Research on bacteria biology. Biology project on "bacteria". Preparation of nutrient medium

Transcript.

1 Research work "Ah, these bacteria!" Completed: Reznik Artem Alekseevich 3 grade MBOU "Central Secondary School 13" G. Kaluga Head: SMHARYA Maria Alekseevna, primary school teacher MBOU "Secondary School 13" Kaluga

2 2 Content Introduction ... 3 Chapter 1 Theoretical Part of Bacteria These are microorganisms Classification of bacteria bacteria and man Harmful bacteria ... 6 Chapter 2 Practical part Preparation Conditions for sowing bacteria Sowing bacteria and subsequent observations ... 7 Chapter 3 Questioning of primary classes Schools ... 8 Conclusion ... 9 Bibliography app ... 11

3 3 Introduction From childhood, parents say that we need to wash your hands, you can not pull them in your mouth and scare microbes. Who are these microbes? It turns out that the bacteria is so called. Bacteria is a living organism. Scientists have found traces of bacteria whose age is more than 4 billion years. Currently, scientists described 10 thousand species of bacteria, but in nature they are much larger. The purpose of my work: search, study and analysis of information about various types of bacteria. In accordance with the purpose of this study, I set the following tasks. Research tasks: 1. Find in different sources needed information about bacteria. 2. Find out which bacteria (species, forms, categories). 3. Learn about the effect of bacteria on human activity. 4. To carry out experiments in order to identify favorable reproduction conditions of bacteria. 5. To conduct a survey of students of third classes of our school in order to clarify their opinions on compliance with personal hygiene. 6. Make a conclusion about the benefits and dangers of bacteria and the need to comply with the rules of hygiene. Hypothesis: It can be assumed that in different conditions of the existence, the number of colonies of bacteria of existence should be different. The relevance of my work is that it is necessary to pay serious attention to bacteria in the conditions of adverse effects on the human environment.

4 4 research methods: - collection and analysis of information; - generalization of the material studied; - Questioning; - observation. Chapter 1 Theoretical part 1.1 Bacteria These are microorganisms These microscopic organisms, not visible to man, play a huge role in his life and nature. Most of them benefit. They participate in the formation of the structure and fertility of soil, in the formation of minerals and the destruction of the dead residues of plants and animals, in digesting food by man and animals. But, unfortunately, among bacteria there are pathogens. When entering the body, they cause different (often very heavy) diseases in people and animals. The bacteria have not yet been fully studied, as not studied to the end of their influence on us and the world around us. The bacteria were found everywhere: in a drop of even the most pure spring water, in the tillage grains, in the air, on the rocks, in the polar snow, the sands of the desert, at the ocean day, in the huge depth of oil and even in the water of hot springs with a temperature of about 80ºС. They live on plants, fruits, in various animals and in humans in the intestine, oral cavity, on the limbs, on the body surface. They are very hardy and adapted to various conditions of existence.

5 5 1.2 Classification of bacteria Although bacteria are very small, they can be distinguished in appearance of course, using a microscope (Appendix Fig. 1). One of the most common classifications of these microorganisms classification in form (Appendix Fig.2). The names of species occurred from geometric forms of bacteria: microbes with the name "Cockki" look like a ball or as a certain number of separate balls, if it comes to a colony. Bacillus look like cylindrical formations, chopsticks of different lengths and widths. The name "Spirill" suggests that the researcher is dealing with a bacterium in the form of a spiral. Vibrios call bacterial microorganisms that look like commas. All bacteria living within us and surrounding outside, by the degree of danger to human health can be divided into two categories: - harm human health; - benefit to man and the world around. Even those that are conditionally safe for humans may become a threat when decline in immunity. As well as there are such bacteria that are very dangerous. They cause many fatal diseases, infect animals, birds, fish and plants. 1.3 bacteria and man we have already figured out, what are the bacteria, how they look like they can do. Now it is worth talking about what they are

6 6 role in the life of a modern person. First, for many centuries, we use the stunning abilities of lactic acid bacteria. Without these microorganisms, there would be no kefir, nor yogurt or cheese in our diet. In addition, such creatures are also responsible for the proceeding process (for bread). In agriculture, bacteria use two. On the one hand, they help get rid of unnecessary weeds (phytopathogenic organisms, like herbicides), on the other from insects. Bacteria are used in other areas. With the help of microorganisms there is enrichment of ores and purification of water bodies and soils. According to the counts of researchers, there is about one kilogram of these microorganisms within the body! If there were no bacteria that cause rotting, our planet would gradually be covered by the unsolved residues of dead plants and animals. And thanks to the bacteria of rotting, these residues are not only destroyed, but all substances from which the bodies of dead plants and animals consisted in the soil are continuously returned. Returning to the soil, these substances serve as material for new generations of plants and animals. In everyday life we \u200b\u200bare confronted everywhere with pathogenic bacteria. According to statistics, the greatest number of colonies are on the handles of supermarket carts, they are followed by computer mice in the Internet cafe and only in the third place of the handle of public premises. 1.4 Harmful bacteria Previously, we talked about what bacteria are. Types and titles of the most common microorganisms were named

7 7 Earlier. Then we will discuss the "single-celled enemies" of a person. So, first of all, let's learn the features of pathogenic bacteria. Their main weapon against us is toxins. With the help of such substances, they poison cells of organisms. The variety of animal world explains the variety of bacteria. There are those that are harmful to only a person are fatally dangerous for animals or plants. People learned how to use the latter, in particular, to destroy weeds and annoying insects. Before you deepen into what harmful bacteria are, it is worth deciding with the ways to spread. And there are a lot of those. There are microorganisms that are transmitted with the help of infected and unwashed products, air-drip and contact paths, through water, soil or using insect bites. The worst thing is that only one cell, hitting the favorable environment of the human body, is able to multiply up to several million bacteria during just a few hours.

