The first artificial satellites from the planet Earth. Cognitive material about space for children of senior story about the first Earth satellite for children

Cognitive material

About space

For children of senior

Preschool age

Planet

Cosmodrome. I stand on the tap, correct the helmet.

"Goodbye!" - shouting dad, "Goodbye!" - All.

The sky has grown over us, leaving a trace

Red light beat the flame towards the planets.

(Y.Lutsyvich)

Around the sun moving nine big planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.

Each of the planets moves around the sun on his way. This path is called orbit.

There are little planets - invisible. Their most between Mars and Jupiter.

The sun together with large and small planets is a sunny system.

In the solar system, people live only on Earth. There are no living bees on other planets.

Back in antiquity, people noticed a few luminaries wandering among the stars. These lights began to be called the planets. The planets will not shine their own light as stars. The planets are visible in the sky because they are illuminated by the sun. At first glance, they look like bright stars, but the planets do not flicker. They are shining with even light. They are bright stars. You can see the binoculars that the planets are not visible as dots, but as small discs, circles.

For many centuries, people studied the planet with the naked eye, then with a telescope - a visual pipe with magnifying glasses. Now the planets are studied using automatic interplanetary stations. They are flown to the planets and with close range photograph the surface of the planet.

Cosmonauts on other planets did not fly. They flew around the earth and on the ground satellite - the moon.

Talk of the teacher about Mercury

This planet is closer than all to the sun. Mercury seems huge. Three times more than the Earth.

Mercury - the planet is small. It is 20 times less than the Earth. This is a lifeless stone ball with mountains, deep ravines and bare, sad stones.

Day at Mercury lasts 90 days - three months. For such a long day, the Sun warms up the surface of Mercury to 400 degrees. The heat is unbearable. Then 90 days comes black, impenetrable night. Scary cold. Frost - 150 degrees.

Mercury is easier to see in southern latitudes: it appears in the sky that evening. That morning (in the first two hours after sunset), then in the early morning (two hours before dawn). No wonder our distant ancestors was not easy to guess that the morning and evening stars were the same shine, and they called the Seth and the Mountains (Egyptians), Buddha and Rogrees (Indians), Apolone and Hermes (Greeks).

Mercury as the moon shines reflected by sunlight. Mercury is deprived of the atmosphere - it means life there is not possible not only because of the temperatures unbearable for the living beings, but also because they have nothing to breathe on Mercury.

The surface of Mercury is born with craters - people learned about it, having received an image of his surface, made in 1974 by the American spacecraft "Mariner - 10".

Teacher's story about Venus

Venus is not a star, but the planet, the same as our land. All the planets of the solar system are circling around the Sun, each in its circle. Venus - the second from the sun planet. She closer to the sun than the Earth. Hot sunny rays very strongly split the surface of Venus. Temperature on Venus - +500 degrees. In such a peckelet, no living being can live.

There are no forests or seas on Venus. The air on this planet is terribly poisonous and heavy. He presses his weight with such a force, as we were given a layer of water with a thickness of one kilometer.

On Venus whistle and overstate hurricanes, clouds risen the dust raised by the wind, stretch the rocky deserts, rocks. Red sand.

Above the Venus so many clouds. That it seems to be covered in white wool. Through the dense clouds do not break through the sunlight, so on the planet eternal night.

The magnitude of Venus is about the same as our land. She closer to the sun than the Earth. And he managed to fly around the sun in just seven months. Therefore, the year on Venus lasts seven months.

From Earth Venus seems unusually beautiful planet.

It appears in the sky only in the morning or only in the evening, and people call it the morning star, who is evening. It shines soft white light. No star can be compared with the beautiful glitter of Venus.

People called this planet named the goddess of beauty and folded beautiful fairy tales about her. It seemed to them that this beautiful girl rides across the sky on a silver chariot, shaped with snow-white horses.

Story teacher about the Earth

There is one planet garden in this cosmos cold

Only here the forests noisy the birds sliding migratory,

Only on it one bloom in the valley in the grass is green,

And the dragonflies are only here in the river look surprised ...

Take care of your planet - after all, there is another similar, no!

Earth is the third planet of the solar system. Like all the planets, it moves around the sun. Earth - Satellite of the Sun.

Our planet is not just moving, but rushing in outer space faster than any rocket. And although it flies very quickly. During the year, it time to fly around the sun only once. Very big way!

Earth not only revolves around the sun. She rotates and around its axis, is spinning like a top. The earth substitutes the Sun, then another. While she turns once around his axis, it will take 24 hours, that is, a day - day and night.

When cosmonauts look out of space to our planet, it seems to them a luminous ball of beautiful blue color.

The fact that the land is round, people guessed in the old days. At first they thought that the Earth was a round pancake and you can walk to its edge, but not a single bolt and did not reach the edge of the earth.

And so the sailor - a traveler Maggelan on five ships decided to go around the ground.

