Albert Einstein Albert Einstein is the most famous from scientists of the twentieth century. And one of the greatest scientists of all time, Einstein enriched physics with the inherent only. Presentation on the topic "Albert Einstein - biography" Presentation on the topic Albert Einstein

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Albert Einstein "I want to find out what a fundamental law God followed, creating the universe. Nothing is interested in me. "

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Paradoxical genius The life path of Albert Einstein was full of paradoxes. Ingenious physicist at school experienced serious difficulties. A peaceful scientist, the pride of German science, was forced to leave his country because of the persecution of the Nazis.

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Childhood of Genius Einstein was born at 11:30 am on March 14, 1879 in the city of Ulm in the south of Germany. As a child, Einstein was not a particularly capable child. He seemed back, late began to speak. All this seems somewhat strange, especially for future mathematics. As a rule, mathematical abilities are manifested at a very early age. Many of the outstanding mathematicians have already asked questions about large or infinitely large numbers when they were not three years old. Albert at 14

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A closed countless boy in school often became an object of ridicule. The teachers considered him lazy, slow and low. "Of you, Einstein, never will never come out," said the German teacher. The "negligent" schoolboy loved reading research and popular books and was engaged in self-education. Once at the beginning of the school year, he was caught a textbook of the Euclidean geometry, who seized him so much that Einstein in one sat independently studied the school course.

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Free Switzerland in the fall of 1895 Albert Einstein arrived in Switzerland to pass entrance exams to the Higher Technical School (Polytechnic) in Zurich and become a physics teacher. Brilliant manifest itself on the exam in mathematics, he at the same time failed the exams on Botanic and the French language, which did not allow him to enter Zurich Polytechnic. However, the director of the school advised the young man to enter the graduation class of the school in Aarau (Switzerland) to get a certificate and repeat the receipt. The first thing that surprised Albert in a new school is the spirit of freedom and democracy. At the same time, Albert was increasingly given to his Gresses. "If we could travel at the speed of light ...", I dreamed of a future scientist.

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Credit sheet Albert Einstein discipline 3 year 3rd semester 4 year 1st semester German in French with from history in geometry AA and natural science in physics a and chemistry in drawing with in elegant arts - in singing - and violin a BUT

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During his studies in Polytechnic, Albert met his future wife. The talented Serbian Mileva Maric was the only girl among students. General scientific interests quickly brought together young people. "When I get married to your beloved woman, we will study science together. I do not want to waste time with ignorant and uneducated people, "Albert wrote his beloved.

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The Patent Bureau Einstein worked at the Patent Bureau from July 1902 to October 1909, is mainly engaged in an expert assessment of applications for inventions. In 1903, he became a permanent employee of the Bureau. The nature of the work allowed Einstein to devote free time research in the field of theoretical physics. On January 6, 1903, Einstein married twenty-semiconductile Milece Maric. They had three children.

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1905 entered the history of physics as "Year of Miracles." This year, "Annals of Physics", the leading physical journal of Germany, published three outstanding Einstein articles, which began the beginning of the new scientific revolution: 1. "To the electrodynamics of moving bodies." From this article begins the theory of relativity. 2. "On one heuristic point of view regarding the emergence and transformation of light". One of the works that laid the foundation of quantum theory. 3. "On the movement of particles weighted in the resting liquid required by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat" - work dedicated to Brownian movement and significantly advanced statistical physics. Year of Miracles

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Einstein was Professor Zurich, Prague, Berlin Universities, as well as Princeton Institute of Fundamental Research. "If the theory of relativity is confirmed, the Germans will say that I am German, and the French - that I am a citizen of the world; But if my theory is refuted, the French will announce me by the German, and the Germans - Jew. "

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Worldwide recognition to Einstein in physics did not exist such concepts as deformed spaces and time. All planets, considered Einstein, cause curvature of space. Therefore, light rays, rising this curvature, must deviate. There was not enough practical confirmation. The difficulty consisted that the necessary observations were only possible with a full solar eclipse. The appropriate case was introduced in 1919. Photos taken by Astronomer Artur Eddington became proof of Einstein's theory. So the scientist acquired worldwide recognition.

