a colossal force, which could rotate our massive planet.

One of the opponents of geocentrism outstanding Danish astronomer Tycho Braga developed the so-called "geo-heliocentric" system of the world, according to which the sphere of stars, the moon and the sun move around the Earth, and other space objects are around the Sun.

After some time, the receiver of Braga is a German physicist Johann Kepler, analyzing the impressive volume of observation results of his mentor made several significant discoveries in favor of heliocentrism:

• The plane of the planetary orbits of the solar system intersect at the point of finding the Sun, which made it the center of their rotation, and not the center of the earth orbit, as the Copernicus assumed.
• The orbital speed of our planet varies periodically, as well as other planets.
• The orbits are elliptical planets, and the speed of movement of the celestial bodies according to them directly depended on the distance to the Sun, which made it not only the geometric, but also the dynamic center of the planetary system.

The so-called Kepler laws were formulated, which in detail and mathematical language described the laws of movement of the planets of the solar system.

Approval of heliocentrism

As a result of confirmation of the rotation of the Earth around its axis, any need for the existence of heavenly spheres was disappeared. For some time it was assumed that the planets move for the reason that they are living creatures. However, soon Kepler was determined that the movement of the planets arises as a result of the impact on them of the gravitational forces of the Sun.

In 1687, the English physicist Isaac Newton, relying on his own, confirmed the calculations of Johanna Kepler

With the further development of science, scientists received more and more arguments in favor of heliocentrism. So in 1728. Astronomer from England James Bradley for the first time with the help of surveillance confirmed the theory of the Earth's movement in orbit around the Sun, opening the so-called aberration of light. The latter means a slight blur image of the star on one side as a result of the movement of the observer. Later, the annual fluctuation of the frequency pulses emitted by pulsars, as well as for stars, is detected, which proves periodic change the distance of the Earth to these space objects.

And in 1821 and 1837. The Russian-German scientist Friedrich Wilhelm Struve was able to monitor the approximate annual pararalxes of the stars, finally approve the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Heliocentric system of the world.

Nikolai Copernicus - Polish and Prussian astronomer, mathematician, economist, canonon of the Renaissance , author of the heliocentric system of the world.

Facts biography

Nikolai Copernicus was born in Toruni in a merchant family in 1473, he lost her parents early. There is no definite opinion about his nationality - one considers it to Pole, others - German. His hometown entered the staff of Poland a few years before his birth, and before that was part of Prussia. But he was brought up in the German uncle family on the mother.

He studied at Krakow University, where he studied mathematics, medicine and theology, but Estronomy was attracted especially. Then he went to Italy and entered the University of Bologna, where she was preparing mainly to a spiritual career, but he was engaged in astronomy there. In Paduan University studied medicine. Upon returning to Krakow, he worked as a doctor, at the same time being a trustee of uncle, Bishop Lucas.

After the death of uncle lived in the small town of Frozbork in Poland, where he served as a canonik (the priest of the Catholic Church), but Astronomy's classes did not stop. Here he had the idea of \u200b\u200ba new astronomical system. He shared his thoughts with friends, so hearing was very soon about young Astronomer and his new system.

Copernicus one of the first expressed the thought of global. In one of his letters it is said: "I think that the severity is nothing but a certain desire that the divine architect gifted particles of matter so that they are connected in the shape of a ball. This property probably possesses the sun, moon and planet; He lumped into him with their ball shape. "

He confidently predicted that Venus and Mercury have phases like lunar. After the invention, Galile's telescope confirmed this foresight.

It is known that talented people talented in everything. Copernicus also showed himself a comprehensively educated person: on his project, a new coin system was introduced in Poland, in the city of Firombork, he built a hydraulic machine that supplied all the houses. As a doctor, engaged in fighting the epidemic of plague in 1519. During the Polish-Teutonic War (1519-1521), he organized a successful defense of the bishopric from Teutons, and then participated in peace negotiations, which ended with the creation of the first Protestant state - Duchy Prussia.

At the age of 58, Copernicus retired from all cases and took up work on his book "On the rotation of the heavenly spheres"Simultaneously treated people.

Nikolai Copernicus died in 1543 from stroke.

Heliocentric Copernicus World System

Heliocentric system - The idea that the sun is the central heavenly body, around which land and other planets are drawn. Earth, according to this system, turns around the Sun for one star year, and around its axis - for one star day. This representation is the opposite geocentric system of the world(An idea of \u200b\u200bthe universe device, according to which the central position in the universe occupies a fixed land around which the sun, moon, planets and stars rotate).

