1.3.1. Act material as a historical source and methods of its study. General characteristics of the assembly material Old Russian acts represent an extensive set of sources. According to V.A.Kuchkin's estimates, only eight acts of the XII century, 15 acts have survived to this day

1. What is the name of the most complete of the sources covering the history of Ancient Russia? a) Novgorod first chronicle; * b) "The Tale of Bygone Years"; c) The Ostrom World Gospel. * The most complete source for studying the history of Ancient Rus is the "Tale of Bygone Years". It is a collection of chronicles compiled in Kiev at the beginning of the XII century. by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor and later supplemented by the hegumen Sylvester. This document was, in fact, the first historical work in Russia, in which the history of the Old Russian state is shown against a broad background of events in world history. 2. Which of the following principles is applied in the study of Russian history? a) the principle of large numbers; * b) the principle of alternativeness; c) the principle of balance. * One of the main principles of studying Russian history is the principle of alternativeness. This is not just the opposition of one option to another, which is often the case in discussions. A speculative, non-factual proposal cannot be an alternative either. The alternative is to determine the degree of probability based on an analysis of the available objective, real possibilities. The use of this principle allows one to see the multivariance of the historical process, to trace possible, but not realized paths of development. 3. Name a science that helps to better study history? a) architectonics; * b) archeography; c) biogeography * Archeography is an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the publication of written historical sources. Principles and methods of publication, organization of publishing work, history of publication of documents - the main problems developed by archeography. The task of archaeographers also includes the publication of sources.

1. What linguistic community do the Slavs belong to?

1. What are the objective prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state? a) the calling of the Varangians by the Ilmen Slavs to Russia; * b) the emergence of private property among the Eastern Slavs and the beginning of the stratification of social society. * The formation of the Old Russian state is an objective process generated by the emergence of private property and the stratification of society into classes. The Eastern Slavs were engaged not only in gathering, fishing and hunting, but also in pastoralism. However, the main occupation of the Eastern Slavs is agriculture and craft. The transition from appropriating to a producing economy led to the emergence of a surplus product, which gradually began to accumulate among the representatives of the authorities (princes). Moreover, the princes and warriors enriched themselves, mainly as a result of the plundering of neighboring tribes. Property differentiation gradually undermined the clan system with its equalizing institutions and led to the emergence of the basic institutions of a class society. 2. The authors of what historical theory are German scientists of the 18th century G.Z. Bayer and G.F. Miller? * a) Norman; b) Germanic; c) East Slavic; d) Baltic. * German scientists of the 18th century GZ Bayer and GF Miller, who worked in Russia, created the so-called "Norman theory". This theory was based on a literal reading of the oldest Russian chronicle - "The Tale of Bygone Years", edited by the monk Nestor. The "Tale" reported on the calling of the Varangians by the Ilmen Slavs to Russia to rule the Novgorod land. Varangians in the Middle Ages in Russia were called Norman or northern peoples who lived on the territory of Scandinavia. Based on the "Norman theory", German scientists made a far-reaching conclusion about the inferiority of the Russian people, unable to form their own state. It is quite obvious that this conclusion has a political direction. The great scientist M.V. Lomonosov was the first to criticize this theory. His evidence that the Slavs had all the data in order to independently form their state looks quite convincing. Domestic historians, both pre-revolutionary and Soviet, were unanimous in criticizing the "Norman theory". Modern Russian scientists believe that the formation of the Old Russian state is an objective process generated by the decomposition of communal relations and the emergence of the basic institutions of class society among the Eastern Slavs. 3. Why did Kiev become the main political center of the Old Russian state? a) Kiev was located in the geographical center of the Old Russian state; b) Kiev was the religious center of the Slavic tribes; * c) Kiev was the most ancient political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs, it occupied an extremely advantageous military-strategic position. * Kiev became the capital of the Old Russian state because it was the most ancient political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs and occupied a very advantageous military-strategic position. Kiev was the political center of the most economically and culturally developed tribal union of the Eastern Slavs - the Polyans. From it opened a convenient waterway from the Slavic lands to the most developed part of Europe - Byzantium. 4. Why did Christianity become the state religion of Ancient Rus under Vladimir 1 Svyatoslavich? a) Vladimir Svyatoslavich was fascinated by the beauty of services in Christian churches; * b) adopting Christianity, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was primarily guided by the state interests of Russia; c) Vladimir Svyatoslavich miraculously believed in Christian religious truths. * Baptizing Russia, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was guided not by some religious and mystical considerations, but by quite real state interests: by this time the main foreign policy partners of Russia in Europe had already adopted Christianity, which opened them access to the cultural achievements of advanced countries. At that time, a single religion and a single church organization greatly facilitated economic and political relations within the Christian world. Christian princes abandoned dynastic marriages with pagans. Russian merchants in Christian countries were discriminated against for religious reasons. Geographical position and long-standing historical ties predetermined the adoption of Christianity for Russia, as well as for other European countries. 5. What influence did the Mongol yoke have on the historical development of Rus? a) the Mongol yoke contributed to a more rapid overcoming of feudal fragmentation and the formation of a centralized state; * b) the Mongol yoke slowed down the economic, political and cultural development of Russia, was one of the main factors determining its relative historical lag behind Western Europe; * The Mongol yoke left a heavy imprint on the history of Russia from 1237 to 1480, it slowed down the economic, political and cultural development of Russia, was one of the main factors that determined its relative historical lag behind the countries of Western Europe. And even after 1480, when the Mongol yoke was over, the struggle against the devastating raids of the Mongol-Tatars continued to divert the forces of the nation and state from solving other problems. Only three hundred years later, the conquest of the Crimean Khanate under Catherine II ensured the safety of the population of the forest-steppe and steppe regions of Russia.