8 8 Chapter 2 Practical part 2.1 Preparation of conditions for sowing bacteria In order to try to grow a colony of bacteria at home, it is necessary to prepare favorable conditions for their development. We used special laboratory dishes of Petri dishes. They were placed in the nutrient medium to accelerate the growth of bacteria. Most often for this, broth is used, a solution of gelatin or agar-agar. We prepared a nutrient medium based on agar-agar as follows: in 60 ml of water to stir half a teaspoon of agar powder. The solution must be brought to boiling and full transparency. Slightly cool and pour into cups with a thin layer, barely covering the bottom. 2.2 Sowing bacteria and subsequent observations after the nutrient medium in the cups froze, I made sowing bacteria, just touched it with my hands. The first two cups with dirty hands. One of them was left at room temperature, and the other was placed in the refrigerator to see if the ambient temperature affects the reproduction rate of bacteria. Then I washed my hands with ordinary soap and touched the cups with clean hands. In addition to the fourth cup, the antibacterial agent purchased in the pharmacy. These cups of Petri were also left at room temperature to compare whether the washing of hands get rid of bacteria. On paper pointed numbers of cups, sowing date, seeding and storage conditions:

9 9 1 Dirty hands, experience at room temperature; 2 dirty hands, experience in the refrigerator; 3 clean hands, experience at room temperature; 4 Clean hands + antibacterial agent, experience at room temperature. Sowing was produced on November 23, 2016 (Appendix Fig. 3). The first results The appearance of the first colonies of bacteria in a cup of Petri 1 (dirty hands, experience at room temperature) We saw on November 28. The results we summed up on December 10, 2016 (Appendix Fig.4). As a result of the observations, we determined that dirty hands with a comfortable (room) temperature are an excellent environment for the growth of colonies of bacteria. At the same time, on clean hands, even without the use of antibacterial agents, and at room temperature, the number of bacteria is much smaller and this does not carry a threat to human health and life. Chapter 3 Questioning of elementary school students We conducted anktration (application) among students of third classes of our school in order to clarify their attitudes towards bacteria and ways to protect against them. 72 people were interviewed. Almost all students who fill out the questionnaire know what bacteria are. Only 6 people answered negatively. According to the results of the survey, most guys know that among bacteria there are useful. 14 people do not know this (diagram 1 application). From the questionnaire, we learned that among those surveyed 72 students of third grades: 66 people consider it necessary to maintain purity; 64 people consider it necessary to wash their hands more often; 63 people consider it necessary to wash fruit and vegetables well;

10 10 58 people know that it is impossible to take fingers and foreign items in the mouth; 58 people believe that it is impossible to nibble nails (diagram 2 application). The presented diagrams show that the main part of students' third classes of our school is aware of the need to comply with the rules of hygiene. However, not all guys understand that it is necessary to abandon the harmful habits to nibble nails and take fingers and foreign items in the mouth. The conclusion by studying the literature on bacteria, I came to the conclusion that it is necessary to understand that the person and bacteria are inseparable. They can be both enemies and friends. My research has shown that among bacteria there are both useful and dangerous for a person. Bacteria are able to survive in different environmental conditions and penetrate the human body, damaging. Therefore, our parents are right, that they teach us to wash more often, do not nibble nails, keep cleanliness.

11 11 Bibliography 1. Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. M.S.Gilarov. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, p. 2. Children's encyclopedia. For middle and older. / 2nd ed. M.: "Enlightenment", in 12 volumes. Volume 4. "Plants and animals." 3. What is. Who it. Children's encyclopedia in 3 volumes. 2nd ed. M.: AST, Tom Molecular Biology: Textbook / A. S. Konichev, G. A. Sevastyanova. - M.: Academy, p. : IL. - (Higher education). 5. Ustinova A.A., Ilyina V.N., Shishova. Microbiology: Guide to practical training. Samara: PSGSA Publishing House, p. Edition 4th, rear. and add.

12 12 Appendix Fig. 1 Appearance of bacteria

13 13 Fig. 2 forms of bacteria Figure 3. Sowing bacteria in 4 cups Petri Rice 4. Moment of summing up observation results

14 14 Questionnaire for students of 3 classes 1. Do you know about the existence of bacteria? Yes No 2. Can bacteria be useful? Yes No 3. Where, in your opinion, can bacteria live? 4. What rules should be observed to avoid infection with diseases caused by bacteria? - Maintain purity - Wash your hands more often - Wash fruits and vegetables - do not take fingers and extraneous objects - do not bite your nails of all surveyed students know that such bacteria know that there are useful bacteria diagram 1

15 It is necessary to maintain cleanliness you need to wash your hands more often. It is necessary to wash fruits and vegetables. You can not take fingers in your mouth and extraneous items can not gnaw nails diagram 2

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junior schoolchildren

"WHAT? Where? WHY?"

Nomination: "Human health and its protection"

Job title: "Bacteria in a person's life"

Work completed: Vidhevayev Julia

Place of execution: Cherkessk

MKOU SOSH No. 4, 4 "A" class

Head: Makletsova L.P.

Cherkessk 2014.

Introduction

Main part:

1. What are bacteria?

2. Forms of bacterial cells.

3. The role of bacteria in human life.

4. Microbiological research.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Appendix (presentation of "bacteria in a person's life")

Introduction

Our planet land is inhabited by a variety of alive organisms. I was interested in bacteria. From the lessons of the surrounding world, I learned that bacteria can dwell in soil, water, air, on the body of a person and even inside it. We often hear "dirty hands - a source of diseases." I decided to explore what bacteria "live" on our palms, and how they can affect our health. To study, I had to learn:

1. What is bacteria.

2. To study the forms of bacterial cells.

3. Examine the role of bacteria in a person's life.

4. Conduct a microbiological research.

For the study, I applied for help to my classmates, they agreed to pass itch from their hands. And also me helped my aunt, which works in the laboratory. In addition, it took to explore some articles in the encyclopedia and find the necessary information on the Internet.

Main part.

What are bacteria?

You all heard that bacteria live in their hands. But what is this "residents", which we were not invited? It is interesting to see them with your own eyes and calculate how many of them.

Bacteria are the simplest, most small and widespread organisms that exist on Earth more than 2 billion years. Bacteria are so different from other living organisms that they are distinguished into a special kingdom. All over the world there are not so many places devoid of bacteria. They live in water, soil, air, inside and on the surface of animal and plants.