The doctrine of the heliocentric system has arisen yet in antiquityBut widespread received from the end of the Renaissance.

The guesses on the movement of the Earth existed in Pythagoreans, Geraklid Pontic, but a truly heliocentric system was proposed at the beginning of the III century BC. e. Aristarkh Samossky. It is believed that Aristarkh came to heliocentrism on the basis of the fact of the fact that the Sun in size is much more than the land (the only scientist's work that has come down to us). It was natural to assume that the smaller body turns around more, and not the opposite. The geocentric system of the world that existed before was unable to explain the change in the visible shine of the planets and the visible size of the moon, that the Greeks correctly associated with a change in distance to these celestial bodies. It also allowed to set the order of the shining.

But after the II century n. e. In the Hellenistic world, geocentrism was firmly established, based on the philosophy of Aristotle and the planetary theory of Ptolemy.

In the Middle Ages The heliocentric system of the world was almost forgotten. The exceptions are astronomers of the Samarkand school founded by Ulugbek in the first half of the XV century. Some of them rejected Aristotle's philosophy as a physical foundation of astronomy and considered the rotation of the Earth around the axis physically possible. There are instructions that some of the Samarkand astronomers considered the possibility of not just the axial rotation of the Earth, but the movement of its center, and also developed the theory in which the sun is considered rotating around the Earth, but all the planets rotate around the Sun (which can be called a geo-heliocentric system of the world) .

In the epoch Early rebirthnikolai Kuzansky wrote about the mobility of the Earth, but his judgment was purely philosophical. There were other assumptions about the movement of the Earth, but the systems did not exist. And only in the XVI century, heliocentrism was finally revived when Polish astronomer Nikolai Copernicus Developed the theory of movement of the planets around the Sun on the basis of the Pythagorean principle of uniform circular movements. The result of his work was the book "On the rotations of the heavenly spheres", published in 1543 he considered the disadvantage of all geocentric theories that they do not allow to determine the "form of the world and the proportionality of its parts", that is, the scale of the planetary system. Perhaps he proceeded from Heliocentrism Aristarch, but it was not finally proven, in the final editorial board of the book, the link to Aristarha disappeared.

Copernicus believed that the Earth makes a trojak movement:

1. Around its axis with a period in one day, the consequence of which is the daily rotation of the heavenly sphere.

2. Around the Sun with a period a year, leading to the opponent movements of the planets.

3. The so-called declineal movement with the period is also about one year, leading to the fact that the axis of the Earth moves approximately in parallel.

Copernicus explained the reasons for the opponent movements of the planets, calculated the distances of the planets from the Sun and the periods of their appeals. Zodiacal inequality in the motion of the planets Copernicus explained that their movement is a combination of movements along large and small circles.

Heliocentric system Copernicus It can be formulated in the following allegations:

• orbits and celestial spheres have no common center;
• the center of the Earth is not the center of the Universe, but only the center of the masses and the orbits of the Moon;
• all planets move along orbits, the center of which is the sun, and therefore the sun is the center of the world;
• the distance between the land and the sun is very small compared to the distance between the earth and stationary stars;
• the daily movement of the Sun is imaginary, and caused by the effect of rotation of the Earth, which turns once in 24 hours around its axis, which always remains parallel to itself;
• Earth (along with the Moon, like other planets), drawn around the Sun, and therefore the movements that seem to make the sun (daily movement, as well as one-time movement, when the sun moves along the zodiac) - no more than the effect of the earth's movement ;
• this movement of the Earth and other planets explains their location and specific characteristics of the motion of the planets.

These statements completely contradicted the geocentric system prevailing at that time.

The center of the planetary system from Copernicus was not the sun, but the center of the earth orbit;

of all the planets, the Earth only moved in its orbit evenly, while the rest of the planets the orbital speed changed.

Apparently, Copernicus has persisted Belief in the existence of the celestial spheres carrying planets. Thus, the movement of the planets around the sun was explained by the rotation of these spheres around their axes.