1. What were the reasons for the rise of Moscow and its transformation into the center of the Russian state? a) Moscow was the most ancient and developed center of Russia; b) the weakness of other principalities; * c) the advantageous geographical location, the flexibility of the politically Moscow princes, the support of Moscow by the church. * The advantageous geographical location of Moscow, the flexibility of the policy of the Moscow princes, the support of Moscow by the church. Moscow occupied a central position and was protected from all sides by other principalities from external enemies. The presence of a dense river network allowed it to connect the entire region together, and contributed to the development of crafts, production and trade. The policy of the Moscow princes was purposeful, flexible and far-sighted. It consisted in using various methods of expanding and strengthening their principality: the boredom of lands, diplomatic seizure with the help of the Horde, attracting princes to their side for the purpose of their voluntary entry into the Moscow principality, resettlement of the population from the Moscow region to sparsely populated areas with their subsequent annexation, etc. etc. In the confrontation between Russian cities for the grand-ducal table, Moscow was supported by the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1326, the first stone Assumption Cathedral was built in Moscow, where Metropolitan Peter moved at the invitation of Ivan Kalita. Since that time, Moscow has become the center of the metropolis. In addition, there are unconventional points of view on this issue. The historian A.A. Zimin saw the reasons for Moscow's victory in the creation of a strong service army and in the peculiarities of the colonization process, which favorably influenced the development of new regions. L.N. Gumilev believed that the success of Moscow's development was predetermined by the vigorous activity of many passionaries in it. 2. What was the territory of the present Voronezh region at the time of the completion of the formation of the Russian centralized state? a) it was a densely populated area with a large number of cities; * b) the territory was a "Wild Field" - a depopulated land with a completely destroyed economy; c) these lands were subordinate to the Crimean Khan. * The Voronezh Territory was a "Wild Field" - a depopulated territory with an economy completely destroyed during the years of the Horde yoke. But even after the expulsion of the conquerors, the invasion of the Crimean Tatars to the Russian lands continued. In order to strengthen and protect the southern borders of Russia by decree of Ivan IV in the 50-60s. X1U century. the construction of the Belgorod defensive line with a length of 800 km begins. Within this line in 1586 the city of Voronezh was founded. 3. What Moscow prince is called the first collector of the Russian land? * a) Ivan Sh; b) Dmitry Donskoy; c) Ivan Kalita; d) Vasily Sh. * The first collector of the Russian land is called the Moscow prince Ivan Kalita (1325-1340). He laid the foundations for the might of the Moscow principality. Moreover, the Moscow principality expanded significantly: most of the lands of northeastern Russia were annexed to it, including the Kostroma, Pereyaslav, Rostov and Yuriev princedoms. In 1327, after suppressing the uprising in Tver against the Horde, Ivan Kalita received from the khan a shortcut to the Vladimir principality, which from now on did not leave Moscow almost never. In relation to the Horde, the Moscow prince pursued a flexible policy: outwardly observing obedience to the khans, paying regularly tribute to the Horde, he unified the Russian lands around Moscow, restored and raised the economy of Russia, accumulated strength for the upcoming struggle against the foreign yoke. 4. Which Moscow prince completed the unification of the Russian lands around Moscow? a) Ivan Sh; b) Alexander Nevsky; c) Dmitry Donskoy; * d) Vasily Sh. * The prince who managed to finally complete the unification of the Russian lands around Moscow was Vasily Sh. He annexed to Moscow the last princedoms independent of Moscow, which included Ryazan, Novgorod-Severskoye, Pskov and Smolenskoye. During the reign of Vasily III, the territory increased more than six times and amounted to 2800 km. About 100 cities were part of Russia. 5. What was the name of the main form of boyar feudal land use in the XY-middle of the XU1 centuries. * a) patrimony; b) the feud; c) the estate. * The main form of boyar feudal land use in the ХУ-ХУ1 centuries was the patrimony. The patrimony was a hereditary land ownership, which could be taken from the boyar only for treason to the Grand Duke. The patrimony could be sold and inherited. With the stratification of the boyars, a significant part of it was dispossessed of land. Representatives of the landless boyars moved to new lands with the aim of serving the sovereign and receiving an allotment of land. As a reward for service at the prince's court, landless boyars were given estates. Hence the names "landowner" and "nobleman" originated. Local lands were not inherited until 1714, but could be transferred to a son only with the consent of the sovereign and on the condition that the son accepted the position of his father. 6. What are the consequences of the reforms carried out by the Chosen Rada and Ivan IV the Terrible in the middle of the ХУ1 century? ? a) the Russian Empire was formed; b) the government was decentralized; * c) there was an increase in the centralization of power in the Russian state. * Under Ivan IV the Terrible, there was an increase in the centralization of power in the Russian state. The rise of the prestige of the central government was facilitated by the wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom in 1547. Earlier, the khan of the Golden Horde was called tsar. The Boyar Duma played an ever-smaller role in the state. With the help of a group of people close to him (the Chosen Rada), Ivan IV implemented comprehensive reforms aimed at strengthening the central government. An order system was formed - the state administration apparatus. They existed until the reign of Peter 1. Local government developed, the main function of which was the allocation, collection and delivery of direct taxes to Moscow. The "feeding" was canceled. Instead, a tax was introduced in favor of the state. This contributed to the centralization of finance. In the course of the reforms, localism was limited - a system of distributing official positions among feudal lords, which took into account, first of all, the origin and official position of their ancestors. A permanent streltsy army was created - the mainstay of the power of the tsar and the state. In 1549, the all-estates legislative body, the Zemsky Sobor, was convened for the first time. Unlike the Western European estate-representative bodies, he limited the power of the tsar to a much lesser extent. In the course of church reform, uniform church holidays and a pantheon of saints were established. In 1550 a new Code of Law was adopted. He reflected the strengthening of the serfdom of the peasants, increasing the "elderly". All transformations in the middle of the ХУ1 century. had as their goal to strengthen the power of the state and tsarist power. 7. Which Moscow prince first promulgated written laws called "Code of Laws"? a) Vasily Dark; b) Vasily Sh; * c) Ivan Sh; d) Ivan the Terrible. * The first Moscow prince to promulgate written laws was Ivan Sh. In 1497, on the advice of the Boyar Duma, Ivan Sh, a new "Code of Laws" was promulgated. In this document, the centralization of the Russian state was legally entrenched. 68 articles of the "Code of Law" summarized and legally consolidated the order that took shape within the lands and principalities, as well as within the framework of a single state. Under Ivan IV in 1550, a new "Code of Law" was prepared and approved by the Zemsky Sobor and approved by the tsar. It basically retained the structure of the 1497 Code of Law, but its 101 articles expanded the interpretation of many issues. 8. Did Russia have in the second half of the XY - the middle of the XI1 centuries. diplomatic, trade relations with countries with countries of the West and East? a) extensive relations were developed with a number of countries in Europe and Asia; b) Russia was in diplomatic isolation; * c) Russia restored the interrupted relations with the countries of the East and West and began to develop new ones. * Russia restored diplomatic and trade relations with a number of countries of the East and West and began to develop new ones. During the Horde yoke, the ties of Russia with the countries of the East and West were practically interrupted (except for Novgorod). After gaining political independence, diplomatic isolation was broken, Ivan Sh became the first Moscow sovereign to resume relations with foreign states (Italy, Germany, Hungary, Denmark, Turkey, Iran, India). Not only political, but also trade and cultural ties with the countries of the East and West expanded. During this period, the interest of foreigners in Russia increased, the flow of visitors to our country exceeded the number of those leaving it. Ivan Sh himself married the heiress of the Byzantine throne Sophia Palaeologus. Products of trade, timber, hemp, furs were exported from Russia; weapons, metal, cloth were imported to Russia from the West, from the East - fabrics, porcelain, jewelry. Foreign craftsmen were used in mining, foundry, weapons manufacturing, construction. In 1584 a sea route was opened from Arkhangelsk through the White Sea to England, which satisfied the interests of both countries. Ivan IV had personal correspondence with the heads of many states: with the emperors of the "Holy Roman Empire" Karl U and Ferdinand 1, with the English queen Elizabeth 1, with the kings of Poland Sigismund Vasa and Stephen Bathory, with the kings of Denmark, Sweden, with the khans of Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimea.

1. Choose the correct chronological order of the change of applicants to the Russian throne during the Troubles (1598 - 1613): a) Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry 1, Vladislav, False Dmitry P, Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky; b) False Dmitry 1, Boris Godunov, Fedor Godunov, False Dmitry P, Vladislav, Vasily Shuisky; * c) Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry 1, Vasily Shuisky, False Dmitry P, Vladislav. 2. Why did the Zemsky Sobor in 1613 elect Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne? a) the boyars wanted a strong king; * b) it was a compromise between different political camps of Russian society; * The election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was the result of a compromise between different political camps in Russian society. After the Troubles, the country needed a government of public reconciliation. A candidacy from the Romanov family suited various strata and classes. For the boyars, the Romanovs were of their own origin. In addition, they believed that the young and dull-witted Mikhail would be "fond of" them. Those who were close to the oprichnina court and those who suffered from the oprichnina did not object to the Romanovs, since the Romanovs were among those and others. Filaret, the father of the future monarch, was supported by the supporters of False Dmitry 1, since the impostor - Grigory Otrepiev - was the serf of Fyodor Romanov. Supporters of Vasily Shuisky could not be against it either, since under him, Filaret participated in the ceremony of transferring the relics of the innocently murdered Tsarevich Dmitry. And for the main opponents of Vasily Shuisky - the Tushino Cossacks - Filaret was his own, since The "Tushino" thief (False Dmitry P) called him patriarch. 3. When did the formation of absolutism in Russia begin? a) under Ivan Sh; b) under Ivan IV; c) under Mikhail Fedorovich; * d) under Alexei Mikhailovich; e) under Peter 1. * The beginning of the formation of absolutism in Russia is attributed to the time of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, i.e. to the second half of the HUP c. This was reflected in the decline in the role of the institutions characteristic of the estate-representative monarchy - the Boyar Duma and Zemsky Sobors, as well as in the victory of the secular power over the ecclesiastical (the case of Patriarch Nikon). Absolutism in Russia was formed on the basis of the undivided domination of the feudal-serf system. In the years of aggravation of social contradictions, all strata of the ruling class rallied around the tsar, which contributed to the strengthening of the autocracy and the centralization of government. The theoretical postulates of autocracy were supported by the Cathedral Code of 1649, two chapters of which were devoted to the observance of the prestige of the tsarist power. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, the royal title changed. Instead of the former "sovereign, tsar and grand duke of all Russia" after the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, he began to sound like this: "By God's grace, the great sovereign, tsar and grand duke of all Great and Small and White Russia autocrats." 4. How can you characterize public policy after the Troubles? a) as liberal; * b) as conservative; c) as democratic. * After the Troubles, the conservative tendency won out. None of the alternatives to the Time of Troubles took place. Society was incredibly tired of the political struggle that lasted for a decade and a half and strove for the traditional order, for the familiar antiquity. This was ensured by the first Romanovs: Mikhail Fedorovich, Alexei Mikhailovich, Fedor Alekseevich. After the Troubles, it was necessary to build the state almost anew, to restore the borders. This required a strong central authority, the bearer of which was the king. All actions of the authorities were carried out on behalf of the king and by his decree. Already the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty, elected by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, was not given any conditions. Power acquired an autocratic and legitimate character.