2. Forms of bacterial cells.

In laboratories, bacteria are grown on a special nutrient medium. Millions of bacteria form colonies of various colors and shapes. By its form, the bacteria is divided into several groups.

Some bacteria have the shape of the balls and are called Cockki. A chain is formed from the Cockks - Streptococcus.

Under the multiple increase in the microscope, you can see beautiful clusters from the Cockkops. This is a very dangerous staphylococcus. Bacills having a rodged shape are very widespread.

If bacteria is like a comma or a curved wand, then it is called vibrine.

And they meet spirillas. Spirillas are like vibrios, but longer and smoking a little.

3. The role of bacteria in human life.

From the course of the surrounding world, we know that there are harmful and beneficial bacteria.

If bacteria fall into the milk, they will be able to prepare us a lot of different products.

If we "invite" them to make cabbage, then cabbage will succeed.

In addition, the bacteria of the intestinal sticks live in our intestines and help to digest food.

I managed to find out that the bacteria use:

For the production of medical drugs.

To combat agricultural pests.

For wastewater treatment.

But also there are bacteria that spoil products, so products are stored in the refrigerator, salted and marinate.

Some types of bacteria cause serious diseases in people, animals and plants. I learned that the pathogenic bacteria and rotting bacteria produce poisonous substances that can poison the human or animal organism.

4. Microbiological research.

Adults say: "Wash your hands", but they are listening to them and make their own.

I decided to spend experience in class and prove to my classmates that there are harmful microbes in their hands.

I brought sterile test tubes to school from the laboratory with 10 milliliters of distilled water and in them tampons. Moisturized cotton swab and made it washed, wiping the surfaces of both hands. After removing the sample, the tampon placed in the test tube and attributed to the microbiological laboratory. There, my aunt has made samples for Petri dishes with a special nutrient solution, and then put into a thermostat at a temperature of 37 degrees. After 48 hours, the colonies of microorganisms did. In order to see microorganisms living in their arms, we were made of brush strokes. We looked at these smears under the microscope and determined the form of microbes and their number.

Research results.

Students

General microbial number (CFU / ml)

Comparison in%

Unwitted hands

Hands, washed with soap

Dima

Masha

Alina

Zhenya

According to the results in the table, we see that colonies of cocci, sticks and mold were found in washes with dirty hands. And after careful washing hands with soap, the number of bacteria decreased, by about twice.

Conclusion.

According to the results of its research, I developed memo:

It is necessary to wash your hands before eating, after coming from the street, after communicating with animals, as many bacteria accumulates.

It is necessary to observe personal hygiene, as dirty hands are one of the easy ways to hit bacteria to our body.

We need to wash fruits and vegetables before meals.

Monitor product shelf life.

During the epidemic, limit contact with possible carriers of infections.

And I also want to introduce you to some interesting facts on my work:

The total weight of bacteria living in the human body is two kilograms.

In the mouth of a person about 40,000 bacteria.

By the end of the first day of life, 12 types of bacteria live in the body of a newborn baby.

I hope my research will help some guys to remember the rules of personal hygiene. Thanks for attention.

Bibliography:

• Encyclopedia "Live World". Publishing House Rosmen 1995

  Encyclopedia "Opening History". Rosman Publishing House 2003

  Encyclopedia "Mystery of Wildlife. Publishing house "Rosman" 2000

  The world. Auto T.IVchenkova.

  Internet resources.

Olga Gil
Research on the topic: "Microorganisms that surround us"

Research

on the theme:

« Microorganisms, who surround us»

I've done the work:

Lyba Artem 6 years

Head:

Gil O. P.

Introduction

I often hear the same question from my parents when I sit down to eat, I come from a walk, I return from sadika: "You wash your hands?" Parents care and teach us to the purity of the hands, because there are many dirty hands microbes.

So I decided to learn more about the organisms, which we do not seeBut often talking about them.

Goal of mine. research: Find out what microorganisms; Useful or harmful microorganisms.

Tasks:

Explore and analyze information about microorganisms;

Conduct experiments S. microorganisms

An object research: microorganisms

Thing research: benefit and harm from microorganisms.

Hypothesis: If a microbes bring harm to health, then microorganisms There are only harmful.

Methods research:

Analysis of literature, internet materials;

Experiment.

Main part

In the course research I want to find out, what microorganisms, establish their benefit and harm for us; conduct experiments to detect microorganisms; develop recommendations abouthow to protect yourself from harmful microbes.

What microorganisms? From the literature, I learned interesting information about the opening. microorganisms. There was a time when even scientists believed that the smallest living creatures in the world are flea! Nobody came to the head that next to us, inside and around We have a huge world "Invisible". Scientists discovered this amazing world with the help of the device. microscope, which the He strongly increased the subject matter. And that was not immediately believed! But then they were convinced. And called representatives of this world microbes or microorganisms(from the Greek word « micros» - small). Microorganisms(microbes) - invisible to the naked eye of organisms of plant and animal origin. Invisible, but existing everywhere. Microbes - The most real invisible land owners. Scientists found that microbes appeared on Earth before all other living organisms. Microorganisms divide into several group: bacteria, yeast, mold mushrooms, viruses.

The main place is among microbes occupy bacteria. From these bacteria, one can say, the whole of our earthly life depends. Bacteria live everywhere: in the air and on Earth, in water and in the soil, in plants, animals and in man.

Harm and benefit from microbes. Some bacteriaFinding into the human body cause various diseases. For example, angina, diphtheria, inflammation of the lungs and all infections in open wounds are excited by certain types of bacteria. They are called pathogens. Infection occurs when eating raw water or non-peaks. As well as when communicating with sick people.

There are, however, and useful bacteria, without which It would be much more difficult to live on earth.

If there were no bacteria that cause rotting, our planet would gradually be covered by the remains of the dead plants and animals. But the bacteria of rotting helps these remains to contradict.

Bacteria plants also help. Plants are developing better on the soil where a lot of nitrogen. Nitrogen falls into the soil due to special bacteria. Some Bacteria are involved in the formation of minerals.