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Traveling Einstein's travel had not only scientific, but also social and political goals. After becoming the first representative of the German science, speaking in Paris after the war, he accepted an invitation to the French side in and the interests of mutual understanding between the two peoples. Period Location June 1920 Oslo August 1920 Copenhagen April-May 1921 USA June 1921 United Kingdom March 1922 Paris Mart-June 1925 India-Singapore-Hong Kong-Philippines November-December 1923 Japan January 1923 Philippines February 1923 Palestine February-March 1923 Spain March-June 1925 Argentina-Uruguay-Brazil

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Elsa Einstein was not an exemplary family man and belonged to the second wife Elsa through the community of the Edipov complex - as to the desired mother and unwanted partner. Fans came together with glory. Rich ladies regularly rolled Einstein on cars and bore his family gifts, arguing Elz to hysterics. One of his "girlfriends", Secretary Elene Dukas, a scientist twisted twice as much money than Hans's native son, leaving her all his personal belongings and books.

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The great physicist was a man passionate, slightly scattered and dreamed; According to the current standards, "crazy scientists." Encyclopedist He did not - the humanitarian interests of the physicist were limited to a philosophy alone, but on the technical field his mind could work in any direction: from the formulas of card focus to the refrigerator device.

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Alforisms Albert in the late 1940s Einstein wrote in his note about the United World Government: "I don't know which weapon will be the third world war, but in the fourth we will fight sticks and stones." Working in Prague, Einstein reacted to the anti-Semitism of local residents with stingy jokes. His beloved was like this: "Two professors see that the street sign over the sidewalk glanced and is about to fall off. "Nothing," says one of them. - Let's hope that she will fall on the head of some Czech. " In response to complaints of one schoolgirl about her problems with mathematics, the scientist answered: "Do not be mistaken. Believe me, my difficulties are even more than yours. " The aphorism of Einstein, invented by him in response to the question of one journalist about the difference between time and eternity: "If I had time to explain the difference between these concepts, eternity would have passed before you would understand."

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Charlie and Albert in 1931 during a visit to America Spouse Einstein met with the actor Charlie Chaplin. The scientist was a big fan of a brilliant comedian. At the premiere of the film "Lights of the Big City" Chaplin said Einstein: "I applaud because everyone understands me. You - because no one does not understand you. "

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Einstein is to blame. In 1905, he stated that there is no absolute rest, and since then it is really not. Stephen Likok Canadian humorist writer. There was this world of a foggy Multoyan. "Yes, there will be a light" and here came Newton. But Satan did not wait for the revenge. Einstein came, and everything became as before. - The first two lines - Alexander Puppe (1688-1744), the second - John Squire (1884-1958). Translation S. Marshak

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Nobel laureates in the field of physics in 1912 of German physics (not theorist!) J. Franca took the Department of Physics in Prague University. Finishing a conversation with him, Dean said: "We want only one - normal behavior from you." - How? - I was amazed by J. Frank. - Is it really such a rarity for physics? - You do not want to say that your predecessor was a normal person? "Dean objected ... And Albert Einstein was the predecessor of J. Frank. Albert Einstein "For merits to theoretical physics and especially for the explanation of the photoelectric effect law" (awarded in 1922) James Frank for the opening of the laws of the electron collision with atom 1925

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At the heart of the special theory of relativity (one hundred) lie two postulates: 1 postulate: All nature processes occur equally in all inertial reference systems. 2 postulate: the speed of light in vacuo is the same for all inertial reference systems. It does not depend on the source speed, nor from the speed of the light signal receiver.

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From the history of Albert Einstein's article "Electrodynamics of moving bodies", dedicated to the service station, was written in 1905, and in 1907 the author sent it to the competition to the University of Bern. One of the professors returned to Einstein his work with the words: "What you wrote here, I absolutely do not understand." In 1916, work was written on the general theory of relativity. It was unlikely that another such scientist existed, the personality of which would be so popular among the population of the entire planet and caused universal interest.

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Relativistic law addition of speeds Conclusion: From the relativistic rate of speed addition, it follows that the speed of light in vacuo does not depend on the speed of the source and is at the same time the value of constant and limit: nothing can move faster the speed of light in vacuum. The fairness of the formula is confirmed by the fact that all consequences arising from her have been verified experimentally. If V.

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Relatability of simultaneity The simultaneity of spatially separated events is relative. The reason for the relativity of simultaneity is the limiting speed of signal propagation. Light at the same time reaches the points of the spherical surface with the center at the point only from the point of view of the observer, which is at rest relative to the K. system from the point of view of the observer associated with the K1 system, the light reaches these points at different points in time. The clock on the nose of the ship is removed from the place where the source light has occurred, and to reach clock a, the light should overcome the distance, greater than half of the ship's length.

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The relativity of the time intervals - the time interval between the two events occurring in the same point of the inertial system. - The interval between these events in the C1 reference system moving relative to the system to the speed V. Conclusion: This is the relativistic effect of a slowdown in the moving reference systems.