1. What is "protectionist policy"? a) the patronage of the monarch to random people and their promotion to court and government positions not on the principle of "state benefit", but on the qualities that attract the monarch himself (personal loyalty, physical beauty, etc.; * b) the economic policy of the state aimed at support of the national economy. * "Protectionism" - the economic policy of the state, carried out with the help of trade and industrial barriers that protect the domestic market from the import of foreign goods. Financial encouragement of the national economy is characteristic. First appears in Russia under Peter 1. A number of decrees up to 1717. - transfer of state-owned factories to merchants on preferential terms. After 1717 - the government gave up its monopoly on the sale of top-notch goods abroad; exemption of the owners of manufactories from service; 1721 - granting the owners of manufactories the right to purchase to enterprises; 1722 - decree on the right of manufacturers not to return runaways who have mastered the skill to landowners. The pinnacle of the policy of protectionism is the customs tariff of 1724: the amount of duties levied on foreign goods began to depend on the ability of domestic enterprises to meet the needs of the domestic market (the more goods Russian manufactures produce, the higher duties are levied on the same goods imported due to borders). 2. Thanks to what document could the natives of the "vile" estates expect to receive a title of nobility in Russia? a) "Charter to the nobility"; b) General Regulations; * c) "Table of Ranks"; d) the charter of the Chief Magistrate; e) Cathedral Code of 1649 * Thanks to the "Table of Ranks". Adopted in 1722. Introduced a new order of service. The service ladder consisted of 14 steps, or ranks - from field marshal and general admiral or chancellor to ensign or collegiate registrar. Getting the 14th rank gave a personal nobility, 8th - hereditary. 3. What have replaced the orders of the ХУ1 - ХУП centuries? a) ministries; b) the Supreme Privy Council; * c) collegia; d) the State Council; e) the Conzilia of Ministers. * Colleges. The collegia were introduced by the government of Peter 1 in order to delineate functions between departments. Subordinate to the emperor and the Senate. 1717 - 21 - the staffs were established, presidents were appointed and the functions of 12 collegia were determined: the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, the Military, the Admiralty Collegium, the Chamber Collegium, the State Office Collegium (management of public expenditures), the Audit Collegium (control over the spending of budget funds in the center and locally), the Berg-Collegium, the Manufacturing Collegium (industrial management), the Commerce Collegium, the Votchina Collegium and the Chief Magistrate (the administration of city magistrates). Each collegium consisted of a presence (president, vice president, 4 advisers, 4 assessors, and a secretary) and staff (officials and clerks). The collegium included a fiscal (later a prosecutor) who controlled its activities. In the 80s. HUSH c. abolished State-offices, Revision-, Justits-collegiums. The rest survived until the beginning of the 19th century. and were replaced by the ministries of Alexander 1. 4. In 1719 in St. Petersburg the museum and the library were opened for free visits. What was it called? a) the Hermitage; b) Artillery Museum; * c) Kunstkamera; d) Russian Museum; e) Naval Museum. * The Kunstkamera is a collection of natural science collections and rarities, skillful handicrafts. Initially, it united the personal collections of Peter I, collected during a trip to Western Europe. Soon it began to be replenished with a variety of domestic and foreign materials. In 1724 it became part of the Academy of Sciences and turned into a complex museum. In the 30s. Х1Х century. - due to the abundance of materials, it is divided into a number of museums: anatomical, ethnographic, zoological, etc. The Kunstkamera building is an outstanding architectural monument of the 20th century (1718-34 architects G.I. -58, architect S. Chevakinsky). 5. What is the main purpose of Peter 1? a) strengthening the personal power of the monarch; * b) the desire to modernize Russian society; c) strengthening the country's defense capability; d) ensuring total control by states both over the activities and over the personal life of their subjects. * The desire of Peter 1 to modernize society, to make Russia a European power. The remedy is a very quick introduction to Russia of everything advanced found in the West (technology, technology, achievements of science and culture, etc.). A kind of "impetus" for reforms - the practice of military operations in the South and especially - in the Northern War - is the awareness of the need to create a powerful economy, army and navy, an appropriate system of state administration and the training of personnel necessary for this. 6. What places and architectural structures of Voronezh are associated with the stay of Peter 1 and the construction of the navy? a) the so-called "Arsenal"; * b) "Petrovsky Island" and the Assumption Church; c) the so-called "Travel Palace"; * "Petrovsky Island" - the place where the shipyard was located; here were built multi-gun ships: "Predestination", "Apostle Peter" "Apostle Paul", many small ships. The Assumption Church is the only surviving building of the pre-Petrine period; in the time of Peter the Great, the first ships of the Russian fleet launched here were consecrated. 7. What direction of Russian foreign policy was the main one in the last years of the reign of Peter 1? a) Far East (connected with the preparation of V. Bering's expedition); b) Balkan (rapprochement between Russia and Montenegro); * c) Southern. * In the last years of the reign of Peter I, the main direction of Russia's foreign policy was the so-called "southern" direction. 1722-23 - The Persian campaign of the Russian army and navy under the command of Peter 1 to the Caspian possessions of Iran. Objectives: ensuring trade between Russia and eastern countries, helping the peoples of Transcaucasia to liberate themselves from Iranian domination, preventing Turkish aggression in Transcaucasia. The Russian government acted in agreement with the king of Kartli Vakhtang U1 and the Armenian Catholicos Yesai. July 1722 - the landing of Russian troops (22 thousand infantry) in the Agrakhan Gulf; August 23 - the capture of Derbent. December 1722 - Russian troops occupied Rasht, July 1723 - Baku. The successes of the Russian troops and the invasion of the Transcaucasus by the Turks, which began in the spring of 1723, forced the Iranian government on September 12, 1723 to conclude the Petersburg Treaty, according to which Derbent, Baku, Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad provinces ceded to Russia. 8. What phenomenon in Russian history has received the name of the policy of "enlightened absolutism"? a) the reforms of Peter 1; * b) the policy of the government of Catherine II; c) the liberation of the peasants from serfdom by Alexander II; * The policy of "enlightened absolutism" was one of the main directions of the government of Catherine P. At that time, the ideas of the enlighteners (Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot, Voltaire, etc.) enjoyed great attention and authority. These ideas were based on the principles of "natural law", which recognized the equality and freedom of all people from birth and, therefore, their equal rights. The present human society, unreasonable and unjust, must be destroyed; it exists only because an unenlightened people do not understand all its injustice. Consequently, the enlightenment of the people is required, and the transformations in society on various grounds will be carried out by the "enlightened monarch". Catherine II was forced to take the path of "enlightened absolutism" by the exacerbation of social contradictions in the country. In her "Notes" she frankly wrote that it was this that directly pushed her on the path of strengthening the autocracy in the spirit of the policy of "enlightened monarchs." Of course, there were other incentives that forced the autocracy to take this path: the development of bourgeois relations, the weakening of the state power of the ruling class, etc. On the whole, however, Catherine's "liberal" phrases were camouflage; government policy remained pro-noble, feudal. 9. At the end of the ХУШ century. three sections of the Commonwealth were produced. Which of them did Russia participate in? a) in the first and second; b) in the third; * c) in all three. * Russia participated in all three sections of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. By the middle of the ХУШ century. Poland (or Rzeczpospolita) was in a state of extreme weakening and decline. In essence, it lost its significance as an independent state and allowed its stronger neighbors - Austria, Prussia, Russia - to interfere in their internal affairs. In 1772, as a result of an agreement between these states, the first partition of Poland took place. According to him, Russia received part of eastern Belarus and land in Livonia. In 1793 the second section took place. Right-bank Ukraine (Volyn and Podolia) and Central Belarus (Minsk) depart to Russia. In 1795, the third division of the Rzecz Pospolita was carried out. Western Belarus, Western Volhynia, Lithuania and Courland were ceded to Russia. Poland as a state ceased to exist. 10. To whom was the throne transferred under the Law of Succession, issued by Paul 1 in 1797? * a) the eldest son; b) the wife of the emperor; c) the brother of the emperor in seniority. * According to this law, the throne was passed only along the male line in a straight ascending line, i.e. to the eldest son, then to the younger sons, and only in their absence - to the uncles. Thus, it seemed to Paul, the order of inheritance would be established and the possibility of reigns, in particular, of his own wife, would disappear. That is, in essence, this law was a manifestation of the suspicion of Paul 1, fear for his future.

