How to find a stand-alone offer. A simple complicated sentence. Understanding independent bids, to identify inconsistent bids

In Russian, a sentence consists of major and minor members. The subject and predicate are the basis of any statement, however, without circumstances, additions and definitions, it does not widely reveal the idea that the author wants to convey. To make the sentence more voluminous and fully convey the meaning, it combines the grammatical base and secondary members of the sentence, which have the ability to separate. What does it mean? Isolation - the allocation of minor members from the context in meaning and intonation, in which words acquire syntactic independence. This article will discuss standalone definitions.

Definition

So, first you need to remember what a simple definition is, and then proceed to the study of the isolated. So, definitions are called secondary members of the sentence, which answer the questions "Which?" and "Whose?" They indicate the sign of the subject in question in the statement, are highlighted by punctuation marks and depend on the grammatical basis. But isolated definitions acquire a certain syntactic independence. In writing, they are highlighted with commas, and in oral speech - intonation. Such definitions, as well as simple ones, are of two types: consistent and inconsistent. Each of the types has its own characteristics of isolation.

Agreed definitions

A separate agreed definition, like a simple one, always depends on the noun, which is the defining word for it. Adjectives and participles form such definitions. They can be single or have dependent words and stand in the sentence immediately after the noun or be separated from it by other members of the sentence. As a rule, such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning, it is especially clearly visible in the case when the sentence structure contains adverbial words that are generalizing for a given definition. Single definitions are also clarified if they stand after a noun or pronoun and clearly indicate their signs. For example: the child, embarrassed, stood beside the mother; pale, tired, he lay down on the bed. Definitions expressed by short passive participles and short adjectives are mandatory. For example: then the beast appeared, hairy and tall; our world is burning, spiritual and transparent, and it will become truly good.

Inconsistent definitions

As well as simple inconsistent definitions conditioned in a sentence, they are expressed by nouns in indirect case forms. In the utterance, they are almost always an additional message and, by meaning, are associated with personal pronouns and proper names. A definition in this case is always generalized if it has a semi-predictive meaning and is temporary. This condition is necessary, because proper names are sufficiently concretized and do not need constant signs, and the pronoun is not lexically combined with signs. For example: Earring, with a shabby spoon in his hands, took his place by the fire; today, in a new jacket, he was especially good... In the case of a common noun, a characterizing meaning is required to isolate the definition. For example: in the middle of the village stood an old abandoned house, with a massive high chimney on the roof.

What definitions are not generalized

In some cases, even when there are relevant factors, definitions are not isolated:

1. In the case when the definitions are used together with words that do not have an inferior lexical meaning (The father looked angry and menacing.) In this example, there is the defining word "species", but the definition is not generalized.
2. Common definitions do not lend themselves to isolation when dealing with the two main members of the proposal. (After mowing, the hay lay piled up in the bins.)
3. In case the definition is expressed in a complex comparative form or has a superlative adjective. (More popular songs appeared.)
4. If the so-called attributive turnover stands after an indefinite, determinative, demonstrative or possessive pronoun and forms a single whole with it.
5. If the definition comes after a negative pronoun such as nobody, nobody, nobody... (No one admitted to the exams was able to answer the additional question.)

Punctuation marks

When writing sentences with separate definitions, they should be separated by commas in such cases:

1. If stand-alone definitions are a participle or adjective and come after the defining word. (The perfume given to her (what?) Had a divine scent, reminiscent of spring freshness.) This sentence has two definitions, expressed by participial phrases. For the first turn, the defining word is perfume, and for the second, fragrance.
2. If two or more definitions are used after the defining word, then they are separated. (And this sun, affectionate, gentle, shone right through my window.) This rule also applies in cases of using inconsistent definitions. (Father, in a hat, in a black coat, quietly walked along the park alley.)
3. If in the sentence the definition indicates an additional circumstance (concessional, conditional or causal). (Tired of a hot day (reason), she collapsed on the bed.)
4. If in a statement the definition depends on a personal pronoun. (Having dreamed of a vacation at sea, he continued to work.)
5. A separate definition is always separated by commas if it is torn off from the defining word by other members of the sentence or is in front of it. (And in the sky, accustomed to rain, a raven circled senselessly.)