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The dependence of the mass of the speed is the mass of the resting body. - The mass of the same body, but moving with velocity V. The weight dependence on the speed can be found on the basis of the assumption that the law of preserving the impulse is fair and with new ideas about space and time. Conclusion: V\u003e 0, M\u003e 0 With an increase in body speed, its mass does not remain constant, but grows.

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The relationship between mass and energy energy and mass are two interrelated characteristics of any physical object. The energy of the body or body system is equal to the mass multiplied by the Square of the Speed \u200b\u200bSpeed. Any body is already only due to the fact of its existence, it has an energy that is proportional to the mass of rest in the transformation of elementary particles of the care energy entirely turns into the kinetic energy of the newly formed particles.

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The relativistic pulse of the body as the rate of movement increases the body weight, which determines its inert properties, increases. The need to use the relativistic equation of motion when calculating the accelerators of charged particles, means that the theory of relativity in our time has become engineering science.

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E \u003d MC2 consequently, E \u003d E0 + ΔE, where Δ E-kinetic particle energy. When the particle moves with a relativistic rate, an excess of mass of an atomic bomb explosion occurs is an instantaneous transformation into the energy of a part of the mass of the bomb material. The energy of the Sun has a similar origin. The Sun demonstrates this to us visually: every second in this burning fiery ball millions of tons of matter are converted into a gigantic amount of radiation energy. The sixth and ninth August 1945, 3 months after the end of the war with Germany, two atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 260 thousand people died, 163 thousand were injured and received a high degree of irradiation. He and many scientists experienced stress. The overall feeling, perhaps, best than everyone expressed Robert Oppenheimer: "Now physicists know what sin is, and from this knowledge they will never get rid of" After the Hiroshim tragedy, the formula E \u003d MC2 has become for Albert Einstein curse .. July 19, 1946 his portrait appeared On the cover of Time magazine with a sharp heading: "The Destroyer of the World - Einstein". A catastrophe in Hiroshima and Nagasaki forced Einstein to look for the way to ensure peace. He realized that the methods of destruction were improved by science. In one of the messages facing the intelligentsia of different countries, the great scientist says: "Our main and noble task should be precisely the prevention of the use of the horrible weapons created by us."

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He developed several significant physical theories: a special theory of relativity (1905). General theory of relativity (1907-1916). Quantum theory of photo effect and heat capacity. Quantum statistics Bose - Einstein. Statistical theory of Brownian movement, the theory of induced radiation. Since 1933, he worked on the problems of cosmology and the unified field theory. Actively opposed war, against the use of nuclear weapons, for humanism, respect for human rights, mutual understanding between nations. Einstein belongs to a decisive role in popularizing and introducing new physical concepts into scientific circulation and theories. First of all, this refers to the revision of the understanding of the physical essence of space and time and to build a new theory of gravity in return for Newtonian. Einstein also, together with the bar, laid the foundations of quantum theory. These concepts, repeatedly confirmed by experiments, form the foundation of modern physics. Albu RT Einstent ((March 14, 1879 - April 18, 1955,) - one of the founders of modern theoretical physics, the laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics.

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Michel Monten once wrote about the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates: "Socrates somehow asked where he comes from. He did not answer: "From Athens.", And said: "From the Universe." This sage, whose thought was distinguished by so latter and wealth, looked at the universe as his hometown, giving his knowledge, himself, his love with all mankind, - not as we, noticeing only what we have under your feet ... " . These wonderful words can be fully attributed to Albert Einstein.

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In honor of Einstein named: Einsteini- unit of energy used in photochemistry. Element No.99 Einsteins in the periodic system of Mendeleev elements. Asteroid 2001 Einstein. Crater on the moon. Quasar Cross Einstein. A. Einstein World Prize. Numerous streets of world cities.

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In honor of Einstein, the value of the theory of relativity extends to all the processes of nature, ranging from radioactivity, waves and corpters emitted by the atom, and up to the movement of the celestial bodies remote from us for millions of years. Max Planck posthumously Albert Einstein was awarded a whole number of differences: in 1999, the Magazine "Time" called Einstein the Personality of Age. 2005 was announced by UNESCO The Year of Physics on the occasion of the "Year of Miracles", who crowned the discovery of the special theory of Einstein's relativity.

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jokes asked once at Einstein, as brilliant discoveries appear. "Everything is very simple," Einstein replied. - All scientists believe that this can not be. But there is one fool, who disagrees with it, and proves why. The A.Enstein equation on the physics exam on the question of how the known A.Enstein equation, connecting energy and body, is written, the student wrote: E \u003d Mts2, Albert Einstein died. Appeared before God. God tells him: - I know you are a great scientist. I will fulfill any request. Einstein: - I want to know the formula of the world. God recorded the formula. - There is one mistake in it! - Einstein exclaims. - I know. - God is responsible.