1. What is the "Secret Committee"? a) the censorship committee, which appeared at the beginning of Х1Х; * b) the close circle of Alexander 1, which influenced his policy; c) the secret police. * The "secret committee" consisted of representatives of the aristocratic youth, close to Alexander 1 - Pavel Stroganov, Nikolai Novosiltsev, Viktor Kochubei and Adam Chartoryisky. All of them were Anglomaniacs and considered the English constitutional monarchy to be the ideal state structure, but the introduction of a constitution in Russia seemed to them premature. Consistently defending the principle of autocracy, they wanted to give the absolutist regime the appearance of external legality. From July 1801 to May 1802, 35 meetings of the Committee were held, and in 1803 the Committee, having held only 4 meetings, was closed. Alexander 1 already felt more secure on the throne and did not really need such advisors. 2. Why did the Decembrists decide to speak on December 14, 1825, that is, earlier than the scheduled date? * a) Alexander 1 died suddenly; b) the unification of the Southern and Northern societies took place and a decision was made to perform; c) the plan of the uprising was ready, and the members of the society did not want to waste time. * On November 19, 1925, during a trip to the south of Russia in Taganrog, Alexander 1 suddenly died. He did not have a son, and according to the law, his brother Konstantin was to come to the throne. But Constantine, back in 1823, renounced his rights to the throne in favor of his next brother, Nicholas. However, the act of abdication of Constantine and the confirmation of Nicholas as heir to the throne was kept secret. Therefore, when it became known about the death of Alexander, the troops, government agencies and the population swore allegiance to Constantine. However, Constantine, not accepting the throne, did not want to formally renounce it. An interregnum atmosphere was created, which the Decembrists decided to take advantage of. The speeches were scheduled for December 14, the day when the new tsar - Nicholas 1 was to be sworn in. 3. What did the "Eastern question" mean for Russia in the second half of the 19th century? a) the Caucasian War for the annexation of the North Caucasus; b) inclusion of the Central Asian peoples into the empire; * c) solving the problem of the Black Sea and the Black Sea straits, supporting the liberation movement of the Balkan peoples. * For Russia, the resolution of the problem of the Black Sea and the Black Sea straits was associated with ensuring the security of the southern borders and with the economic development of the south of the country, with the intensive growth of Russia's foreign trade across the Black Sea. In addition, the decline of the once powerful Ottoman Empire led to the growth of the national liberation movement of the Balkan peoples against the Ottoman yoke. Russia feared that the collapse of the Ottoman Empire would make the Balkan peoples a prey to the stronger European powers. She tried to strengthen her position in the Balkans in order to prevent the expansion of other European powers in this region. The patronage of the Orthodox population of the Balkan Peninsula served as a motive for Russia to participate in Middle Eastern affairs and to oppose the expansionist intrigues of England and Austria. 4. Who was called “temporarily liable” in post-reform Russia? a) a breeder who leased a state-owned enterprise for a while; b) a soldier who quit after military service in the reserve; c) land tenant; * d) peasant. * "Temporarily liable" in post-reform Russia was a former serf peasant. It is known that the legal emancipation of the peasants from serfdom came immediately after the publication of the law. However, the most difficult question - about land - was confused. The starting point was the provision on the ownership of landowners for all the lands they owned, including the former peasant plots. The manifesto introduced a provision on the "voluntary donation" of the noble nobility. The time of the redemption of land by the peasants in ownership was not established in the Regulations, and before the conclusion of the redemption transaction, the peasants received allotments only for use. And while the former serfs used the land, but did not own it, they received the name of the temporarily obligated. For the use of the landlord's land formally, they bore obligations, the amount of which was regulated by law. 5. Which of the bourgeois reforms of the 60-70s. Х1Х century. turned out to be the most radical and consistent? a) zemstvo; b) urban; c) military; * d) judicial; e) financial; f) in the field of education. * The most radical and consistent was the judicial reform of 1864. The country received a new court - unclassified, public, adversarial, with a legal profession, with the election of a magistrate, independent of the administration. There were cases when Alexander P expressed extreme bewilderment that even he could not remove an obstinate judge or investigator from office. The culmination of the reforms was the jury, which opponents of the reforms called the "street court", since he came from various walks of life. The bourgeois court brought Russia closer to the rule of law. The moment of promulgation of the judicial statutes was a real "finest hour" for the reformers and was received with unanimous sympathy by the polarized Russian society. 6. Name the longest bourgeois reform of the 19th century. a) zemstvo; b) urban; * c) military; d) judicial. * The longest of the liberal reforms is the military one. It began after the Crimean War and was held for 30 years. The reform replaced long-term recruiting with all-class military service and significantly reduced the length of service. Instead of 25 years, the total service life in the ground forces was 15 years, including 6 years in service and 9 years in reserve, and in the navy, the total term was 10 years, of which 7 years in service and 3 years in reserve. The reform was aimed at humanizing and intellectualizing the training of officers. Military judicial reform 1863-1888 was intended to eliminate the legal basis for the arbitrariness of the commanders. Corporal punishment was abolished as a disciplinary measure, and uniform criminal penalties were introduced for military personnel of all classes.