For many years, man used dairy bacteria to create many dairy products. If you add different bacteria into milk, cheese, prokobvash, kefir, yogurt, cottage cheese. Bacteria helps us pick up cabbage for the winter.

From acetic bacterium make a soldering for kvass.

Bacteria help zvashing animals: cows, elms, goats, horses to digest vegetation food.

In our stomach there are many intestinal bacteria: They help to cope with food: digest it. Most of the bacteria of the human body is very useful for a person. The most useful bacteria, bifidobacteria are real defenders of the human body. As soon as anyone wants to penetrate "Harmful" Bacteria, they come to battle with her and kill it. People need to use fermented dairy products, as they contain many bifidobacteria.

Thus, in the world of bacteria, not all are our enemies. Most bacteria are helpful.

My experiments

Do not necessarily have microscope, to see microbes. I tried to detect them right in my kitchen.

How to cook kefir at home?

Many of us love kefir. And how to cook it? Of course with useful microorganisms-bacteria. To do this, I needed raw milk, sour cream. Heat the milk to a warm state. We take a glass and put a pair of teaspoons of sour cream on the bottom. Fill with warm milk, stir up to homogeneous mass and put in a warm place. I did everything in the evening, and in the morning Kefir was already ready.

Output: This happened due to the fact that in milk, sour cream always have some bacteria - lactic acids. In warm, they begin to multiply quickly. As a result, the process of fermentation begins in milk and a lot of lactic acid appears in it. What I watched.

Live yeast. Dry yeast are similar to small lifeless balls. But it is only until millions of tiny microbes, which Dimmed in cold and dry form.

I needed flour, milk and dry yeast. Knead the dough. One part of the dough will be put in a warm place, and the other in a cool place. After 30 minutes, we compare, and see the difference. In a warm place, fermentation happened faster.

This is the result microbes - yeast.

In warm place:

In a cold place:

Output: Yeast is sensitive to temperature than warmer, the faster there will be fermentation.

Fungi - We can also see in our kitchen. If you leave some kind of food in a warm, dark and wet place for a long time (namely such places microbes love mostthen mold is formed on it.

To obtain the mold, I will need a piece of bread, container. At the bottom of the container, I put the bread added a little hot water, put the container in a warm place. A few days later the mold was formed.

Output: favorable were created conditions: Temperature, high humidity, so mold appeared.

Conclusion

Our hypothesis was not confirmed. Microbes There are harmful and helpful. I managed to establish that microbes are more useful. I found out where you live microbesWhat benefit we get from them, what harm they can apply to us.

I managed to conduct experiments which Prove existence microbes.

I plan to continue work on the study of microorganismssince the world microbes are very great.

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Vasyankina Nina

Kulebaksky district, R.P. Gremyachevo, MBOU Gremyachevskaya School, 7 b "Amazing bacteria."

Leader: Trees Svetlana Andreevna, biology teacher. MBOU Gremyachevskaya School №1

The purpose of scientific work: the study of the features of the structure and life of bacteria, determining their positive and negative impact on human activity, to carry out laboratory work on the detection of bacteria.

Method of carrying out: Reference-research with practical work. The main results of the study: studied the structure and life of bacteria in detail; determined the value of bacteria in the biosphere and the national economy; carried out practical work on the detection of lactic acid bacteria, rotting bacteria, studied their properties; I learned interesting facts about bacteria.

Introduction .......................................................................................... .4.

Main part:

Opening of the bacterial cell ................................................................... 5

Building and vital activity of bacteria ................................................ ..... 7

The value of bacteria in the biosphere and the folk economy .............................. .. ... .10

Practical work "Detection of lactic acid bacteria, studying their properties" .......................................................................................... ..13

Interesting facts about bacteria ................................................................. 16

Conclusion ...............................................................................................17

Conclusion ........................................................................................19

List of references ........................................................................... ... 20

Introduction

The selected theme of the work "Amazing bacteria)" relevant Since now much attention is paid to the study of microorganisms - bacteria and viruses, their influence on the human body. Scientists all over the world work on the creation of drugs against many infectious diseases.

Working on this topic, I set the following target: Studying the features of the structure and life of bacteria, determination of their positive and negative impact on human activity.

To fulfill this goal, I put the following tasks:

study in detail the structure and life of bacteria;

determine the value of bacteria in the biosphere and the folk economy;

carry out practical work on the detection of lactic acid bacteria, bacteria of rotting, learn their properties;

learn interesting facts about bacteria.

II. Main part

1. Opening of the bacterial cell.

The study of bacteria is engaged in the section of microbiology bacteriology. Bacteria alongside were one of the first living organisms on Earth, appearing about 3.5 billion years ago.

Bacteria (dr. Greek - wand) - the kingdom of microorganisms, most often unicellular. Currently, about ten thousand types of bacteria are described and it is assumed that there are more than a million.

For the first time, the bacteria saw in an optical microscope and described in 1676 Dutch Naturnist Antoni Van Levenguk. Like all microscopic creatures, he called them "Animalkuli".

The name "bacteria" was introduced by Ereenberg Christians in 1828. Louis Paster in the 1850s laid the beginning of the study of physiology and metabolism of bacteria, and also opened their pathogens.

Up to 19th century, microbiology represented a collection of disparate facts. The founders of microbiology as science were outstanding 19th century French Chemist L. Pasteur (1822-1895) and Russian Botanist Vaskovsky L. S. (1822-1887). In 1862, Pasteur brilliantly proved that microorganisms do not arise spontaneously. He proved that infectious diseases are caused by different microbes. Pasteur was prepared vaccines against rabies and Siberian ulcers. Tsakovsky L. S. showed the proximity of bacteria with blue-green algae.

The development of methods of cultivation of microbes on various solid nuts is associated with the name of the German doctor R. Koch (1843-1910), which opened the Bacillus of the Siberian ulcers, cholera vibrion and tuberculosis wand. After the works of L. Pasteur and R. Koch, micro-biology crashed into a number of narrower specialties. You are divided by common, agricultural, technical, veterinary, and medical microbiology.