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There is such a story Professor at the university asked his students such a question. - All that exists, created by God? One student boldly replied: - Yes, created by God. - God created everything? - asked Professor. "Yes, Sir" replied the student. Professor asked: - If God created everything, then God created evil, since it exists. And according to the principle that our affairs determine ourselves, it means God is evil. Student arrived, having heard such an answer. Professor was very pleased with himself. He praised to students that he once again proved that faith in God is myth. Another student raised his hand and said: - May I ask you a question, professor? "Of course," said Professor. The student rose and asked: - Professor, is there a cold? - What a question? Of course exists. Have you ever been cold? Students laughed at the issue of a young man. Young man replied:

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In fact, sir, cold does not exist. In accordance with the laws of physics, what we consider the cold, in reality is the lack of heat. A person or item can be studied on the subject of whether it has or transmits energy. Absolute zero (-460 degrees Fahrenheit) There is a complete absence of heat. All matter becomes inert and unable to react at this temperature. Cold does not exist. We created this word to describe what we feel in the absence of heat. The student continued: - Professor, Darkness exists? - Of course, exists. - You are again wrong, sir. Darkness also does not exist. Darkness is actually a lack of light. We can explore the light, but not the darkness. We can use Newton's prism To decompose the white light into a variety of colors and explore the different wavelengths of each color. You can not measure the darkness. A simple ray of light can break into the world of darkness and illuminate it. How can you find out how much space is any space? You measure how the amount of light is represented. Is not it? Darkness is a concept that a person uses to describe what is happening in the absence of light. In the end, the young man asked Professor: - Sir, evil exists? This time uncertain, Professor replied: - Of course, as I said. We see it every day. Cruelty between people, many crimes and violence around the world. These examples are nothing more than a manifestation of evil. The student answered this: - evil does not exist, sir, or at least it does not exist for him. Evil is just the absence of God. It looks like darkness and cold - a word created by man to describe the absence of God. God did not create evil. Evil is not faith or love that exist as light and heat. Evil is the result of the lack of divine love in the heart. It seems to be cold, which comes when there is no heat, or like darkness that comes when there is no light. The name of the student was Albert Einstein.

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10 Golden Rules Albert Einstein 1. A person who has never become mistaken, never tried to do something new. Most people do not try to make anything new due to fear to make a mistake. But this is not necessary to be afraid. Often the person who was defeated, learns about how to win more than one success comes at once. 2. Education is what remains after you forget everything we taught at school. After 30 years, you will surely for sure all you have to study at school. I will only remember what you learned to yourself. 3. In his imagination, I am free to draw as an artist. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge limited. Imagination covers the whole world. When you understand how far, humanity has advanced from cave times, the imagination force is felt in a full scale. What we have now has achieved with the help of the imagination of our great-grandfathers. What we will be in the future will be built with the help of our imagination. 4. The secret of creativity is in the ability to hide the sources of its inspiration. The uniqueness of your creativity often depends on how well you can hide your sources. You can inspire other great people, but if you are in a position when the whole world looks at you, your ideas should look unique. 5. The value of a person should be determined by what it gives, and not what he can achieve. Try to become not successful, but a valuable person. If you look at the world-famous people, you can see that each of them has given something to this world. You need to give to be able to take. When your goal is to increase the values \u200b\u200bin the world, you are climbing the next standard of living.

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6. There are two ways to live: you can live as if miracles do not happen and you can live as if everything is miracle in this world. If you live, as if nothing in this world is a miracle, then you can do everything that you want and you will not have obstacles. If you live like everything is miracle, then you can enjoy even the most small manifestations of beauty in this world. If you live in two ways at the same time, then your life will be happy and productive. 7. When I study myself and think my way, I come to the conclusion that the gift of imagination and fantasy meant more for me than any ability to abstract thinking. Dreams of everything you could achieve in life is an important element of positive life. Let your imagination freely wander and create a world in which you would like to live 8. To become a flawless member of the flock of sheep, it is necessary first of all to be a sheep. If you want to become a successful entrepreneur, you need to start doing business right now. Want to start, but be afraid of the consequences, you will not lead to anything. This is true in other areas of life: to win, first of all you need to play. 9. You need to learn the rules of the game. And then, you need to start playing the best. Learn the rules and play the best. Simply, like all ingenious. 10. It is very important not to stop asking questions. Curiosity is not accidental person. Smart people always ask questions. Ask yourself and other people to find a solution. This will allow you to learn new and analyze your own growth.