1. What are the features of the development of capitalism in Russia. * a) accelerated all-round development of the country; b) economic development only at the expense of Russian capital; c) capitalism in Russia did not have its own characteristics. * A feature of capitalism in Russia is the accelerated all-round development of the country. Russia entered the new twentieth century. at a time when the rate of progressive changes in development was very high. She has not yet caught up with the level of development of the United States, Germany, England, but caught up with France. This is the first thing. Secondly, in Russia capitalism was "imposed" from above by the government, which was forced to use the latest achievements of bourgeois progress to strengthen itself and therefore encourage the construction of railways and large enterprises. Third, in Western Europe, the bourgeoisie took the lead in the struggle for a more progressive path of development over a long period. In Russia, all these changes took place in a short time and using the experience of farming, already developed in the countries of Europe and North America. Fourth, the implementation of an agrarian policy aimed at strengthening serf land ownership. As a result, the agrarian revolution was not completed and by 1917 there was no final split of the peasantry into classes of bourgeois society. Fifth, the invasion of the Russian economy by foreign capitalism. Russian capitalism is notable for its diversity of economic and social structures and social relations. Sixth, conditions for the development of capitalism "in breadth" were characteristic for Russia due to the abundance of free lands on the outskirts of the country. 3. Select three opposing socio-political trends that developed in Russia at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. * a) government, liberal, revolutionary-democratic; b) liberal-monarchist, populist; c) reactionary, constitutional, anarchic; * The first socio-political trend was the government one. Its representatives criticized any plans for reform, demanded their limitation, insisted on unconditional government control over the country's social and political life and on the restoration of the shaken privileges of the nobility. The second social and political movement was liberalism. The main carriers of liberal ideas were the bourgeois strata of the nobility and the intelligentsia, and their activities took place within the framework of the zemstvo institutions. At the turn of the Х1Х - ХХ centuries. the social base of liberalism is being enlarged due to the wide involvement of representatives of the intelligentsia, doctors, teachers, and agronomists in the struggle. Liberalism opposed absolutism, condemned arbitrariness and violence, sought to introduce democratic freedoms in the country, expand the functions of local self-government. The third trend was the revolutionary democratic. His ideology was populism, the foundations of which were formulated by Herzen, Ogarev and Chernyshevsky. Until the end of the 70s, the most influential trend within this movement was the anarchist trend. Russian Social Democracy has come a long way before it became an independent ideological political movement. Its emergence is closely connected with the release of the proletariat on the lease of an independent political struggle, which was the most important feature of the world history of the twentieth century. 4. Was there an attempt by the tsarist government to resolve the acute political, economic and social problems that faced Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century? through reforms without revolutionary upheavals? * a) yes; b) no. * This attempt was made by S.Yu. Witte, finance minister who led the country's reform and industrial modernization advocates. He advocated the creation of a national industry, for the liberation of the peasants from the tutelage of local authorities and the community, for the improvement of factory legislation partly in favor of the workers, etc. The opponent of the reforms was V.K. Plehve, Minister of the Interior, who strove to keep the autocracy unchanged. And in this matter he found the support of the king. Ultimately, having abandoned reforms, the tsarist government hoped to resolve internal problems through a war with Japan. However, the calculations did not come true. The Russo-Japanese War brought defeat to tsarism and aggravated the crisis of autocracy to the limit. Various parties and political trends that were in opposition to the government began to offer their answer to acute internal problems. 5. What are the goals in the revolution of 1905-1907. were the basis for the unification of the parties of the "left bloc"? a) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy; b) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and its growth into a socialist revolution; * c) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy. The highest ideal of the struggle is the replacement of capitalism with socialism. * Implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy. The highest ideal of the struggle is the replacement of capitalism with socialism. The leading parties of the "left bloc" were the Social Democrats, divided into factions of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries (Socialist Revolutionaries), as well as national parties of the Social Democratic, Social Revolutionary, and also anarchist trends. The latter took the documents of the SRs as the basis for the development of their programs. In order to ensure the successful course of the revolution, the parties of the revolutionary democratic camp had to create a general democratic front against tsarism, attract all revolutionary democratic forces to their side, and achieve a lasting alliance between the working class and the peasantry. One of the means of solving this complex problem was the tactics of concluding temporary partial agreements between the revolutionary parties fighting for a democratic republic and recognizing the need for an armed uprising. The revolutionary democratic camp, which was quite clearly defined at the beginning of the twentieth century, was a major revolutionary force in Russia, objectively capable of successfully resisting the autocracy. However, in 1905 1907. a coordinated action of various revolutionary forces, which would ensure their victory over the autocracy, did not happen, and could hardly have happened, since already at the first stage of the development of the Russian revolution, its main political forces took irreconcilable positions towards each other. 6. Have there been any positive changes in Russia after the revolution of 1905-1907? a) the revolution was defeated and therefore did not lead to any changes in society; b) some improvement was achieved in the economic situation of the workers and peasants; * c) despite the defeat of the revolution, its outcome was a partial modernization of the state system and its further evolution towards transformation into a bourgeois monarchy. * Despite the defeat of the revolution, its outcome was a partial modernization of the state system and its further evolution towards transformation into a bourgeois monarchy. The revolution caused certain changes in the main spheres of society: political, economic and spiritual. The main event in political life was the creation of the legislative State Duma. For all the limited rights of the Duma, the estate character of its representation, this was the first ever experience of Russian parliamentarism. An atmosphere of de facto multiparty system has arisen in the country. The working people received the right to create independent mass organizations (trade unions, cultural and educational societies, cooperative societies, etc.), received some, albeit very limited, democratic freedoms. In the economic sphere, the revolution has put agrarian reform on the agenda. However, the government realized the need for labor legislation. Entrepreneurs' expenditures on improving the social conditions of workers have increased. For peasants, redemption payments were canceled, and the rent for land was reduced. Huge changes have taken place in the spiritual life of society. People began to think about the familiar, seemingly unshakable concepts: state structure, the position of various estates, etc. 7. Do you agree with the point of view that the Stolypin agrarian reform has failed? * a) yes; b) no. * Stolypin's agrarian reform failed. It was not completed, although it was intended to ensure the progress of agriculture. The reform replaced obsolete economic structures with more rational ones, which opened up opportunities for the growth of productive forces in agriculture. In part, we managed to achieve positive changes. By 1913, the sown area increased, due to which an additional 500 million poods of grain were obtained. In prosperous farms, due to agrotechnical methods, the yield increased by 1.5 - 2 times. The revival of agriculture inevitably led to the revival of industry. In terms of its average annual growth rate (8.8%), Russia came out on top in the world. In 1907-1914, there was an unprecedented rise in the cooperative movement. Yet the reform failed even before the outbreak of World War I. She could not solve the main question, which was posed by another Russian revolution - the peasant one, because retained landlord ownership. The village community was also not destroyed. Moreover, the reform even exacerbated social contradictions in the country. 8. Define the attitude of the main parties of Russia to the First World War? a) all parties refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war years; b) the parties of the revolutionary-democratic camp refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war years; c) only the RSDLP refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war years; * d) only the Bolsheviks refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war years. * Only the Bolsheviks refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism in the war. From the very beginning, the Union of the Russian People and other right-wing parties acted from the standpoint of unconditional support for the tsarist government. The same was done by the parties of the liberal bourgeoisie, incl. and the main party of the cadets. The ideas of social chauvinism were very popular among the Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists. In general, the parties of the revolutionary-democratic camp during the First World War were in a state of fragmentation and an acute internal party struggle. The Bolsheviks took a special position in this situation. It was reflected in the Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP "War and Russian Social Democracy", prepared by V. Lenin. The Manifesto assessed the war as unjust and aggressive. In contrast to their opponents, the Bolsheviks for the most part determined their attitude to the war, expressed in their tactical slogans. The main ones were: 1. The transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war, into a revolution against the ruling classes. 2. Defeat your government in a war. 3. Complete break with the collapsed P International and the formation of a new International. The slogans of the Bolsheviks were subordinated to the solution of the main, from their point of view, task - the seizure of political power. The Bolsheviks sought to unite all left forces on the basis of a consistent anti-war stance to crush the tsarist autocracy.

1. Did the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 have any peculiarities? a) there were no peculiarities. The February bourgeois-democratic revolution took place like the bourgeois revolutions in the West and the bourgeoisie came to power; * b) The February revolution in Russia had its own characteristics and was strikingly different from the bourgeois revolutions in the West. * February revolution of 1917. in Russia had its own characteristics. An important feature was the striving of the Russian bourgeoisie, due to the conditions of its development, to an agreement and the division of power with tsarism. But, not wanting a revolution, the bourgeois opposition objectively promoted it. The main role in the overthrow of the autocracy was played by the revolutionary-democratic camp, in the center of which was the proletariat. The quick victory of the revolution was ensured by the political isolation of tsarism and the might of the general democratic movement. The very idea of ​​autocracy collapsed even in the eyes of former supporters. The February revolution gave the broad masses the first experience of real democracy. It completed a long period of Russia's historical development (the existence of a 300-year-old monarchy), the struggle of all democratic forces against one of the most savage and reactionary regimes of that time. At the same time, the February Revolution became the initial stage of the October Revolution. The final stage of the February Revolution was also distinguished by its originality. It ended with the establishment of dual power in the country. On the one hand - the Provisional Bourgeois Government, on the other - the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies. 2. Are the October events of 1917 a revolution or a coup? a) coup; * b) revolution. * From the point of view of a qualitative change in the state of society, October 1917 was a revolution, it changed the course of Russian history, brought to life a new content and new forms of socio-political activity. Naturally, the October Revolution is not limited to the only act of conquering political power. This act is the most important, but only the most important stage of the October Revolution. To reduce the October Revolution only to a political upheaval means to substantially narrow the scope of the October Revolution. The revolution captures not one, but all, without exception, spheres of life of society, including the economy, social, spiritual areas. The October Revolution was a mighty breakthrough of millions of people, which united the fundamental interests of the working class, the age-old aspirations of the peasantry, the thirst for peace among soldiers and sailors, the ineradicable craving of the peoples of multinational Russia for freedom and light. The October Revolution remains an event that made the world look differently at Russia and its people. 3. Was there an alternative to the October Revolution in 1917? a) no; * b) yes. * Yes, the following options for the development of Russian society were possible. Bourgeois-democratic development, which began with the overthrow of the autocracy. However, there were no appropriate conditions for the implementation of this path. Russian society could not remain in a state of deep socio-economic and political crisis for a long time. A change in political course was required. From July-August 1917, a threat of the establishment of a military-terrorist dictatorship ("Kornilovism") has been created in the country. The reason for its threat was the weakness of democratic institutions, the social fatigue of the masses in the context of the growing crisis. An anarchist rebellion, the threat of which had developed by the fall of 1917, when the Provisional Government actually did not have power, and the Bolsheviks were not yet ready to seize it. Anarchism in Russia had quite deep roots. However, the October Revolution took place. The coming to power of the Bolsheviks was associated with the anarchy that was established after the failure of the "Kornilovism". The provisional government could not control the situation in the country, did not have enough armed formations. However, it was the last circumstances that predetermined the development of the October events. 4. The main provisions of the program of which party included the "Decree on Land"? a) the Bolshevik Party; * b) the Socialist-Revolutionary Party; c) the Cadet party. * In general, the "Decree on Land" included the main provisions of the Socialist-Revolutionary program on the agrarian question. The "Decree on Land" was based on the peasant order on land, drawn up on the basis of 242 local peasant orders. The essence of the Decree was reduced to the abolition of private ownership of land, the elimination of landlord ownership, the nationalization of land, transferring it to the disposal of peasant organizations and equalizing land use. The adoption by the Congress of Soviets of the "Decree on Land" marked the beginning of the deepest agrarian revolution in the history of Russia. 5. What were the reasons for the rapid establishment of Soviet power throughout the country? a) the establishment of Soviet power throughout the country was not necessary. It was enough to convene the Constituent Assembly and confirm the establishment of Soviet power; * b) in order to win to the end, the October Socialist Revolution must go beyond the capital. * To win to the end, the October Socialist Revolution had to go beyond the capital. There is no doubt that the main reason was the massive support for the first Soviet decrees, which were of a general democratic nature and met the vital interests of the majority of the country's population, this can be clearly seen from the following table:

1. One of the most important steps in the transition to a peaceful life after the civil war in Russia was the decision to: * a) replace the surplus appropriation system with a tax in kind; b) the return of land to the landowners; c) permission for the activities of the Cadet and Octobrist parties; d) denationalization of large-scale industry. * The X Congress of the RCP (b) in March 1921, based on a report by V.I. Lenin, made a decision to replace the food appropriation system with a tax in kind. This marked the beginning of a new economic policy. The tax in kind was 2 times less than the surplus tax. It could not be increased over the course of a year. The poorest part of the peasantry, which was the mainstay of power in the countryside, and collective farms were exempted from tax or received substantial benefits. The wealthiest sections of the rural population were subject to increased taxation. In order to restore agriculture as soon as possible, some previous prohibitions were eliminated: it was allowed to lease land, use hired labor. The peasants were allowed to trade in their surplus products. 2. Why is December 30, 1922 considered the day of the formation of the USSR? * a) on this day, the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR began its work; b) on this day, a union treaty was signed by all Soviet republics; c) on this day, at the congress of the RCP (b), a decision was made on the formation of the USSR. * On this day, at the 1st Congress of Soviets, the Soviet republics signed a union treaty on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, where the principles of the formation of a new state were fixed. Initially, the Union consisted of four republics: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR, the Transcaucasian Federation (the latter united Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia). In all the republics, power was exercised by a single communist party, led by the Central Committee from Moscow. The All-Union Congress of Soviets (January 1924) approved the first Constitution of the USSR, formalizing the creation of a single union state as a federation of Soviet republics. 3. Name the reasons for the closure of the NEP. a) NEP did not justify itself economically; * b) impossibility of long maneuvering between the market and the directive; economic changes were not complemented by political ones; * The reasons for the curtailment of the NEP lie in the impossibility of long maneuvering between the market and the directive, as well as the fact that economic changes were not complemented by political ones. The transformations that began in the spring of 1921 yielded certain positive results, made it possible to achieve in the economy by the mid-1920s. pre-war (1913) level. But the transformations carried out in the economy required changes of a political and social nature. However, the political structures were conservative, actively resisted, and did not want to undergo major changes. Market and command-administrative principles fought in the economy. Naturally, long-term maneuvering between the market and the directive was not possible. Having restored the economy, the NEP also strengthened the foundations of an excessively centralized system, which in the late 1920s. almost completely threw it away. 4. Thanks to what was the regime of Stalin's personal power formed? a) a positive assessment of Lenin; * b) party support. * The regime of Stalin's personal power was formed thanks to party support, since already in the 20s. Stalin dealt with personnel issues in the party. He trained supporters primarily from the middle layer of party workers - the secretaries of the regional and regional party committees. And those, in turn, influenced the opinion of their delegations who made decisions at plenums, conferences and party congresses. Stalin also found wide social support in the person of the small owners of the city and village, who appeared in abundance during the NEP period. The petty-bourgeois psychology of individualism pushed them towards strong power. Not the least role in Stalin's ascent to the top of the pyramid of power was played by the propaganda of his image, starting in kindergarten. One of the main reasons for Stalin's rise is seen in the constant exploitation of the socialist idea, the authority of Lenin - Stalin's "friend" and "teacher", although Lenin was one of the first, if not the first, to give a negative description of Stalin. In the many opened in the 30s. in the museums of Lenin, a bust of Stalin was an obligatory attribute. Attempts by the Leninist guard to point out Stalin's distortion of Lenin's theoretical legacy were unsuccessful. 5. What kind of society was built in the 1930s? * a) a socialist society has been built; b) an industrial society has been built; c) a post-industrial society was built. * In the 30s. socialism was built in the USSR, which was characterized by extreme contradictions. On the one hand, broad masses of the people gained access to culture and education, science developed, many enterprises were put into operation, numerous cadres were trained for all sectors of the national economy, people showed unprecedented social optimism and labor enthusiasm. On the other hand, forced collectivization was carried out, super-centralization in the management of the economy triumphed, the state intervened in all spheres of society and excluded dissenting people from life.

1. Did the USSR take part in the Munich Agreement of 1938? a) yes; * b) no. * The Soviet Union did not take part in the Munich agreement (deal). Moreover, the agreement was being prepared and signed in secret from the USSR. On September 29, 1938, in Munich, the heads of government of Germany (Hitler), Great Britain (Chamberlain), Italy (Mussolini), France (Daladier) announced the partition of Czechoslovakia, ordering it to immediately transfer to Germany the Sudetenland and its border areas, as well as to satisfy the territorial claims from Poland and Hungary. Czechoslovakia was deprived of a fifth of its territory, in which about a quarter of the population lived, powerful defensive structures and half of heavy industry. Representatives of Czechoslovakia itself were summoned to Munich only to hear the verdict. 2. Can the factor of surprise in the German attack on the USSR be considered the main reason for the defeat of the Red Army at the beginning of the war? a) yes; * b) partially; c) no. * The factor of surprise in the attack affected the tragic defeats of the Red Army at the beginning of the war, but was not the main reason. The causes of the defeat are more complex and deeper. Summing up the results of the first period of the Great Patriotic War, the following factors can be distinguished that led to the defeat of the Red Army: firstly, Germany switched its economy to the production of the latest military equipment much earlier than the Soviet Union, in addition, it captured the weapons of more than 200 divisions of the defeated European countries; secondly, unreasonable repressions in 1937-1938. bled the Red Army, it lost its best command cadres; third, gross miscalculations of our political and military leadership in the combat training of troops, in determining the timing of the start of fascist aggression. Stalin believed that the Nazi invasion, if it did take place, would not be earlier than 1942; fourthly, the lack of the necessary combat experience among the command and rank personnel of the Red Army, their orientation towards a swift counteroffensive and the transfer of hostilities to enemy territory at the first stage of the war. By abandoning the defensive concept, the political and military leadership made a mistake. This led to the fact that the enemy, who significantly outnumbered the Soviet troops in the first echelon, quickly dismembered the defense system and beat our troops in parts. 3. What events completed the radical turning point in the course of the Great Patriotic War? a) the exit of Soviet troops to the state border of the USSR; b) the Moscow battle; * c) Battle of Kursk; d) Battle of Stalingrad. * A radical change in the course of the Great Patriotic War was completed by the victory of the Red Army at the Kursk Bulge. The prerequisite for the turning point was the Battle of Moscow, in which Nazi Germany suffered the first major defeat in the Second World War. The Battle of Stalingrad became the central combat event that defined a radical turning point. The end of the turning point was the Battle of Kursk in July-August 1943. This meant that the initiative in combat operations went over to the side of the Red Army and it was now conducting offensive battles along the entire front line. 4. When was Voronezh liberated from the Nazi invaders? a) November 19, 1942; b) August 23, 1943; * c) January 25, 1943; d) July 18, 1943 * On January 25, 1943, Voronezh was liberated from the German fascist invaders. Voronezh was of great strategic importance, so it was assigned a role in Germany's plans for conquest. In the Voronezh direction, the Nazis undertook three offensives. The most severe battles for Voronezh began in July 1942, which lasted 212 days and nights. Troops of seven fronts fought on the Voronezh land, the main of which was the Voronezh Front. About 600 thousand people died in the battles for the liberation of our city. 320 people received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