Three years sailed ships all forward and forth, without changing the directions and checking their way to the stars. Four ship died in the stormy waters of the ocean. And only one ship called "Victoria" heated the earth and returned to the port on the other, the opposite side.

Teacher's story about Mars

Mars is the fourth planet of the solar system, it is a close neighbor of the Earth.

Back in ancient times, people noticed a brightly orange flame star in the sky. And they called it in honor of the god of war - Mars is curious that very many writers - fictioners inhabited the red planet of living beings - or by militant monsters, or similar to people, or hostile to them. And in our days, journalists call Mars Bermuda triangle? Almost all space expeditions on Mars are unsuccessful.

As on earth, there are days and nights on Mars, as well as winter, spring, summer, autumn. Each of these seasons is twice as long as on earth. This is because on Mars the year is equal to almost two Earth, because Mars farther from the sun, and he needs more time to fly around the sun. Well, and if Mars farther from the sun, then the sun warms it worse. Therefore, winter is severe there, and the summer is colder. The highest temperature in the afternoon on Mars + 15 degrees, and at night - 100 degrees of frost.

Day of the sky of Mars seems gently - pink. Such a color gives him Martian dust illuminated by the sun.

At the end of the 20th century, Vikings spacecraft, the image of the Mars planet "is absolutely lifeless landscapes, similar to earth deserts. Neuly and unlucky on Mars. Strong winds raise the clouds of red Martian dust. Huge deserts are covered with stones. Mountains with sharp vertices rise up.

The air on Mars consists of a gas that people cannot breathe. There are no oxygen and water on Mars. There is no life there.

Teacher's story about Jupiter

Jupiter twice played an important role in the history of astronomer. He became the first planet, who had satellites were opened. It happened almost four hundred years ago. The author of the opening is the world famous scientist Galilee. The fast and well-noticeable movement of Jupiter satellites makes them very comfortable heavenly hours, and the sailors used to use them to determine the position of the ship in the open sea.

And further. Jupiter and his satellite helped to solve one of the oldest mysteries: the light of the lightning light is covered or his speed is not so great? By complicated calculations based on Observations O. Romer determined that the light moves rapidly at a speed of 3000 km / s

Jupiter - the fifth and largest planet of our solar system. This is a giant planet. She is ten times more land.

Slowly and magnifier moves a bright Jupiter around the Sun. Twenty years will be held on Earth, and Jupiter will fly away our sun around only once. Very far from the shining, a very long way he has to go.

Jupiter so far from the sun, that the sun's rays do not warm it at all. This is a very cold planet.

Jupiter has no solid surface, like the earth, Venus, Maara and Mercury. This is a huge ball of dense dust and gas clouds.

On Jupiter, terrible storms and thunderstorms, which there are no on earth. This is the most restless and terrible planet.

Air on Jupiter is poisonous and unsuitable for breathing.

Around its axis, Jupiter spins very quickly, like a top. Just ten hours last day for Jupiter: five hours day and five hours a night.

Jupiter 16 satellites that rotate around it, each of them with their history and with their own mysteries, to solve which mankind was only possible in the cosmic era. You will learn about it. When you become older and you will read books on astronomy.

Story teacher about Saturn

There are an asterisk in the sky alone,

What - I will not say

But every evening from the window

I look at her.

She flickes brightly so!

And in the sea somewhere

Now, probably, sailor

It twists the way

(Circles)

This is the sixth planet of the solar system. Saturn, like all the planets. Makes your flight around the sun. The farther the planet from the sun, the longer her way. To make one circle, Saturn requires 30 terrestrial years.

Light - Yellow Saturn looks much more modest orange Jupiter. He has no, like his neighbor, colorful cloud cover. But there are rings that do not have other planets. They excited the imagination of many scientists with their unique form. From the ground only three rings are distinguished. These rings are thin, but very broad - width many thousands of kilometers. They consist of stones and ice, which, like satellites, are moving around Saturn. These small stones and ice floes are so much that they merge into solid rings.

Saturn has no solid surface, like the earth, Venus or Mars. Saturn. Like Jupiter, this is a gigantic gas ball, 9 times more than the Earth.

This planet is very far away from the Sun, so the solar heat does not reach Saturn. There is an eternal cold, frost to - 180 degrees.

Like all the planets, Saturn turns around him. One turn around his axis Saturn commits in 10 hours

Moon

If you try to try,

If you want to want

You can climb the sky

And to the sun fly.

And seriously, not a ponaco

Get acquainted with the moon,

Take a little bit

And come back home again. (S.Bajordin.)

The moon is not a star and not a planet. She is an earth satellite, a large stone ball, which is several times less than the earth.

The moon is the closest heavenly body to the ground, the distance to it is 384 thousand kilometers.

If you look at the moon in binoculars, you can see dark and light spots on it. Bright spots are the lunar seas. In fact, there are no water drops in these seas. Previously, people did not know this, therefore they called them by the seas.