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Sabitova Fairuz Rifovna Lecturer GAU SPO "Sarmanovsky Agricultural College" Internet resources http://www.nobeliat.ru/ http://festival.1september.ru/

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ALBERT EINSTEIN

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MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "Tychinskaya Secondary School No. 2" of the Thazhinsky district of the Kemerovo region

The presentation was a student of 9 "b" class Alekseeva Irina Head Teacher Physics Kuznetsova Tatiana Dmitrievna

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Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

physico-theorist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics, the laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics of 1921, a public humanist.

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Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the South Hermann city of Ulm, in a poor Jewish family

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In 1900, Einstein graduated from polytechnic, receiving a diploma of teacher of mathematics and physics. He passed the exams successfully, but not brilliantly. Many professors highly evaluated the ability of Einstein's student, but no one wanted to help him continue their scientific career. Einstein himself remembered later:

"I was speaking by my professors who did not love me because of my independence and closed my way into science."

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Albert Einstein was a convinced democratic socialist, humanist, pacifist and anti-fascist. Einstein's authority, achieved due to its revolutionary discoveries in physics, allowed a scientist to actively influence socio-political transformations in the world.

Political beliefs

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His merits:

Created private (1905) and general (1907-16) theory of relativity. The author of the quantum theory of light: introduced the concept of photon (1905), established the laws of the photo effect, the basic law of photochemistry (Einstein law) predicted (1917) induced radiation developed the statistical theory of Brownian movement since 1933 worked on the problems of cosmology and the unified field theory

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einstein's house in Bern, where the theory of relativity was born

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1905 - "Year of Miracles"

Three outstanding Einstein Articles: 1. "To the electrodynamics of moving bodies" (theory of relativity). 2. "On a single heuristic point of view regarding the occurrence and transformation of light" (quantum theory). 3. "On the movement of particles weighted in the resting liquid required by the molecular-kinetic thermal theory" (Brownian movement).

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He developed several significant physical theories:

Special relativity theory (1905)

In its framework - the law of interconnection of mass and energy:

General theory of relativity (1907-1916). Quantum theory of photo effect, heat capacity. Quantum statistics Bose - Einstein. The statistical theory of Brownian movement, which laid the foundations of the theory of fluctuations. The theory of induced radiation.

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General theory of relativity

As part of the general theory of relativity, as in other metric theories, it is postulated that gravitational effects are due to non-power interactions of bodies and fields in space-time, but by deformation of the very space-time, which is associated, in particular, with the presence of mass-energy . The general theory of relativity differs from other metric theories by the use of Einstein equations for the connection of the curvature of space-time with the matter present in it.

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According to the most successful theory of gravity, well confirmed by observations. The first success of the general theory of relativity was to explain the anomalous precession perihelion of Mercury. Then, in 1919, Arthur Eddington reported observing the deviation of light near the sun at the time of the complete eclipse, which qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed the predictions of the general theory of relativity. Since then, many other observations and experiments have confirmed a significant amount of the theory predictions, including a gravitational slowdown in time, gravitational red displacement, signal delay in the gravitational field and, so far only indirectly, gravitational radiation. In addition, numerous observations are interpreted as confirmation of one of the most mysterious and exotic predictions of the general theory of relativity - the existence of black holes

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The main investigations of OTO

1. Additional perihelial shift of the orbit of Mercury compared to the predictions of Newton's mechanics. 2. The cloth of the light beam in the gravitational field of the sun. 3. Agovernmental red displacement, or slowing down in a gravitational field.

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Einstein equation

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In 1911

Einstein participated in the first Solveev Congress dedicated to quantum physics

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Albert Einstein at the board with formulas of a special theory of relativity

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Graphic illustration of the curvature of space-time under the influence of material bodies

Left is a slight funnel formed under the influence of the Sun; In the center - a gravitational field of a heavier neutron star; Right - deep funnel without a bottom, representing a black hole

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The quantum theory of heat dissimilarity was created by Einstein in 1907 when attempting to explain the experimentally observed dependence of heat capacity from temperature.

When developing the theory, Einstein relied on the following assumptions:

Atoms in the crystal lattice behave like harmonic oscillators that do not interact with each other.

The frequency of oscillations of all oscillators is the same and equal

The number of oscillators in 1 mole of a substance is equal to where - the number of Avogadro

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Determining the heat capacity as an internal energy derivative at a temperature, we obtain the final formula for heat capacity:

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The theory of Einstein, however, is not well agreed with the results of experiments due to the inaccuracy of some assumptions of Einstein, in particular, the assumptions about the equality of the frequency of oscillations of all oscillators. A more accurate theory was created by Debay in 1912.