How to find standalone definitions in a sentence

In order to find a sentence with a separate definition, you should pay attention to punctuation marks. Then highlight the grammatical basis. By asking questions from the subject and the predicate, establish a connection between words and find definitions in a sentence. If these minor members are separated by commas, then this is the desired statement construction. Quite often, isolated definitions are expressed by participial phrases, which, as a rule, come after the defining word. Also, such definitions can be expressed by adjectives and participles with dependent words and singles. Quite often there are separate homogeneous definitions in a sentence. It is not difficult to define them, in the sentence they are expressed by homogeneous participles and adjectives.

Exercises for consolidation

For the topic to be better understood, you need to consolidate the knowledge gained in practice. To do this, you should perform exercises in which you need to find sentences with separate definitions, place punctuation marks in them and explain each comma. You can also take dictation sentences. When performing this exercise, you will develop the ability to identify isolated definitions by ear and write them down correctly. The ability to correctly place commas will come in handy both during study and during entrance exams to a higher educational institution.

1. Which members of the proposal are stand-alone? 2. How are the isolated members of a sentence distinguished in speech and in writing? 3. Terms of pegging

participial turns. 4. Give examples of single isolated definitions. Tell us about the conditions for their separation. 5. Give examples of common agreed and inconsistent definitions. Tell us about the conditions for their separation. 6. In what cases are applications segregated? Give examples. When are applications hyphenated? 7. Terms of separation of the application with the union AS. 8. Can applications be highlighted with a dash? Give examples. 9. What circumstances are highlighted in the letter with commas? 10. How to distinguish gerunds from adverbs formed from them? 11. What prepositions influence the isolation of circumstances? 12. Which members of the proposal are called clarifying? What are the qualifying members of the proposal for? 13. What words are often used with separate qualifying members of a sentence? 14. Give examples of clarifying additions. 15. What styles of speech are characterized by separate participial and adverbial expressions?

1. What is segregation? Which members of the proposal are called detached? 2. What are the conditions for the separation of secondary members of the proposal?

3. What are the punctuation rules for separating definitions and appendices?

4. What are the punctuation rules for isolating circumstances?
5. What members of the proposal are called qualifying ones?

6.With what intonation are the isolated members of the sentence pronounced?

1) Which members of the proposal are called detached? 2) In what cases are definitions isolated? 3) When are applications segregated? 4) What are the conditions

contribute to the isolation of circumstances? 5) In what styles of speech are participles and adverbs used? 6) What are the specifying members of the proposal for?

Help!!! 1) Which members of the proposal are called detached? 2) what are the conditions for separating the secondary members of the proposal?

3) What are the punctuation rules for separating definitions and applications?

4) what are the punctuation rules for isolating circumstances?

5) which members of the proposal are called clarifying?

6) with what intonation are the isolated members of the sentence pronounced?

1. Among sentences 1 through 4, find a sentence with two distinct circumstances. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) The distant mountains, covered with a bluish mist, soared and seemed to melt in languor. (2) A light wind stirred the dense grasses, dappled with multi-colored irises, porridge and some other countless yellow and white heads. (3) Our horses had to turn their heads in order to grab, without even bending down, a bunch of juicy grass from the mezhnik - and they ran on, waving luxurious bouquets clamped in their lips. (4) In some places, small lakes suddenly opened up, like pieces of blue sky that fell to the ground and were set in emerald green ... (Korolenko V.)
2. Among sentences 1-3, find a sentence with separate circumstances. Write the number of this sentence.
(1) The sun had already touched the water, and the shining strip that it had laid on the sea began to turn pink. (2) The huge globe, overflowing with grief and hatred, turned, and with it the Black Sea rolled away from the rays of the sun. (3) A small, tiny boat, persistently buzzing with motors, climbed the bulge of the Earth, stubbornly catching up with the sun, which was falling over the horizon. (Sobolev L.)
3. Among sentences 1-4, find a sentence with a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase. Write the number of this sentence.
(1) On a clearing, near a high heap of ant, the Nanai boy Filka was standing and beckoning her to him with his hand. (2) She approached, looking at him friendly. (3) Near Filka, on a wide stump, she saw a kettle full of lingonberries. (4) And Filka himself, with a narrow hunting knife made of Yakut steel, peeled a fresh birch twig from the bark. (Fraerman R.)