There is no water on the moon. Nor air. There is no rain nor snow. On the moon can not live.

The entire surface of the moon is covered with a thick layer of dust. Astronauts who visited the moon say. What she looks like - as if they did not wipe the dust on it for many years.

On the surface of the moon, the heat is up to 130 degrees, and at night - frost - 170 degrees.

The moon shines because. That the sun illuminates it. From the earth, the moon can be seen that round, then sickly, sometimes it is not visible at all. This is because. That it illuminates the sun in different ways, and we see only the illuminated part of the moon. Therefore, she all the time changes the view of the moon moves around the earth and bypassing it around once a month.

The first in the spacecraft on the moon flew American astronauts.

Stars

Who looked at the dome Star

Late autumn frosty,

He saw as a star swan

Rises to Zenit,

He heard like in the blue sky

Lira Starls Ring.

In the old days, people thought that stars brilliant lanterns. Hung to a crystal sky. After all, then did not yet know that every star is a remote sun, which is billions of times more land.

Stars are huge hot shine, similar to our sun. They are very far from the ground and therefore do not warm and seem very small.

Stars in the sky are a lot, and to figure them out. People united the stars in the constellation. Constellations and brightest stars people gave names.

At the night sky, the stars flicker in different lights: blue, white, yellow, red.

White and blue stars are very, very hot. They are hot sun. Yellow stars cold white. They are about the same as our sun. Stars of reddish color is colder than the sun.

According to its size, the stars differ from each other: there are red giants, normal stars and white dwarfs.

Our sun is a star. Perhaps other stars, similar to the sun, there are planets and their satellites. Perhaps there is life on those planets. But we do not know about it yet.

The sun

Sight us, Sunny, Sveti!

Easy to live with you.

And even a song on the way

Himself beats.

From us for clouds - clouds

Do not go, do not -

And the forest, and the field, and the river warm and the sun are happy.

Listen to my song: Sveti from morning to night

And I'll drink you, sleep when you want. (I.Akakim)

The sun is a huge fireball. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is 20 million degrees.

It seems to us that the sun is a small circle. That is why. That it is from the ground at a very long distance. In fact, the sun is huge. It is 109 times the lands of the sun - the ball is the Giant. If you could put the sun next to the ground, it would look like a big soccer ball next to the pea.

From the ground to the Sun 150 million kilometers. Therefore, the sun's rays are not burned, but only warmed and illuminate our planet.

Without the sun, there would be no life on earth. Plants, animals and people live only because life gives them the sun. This understood more ancient people and worshiped the sun, like God. They thanked him for the heat and welcomed his sunrise in the morning.

The sun is the closest star to Earth, this is the center of the solar system. Our planet Earth is one of the nine planets of the solar system.

Comet

Razing his grievous tail, comet rushes between the stars. Bearing at the wild speeds, there was a sun in the airties and the land saw away and new satellites of the Earth and worn from the ground, ships flew behind her! (Saprir)

Comets - celestial travelers. These are huge boulders of stone and ice. Sometimes they are called "dirty snowballs."

But there is a comet. Which time from time to time is returned to the sun. For example, it makes a comet of Gallet every 76 years. Galley is a scientist who first noticed this comet. Comets always give the names of people who opened them.

Most recently, the Americans Hale and Bopp opened a new bright comet, which first flew to the solar system. Now it is called it - Comet - Hale - Boppa.

In March and April 1997, she appeared in the morning in the morning and evening. And it was possible to admire it with silver glitter. This comet is a very rare guest. Scientists believe that the next time it approximately after two and a half thousand years.

When a comet is approaching the Sun, it can be seen in the sky even without binoculars and a telescope, because it appears a glowing tail. This is a comettail - the loop is formed from dust and gas. A comet from the sun flies, cools her body, the tail disappears, and the cold block travels again in space. Tails comet are not terrible land, although they scared people in antiquity. Danger than the solid body of the comet. But, fortunately, the outer space is so huge that we can not be afraid of these meetings.

Cosmonauts

I told the designer the main thing: - There will be not very smooth takeoff ...

There will be a heart, maybe often go to the heels ...

Beware higher heels - that will be all right

And then the whole heart in the heel will not leave ... (A. Halygin)

This profession appeared quite recently. Cosmonaut is a person who is experiencing spacecraft and works on it in space.

Now the astronauts are almost in all countries of the world. But space ships are building and sent to space only two countries in the world - in Russia and America. Cosmonauts have worked on Russian space ships from around the world: from France, from America. From Japan, from China and from many other countries.

The first cosmonaut of the Earth was Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. On April 12, 1961, on the ship 2, he flew around the earth once in 1 hour and 48 minutes. He returned to the land alive and healthy. And scientists decided that a person could live and work in space.

Now cosmonauts for many months, and some more than a year are carried out at space scientific stations.