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Bose Einstein statistics (as well as Fermi Dirac statistics) are associated with the quantum mechanical principle of indistinguishability of identical particles. Fermi Statistics - Dirac and Bose - Einstein obey the systems of identical particles in which the quantum effects cannot be neglected

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Forced radiation, induced radiation - the generation of a new photon in the transition of a quantum system (atom, molecules, nuclei, etc.) from an excited to a stable state (a smaller energy level) under the influence of the inducing photon whose energy was equal to the difference of energy levels. The created photon has the same energy, impulse, phase and polarization as the inducing photon (which is not absorbed). Both photons are coherent.

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Brownian motion

Brownian movement - a disorderly movement of microscopic visible, suspended in a liquid or gas particles of a solid caused by the thermal motion of the particles of the liquid or gas. Brownian movement never stops. Brownian movement is associated with thermal motion, but you should not mix these concepts. Brownian movement is a consequence and evidence of the existence of a thermal motion.

I was tent by my professors who did not love me because of my independence and closed my way into science ...

Biography

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the South Germany city of Ulm, in a poor Jewish family.

The primary education Albert Einstein received at the local Catholic school.

In 1900, Einstein graduated from polytechnic, receiving a diploma of teacher of mathematics and physics.

On January 6, 1903, Einstein married twenty-semiconductile Milece Maric. They had three children.

Photos

Einstein at 14

Mileva Maric

Einstein in the Patent Bureau

Scientific activity.

Special relativity theory (1905).

The law of the interconnection of mass and energy: E \u003d MC 2.

General theory of relativity(1907-1916).

Quantum theory of photo effect and heat capacity.

Scientific activity.

Quantum statistics Bose - Einstein.

The statistical theory of Brownian movement, which laid the foundations of the theory of fluctuations.

The theory of induced radiation.

The theory of light scattering on thermodynamic fluctuations in the medium.

Scientific activity

He also predicted the "quantum teleportation" and the High Effect of Einstein - de Haaz. Since 1933, he worked on the problems of cosmology and the unified field theory. Actively opposed war, against the use of nuclear weapons, for humanism, respect for human rights, mutual understanding between nations.

Einstein belongs to a decisive role in popularizing and introducing new physical concepts into scientific circulation and theories. First of all, this refers to the revision of the understanding of the physical essence of space and time and to build a new theory of gravity in return for Newtonian. Einstein also, together with the bar, laid the foundations of quantum theory. These concepts, repeatedly confirmed by experiments, form the foundation of modern physics.

Awards and Prize

Nobel Prize in Physics (1921): "For merits to theoretical physics and especially for explaining the photoelectric effect law."

Copley medal.

Planck medal.

A scientist who turned the representations of mankind about the Universe, Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955 for 1 hour 25 minutes, in Princeton from aorta aneurysm.

Before his death, he uttered a few words in German, but the American nurse could not reproduce them later. Without perceiving any forms of the cult of personality, he forbade a magnificent burial with loud ceremonies, for which she wanted to have the place and time of burial not disclosed. On April 19, 1955, the funeral of the Great Scientist, attended by only 12 closest friends, was held without broad publicly. His body was burned in the crematorium of the Yingg Semetry, and the ashes dispelled in the wind.

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Albert Einstein
(1879-1955)

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Biography ... Young Years
Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the old German city of Ulme, in Germany, but after a year, the family moved to Munich, where Albert's father, Herman Einstein, and Uncle Jacob organized a small company "Electrical Factory Ya Einstein and K °."
Germany
Ulm
ulm city
coat of arms of the city
Alberta 4 years

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... Young years
At his own memories of Einstein, the compass gave him a father when he had a year 4 or 5. "The fact that this arrow behaved as definitely, did not fit into the kind of phenomena that could find a place in my unconscious world of concepts (action through contact). I remember also now - or it seems to me that I remember - that this case made a deep impression on me. For things should be something else, deeply hidden. A person does not react so that he sees from the small years. He does not seem amazing drop in bodies, wind and rain, he is not surprised by the moon and the fact that it does not fall, is not surprised by the difference between alive and inanimate "
Compass

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... Young years
Albert's mother, a powerful and despotic woman, was a musically gifted man and played well on the piano. When Alberta turned 5 years old, she invited music teacher to the house, so that she taught the boy to play the violin. These lessons he hated and once in anger rushed to his teacher with a chair in his hands. Nevertheless, music lessons continued for another 7-8 years, so by the end of training Albert learned more or less to play alte.