Complicated	Definition	Segregation	Example
1. Homogeneous members of the proposal	members of a sentence that answer the same question and are associated with the same word	are usually separated from each other by commas.	Pushkin collected songs and tales and in Odessa, and in Chisinau, and in the Pskov province.
2. Definitions	a minor member of the sentence, which denotes the attribute of the object and answers the questions which? whose? what? and under. Adjectives or pronouns with or without a dependent word; Participle or participle; Rarely numeral	the definitions after the defined word or related to a personal pronoun are isolated.	1) The road, cobblestone, lifted onto the shaft (separate definition) 2) Shy and timid by nature, she was annoyed at her shyness (a separate definition referring to a pronoun) 3) On a frost-silver window chrysanthemums faded overnight (non-isolated definition)
3. Applications	definition, expressed by an entity, which gives another name that characterizes the object (Moroz- voivode patrol bypasses his possessions).	stand out: Any with personal pronouns, Common attachments after the designated word; With an alliance like A dash is used instead of a comma if the application is at the end of a sentence	1) Here it is, an explanation. 2) The Mighty Lion, the thunderstorm of the forests, has lost its strength. 3) you, how initiator, must play a major role. 4) There was a closet nearby - directory storage.
4. Supplements	a minor member of a sentence that denotes a subject and answers questions of indirect cases	phrases with words are conventionally considered as separate additions excluding, other than, including, excluding, over, excluding, along with, instead of and etc.	1) I didn't hear anything, except noise of leaves. 2) I really liked the story, with the exception ofsome details.
5. Circumstances	a secondary member of the sentence, which place, time, reason, course of action and answers the questions where? when? why? as?	always stand apart: Gerunds and adverbial phrases; Despite the + noun.	1) Smiling, he fell asleep. 2) After seeing off her comrades, Tonya stood in silence for a long time. 3) Despite on carrot blush, she was pretty.
6. Appeals and introductory constructions	An address is a word or combination of words that names the person to whom or what is being addressed with the speech. Introductory constructions - words, midrange and sentences, with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the utterance (not / confidence, feelings, the source of the utterance, the order of thoughts, ways of expressing thoughts)	Separated with commas. Introductory constructions can be enclosed by brackets or dashes.	1) Winter, it seems (of course, according to the weather forecasters, in the first place), will be snowy. 2) Once - don't remember why- there was no performance. 3) The melody of the Belarusian song (if you've heard it) somewhat monotonous. 4) Oh first lily of the valley, from under the snow you ask for the sun's rays.
7. Clarifying members of the proposal	Clarifying members of the proposal - those members of the proposal that clarify other, clarified, members of the proposal. Most often, the circumstances of place and time are clarifying. Definitions are often in the role of qualifying members.	Separated with commas. They can be introduced by words that is, or (= that is), otherwise, precisely, etc.	Ahead, by the road a fire was burning. The thunderstorm began in the evening one at ten. Gavrik examined the little schoolboy from all sides, in a long, to toe, overcoats.

Algorithm of actions.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to find what is required in an assignment. Perhaps the following algorithm, which focuses on punctuation marks, will help (in task B5, you need to find isolated, that is, comma-separated, sentence members).

1. Eliminate those sentences where there are no punctuation marks.

2. Highlight the basics and exclude those sentences where all punctuation marks separate the basics from each other.

3. In the rest of the sentences, try to speculate why certain punctuation marks are put down: homogeneous terms, participial or participial phrases, introductory words, etc.