The World Space Station is built in Russia. It flies and works in an near-earth orbit since 1986. One crew of astronauts is replaced by another. None of the hour ceases work at the Space Station. Cosmonauts are watching the stars, planet and the sun, photograph and study the earth. Care for plants and animals who live at the station, repair their space house, conduct many scientific experiences.

Behind the space flight is monitored from the ground from the control center.

Many cosmonauts flew into space several times.

Cosmonauts - courageous people. They live and work in unusual conditions - in weightlessness, in silent and dangerous space.

Astronauts

Astronauts call American astronauts. American astronauts were the first people who flew to the moon.

In July 1969, the American ship "Apolon" marked the inhabitants of the Earth to our cosmic neighbor. When the spacecraft approached the moon, a special lunar cabin separated from it. And she astronauts Nile Armstrong and Edwin Oldrin descended to the surface of the moon.

Several hours walked earthlings along the surface of the moon, looking at the surroundings, collecting stones and photographing the lunar scenery.

Along the Moon, astronauts went in special skaandras, and they spoke to each other along the radiotelephone, because there is no air on the moon and neither voice is not heard. No sounds. Astronauts moved along the moon as if bouncing. Stripping out one one, then the other foot, because on the moon it is many times easier than on earth.

They left the medals on the moon with portraits of the first cosmonauts and a sign with inscriptions "We arrived with the world on behalf of all mankind." Who knows, maybe some aliens will ever read this letter from the planet Earth.

Then the astronauts returned to the spacecraft, which was waiting for them on an near orbit. And three days later, Apollo drives in the Pacific Ocean.

So the first flight on the moon ended. After that, a few times, American astronauts flew to the moon.

On other planets and their companions, the residents of the Earth have not yet been, but they sent automatic space stations there.

Astronomers

As tempting to become an astronomer, with the universe closely familiar!

It would not be bad at all: watch the work of Saturn,

Admire the constellation lyra, detect black holes

And the treatise to compose certainly - "Explore the depths of the Universe!"

Astronomers are scientists who observe and study the stars.

In those distant times, when people have not yet been able to read and write, they were surprised to have been observed what was happening in the sky. It seemed to them that the sky was a crystal cap, which covered the ground, and the stars were attached to the sky for decoration.

Ancient people thought that the land was stationary, and the sun, the moon and the stars rotate around the Earth.

After many years, Astronomer Nikolai Copernicus proved that the Earth rotates around the Sun.

Another scientist, Newton, understood. Why the planets do not fall: they mutually attract each other and do not allow each other to give away from themselves or approach themselves. Therefore, they all fly around the Sun each on their way.

So gradually scientists opened the secrets of space.

Ancient astronomers studied the stars without special devices, watching the sky from the ground. In the Middle Ages, scientists invented a pickle tube and a telescope to consider distant shining. Now artificial satellites and space stations are flying in space, which explore planets and stars.

The universe has a lot of mysteries, and the astronomers have enough work for a long time.

Satellite

What is there for a relative of the moon,

nephew or granddaughter

Flashes between Tuchuk? -

Yes it is a satellite! That's the times!

He is a satellite of each of us and in whole land

Hands satellite created, and after on the rocket

Deli delivered these (Yu.Yakovlev).

So call the heavenly body. Which all the time circling around the other. Many planets have natural satellites. The earth also has a natural satellite - the moon - and a lot of artificial satellites made by the hands of a person.

Maybe you saw how the shimmering asterisk rolls on the night sky? An asterisk is a satellite lit by the rays of the sun.

The first satellite of the Earth was launched in Russia on October 4, 1957. Then the same satellites launched in the United States and other countries. Thousands of artificial satellites are flying around the Earth.

Satellites help watch TV shows, keep telephone negotiations, send and receive telegrams, associate people with each other. Therefore, they are called connected.

With the help of satellites, the captain leads the ship by the boundless waters of the ocean. Flying around the earth, satellites continuously send radio signals. According to these signals, the captain defines where the ship sails.

Circling around the earth, satellite with the help of a camera watching our planet. From the height of the flight, clouds, hurricanes, storms are clearly visible. It can be seen where at what speed they move. The satellite transfers his observations to the Earth, and meteorologists make up the weather forecast. People created artificial satellites so that they help to learn the land, sun, planets, stars, solve the mystery of nature

Universe

The whole immense world, which is outside the land, is called space. Cosmos is called another word - the universe.

Space, or universe, no end and limit. The universe is filled with countless stars, planets, comets and other celestial bodies. The clouds of cosmic dust and gas are in space. Space cold and darkness reigns in this interstellar desert. There is no air in space.

In the universe there is not a single heavenly body that would stand in place. All of them are moving. It seems to us that the stars are still. But in fact, the stars are so far that we do not notice that they carry in world space at a huge speed.

In this endless and eternal universe, our land is a small planet, and our sun is the usual star, the closest to the ground.