1. What factors contributed to the successful recovery of the USSR economy in the recent period? * a) the enthusiasm of the Soviet people and internal economic factors; b) US assistance in accordance with the Marshall Plan; c) help from other allies in the anti-Hitler coalition. * The enthusiasm of the Soviet people and internal economic factors contributed to the successful restoration of the national economy. Not accepting the terms of the Marshall Plan, the Soviet Union could rely only on internal resources to restore the country's economy. The Soviet people showed heroic efforts, a high sense of patriotism and mutual assistance in restoring the economy destroyed by the war. Internal economic factors include the following: during the war years, a large industrial base was created in the east of the country. By 1946, 3,500 large industrial enterprises had been commissioned, which after the war were converted to produce peaceful products. As the Soviet land was liberated from the Nazis, restoration work was immediately carried out. By the end of the war, 1/3 of the destroyed production facilities had been commissioned. After the end of the war, measures were taken to demilitarize the country. Military budget expenditures were cut in 1948 from 48% to 17.9%. Capital investments were mainly directed to the restoration of heavy industries. Only an insignificant part of the losses was made up by payments from the defeated countries. As a result, in 1948 the country reached the pre-war level in heavy industry, and in 1950 - in industry as a whole. However, the lag in the light industry and agriculture in the years of the fourth five-year plan was not overcome. 2. What was the new alignment of forces in the world after the end of the Second World War? a) Germany continued to pose a threat to the world; * b) there was a movement of the political, military and economic center from Europe to the United States; c) Europe retained its leading position in the world. * After the war, the economic, military and political center of the world moved from Europe to the United States. Germany, Italy and Japan, which were defeated in the war, lost their pre-war positions. England and France, which previously had political prestige and economic prosperity, weakened. Only the United States emerged from the war economically, militarily and politically stronger. They accounted for 2/3 of the world production industry. They had a monopoly on atomic weapons. The moral and political authority of the USSR after the defeat of fascism, although it increased, but the economic devastation in the country put it at a disadvantage in relation to the United States. By virtue of its power, the United States began to manifest the policy of a dictator in relation to other countries, including the USSR, which provoked a protest from the Soviet Union as a victorious country. More and more conflicts and problems began to appear between the USSR and the USA: (German, Balkan, Korean, Iranian, etc.), which ultimately led to the beginning of the "cold war" between the former allies. Its apogee was in 1947-1950. 3. How can you assess the political situation in Soviet society after the war? a) the society was in a state of apathy; * b) the position was contradictory; c) the country was immediately returned to political repression. * The political position of Soviet society after the end of the war was contradictory. The victory in the Great Patriotic War awakened in the Soviet people a sense of pride for the Motherland, great enthusiasm, the desire to restore the country as soon as possible, to achieve the desired prosperity. But democratic tendencies in the internal life of the country were very weak. And after some searches for ways of further development of society, discussions in the leadership of the country won the forces that returned it to the previous command-administrative methods of the 30s. Ideological control was reinforced in the country, and a wave of political repression swept through the country. At the same time, despite the rejection of negative methods and processes by part of society, there was not even a hint of a change in the political system. The belief in socialism was very great.

1. How can you evaluate the activities of NS Khrushchev? a) only positively; b) only negatively; * c) his activities were contradictory. As a result of his leadership, certain successes were achieved in our country, but mistakes were made. * During the years of his leadership, our country won the 1st stage of the scientific and technological revolution. Great importance was attached to the restoration of law and order. Under Khrushchev, the exposure of Stalin's personality cult began. The country's productive forces have reached a new level of development, the standard of living of the people has increased. There were also some successes in foreign policy. Much attention was paid to supporting the states that had freed themselves from colonial dependence. The Cuban people received especially great help after the revolution. At the same time, Khrushchev never took the path of deep democratic transformations. The country's top political leadership and its activities remained outside the scope of criticism. Acting as the initiator of numerous undertakings in the field of economics, state administration, Khrushchev showed haste, thoughtlessness and therefore could not achieve positive results. Under Khrushchev, confrontation with the capitalist world remained, which prompted the adoption of measures to build up the country's defense potential. All this required enormous economic and political efforts. 2. What does Khrushchev's "thaw" mean after Stalin's death? a) a number of important government measures aimed at partial democratization of the life of society; b) a number of measures on a national scale aimed at the complete liberalization of the country; * c) revitalization of the cultural life of the country. * Revitalization of cultural life under Khrushchev was called "thaw" by his contemporaries. Highly artistic literary works appeared, in which acute questions of public life were raised. Among them is the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "Not by bread alone", AT Tvardovsky's poem "Terkin in the next world", the story of AI Solzhenitsin. “One day of Ivan Denisovich” and others. On the other hand, pressure on the creative intelligentsia continued, which was especially manifested during the 1958 campaign against B.L. Pasternak, Khrushchev's criticism of abstractionists and formalists while visiting an exhibition of Moscow artists in 1962. 3. What was typical for our country in the period from 1964 to the beginning of the 70s? * a) the scale and intensity of work to find ways to renew society, to establish a scientific approach and the economy; b) reform of political structures; c) major transformations in the social and spiritual development of society. * These years are characterized by the scale and intensity of the activities of the party and the state in search of ways to renew society, to establish a scientific approach to the economy. After the removal of Khrushchev, Brezhnev and his team realized that time requires a scientific approach to solving many problems in the country. The March and September plenums of the Central Committee (1965) discussed new approaches to the management of the economy and laid the foundation for the deployment of significant reforms. This was the largest attempt in the entire post-war period to restructure the economy with the demands of the times. The decisions of the plenums affected industry, construction and agriculture. A five-year plan was approved as the main form of state planning, it was envisaged to decide the scope of the economy at enterprises and in industries, measures were outlined to improve the incentive system. The reform gave a certain impetus to the country's economic development. It unleashed for some time the initiative of enterprises, stimulated the emergence of production associations, where issues of technical re-equipment were better resolved. The reforms in the mid-1960s in agriculture were aimed at intensifying production and raising the living standards of the working people. The country developed along an ascending line. 4. What were the results of the 1965 economic reform? * a) the reform did not bring the expected results; b) the reform gave a certain impetus to the economic development of the country and unleashed the initiative of industrial enterprises; c) the reform brought about changes in the system of management of industry and construction; d) the reform ended with great success in the development of the country. * The transformations of the 60s in the country's economy were half-hearted. They were not accompanied by transformations in political structures, in the social and spiritual development of society. From the very beginning, the reform was doomed to failure, the created system of economic management began to falter (adjustments to plans became more frequent, the rights of enterprises were limited, the dictatorship of the center increased). As you can see, the administrative-directive beginning remained predominant. New forms of agricultural management, conceived by the March (1965) plenum of the Central Committee, were not introduced, the activities of collective and state farms were still regulated to the smallest detail, the system of procurement of agricultural products by the state remained essentially the same "surplus appropriation" that was "knocked out" by all methods and means. Rigid plans for the purchase of products were disrupted. The process of democratization of society, which began after the XX Congress, did not go deep, and from the second half of the 60s. paused. In practice, there was voluntarism and subjectivity. After the September (1965) plenum of the Central Committee, the centralized beginning was strengthened. If at the XXIII Congress it was said about the need to defend economic independence, then at the XXIV Congress (1971) instructions were given on "increasing the role and expanding the independence of ministries and departments." The administrative apparatus grew incredibly and dictated the will of the economy and politics. Commodity-money relations developed in ugly forms, forming a shadow economy. They became a factor of decay, a source of abuse, economic crime, destruction of traditional moral norms. As a result, even this half-hearted reform, which mainly concerned the economic basis and was not connected with the restructuring of social structures, did not receive support from the leadership and met with strong resistance from the bureaucratic apparatus, quickly came to naught. 5. What characterizes the stagnant period in the development of Soviet society (1970-1985)? * a) a sharp weakening of innovative aspirations, the conservation of the principles and forms of social structure; b) the struggle for radical changes in all spheres of the life of societies; c) Soviet society did not have a stagnation period at all. * These years are characterized by a noticeable weakening of innovative aspirations, the conservation of the principles and forms of social structure. It was at this time that the mechanism of inhibition was formed, stagnation appeared and developed in all spheres of life of Soviet society. In the highest echelon of power, forces took the upper hand, which recognized the forms of economic and political organization that had developed back in the 30s. Scientists who were looking for solutions to economic problems by expanding the scope of the law of value and market relations were persecuted. The administrative nature of the economic mechanisms that developed in the 1930s and 1940s continued to operate. In the USSR, economic incentives were still ignored, and a costly system of economic management prevailed. The crisis situation in the country has also affected social relations and the political life of the country. 6. When was the final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe signed? * a) in 1975; b) in 1979; c) in 1982 * "Detente" of tension, which turned out to be the deepest in 1972-1975. was enshrined in an important international agreement: on April 1, 1975, the leaders of European countries, joined by the United States and Canada, signed the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in Helsinki. This was a great success for Soviet diplomacy. The USSR finally achieved the goal it had long pursued: the solemn recognition of the territorial and political order it established in Eastern Europe. In exchange for this recognition, the Western participants insisted on including in the Act, despite the resistance of the Soviet side, articles on the protection of human rights, freedom of information and movement.