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... Young years
Parents gave Albert first to Catholic primary school, and then to the Munich classical Gymnasium Luitpold, known as a progressive and very liberal educational institution, but which he never graduated, moved after his family to Milan. And at school, and in the gymnasium Albert Einstein acquired not the best reputation. Reading scientific and popular books gave rise to a young Einstein, according to his own expression, "Straight Fantastic Freedomiff".

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In October 1895, sixteen-year-old Albert Einstein went from Milan to Zurich to enroll in the Federal Higher Technical School - famous polytechnic, for admission to which did not need a certificate of graduation. Brilliantly handing over the entrance exams in mathematics, physics and chemistry, he, however, failed with a crash in other subjects. The rector of the polytechnicum, assessing the outstanding mathematical abilities of Einstein, sent it to prepare him to the cantonuclear school in Aarau (20 miles to the west of Zurich), which at that time was considered one of the best in Schwaria. .
Zurich
... Mature years

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After the end of the Polytechnic in 1900, the young graduate teacher of physics (Einstein then walked the twenty-second year) lived mainly from parents in Milan and two years could not find a permanent job. Only in 1902 he received an expert in the federal office of patents in Bern. Shortly before that, Albert changed citizenship and became the Scriptal subject. A few months after the device to work, he married his former Zurich classmate Milece Marich.
Newborn Hans Albert with parents, 1904.

Slide 8.

Patent Bureau. The first steps of A. Einstein to recognition
In the Patent Bureau, which Einstein called the "secular monastery", he worked seven more years, counting these years the most happy in life. The position of "Patent Movie" constantly occupied his mind various scientific and technical issues, but left enough time for independent creative work. Its results for the middle of the "Happy Bernian years" made up the content of scientific articles, which changed the appearance of modern physics, brought Einstein world glory.
Einstein at his workplace in the Berne Patent Bureau. The photo was done in the year of the exit of the famous article "To the electrodynamics of moving bodies."

Slide 9.

Brownian motion
The first of these articles is "On the movement of particles weighted in the resting liquid, arising from the molecular-kinetic theory", published in 1905, was devoted to the theory of Brownian movement. This phenomenon (continuous erratic zigzag movement of particles of floral pollen in the liquid), opened in 1827 by the English nerd Robert Brown, was then the statistical explanation, but Einstein's theory (who did not know the preceding work on Brownian movement) had a complete form and opened the possibilities of quantitative experimental studies. . In 1908, the experiments of French Physics Jean Batista Perrena fully confirmed the theory of Einstein, which played an important role for the final formation of molecular-kinetic ideas.

Slide 10.

Quanta and photoeffect
In the same 1905, another work of Einstein - "On a heuristic point of view on the occurrence and transformation of light" was also published. Five years before that, the German physicist Max Plank showed that the spectral composition of the radiation emitted by hot bodies finds an explanation if we assume that the radiation process is discretened, that is, the light is not emitted continuously, but discrete portions of certain energy. Einstein put forward the assumption that the absorption of light occurs in the same portions and that in general "the homogeneous light consists of grains of energy (light quanta), ... carrying in an empty space at the speed of light." This revolutionary idea allowed Einstein to explain the laws of the photo effect, in particular, the fact of the existence of the "red border", that is, the minimum frequency below which knocks out the light of electrons from the substance does not occur at all.

Slide 11.

In June 1919, Einstein married his cousin from the mother Elsa Levental (nee Einstein, 1876-1936) and launched her two children. At the end of the year, his seriously ill mother of Paulina moved to them; She died in February 1920. Judging by letters, Einstein was seriously worried about her death.

Slide 12.

Quanta and photoeffect
The idea of \u200b\u200bquanta was applied by Albert Einstein and to explain the other phenomena, for example, fluorescence, photoionization, mysterious variations of the specific heat capacity of solids, which could not describe the classical theory. Einstein's work devoted to the quantum theory of light was awarded in 1921 Nobel Prize.
Three laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics. In the first row left right: Albert A. Maykelson, Albert Einstein and Robert Millique.

Slide 13.

Private (special) theory of relativity
Einstein put forward an amazing and at first glance paradoxical postulate that the speed of light for all observers, no matter how they moved, the same. This postulate (when performing certain additional conditions) leads to the formulas obtained by Hendrik Lorent, for transformations of coordinates and time when switching from one inertial reference system to another, moving relative to the first. But Lorentz considered these transformations as auxiliary, or fictitious, not directly related to real space and time.