Our land flies in space along with other celestial bodies.

Each star, planet, comet or some other celestial body moves in the universe on his way. In the Universe, there is a strict order, none of the planets or stars will come from its path, from its orbit and not collide one on the other.

The word "space" indicates the word "order, system".

In the sky over our head, many artificial satellites fly. Each of them has its own task. Some transmit television and telephone signals, others - weather information, the third is observed for everything that happens on Earth. Satellites transmit data on the state of the state of our planet and stars to Earth, the location of ships and aircraft reports. Many of them are equipped with solar panels that capture sunlight and convert it to the energy needed for their work.

Why satellites remain in orbit

Throw the ball up with all my might - and it will still fall to the ground, and will not fly into space. In order not to fall on the Earth, the spacecraft, the carrier rocket should dispersed it to a speed of at least 27 thousand km / h. Only in this case he will be able to overcome the power of the earthly attraction and go into an near-earth orbit. There he will be, turning around the earth at a constant distance - exactly, like the natural satellite - the moon.

The very first

• 1957 - The world's first artificial satellite (USSR) launched.
• 1958 - the first American artificial satellite "Exsheur-1" was introduced into orbit.
• 1960 - launched the first meteorological satellite "Tiros-1" (USA).
• 1963 - the first satellite with the Synk-2 repeater (USA) was launched.
• 1964 - the first Italian geophysical satellite "San Marco" was launched.
• 1971 - the first spacecraft, American "Marinar-9" flew around Mars.

Svetlana Antonova
"Why fly into space." An abstract classes in the formation of a holistic picture of the world in the preparatory to school group

Abstract Claiming on the formation of a holistic picture of the world

in preparatory to school group.

(Dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the first flight of a person in space) .

using the presentation

« Why fly into space»

Preliminary work:

1. Conversation with children "Earth Our home in the Universe", "Natural Earth Satellite"

2. Consider and discussing with children of illustrations, books about cosmos.

3. Reading the story of V. Borozdina "First B. cosmos»

purpose:

1. Form in children a concept« space» , « space» .

2. Enter the concept "satellite"

3. Explain what artificial satellites need for

Tasks:

1. To teach clearly, respond to specific questions.

2. Activation of the dictionary: Satellite, space, spaceship, cosmonaut, space flight, Moon, land, weightlessness.

3. Relief in children respect for the work of people whose work is related to the development cosmos

Structure occupation

I. "Earth Our home in the Universe", "Natural Earth Satellite"

1.1. The story of the teacher.

Guys do you know what she is, our planet?

In antiquity, people believed that the Earth is huge and flat, like a damn or as a plate, and can be reached to the edge of the Earth. There were brave, who dreamed of getting to this edge and see, and what's there on the edge of the earth, and it is possible to fall from it. They went on foot, or riding a horse, or on a ship.

Those people who traveled on foot or riding, achieved sooner or later to large water - the sea or the ocean - and believed that their journey it's finished: Here he is the edge of the earth, and nothing except water, there is no longer there. But there were those who, reaching the shore of the sea, transplanted on the ship and continued their journey. These are these navigators and were convinced that, going to the path from some place and moving always in one direction, they, for some reason, return to where the journey began.

"Why is it going on?" - People thought. Yes, therefore, suddenly realized someone that the earth is not flat, like damn. No, she is round like a ball.

1.2. Collaboration with children

Here we have small balls. Take them. And we will need markers. Now imagine that you are travelers and each of you stands on the top of the ball. Put the tip of the marker. Now your path will go all the time down. Drive felt-tipped down the ball, and turn the ball after the movement of the marker. If you carefully move the felt-tumbler in one direction, you will soon find yourself at the same point where you started your way.

So and Pasha travelers were convinced that the Earth is a ball.

1.3. Story teacher

What then surrounds the land? And surrounds her huge space called space space, or space.

Space - This is a huge space without the end and the edge that surrounds our planet. This space is not empty, it is filled with various space Bodies - Stars, planets and their companions, comets and meteorites.

IN space Space There is a natural and only satellite of the Earth - the Moon.

The moon is the natural and only satellite of the Earth, which is from it at a distance of 384 thousand kilometers. The moon is a cold, rocky spherical body with a solid surface, without an atmosphere and water. The origin of the moon is not yet established. Her most likely age is about 5 billion years.

(Slide 3)

1.4. The conclusion "What is land

So what is the land?

Earth is a planet on which we live.

Of cosmos She looks like a beautiful blue ball.

Most of the land is covered with blue water of huge oceans. White spots are clouds, snow and ice. The huge space of green-brown is dry - space covered with stone and soil.

The Earth is the only known to us inhabited planet. People, plants and animals can live on Earth because it is not too hot and not too cold. On Earth there is water for drinking and air for breathing. They are necessary for all living organisms for survival.

(Slide 4)

II. Concept satellite

Distinguish artificial and natural satellites.