A large role in the development of general and soil micro-biology was played by the work of S. N. Vinogradsky and V. L. Omielian. S. N. Vinogradsky was established the fact of assimilation of carbon dioxide by non-florophilic microorganisms, i.e., the cost of building his body was entirely due to the absorption of inorrug-nic. He proved the existence of anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria; Posted the beginning of the study of micro-rods inhabiting the soil. V. L. Omeliansky revealed the microbiological construct of the anaerobic decomposition of fiber. From researchers in the field of medical microbio-logs, D. K. Zaboltnyaya, known for its work on the study of the pathogens of cholera and plague.

Soviet microbiologists have made a lot to develop measures for the prevention of infectious diseases. Many will be done in the field of studying the issues of general microbiology and in the use of microorganisms in industry and agriculture. Microbes are widely and use to obtain alcohol, acetone, citric acid, yeast, for antibiotics. In agriculture uses tank-terrical fertilizers that increase the crop of crops.

Main part

2. Building and vital activity of bacteria.

Bacteria -these are the smallest prokaryotic organisms having a cellular structure. Due to the microscopic cell sizes from 0.1 to 10-30 microns bacteria

In the form and features of the combination of cells, several morphological groups of bacteria are distinguished: spherical (cocci), straight rods (bacilli), curved (vibriums), spiral curved (spirillas) and others. Cockki, coupled pairs, got the name of diplococci, connected in the form of a chain - Streptococci, in the form of Clabondi - Staphylococci et al. Less commonly there are nice forms.

Cell structure.The cell wall gives a bacterial cell a certain form, protects its contents from the effects of adverse environmental conditions and performs a number of other functions. The basis of the cell wall of bacteria (as well as all prokaryotes) is a special substance - Murein (polysaccharide in a compound with several amino acids). Many types of bacteria are surrounded by a slim capsule, which serves as additional protection for cells.

The method of arrangement of flavors is one of the characteristic features in the classification of movable forms of bacteria.

The plasma membrane according to the structure and functions does not differ from the eukaryotic cell membrane. Some bacteria plasmalemma is able to form piercing inside the cytoplasm, called mesosomes. In the folded membranes, the Mesos are redox enzymes, and in photosynthesising bacteria - and the corresponding pigments (including bacterochlorophyll), due to which the mesosoma can perform the functions of mitochondria, chloroplasts and other organelles, as well as participate in nitrogen fixation.

In the cytoplasm there is about 20 thousand ribosomes and one large ring dual-stranded DNA molecule, the length of which is 700 or a thousand times the length of the cell itself. In addition, most types of bacteria in the cytoplasm there are also fine ring DNA molecules called plasmids. Membrane structures (organelles), characteristic of eukaryotic cells, are absent in bacteria.

A number of aquatic and soil bacteria, devoid of flavors, in the cytoplasm there are gas vacuoles. Adjusting the amount of gas in vacuoles, water bacteria can be immersed in the thickness of the water or rise to its surface, and soil - move in soil capillaries. Bacterial cell spare substances are polysaccharides (starch, glycogen), fats, polyphosphates, sulfur.

Forms of a bacterial cell.

Character views - cockki. IN form Spirals - Spirilla. ChopsticksBacteria - bacilli..

Power bacteria.

By the type of food, the bacteria is divided into two groups: autotrophic and heterotrophic. Avtotrophic bacteria synthesize organic substances from inorganic. Depending on what energy authotrophes for the synthesis of organic substances are used, the photo- (green and purple serobacteria) and chemosynthetic bacteria (nitrifying, ferrucking, colorless serobacteria, etc.) differ. Heterotrophic bacteria are powered by ready-made organic substances of dead residues: (saprotrophs) or live plants, animals and humans (symbiontes).

Saprotrophs include bacteria of rotting and fermentation. The first split nitrogen-containing compounds, the second - carbon-containing. In both cases, the energy required for their livelihoods is distinguished.

Reproduction.Bacteria multiply by simply binary cell division. This is preceded by self-esteem (replication) of the DNA molecule. Connection occurs as an exception.

When forming an argument in a bacterial cell, the amount of free water decreases, enzymatic activity decreases, the protoplast is compressed and covered with a very dense shell. Disputes provide the ability to transfer adverse conditions. They withstand long drying, heating over 100 ° C and cooling almost to absolute zero. In the usual state of the bacterium is unstable when dried, the effects of direct sunlight, increase the temperature to 65-80 ° C, etc. In favorable conditions, dispute swelling, forming a new cell of bacteria.

Despite the permanent death of bacteria (eating them of the simplest, the effect of high and low temperatures and other adverse factors), these primitive organisms have been preserved from ancient times due to the ability to quickly reproduce (cell can be divided every 20--30 min), dispute formation, extremely Sustainable to factors of the external environment, and their widespread distribution.

Cianobacteria.

We will get acquainted with bacteria - "herbs". A little bit of moisture, air and the sun - here's almost everything they need for life. Yes, and these bacteria look like us quite usually. So unusual that scientists for a long time considered them ... algae! But studies have shown that these "algae" have no nucleus, and therefore, they should be attributed to bacteria - prokaryotam. Because of the blue-green colors, they were called cyanobacteria (Cyanus in Greek "Blue").

Cyanobacteria dwells in a wide variety of places. Imagine a fruitless cliff. From day to day, they "dug" from the stone the smallest grains. The stone is covered with cracks, which can run the roots of the plant, and eventually scattered on the sand. And the beginning of cyanobacteria was laid out.

Did you "bloom" aquarium? Did dark-green flakes or on the walls appear in it? Anxiety! Cyanobacteria appeared in the aquarium. Some cyanobacterias are isolated into the water toxic substances. Photosynthesis processes in cyanobacteria and eukaryotic organisms are processed similarly. The main spare carbohydrate is glycogen.

3. The value of bacteria in the biosphere and the folk economy.

The role of bacteria in the biosphere is large. Due to their livelihoods, the mineralization of organic substances of dead plants and animals occurs. Simple inorganic compounds formed at the same time (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, etc.) are involved in the overall cycle of substances, without which life would be impossible on Earth. Bacteria along with mushrooms and lichens destroy rock rocks, thereby participating in the initial stages of soil formation processes.