Assessment of Copernicus theory with contemporaries

His closest supporters of the first three decades after the publication of the book « On the rotations of the heavenly spheres He was a German astronomer Georg Ioachim Retic, at one time he collaborated with Copernicus, who considered himself his student, as well as an astronomer and geodesura Gemma Frieze. The supporter of Copernicus was his friend, Bishop Tideman Giza. But most of the contemporaries from Copernicus theory "died" only a mathematical apparatus for astronomical calculations and almost complete ignoring of its new, heliocentric cosmology. It happened, perhaps, because the preface for his book wrote Lutheran theologian, and in the preface it was said that the movement of the earth is a witty computing admission, but the Copernicus should not be understood. Many in the XVI century thought it was that this is the opinion of Copernica himself. And only in the 70s - the 90s of the XVI century. Astronomers began to show interest in the new system of the world. Copernicus appeared as supporters (including the philosopher Jordan Bruno; Theologian Diego de Tsuniga, who uses the idea of \u200b\u200bthe movement of the Earth to interpret some of the words of the Bible), and opponents (astronomers quietly Brage and Christopher Keaps, philosopher Francis Bacon).

Opponents of the Copernicus system argued that if the Earth rolled around his axis, then:

• The land would have experienced colossal centrifugal forces that would inevitably break it into parts.
• All light items on its surface would scatulate in all sides of the space.
• Any abandoned subject would deviate towards the West, and the clouds would float, along with the Sun, from the east to the west.
• Heavenly bodies move, because they consist of a weightless fine matter, but what power can make a huge heavy earth?

Value

Heliocentric system of the world, nominated in the III century BC. E. . Aristarkh and reborn in the XVI century Copernicusallowed to establish the parameters of the planetary system and open the laws of planetary movements. The rationale for heliocentrism demanded the creation classical mechanics and led to the opening of the law world full gravity. This theory opened the road of star astronomy when it was proven that the stars are distant sun) and the cosmology of the endless universe. Next, the heliocentric system of the world was increasingly approved - the main content of the scientific revolution of the XVII century consisted in approval of heliocentrism.

As soon as a person acquired a reason, he began to be interested in how everything was arranged. Why does the water shut over the edge of the world? Does the sun rotate around the earth? What is inside black holes?

Socratskaya "I know that I don't know anything" means that we are aware of the number of still unexplored in this world. We went through the way from myths to quantum physics, however, there are still more questions than answers, and they become only more difficult.

Cosmogonic myths

The myth is the first way, with the help of which people explained the origin and the device of the whole surrounding and their own existence. Cosmogonic myths tell about how the world appeared from chaos or non-existence. The creation of the universe in myth is engaged in deities. Depending on the specific culture, the resulting cosmology (idea of \u200b\u200bthe device of the world) differs. For example, the celestial firm might seem like a lid, a shell of a global egg, a sash of a giant shell or a skull of a giant.

As a rule, in all these stories there is a separation of the initial chaos on the sky and the land (top and bottom), the creation of the axis (the core of the universe), the creation of natural objects and living beings. General for different peoples basic concepts are called archetypes.

About the early stages of the evolution of the Universe and the origin of chemical elements tells the physicist Alexander Ivanchik in the lecture.

Peace as body

Ancient man recognized the world with the help of his body, measured the distance with steps and elbows, worked a lot with his hands. This is reflected in the personification of nature (Thunder - the result of the blows of God's hammer, the wind is a deity). The world also was associated with a large body.

For example, in the Scandinavian mythology, the world was created from the body of the Giant Imir, whose eyes became reservoirs, and hair - forests. In Hindu mythology, Purusha took this feature, in Chinese Pangu. In all cases, the device of the visible world binds to the body of an anthropomorphic creature, a great ancestor or a deity that sacrifice himself to appear. The person himself is a microcosm, the universe in miniature.

Great tree

Another archetypal plot, which often appears from different nations - the axis of the world, the world mountain or the world tree. For example, ash iggdarasil at Scandinavians. Images of wood, in the center of which there is a figurine of a person, also met by Maya and Aztecs. In the Hindu Vedas, the sacred tree was called Ashwattha, in the Turkic mythology - Baiterk. The world tree binds the lower, middle and upper worlds, its roots are in the underground areas, and Krona goes to heaven.

Take me, big turtle!

The mythologist floating in the vast ocean of the world turtle, on the back of which the earth rests, is found among the peoples of the ancient India and the Ancient China, in the legends of the indigenous population of North America. In different versions of the myth about gigantic "supporting animals", elephant, snake and whale are mentioned.