Natural satellite - Heavenly body applied on a certain trajectory (orbit) around another object. (for example, Moon)

Artificial satellite - spacecraftmoving in orbit around a celestial body. (The device is running in cosmos from Earth)

On October 4, 1957, the first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched in orbit, Soviet spacecut Satellite - 1. Satellite code designation - PS-1 (Simplest satellite-1).

(Slide 5)

November 3, 1957 in the midst of the sixth morning Moscow time on the Soviet ship "Satellite-2" in space The first animal was launched - a dog husky (the first dog - cosmonautwhich flew around the earth. At that time, the husky was about two years old.

(slide 6)

III. First man B. cosmos

3.1. Conversation with children

Guys! Maybe someone of you knows who was the first person flew in spacefirst cosmonaut?

On April 12, 1961, the planet shook unexpected news: "Man B. cosmos! Russian, Soviet! ". The centuries-old dream of people about flight to the stars came true.

On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in world history, which was flying in space. Sunny morning powerful carrier rocket "East" with ship "East-1", on board which was Gagarin, was launched with baikonur cosmodrome.

(Slide 7)

Starting from April 12, 1962, Gagarin's Day space Was declared a holiday - During the day cosmonautics.

Now cosmonauts often fly into spaceWe have already accustomed to this. But when B. cosmos flew the first cosmonaut, people just mira Tested amazement and delight.

3.2. The story of the teacher about the memories of Yuri Gagarin during flight

Such a miracle was not forever -

In cold Space

Rushing man!

Name Gagarin,

Yuri Gagarin

In memory of people they are all.

The feat is legendary!

The world is grateful to the brave

Motherland is proud!

Yuri Gagarin ranked in the cockpit, the team sounded "Start!" "Go!" - rang out in the radiorrahs of the first cosmonaut. The engines roared, the rocket broke away from the ground and went to the sky.

What did Gagarin experienced in the ship? What did he see in the portholes?

Listen to the passage from his memories.

"When the ship went into orbit, weightlessness appeared. I broke away from the chair and bought between the ceiling and the cab floor. Everything around it became easier.

"Land" I asked that I see, and I told that the mountain ranges, large rivers, large forests, islands spots, coastal edge of the seas are clearly visible. More than an hour, namely 108 minutes, lasted the first flight of man in cosmos. During this time, the ship "East" Overloid the whole globe and sank into exactly the specified area.

Gagarin successfully landed in the Saratov region, not far from the city of Engels.

(Slide 8)

The ship landed on the plowed field. And then an interesting episode occurred, about which Yuri Gagarin then told.

"Stepping on a solid land, I saw a woman with a girl standing near the spotted calf and with curiosity observing me. Went to them. They headed towards. But the closer they approached, the steps they became slower. I was still in a bright orange scaffler, and his unusual appearance was probably scared. Nothing like that they have not seen ... "

(Slide 9)

IV. For what you need artificial satellites

Ship "East" Just once placed around the earth. And modern space Station is B. cosmos many years. This is real space House, in which cosmonauts Live in many months.

Such stations people began to create for long flights in space.

On orbital scientific stations cosmonauts different countries lead land research and outer space.

Sometimes they leave the station and go to the open space.

"Wings" space Stations are solar panels. They are "Catch" Solar rays and turn them into an electric current. And the current illuminates, heats the station and nourishes all the scientific devices.

(Slide 10)

Cosmonauts In the porthole, the sun and stars are observed, photographing the Earth. They have to melted and weld metal, experience the strength of various materials. Cosmonauts grown at the station various plants to learn how they feel in cosmos.

You already know that our planet has a natural satellite. What is it called?

Raper satellite, nights decoration,

Additional lighting.

We, of course, admit should:

It was boring land without ... (Moon)

But the person was able to create and launch in space Artificial satellites of the Earth.

What is there for a relative of the moon,

Nephew or granddaughter

Flashes between Tuchuk?

Yes it is a satellite!

That's the times!

He is a satellite of each of us

And B. whole - all the land.

Hands satellite created

And after on the rocket

Deli delivered these.

When it happened, radio stations total mira They interrupted their programs to report the most important news.

Russian word "satellite" entered all languages mira. Right now in cosmos Constantly there are many artificial satellites. Why do they need?»

Communication satellites carry out television transmission to remote corners of the Earth. Their help is necessary for radio and telephone communications.

Here is the starry sky! What can be seen on it?

Stars there shine distant fire!

Is the stars on the sky shine?

Not! Among the stars there the planets are wandering!

How do you wander? Roads do not know?

Not! It seems as if wandering!

All of them - the sun is a big family.

And under the influence of his attraction

Forever creative circular movements!

And together with them the planet is

The one that calls the planet "Earth",

That you live on and me!

People have already made their first step in space: they built spaceshipswhich can rise from the surface of the earth in space.

People flew to the Moon and even traveled along her surface.