Slide 14.

Professorial activities. Invitation to Berlin. General theory of relativity
In 1905 Albert Einstein was 26 years old, but his name has already gained wide fame. In 1909 he was elected professor at the University of Zurich, and in two years - German University in Prague.
In 1912, Einstein returned to Zurich, where he took the department in the Polytechnic, but already in 1914 he accepted an invitation to move to Berlin as Professor of the University of Berlin and at the same time director of the Institute of Physics. The German citizenship of Einstein was restored. By this time, work on the overall theory of relativity was already in full swing. As a result of the joint efforts of Einstein and his former student comrade M. Grossman in 1912, an article "sketch of the generalized theory of relativity" appeared, and the final formulation of the theory dates back to 1915.

Slide 15.

General theory of relativity
This theory, according to many scientists, was the most significant and most beautiful theoretical construction in the history of physics. Based on the well-known fact that the "heavy" and "inert" masses are equal, it was possible to find a fundamentally new approach to solving the problem set by the English physicist Isaac Newton: what the mechanism for the transfer of gravitational interaction between bodies and that is a carrier of this interaction.
The answer proposed by Einstein was stunningly unexpected: the "geometry" of space was performed as such an intermediary. Any massive body, Einstein, causes around him "curvature" of space, that is, it makes its geometric properties other than in the geometry of Euclidea, and any other body moving in such a "curved" space is influenced by the first body.

Slide 16.

General theory of relativity
The general theory of relativity led to the prediction of the effects, which soon received experimental confirmation. It also made it possible to formulate fundamentally new models related to the entire universe, including the model of a non-stationary (expanding) universe.
Albert Einstein at the board with formulas of a special theory of relativity.

Slide 17.

Emigration
When Nazis came to power in Germany, Einstein was forced to leave Germany - as it turned out forever. In 1933, he refused citizenship, out of the Bavarian and Prussian Academies of Sciences and emigrated to the United States. There he had a very warm welcome, supported the reputation of the greatest scientist and provided a position in the Princeton Institute of Perspective Research. As a man of science, he did not disappeared from social and political life, actively opposed hostilities, told for respect for human rights, humanism.
Einstein receives a certificate of American citizenship (1940)

Slide 18.

In the US, Einstein instantly became one of the most famous and respected people of the country, received a reputation as a brilliant scientist in history. Albert Einstein possessed a very colorful appearance and acquired the image of the "scattered professor". In January of the next, 1934 he was invited to the White House to President Roosevelt, had a long heart conversation with him and even spent the night there.
Emigration
Departure Einstein to America. December 1930.

Slide 19.

In August 1939, Einstein set his signature under a letter written on the initiative of immigrant physicist from Hungary Leo Sorrada, addressed to US President Franklin Delado Roosevelt. The letter appeared in the letter to the possibility that Nazi Germany would acquire an atomic bomb. After several months, Ruzvelt reflections decided to seriously treat this threat and opened his own project to create atomic weapons.
Life in the USA
Albert Einstein and Leo Sorud
Einstein himself did not participate in the development of a military atom. Later he strongly regretted the letter signed by him, realizing that for the new US president, Harry Truman, atomic energy served as an intimidation tool. In the future, he criticized the development of nuclear weapons, its use in Japan and tests on the Bikini Atoll (1954). Its involvement in the acceleration of work on the creation of an atomic bomb considered the greatest tragedy of his life.

Slide 20.

Until the end of the life, Einstein continued to work on the study of the problems of cosmology, but the main efforts he sent to the creation of a single field theory. In 1955, Einstein's health deteriorated sharply. He wrote a testament and told his friends: "I performed my task on Earth." Its latter labor was the unfinished appeal to prevent a nuclear war. His stepdaughter Margo recalled the last meeting with Einstein in the hospital: he spoke with deep calmness, about doctors, even with a light humor, and waited for his death as the upcoming "phenomenon of nature." How fearless it was in life, so quiet and peaceful he met death. Without any sentimentality, and without regrets he left this world.
"I performed my task on earth"
Albert Einstein in the last years of his life (probably 1950)

Slide 21.

On April 19, 1955, the funeral of the Great Scientist, attended by only 12 closest friends, was held without broad publicly. His body was burned in the Ewing Cemetery (Ewing Cemetery), and the ashes dispelled in the wind.
Newspaper headlines with necrologists. 1955.
A scientist who turned the representations of mankind about the Universe, Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955 at 1 hour and 25 minutes, at the 77th year of life in Princeton from the aortic aneurysm rupture. Before his death, he said several words in German, but the American nurse could not reproduce them later.