A special role in nature is played by bacteria that can bind free molecular nitrogen, inaccessible to higher plants. This group includes free-livest azotobacter and nodule bacteria that are in the roots of legume plants. Penetrated through the root hairs to the root, they cause a strong growth of the root cells having the shape of the tuber. At first, bacteria live at the expense of the plant, and then begin to fix nitrogen with the subsequent formation of ammonia, and from it - nitrites and nitrates. Formed nitrogenous substances are sufficient for bacteria, and for plants. In addition, part of nitrites and nitrates is highlighted in the soil, increasing its fertility. The amount of nitrogen fixed with nitrogen bacteria can reach 450-550 kg / ha per year.

Bacteria play a positive role in human economic activity. Local bacteria are used in the preparation of a variety of dairy products (sour cream, prostrochashi, oil, cheese, etc.). They also contribute to the preservation of products. Bacteria are widely used in modern biotechnology for industrial production of dairy, oil, acetic and propionic acids, acetone, butyl alcohol, etc. In the course of their livelihoods, biologically active substances are formed - antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids. Finally, bacteria are an object for research in the field of genetics, biochemistry, biophysics, cosmic biology, etc.

A negative role belongs to pathogenic, or pathogenic, bacteria. They are able to penetrate the tissue of plants, animals and humans and distinguish between substances that depress the protective forces of the body. Such pathogenic bacteria such as the pathogen of plague, Tularemia, Siberian ulcers, pneumococci in the body of animals and humans is resistant against phagocytosis and antibodies. A number of other human diseases of bacterial origin are known, which are transmitted by air-droplet (bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, cough), through food and water (abdominal typhoid, dysentery, brucellosis, cholera), with sexual contact (gonorrhea, syphilis, etc.) .

Bacteria can affect the plants, causing them so-called bacteriosis (spotty, withering, burns, wet rot, tumors, etc.). Bacteriosis is quite common in potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, cucumbers, beets, legumes, fruit trees.

Saprotropropic bacteria cause damage to food. At the same time, along with the release of carbon dioxide, ammonia and energy, the excess of which causes the substrate heating (for example, manure, wet hay and grain) up to its self-ignition, formation and poisonous substances occurs. Therefore, to prevent damage to food products, a person creates conditions under which bacteria significantly lose the ability to quickly reproduce, and sometimes die.

In the human body live lactobacillia and bifidobacteria. They appear in our organism from the first infant years and remain in it forever, complementing each other and solve serious problems. Lactobacteria and bifidobacteria come into complex reactions with other microorganisms, rotten and pathogenic microbes are suppressed. As a result, lactic acid is formed, hydrogen peroxide is natural internal antibiotics. Thus, lactobacilli raise, restore the body's protective forces and strengthen the immunity.

The useful functions of the lactobacilli first noted the Russian scientist Ilya Ilyich Zamenikov. The idea of \u200b\u200busing fermented milk products to normalize biochemical processes in the intestines and nutrition of the body as a whole belongs to him.

Bacteria cause damage to food. Therefore, to prevent damage to food products, a person creates conditions under which bacteria significantly lose the ability to quickly reproduce, and sometimes die. Widespread methods of struggle Bacteria are: drying fruits, mushrooms, meat, fish, grains; their cooling and freezing in refrigerators and glaciers; Marining products in acetic acid; Soldering. When sickling cucumbers, tomatoes, mushrooms, sauming cabbage due to the activities of lactic acid bacteria, an acidic medium, inhibiting the development of bacteria, is created. This is based on canning food. To destroy bacteria and conservation of products. pasteurization- heat up to 65 ° C for 10-20 minutes and sterilization method — boiling. High temperature causes the death of all bacterial cells. In addition, in medicine, the food industry, agriculture for disinfection, i.e., for the destruction of pathogenic bacteria, iodine, hydrogen peroxide, boric acid, mangartageous potassium, alcohol, formalin and other inorganic and organic substances are used.

Having studied various sources, I was convinced that all materials confirm the hypothesis of my project that bacteria can be both harmful to humans and useful.

Practical work

Mini - Research

Having received information that bacteria are harmful and helpful, it became interesting for me to look at them. To do this, I decided to conduct an experiment.

Description of the experiment.

In order to create a nutrient medium for breeding bacteria, I took a saucepan, put it on the stove and brought water to a boil. Added a broth cube and sugar spoon. Boiled this mixture for a few minutes. He took off the saucepan from the fire and gave her to cool. Bouleon I brought to the class. In each of the previously cooked vessels poured the same amount of broth. Then he coughed into one of the vessels, then put her finger at the other, and did not touch the third vessel.

Sticker "Do not drink!" On each vessel warned everyone that the experiment is underway. Wrapped the vessels by plastic film and put them in a warm place so that they do not interfere with anyone.

After some time, I checked what was happening with the broth. The liquid in the vessels was poisoned and began to make an unpleasant smell, which is a confirmation of the fact that it is bacteria.

After that, I took a few drops of liquid and tried to consider bacteria with a magnifying device - magnifier. But it did not lead to a positive result - I did not see bacteria. Then I decided to resort to the help of another device - the light microscope.

With a two-shifted increase, I managed to consider bacteria in all containers. I drew attention to the fact that the most bacteria was in the vessel in which I lowered my finger. This once again confirms the fact that bacteria dwell on our hands. And the least of all bacteria was in the third vessel. I would like to note that I was surprised by a small amount of bacteria in all containers, although they were in warm place for several weeks. I think this is due to preservatives in the bouillon cube (substances that allow products not to deteriorate for a long time).

"Detection of milk bacteria, and studying their properties"

For the first time, the benefits of ferocular products were spoken at the beginning of the twentieth century, when Ilya Zdovnikov (Russian biologist, the laureate of the Nobel Prize) told the world about the favorable properties of this product. In the course of his research, swordsmen found out that in our gastrointestinal tract, as in ferocular products, contains live microorganisms. They are helping the stomach successfully function.