Analysis of the task.

Among the offers, find an offer with a stand-alone common application. Write the number of this sentence.

And at first in kindergarten, and then at school, I bore the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. All would be fine (you never know who have some fathers!), But I did not understand why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid accordion. I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! Often hesitated, he gave a thin, feminine oykal, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. I was ready to sink into the ground out of shame and behaved emphatically cold, showing by my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

Highlighting the basics:

And at first in kindergarten, and then at school, I bore the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. All would be fine (you never know who have some fathers!), But I did not understand why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid accordion. I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! Often hesitated, he gave a thin, feminine oykal, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. I was ready to sink into the ground out of shame and behaved emphatically cold, showing by my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

So, we exclude sentences 6 and 8, where homogeneous members of the sentence are separated by commas.

In sentence 10, commas highlight the adverbial and grammatical bases. We exclude it too.

In sentence No. 9, the adverbial turnover and the qualifying circumstance (subtly (how exactly?) In feminine way) are highlighted with commas.

Remains sentence No. 7. In parentheses there is an inserted construction, two commas denote the boundaries of grammatical bases. Remains detached ordinary locksmith, which is a separate common application (is nouns, indicates a sign, has a dependent word normal).

Thus, write out the offer number 7 .

Practice.

1. Among sentences 1 - 4, find a sentence with a detached circumstance. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) Today, the voices of new prophets are heard every now and then that it is time to stop experiments, scientific experiments, that excessively audacious curiosity has led humanity to an abyss: it is worth taking just one wrong step - and the whole civilization will collapse into the abyss.

(2) Let us recall the ancient myths in which the ancient wisdom of earthlings is accumulated. (3) Despite the diversity of mythological plots, the idea of ​​the limit of human capabilities runs through them as a red thread. (4) Yes, a person can do a lot, but not everything.

2. Among Sentences 1 through 6, find the offer with the standalone agreed application (s). Write the number (s) of this offer.

(1) As a child, I read books about Indians and passionately dreamed of living somewhere on the prairie, hunting buffalo, spending the night in a hut ... (2) In the summer, when I graduated from ninth grade, my dream suddenly came true: my uncle suggested that I guard lean, but fishy river Sisyava. (3) As an assistant, he imposed on his ten-year-old son - Mishka, a sedate, economic guy, but voracious like a jackdaw. (4) Two days flew by in an instant; we fished for pikes, patrolled our possessions, armed with bows and arrows, swam tirelessly; vipers lurked in the dense grass where we picked the berries, and this gave our gathering the edge of a dangerous adventure.

3. Among sentences 1-9, find a sentence with a generalizing word for homogeneous terms. Write the number of this sentence.

(1) Kutuzov saw not only the general picture of the battle: it was clearly not in our favor! (2) He, unlike others, saw the eyes of the soldiers. (3) It seemed senseless to the wise, experienced Barclay, who had a sober assessment of the situation, to fight with a stronger opponent, and this chess logic has its own reason. (4) But it does not take into account one thing: people are not soulless figures, subject to the fatal will of the grandmaster. (5) A soldier can drop his weapon and raise his hands, or he can stand to death. (6) Kutuzov clearly saw: the fighters are fighting and are not going to yield to the enemy. (7) You can't go up to an artilleryman or a grenadier at such a moment and say: “Everyone, men, stop the slaughter! (8) We lost! " (9) It was not the logic of military tactics that ruled on the battlefield, but personal qualities: will, determination, perseverance.

Any sentence of the Russian language can be subdivided into its constituent parts, which in science are called "members of the sentence". Major and minor are distinguished among them. Most of the sentences cannot exist without the main ones, they form its basis, and the secondary ones make the text more informative and rich. What are the main and secondary members. suggestions?

The main

The subject and predicate in a sentence are its main members.

• Subject means an object that performs an action. Questions to help detect it when parsing are "who?" (if the action is performed by an animated object) or "what?" (in case the sentence speaks of a phenomenon or an inanimate object).
• The predicate is most often expressed by a verb and means the action that the subject performs. Questions to determine - "what is doing, what will it do?"