Cosmological representations of Greeks

Greek philosophers laid astronomical ideas that we use today. Different philosophers of their school had their own point of view on the model of the universe. For the most part, they adhered to the geocentric system of the world.

The concept assumed that in the center of the world there is a fixed land around which the sun, the moon and stars appear. At the same time, the planet rotate around the Earth, forming an "earth system". The daily rotation of the earth quietly Brage also denied.

Scientific Revolution of Enlightenment

Geographical discoveries, sea travel, the development of mechanics and optics made the picture of the world more complex and complete. Since the XVII century, "Telescopic Epoch" began: a person has become available to observe the celestial bodies at the new level and the path to a deeper study of space has been opened. From the philosophical point of view, the world thought as objectively learned and mechanistic.

Johann Kepleler and the orbits of the Heavenly bodies

Pupil Quiet Brage Johann Kepler, who adhered to Copernaya theory, opened the laws of the movement of heavenly bodies. The universe, according to his theory, is a ball within which the solar system is located. Formulating three laws, which are now called "Capler's laws", he described the movement of the planets around the Sun in orbits and replaced circular orbits on the ellipses.

Opening Galileo Galilee

Galilee defended Copernation, adhering to the heliocentric system of the world, and also insisted that the earth had daily rotation (spinning around his axis). This led him to the famous disagreements with the Roman Church, which did not support the theory of Copernicus.

Galilee built his own telescope, discovered satellites of Jupiter and explained the glow of the moon with a reflected earthly sunlight.

All this was evidence that the Earth has the same nature as other celestial bodies that also possess the "lunas" and move. Even the sun turned out to be not ideal, which refuted the Greek ideas about the perfection of the world's world - he saw the stains on it.

Model of Newton Universe

Isaac Newton discovered the law of world community, developed a unified system of earthly and heavenly mechanics and formulated the laws of speakers - these discoveries were based on classical physics. Newton proved the laws of Kepler from the position of gravity, said that the Universe was infinite and formulated his ideas about matter and density.

His work "Mathematical Beginning of Natural Philosophy" of 1687 summarized the results of research of precursors and laid the method of creating a model of the Universe with a mathematical analysis.

XX century: everything is relative

Qualitative breakthrough in the representation of a person about the world in the twentieth century general Theory of Relativity (OTO), which brought Albert Einstein in 1916. According to Einstein theory, space is not something unchanged, time has the beginning and end and can flow differently in different conditions.

There is still the most influential theory of space, time, movement and gravity - that is, in total, which is the physical reality and principles of the world. The theory of relativity argues that the space should either expand or narrow. So it turned out that the universe is dynamic, not stationary.

An American astronomer Edwin Hubble proved that our galaxy is a Milky Way, in which the solar system is located - only one of the hundred billion of other universe galaxies. Exploring the long-range galaxies, he concluded that they were scattered, removing from each other, and suggested that the universe was expanding.

If you proceed from the concept of permanent expansion of the universe, it comes out, once it was in a compressed state. The event that has led to the transition from a very dense state of matter to expansion, got a name Big bang.

XXI Century: Dark Matter and Multivale

Today we know that the Universe expands accelerated: this is facilitated by the pressure of "Dark energy", which struggles with the force of gravity. "Dark energy", the nature of which is still not clear, is the main mass of the universe. Black holes are "gravitational graves", in which the substance and radiation disappear, and in which, presumably, the dead stars are transformed.

The age of the universe (time since the expansion) is expected to be estimated at 13-15 billion years.

We realized our undelapnyality - after all, around as many stars and planets. Therefore, the issue of life on earth with modern scientists is considered in the context of why the Universe did generally emerge where it became possible.

Galaxies, stars and rotating planets around them, and the atoms themselves exist only because the impetus to the dark energy at the time of the big explosion was sufficient that the universe would not curl again, and at the same time so that the space does not fly too much. The probability of this is very small, so some modern theorist physicists suggest that there are many parallel universes.

Theoretical physicists believe that some universes can have 17 measurements, others may have stars and planets like our, and some may consist of only an amorphous field.

Alan Laitmanfizik

However, it is impossible to refute this with the help of an experiment, so other scientists believe that the concept of the multivalented should be considered rather philosophical.

Today's ideas about the universe are largely related to the unresolved problems of modern physics. Quantum mechanics, the construction of which differ significantly from what classical mechanics says, physical paradoxes and new theories assure us that the world is much more different than it seems, and the results of observations are largely dependent on observing.