Purpose:detect lactic acid bacteria, learn their properties.

Equipment and materials: microscope, subject glasses, coating windows, test tubes, kefir, prokobvash, rotten potatoes, alcohol, methyl blue.

Progress.

Research milk food. To do this, you need to prepare the strokes of the prostitute, Ke-Fira. On the air dry smear pour alcohol and withstand 1-2 minutes.

Staining with methylene blue. Pre-Paraty I consider with an immersion lens. Diplococci, in kefir chopsticks and yeast, will be visible in Maz-Ke from Prostokvashi.

Experience 1. Plow milk with putrid microbes.I add a few drops of liquid from rotten potatoes in a milk tube and leave it in a warm place for 10-12 hours. As a result of the development of concrete bacteria, milk protein will begin to dissolve and after 1-2 days will be completely dissolved with the release of bad smelling gases.

Experience 2. Preservation of milk from damage to lactic acid bacteria.Milk and milk-sour bacteria pushes into the milk tube. As a source of lactic acid tank terriors, 1-2 ml of kefir can be taken. The development of lactic acid bacteria provides formation in the milk of lactic acid, which suppresses the development of rotten bacteria. The tube turns out normal milk clot.

Output: Efficiency products contain three main types of beneficial bacteria: bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and enterobacteria. When we are healthy, the intestinal microflora includes probiotic lactic acid bacteria. This is due to their work to all other microorganisms living in our gastrointestinal tract, it is possible not only to coexist peacefully with each other, but also effectively work for us.

Survey

After I met information about bacteria and held my own mini-research, it became interesting for me to find out how much the guys who learn from me owns this information.

To this end, together with the class teacher, we have compiled a survey. 24 students of our class were interviewed.

The survey included questions about bacteria and their meaning in human life (see Appendix)

After analyzing the results, I learned that:

they know about the existence of bacteria - 100% of students;

they know that bacteria can cause various human diseases - 100% of students;

95, 8% of students know that not all bacteria are harmful to humans;

100%, i.e. All students know that bacteria live in the human body, 75% believe that they help to digest food and restore the protective forces of the body;

many guys know that a person uses bacteria in economic activity.

Interesting facts about bacteria.

Scientists have discovered the structure of the packaging of photosensitive molecules of green bacteria, helps organisms to extremely efficiently process the sunlight into the chemical energy necessary for their lives. Opening may in the future lead to the creation of a new generation of solar cells, the authors of the study published in the Journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences are considered.

Green bacteria, which have been subject to scientists research, use light energy to process sulfur or iron compounds, just like plants use sunlight in photosynthesis. At the same time, the organisms are forced to be content with a very limited amount of sunlight, as they live in the waters of hot hydrothermal sources or in the seas at a depth of more than 100 meters.

Japanese specialists created the world's first micromotor, which is driven by bacteria. Its main rotating component has a diameter of 20 million meters.

Bacteria and bacillos are the same. The first word - Greek origin, and the second - Latin.

There are bacteria that help brushing teeth. Scientists from the Swedish Caroline Institute crossed these bacteria with conventional yoghurt and are now trying to make a transgenic yogurt, which will allow us to not brush their teeth.

The total weight of bacteria living in the human body is 2 kilograms.

In the mouth of a person about 40,000 bacteria. During a kiss from one person, 278 different crops of bacteria are transmitted to another. Fortunately, 95 percent of them do not pose a danger.

Output

The role of prokaryotes in the nature and life of a person is huge. Bacteria, upholstered in almost all media, often define various processes occurring in nature. The first inhabitants of the Earth were bacteria. The first bacteria arose on Earth more than 3 billion years ago.

Due to the effects of bacteria, the appearance and the chemical composition of the land shells changed, and due to this it became possible to appear other forms of life (for example, plants). Thanks to the bacteria, the Living Shell of the Earth - Biosphere began to develop. Bacteria that came to the land before the plants participated in the soil formation and created the conditions for the exit of plants to land. Currently, the role of bacteria is also very large.

1. Soil bacteria - rotting bacteria. They proceed with a dead organic matter. If there were no these bacteria, the surface of the earth would be covered with a thick layer of the remains of the dead organisms. The cycle of substances in nature ensures these bacteria. Separate dead remains to mineral salts, which are absorbed by plants.

2. Nitrogen fixing bacteria. Set on the roots of leguminous crops (pea, alfalfa) and absorb nitrogen from the air, thereby enriched with the soil by this element necessary for plant growth.

3. Local acids - Used to prepare sour cream, kefir, ipains, cheese, sauerkraut, as well as for the production of silo.

4. Intestinal wand - human satellite. It dwells in the intestine, it helps to split milk sugar and produce vitamins.

5. Pathological bacteria - are pathogens of many diseases such as: tuberculosis, plague, dysentery, tetanus.

6. Having admiring the blue tongues of the flame on your gas stove, remember the smallest workers who made natural gas for you. it methanobacteria. They process bottom residues, resulting in a marsh gas - methane, which we use in everyday life.

7. Biotechnology, genetic engineering - The branch of modern biology, where without bacteria is also not to do. Embedding the necessary genes into the nuclear substance of bacteria, scientists make them insulin - a drug used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Conclusion

We endure the verdict - bacteria to live, because Without it, many processes will stop, and environmental equilibrium is disturbed.

Ah, this habitat! All are associated between exchange, nutrition chains, composition, structure, fate ...

In the chains, and in the ridges, and in the weighs, where life breathes and moves, it will always be equilibrium! It is disturbed to be afraid!

Bibliography.

A.G. Elenevsky, M. A.Biology. Plants, mushrooms, bacteria. Drop, 2001

Biology Grade 6. Purchasing plans for the textbook I.N. Ponomaria. Author -Sostor G.V. Charitynikova. Volgograd. "Teacher" 2008 P.144-146.