Let's give an example: A good mood helped the boys overcome difficulties... The word “mood” answers the question “what” in our example, it is precisely this that is the subject and is emphasized by one line during analysis. To find the predicate, we ask the question: "What was the mood doing?" It helped. This word is a predicate, expressed by a verb, emphasized by two features. As a result, the sentence with the found main members looks like this: Good (what?) Mood (underlined by a solid line) (what did it?) Helped (underlined by two continuous horizontal stripes) boys to overcome difficulties.

How to find out the subject and predicate when parsing

In order not to make a mistake, figuring out where the subject is, you should use the hint table.

First of all, one should find the character by asking the question: “Who? What? ”, This will be the subject. Next, they look for the predicate.

Secondary

To parse a sentence by members, you should be able to find both circumstances, definitions and additions. It is they who are the secondary members, the purpose of which is to concretize and clarify the main (or other secondary) ones. How do I find them?

• Definition. Questions that will help you find it in a sentence - "which", "whose".
• Addition. Most often, cases are given to it: "to whom (what)", "with whom (with what)", "about whom (about what)" and others. That is, questions of all cases, except for the nominative.
• Circumstance. It can be found by asking questions of adverbs or gerunds: "where", "where", "why", "how", "where" and the like.

Let's give an example. Let's find the main and secondary members. suggestions:

The little boy walked hastily along the path.

If you have to parse the proposal by members, it will turn out like this:

(what, definition) A small (who, subject) boy (how, circumstance) hastily (what the predicate did) walked (along what, addition) along the path.

Each major and minor member. sentences answers their own question, carries a certain load and performs their own role in the sentence.

How to recognize

To avoid mistakes in identifying additions, definitions and circumstances, you can use such a summary table-hint.

Minor members

Parameter	Definition	Addition	Circumstance
Meaning	Characterizes the feature of the subject	Means subject	Matters place, time, mode of action
Questions	Which? What, what, what?	Indirect cases: to whom (what), by whom (what) and others	Where, where, where, where, why, when, how - all questions of adverbs
Than expressed	Adjective Participle Cardinal number Case matches the case of the main word	Noun (with or without a preposition) Pronoun The case can be anything other than the nominative	Noun
As emphasized	Wavy line	Dotted line	Dot-dash
Example	(Which one?) There was a beautiful vase in (whose?) Mother's room.	The kid was carrying (what?) A basket (with what?) With mushrooms.	(where?) In the forest (when) it was damp in the fall.

To identify which member of the sentence is in front of us, we must first ask a question.

Additional tips

To find the main members of a sentence, you must follow the rules. Subject and predicate are not a phrase, this is already a sentence, albeit very short. The main members are independent from each other.

Parsing should begin with the discovery of the subject, then it turns out what the predicate is, how it is expressed. Then you should identify the group of the subject with the help of questions, only after that - the group of the predicate. Each minor member is dependent:

• from one of the main ones;
• from one of the minor ones.

One sentence can contain several major and minor members. suggestions. If there are several basics, then the sentence is complex - complex or complex. If there are several definitions, additions, circumstances, but the basis is one, then the proposal is simple and widespread.

Quite often you can find references, for example: Katya, go do your homework. Despite the fact that the appeal "Katya" resembles the subject, it is not a member of the sentence and is designated as an appeal.

Difficult cases

Not all major and minor sentences look obvious. Difficult but interesting cases are varied:

• There is only one main term in a one-part sentence. It was getting dark(this is a predicate, the sentence is impersonal). Today we were informed(predicate, vaguely personal sentence), that the exam has been canceled.
• The predicate can include an adjective name: The weather was rainy. In this example, the combination "was rainy" is a compound nominal predicate.
• A predicate can include several verbs: Vasya started to study today."Began to study" is a compound verb predicate.

Major and minor members sentences must be highlighted correctly when parsing a sentence.