Now people:

Master all the sunny system;

Launch spacecraft to planets, prepare rockets and cosmonauts For traveling to them. And here they are waiting for many amazing discoveries.

Who knows guys maybe and any of you will be able to fly to space. To do this, do not be afraid to dream and fantasize, and also be able to go to the goal, overcoming all obstacles.

The development of technical progress occurs at such a pace that the most outstanding scientific achievements are quickly becoming everyday life and cease to amaze.

It was not an exception and development of outer space. Almost 6 decades separate us from the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth (RS-1). Recall how it was. We find out how far the science in this area has advanced.

How it was

By the mid 60s of the last century a powerful group of like-minded people engaged in practical cosmonautics was formed in the USSR. He headed the group.

The first steps in space were decided to start with the launch of an artificial satellite of the Earth. Wherein these tasks were set:

• check all theoretical calculations;
• collect information on the conditions of the equipment;
• study of the upper layers of the ionosphere and the atmosphere.

To fulfill the necessary volume of research in a satellite with a diameter of 58 cm, special equipment and sources of power were placed. To maintain a constant temperature, its inner cavity was filled with nitrogen, which was driven by special fans. The total weight of the first spacecraft was 83.6 kg. Its hermetic case was made of a special aluminum alloy, and a polished surface has passed a special processing.

Four rod antennas with a length of 2.4 to 2.9 m, mounted on the outer surface of the satellite, during the removal of the apparatus in orbit pressed to the case.

As a missile polygon became a cosmodrome

For the launch of the PC-1 satellite was it was decided to use a military polygon in the Kazakhstan desert. The decisive argument in choosing a place was and proximity to the equator. This allowed at start-up to maximize the speed of rotation of the Earth. And his remoteness from Moscow made it possible to maintain secrecy mode.

It was at the military bar "Baikonur for the first time the spacecraft opened, and the first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched. "Satellite -1" started October 4, 1957 at 22:28 Moscow time. For 92 days of work at an near-earth orbit, he made about one and a half thousand revolutions around the Earth. Two weeks, his signals "BIP-BIP-BIP" received not only in the flight control center, but also radio amateurs worldwide.

As a satellite was delivered to orbit

To launch the first Soviet satellite was used two-stage intercontinental rocket R-7, which was developed as a carrier of a hydrogen bomb.

After some improvements in its design and several tests, it became clear that it would be quite cope with the task of the conclusion of the satellite to a given orbit.

The satellite was placed in the head part of the rocket. Her start was carried out strictly vertically. Then the axis of the rocket was gradually deviated from the vertical. When the rocket speed was close to the first space speed, the first stage was separated. Further flight of rockets now provided the second stage, which increased its speed to 18-20 thousand km / h. When the rocket reached the highest point of its orbit, the satellite separated from the launch vehicle.

Further the movement occurred by inertia.

Physical Founders Flight Satellites

To make the body, it is necessary to perform two basic conditions:

• message body of horizontal speed is 7.8 km / s (first space speed) to overcome earthly gravity;
• move it from the dense layers of the atmosphere into very discharged, which do not resist the movement.

Founding i cosmic speed, satellite revolves around the planet on a circular orbit.

If its period of rotation is equal to 24 hours, then the satellite will rotate synchronously with the ground, as it were, depending on the same area of \u200b\u200bthe planet. Such an orbit is called geostationary, and its radius, at a given speed of the apparatus, must be six times to exceed the radius of the Earth. With an increase in speed up to 11.2 km / s, the orbit is increasingly stretched, turning into an ellipse. It is in such an orbit that the first brainchild of Soviet cosmonautics was moved. At the same time, the earth was in one of the focus of this ellipse. The greatest removal of the satellite from the Earth was 900 km.

But during the movement, he was still immersed in the upper layers of the atmosphere, slowed down, gradually approaching the Earth. In the end, from resistance to air he heated and burned in the dense layers of the atmosphere.

60-year-old launch history

The launch and flight of this tiny silver ball on such a significant distance from the Earth was the triumph of Soviet science for that period. Next, a number of launches followed, which pursued mainly military targets. They performed reconnaissance functions, were part of navigation and communication systems.

Modern starry sky workers perform hasive work for the benefit of mankind. In addition to satellites, intended for defense goals, in demand:

• Communication satellites (repeaters), Providing sustainable weather-independent weather, communication on the larger territory of the planet.
• Satellites navigators, Employees to determine the coordinates and speed of all types of transport and determine the exact time.
• Satellites allowing you to photograph the ground surfaces. "Space" photos are in demand by many land services (forest rods, ecologists, meteorologists, etc.), they are used to create over accurate cards of any sections of the planet.
• Satellites "scientists", it platforms for checking new ideas and technologies, Tools for the receipt of unique scientific information.