Biology 10-11 class. Purchasing plans for studies V.I.Shirzov. Author -Sterevitel T.V.Pednaya. Volgograd. "Teacher" 2008 P.70-71

General biology. Grade 9.B. Zakharov, A.G. Mustafin, Moscow. Enlightenment 2003.str. 44 - 46.

other referat.s.allbest.ru\u003e biology and natural science\u003e 00000073.html

ru.wikipedia.org\u003e Wiki / Bacteria

krugosvet.Ru\u003e ENC / NAUKA_I_TEHNIKA ... Bakterii..html.

bigpi.biysk.ru\u003e EnciCl / Articles / 00/1000056 / ...

slovari.yandex.ru\u003e BSE\u003e Bacteria

bril2002.narod.ru\u003e B11.html

vokrugsveta.ru\u003e Telegraph\u003e Pulse / 501

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application

Variety of bacteria

Research Subject : Determination of contamination by disputes of bacteria and mushrooms of different premises of the school

Work performed :

Zharkova A., Petrunina D., Safoneva V. Students 10 CL.

MBOU secondary school number 2

lyskovo

Leader: Blinov A.E. biology teacher 1st category

different school premises

Hypothesis of research .

• It is known that the rooting of the room reduces the level of bacterial air pollution, however, due to the cold winter, such an opportunity is limited.

2. It is also known that many indoor plants have phytoncidal properties and can also reduce the number of microorganisms in the air.

3. The composition of the air pool of the schools can be allegedly included bacterial microorganisms, which can be conditionally pathogenic and fungal organisms that are allergens.

the choice of techniques, the venue of the experiments and the preparation of equipment; preparation and conduct of experiments; Description and processing of the data obtained; Conclusions. "width \u003d" 640 "

Determination of contamination by disputes of bacteria and mushrooms different school premises

Purpose This study was the study of microflora of the air pool of school premises, as well as a study of the purity of the hands of primary classes. In the course of the research, the quantitative and qualitative composition of the microflora of the air of the School No. 2 and the purity of the hands was studied.

Based on this, tasks Studies were as follows:

The choice of techniques, the venue of the experiments and the preparation of equipment;

Preparation and conduct of experiments;

Description and processing of the data obtained;

Conclusions.

Determination of contamination by disputes of bacteria and mushrooms different school premises

The relevance of the problem.

Microbes are common everywhere in the environment. Air is a medium containing a significant number of microorganisms. The largest number of microorganisms contains air of industrial cities, air of enclosed premises with a large crowd of people.

Currently, when the use of disinfection and disinfection products is sharply weakened, the dissemination of diseases that were considered defeated were observed. In children's and school groups, outbreaks and epidemics of bacterial and viral diseases often occur: dysentery, diphtheria, typhoid typhoid, hepatitis and many others. This circumstance puts before the need to strengthen the sanitary and environmental control of air, especially in children's and school premises, in order to improve its sanitary condition.

Methods of preparation of nutrient media for growing microorganisms.

For cultivation of microorganisms, various nutrient media use. This is necessary for the differentiation of infectious diseases, for the preparation of vaccines, antibiotics, etc.

The following requirements are imposed on the nutrient media: must contain all the necessary substances for the nutrition of microbes, have a certain reaction of the medium, to be sterile and required wet. The nutrient media is divided into simple and complex.

The simple media includes meat-beep broth, meat-beep agar, meat-beep gelatin (MPH). All simple nutrient media are prepared on meat water. To prepare, the meat is separated from fat and fascia, crushed, poured with water in a ratio of 1: 2 and boiled for 30-60 minutes. Then filtered, tested to the initial volume and sterilized at a pressure of 0.1 MPa for 30 minutes.

Preparation of nutrient medium

Dense gelatinic nutritious environment.

Ingredients : gelatin food 30 g., Chicken Cube "Gallina Blanca", Fish, Water 200 ml.

Cooking : Gelatin Pour into a glass with boiled water temperature, leave for 40 to 60 minutes. Wear fish - got fish broth. In the fish broth dissolve a chicken cube, add gelatin and heat without bringing to a boil.

Methods of sowing microorganisms on the nutrient medium

A method of sedimentation of dust particles containing spores of bacteria and mushrooms was used. Petri dishes were placed in various premises of the school (dining room, recreation, toilet, a hall before entrance) and chaotic movements were made around these cups (dust raised) for 5 minutes.

Petri dishes closed and placed in a dark cabinet.

Study of the purity of the hands from students of younger school age

Samples of fingerprints on the nutrient medium were taken from elementary school students (4 "in" class), Petri dishes are placed in a dark cabinet.

Growing microorganisms

The cultivation of microorganisms on the nutrient medium provides an increase in these organisms during, approximately 2 weeks to 2 months.

1st floor (recreation at the entrance)

Colony bacteria

Colony bacteria

Methods of calculation of microorganisms

For quantitative accounting of microorganisms, such 3 dilutions are selected, during the crops of which at least 50 and no more than 300 colonies increase on the nutrient medium in Petri Cup. If the colonies have grown a little or a lot of small colonies, they are considered to be considered a magnifying glass, turning the cup upside down. If a large number of colonies have grown, then the bottom of the cups are divided into sectors, and counting lead in each sector. With a very large number of grown colonies use the special counting chamber of Wolfgügegee.

• Dining room -6 large colonies of mold mushrooms;
• Recreation -3 Large colonies of mold mushrooms;
• Hall - 1 large bacterial colony;
• Toilet colonies of bacteria and spores of mold mushrooms are not found.

• The first row-10 bacterial colonies;
• Second row-83 bacterial colonies;
• Third row-54 bacterial colonies; 1 Colony of mold mushrooms.

The most contaminated room of the school is a dining room, and the cleanest San. knot. Why? Cleaning in San. The node is produced by a more concentrated solution of chlorine lime (chloric), therefore contaminated by spores of mold mushrooms and bacteria is minimal.

The most visited children's room is of course a dining room and a buffet. It is because of this that it is the most contaminated room of the school.

The purity of the hands of children leaves much to be desired, in his hands a large number of bacteria.

• Carry wet cleaning more often.
• Use weak solutions of detergent antiseptic agents.
• Conduct general cleaning of premises at least 2 times a week.
• More often to air the premises.
• Pupils comply with personal hygiene.
• Wash your hands not only before eating, but also in the intervals between training activities (after 2, 3 lessons).