Manufacturing, starting and servicing spacecraft requires huge expenses, so international projects began to appear. One of them iNMAZART SYSTEM, providing ships in the open sea, a steady connection. It is thanks to her a lot of maritime ships and human lives is saved.

Look at the night sky

At night, among the diamond placer stars, you can see bright, not blinking glowing points. If they, moving in a straight line, fly the entire sky for 5-10 minutes, which means you saw the satellite. The unarmed look is available to observe only large satellites, not less than 600 m in length. They are visible only when they reflect the sunlight.

These objects refers international Space Station (ISS). For one night it can be seen twice. At first it moves from the southeastern sky to the northeast. After about 8 hours, it appears in the north-west and hides behind the southeastern part of the horizon. The most successful time to observe her - June-July - an hour after sunset and 40-60 minutes before the sunrise of our shining.

By looking at the glowing point, remember how much power and knowledge is invested in this miracle of technical thought, which courage has people working on board the orbital station.

If this post you came in handy, Buda is glad to see you

For the first time, an artificial satellite of the Earth was launched in 1957. From this time, the word "satellite" appeared in all world languages. Today they are numbered not one dozen, and everyone has its name.

Artificial satellites of our planet refer to the aircraft. They are derived in orbit and rotate in a geocentric orbit. ARS is created in applied and scientific purposes.

The first launch of such an apparatus - October 4, 1957. It is he who is the first celestial body created by artificially people. It was used to achieve Soviet computing equipment, rocket technology, as well as heavenly mechanics. With the help of the first exercise, scientists have the opportunity to measure the density of all atmospheric layers, find out the features of the transmission of radio signals in foreign ones, check the accuracy and accuracy of technical solutions and theoretical calculations that were used to derive the USS.

What are earthly satellites? Views

All of them are divided into:

• research devices.,
• applied.

It depends on what tasks they decide. With the help of research apparatus it is possible to investigate the behavior of the celestial objects of the Universe and the significant amount of outer space. Research devices include: orbital astronomical observatory, geodesic, geophysical satellites. Applied include: Meteorological, Navigation and Technical, Communication Satellites and Satellites for Land Research. There are also artificially created Earth satellites, intended for the flight of people into space, they are called "piloted".

In which orbits the earth satellites fly? What is height?

Those are based on equatorial orbit are called equatorial, and those that are polar orbits - polar. There are also stationary models that were launched into a circular equatorial orbit, and their movement coincides with the rotation of our planet. Such stationary devices hang motionless over any particular point of land.

Details discharged in the process of conclusion in orbit are often also called Earth satellites. They relate to secondary orbital objects and serve to conduct observations for scientific purposes.

The first five years after the first launch of the ISS (1957-1962) were called scientific way. For their name, they took a year of launch and one Greek letter corresponding to the number in order in each particular year. With the increase in the number of launched artificial devices from the beginning of 1963, they became referred to the year of launch and just one Latin letter. The USS may have different constructive schemes, different sizes, differ in mass, onboard equipment. Power supply UES is due to solar panels that stand on the outside of the case.

Upon reaching a satellite of a height of 42164 kilometers from the center of our planet (from the surface of the Earth is 35786 km), it begins to enter the zone where the orbit will correspond to the rotation of the planet. Due to the fact that the movement of the device occurs at the same speed as the movement of the Earth (this period is equal to 24th hours), it seems that it stands on the spot only over one longitude. Such orbit is called geosynchronous.

Tasks and flight programs around the Earth

Meteorological system "Meteor" was created back in 1968. It includes not one, but several satellites that are at the same time are in different orbits. They are watching the cloud cover of the planet, record the contours of the seas and the mainland, as transmitting information to the hydrometeorological center.

These satellites are important and in the process of conducting the Cosmophilia used in geology. It is possible to detect large geological structures related to mineral deposits. They help clearly fix the forest fires, which is relevant for the taped expanses, where it is impossible to quickly notice a big fire. With the help of space snapshots, you can consider the features of soils and relief, landscapes, the distribution of underground and terrestrial water. With the help of satellites, you can monitor the changes in the vegetation cover, which is especially important for agricultural specialists.

Interesting facts about earthly satellites

1. The first PS-1 was the first to be used at the near-earth orbit. Its launch was carried out from the USSR polygon.
2. The creator of PS-1 was the constructor Korolev who could get the Nobel Prize. But in the USSR, it was not accepted to assign to the achievement to someone alone, everything was common. Therefore, the creation of an exercise was the achievement of the entire people of the USSR.
3. In 1978, the USSR launched a spy satellite, but the launch was unsuccessful. The device included a nuclear reactor. When he fell, - infected the territory of more than 100,000 square kilometers.
4. Startup circuit Izs resembles a stone throwing. It needs to be "thrown out" from the landfill at such a speed so that he himself could rotate around the planet. The satellite start speed should be 8 kilometers per second.
5. A copy of PS-1 could be purchased at EBAY auction at the beginning of the 21st century.