1. What were the reasons for the lag of our country behind the leading countries of the world in the conditions of the growing influence of scientific and technological revolution? * a) lack of an effective management mechanism; b) shortcomings in the NTP management system; c) insufficient number and competence of scientific personnel; d) low level of activity and responsibility of the working masses. * Lack of an effective management mechanism that creates economic incentives for the introduction of scientific and technological achievements into production. There are general trends in the development of science, technology, and productive forces in the world. And those countries that did not find the strength and ability to follow them, for a long time find themselves on the sidelines of history. In our country, it was not possible to create an effective economic system. Individual, even amazing achievements, did not express general trends in the development of science and technology. Therefore, the collapse of the previous economic management system was inevitable. In the course of the search for effective methods of management, the need arose for the formation of a new type of economic relations, creating incentives to accelerate the implementation of scientific and technological achievements. At the same time, the reference point is the modern economic mechanism of the advanced countries of the world, organically combining the strengths of the planning and market principles. It was on this path that the United States and Japan managed to achieve impressive economic results, overcome the barrier of underdevelopment and take a worthy place in the world civilization of South Korea, and successfully carry out economic reforms in China. 2. What is the purpose of the reforms that began in 1992? a) improve the state economic system; * b) carry out the transition to a market economy and, in accordance with this, transform social relations. * Make the transition to a market economy. Socialist reform in our country did not take place. Unable to create powerful incentives for economic, scientific, technical and social progress on a socialist basis, society has made a turn towards fundamental changes in the entire system of economic and social relations. However, the steps taken in reforming have shown that in order to overcome the crisis, to join the global processes of accelerated development of the achievements of modern scientific and technological revolution and, along with the leading countries, create a new technical basis for the economy, Russia must have a concept of natural-historical development. It is not possible to introduce ready-made economic standards and political models into life. In this regard, the country's future lies in the emergence of a fundamentally new society, organically absorbing all the dramatic experience of our Fatherland and all the progressive achievements of mankind. Moreover, it will acquire real shape only if national traditions, socio-economic and cultural level, the state of social consciousness, natural conditions, etc. are taken into account. 3. How has the foreign policy of our country changed since the mid-1980s? a) led to an aggravation of the international situation; * b) contributed to the relaxation of international tension; * Helped to ease international tension. The foreign policy of any state is in many ways a continuation of its domestic policy. The changes that began in the spring of 1985 in the domestic political life of the country could not but affect the sphere of foreign policy. It was necessary to revise many dogmas of political thinking, which perceives the world through the prism of a confrontational approach, dividing it into two socio-political systems doomed in their relations to eternal antagonism. Thus, a new foreign policy course for our state began to be created. It was based on the philosophical and political concept, which received the name of new political thinking. This concept was based on the thesis of a diverse, but interdependent and holistic world. Hence, the impossibility of solving international problems by force was proclaimed. Instead of a balance of military forces, a balance of interests is declared based on the priority of universal human values ​​over class values. On the basis of a new foreign policy course, with a number of bold initiatives, our country broke the ice of international confrontation and acted as a leader in the process of global changes in international relations, as well as the end of the Cold War.

The cheat sheet provides answers to all the main questions stipulated by the state educational standard and the curriculum for the discipline "Domestic history" in a concise and convenient form.

The book will allow you to quickly gain basic knowledge of the subject, repeat the material covered, as well as prepare well and successfully pass the test and exam.

NATIONAL HISTORY
Crib

1. HISTORY OF THE FATHERLAND AS A SCIENCE. SUBJECT, FUNCTIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF STUDY

The subject of study Patriotic history is the pattern of political and socio-economic development of the Russian state and society as a part of the world process of human history. The history of Russia examines socio-political processes, the activities of various political forces, the development of political systems and state structures.

The following are highlighted functions of historical knowledge:

1) cognitive, intellectually developing- proceeds from the knowledge of the historical process as a social branch of scientific knowledge, the identification of the main trends in the social development of history and, as a result, the theoretical generalization of historical facts;

3) ideological- in the study of history, to a large extent determines the formation of a scientific worldview. This is because history, based on various sources, provides documentary accurate data about the events of the past. People turn to the past in order to better understand modern life, the trends inherent in it. Thus, knowledge of history equips people with an understanding of the historical perspective.

4) educational- consists in the fact that knowledge of history actively forms the civic qualities of an individual, allows one to understand the merits and demerits of the modern social system.

The principles of scientific research of history:

1. The principle of objectivity obliges to consider historical reality regardless of the desires, aspirations, attitudes and preferences of the subject. First of all, it is necessary to study the objective laws that determine the processes of social and political development. To do this, one should rely on facts in their true content, and also consider each phenomenon in its versatility and inconsistency.

2. The principle of historicism states that any historical phenomenon should be studied from the point of view of where, when and why this phenomenon arose, what it was in the beginning, how it developed later, what path was passed, what assessments were given to it at a particular stage of development, what can be said about its prospects. The principle of historicism requires that any student of history should not become a judge in assessing historical and political events.

3. Under social approach understand the manifestation of certain social and class interests, the entire amount of social-class relations. It should be emphasized that the principle of a social approach to history is especially necessary and essential in assessing the programs and real activities of political parties and movements, as well as their leaders and functionaries.

4. The principle of comprehensive study of history implies the need not only for the completeness and reliability of information, but also for taking into account all aspects and relationships that affect the political sphere of society.

2. METHODS AND SOURCES OF STUDYING THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA Methods of studying history:

1) chronological- consists in the fact that the phenomena of history are studied strictly in a time (chronological) order. It is used in the preparation of chronicles of events, biographies;

3) problem-chronological- it is used in the study of any one side of the activity of the state, society, politician in its consistent development. This approach makes it possible to more fully trace the logic of the development of the problem, as well as to most effectively extract practical experience;

4) periodization- based on the fact that society as a whole and any of its constituent parts go through various stages of development, separated from each other by qualitative boundaries. The main thing in periodization is the establishment of clear criteria, their strict and consistent application in study and research;

5) comparative historical- is based on the recognition of the known recurrence of historical events in world history. Its essence consists in comparing them to establish both general patterns and differences;

6) retrospective- based on the fact that past, present and future societies are closely related. This makes it possible to recreate a picture of the past even in the absence of all sources related to the studied time;

7) statistical- consists in the study of important aspects of the life and activities of the state, quantitative analysis of many homogeneous facts, each of which individually is not of great importance, while in the aggregate they determine the transition of quantitative changes to qualitative ones;

8) sociological research used in the study of modernity. It provides an opportunity to study phenomena in mainly political history. Among the techniques of this method are questionnaires, surveys, interviews, etc.

Sources of studying Russian history very significant and complex. It seems that the exact boundaries of the circle of sources do not exist due to the integrity and indivisibility of the historical process, the interconnectedness of people's activities at various stages of historical and political development. Approximate source classification: 1) archaeological sources; 2) annals and annals; 3) ethnographic sources; 4) archival documents 5) documents of state bodies and public organizations of the Russian state; 6) documents of political parties and movements in Russia; 7) works of state and public figures of Russia; 8) periodicals; 9) memoir literature; 10) museum documents; 11) photo, background and film documents; 12) electronic media.

3. PROBLEM OF ETHNOGENESIS OF EASTERN SLAVS

Ethnogenesis- the whole process of the existence and development of the ethnic system from the moment of its emergence to its disappearance.

A significant number of archaeological sites of the Stone Age have been discovered on the territory of Russia. According to scientists, the Slavs could belong to the Indo-European peoples, the formation of a linguistic community of which took place on the Iranian plateau and in Asia Minor in the 6th-5th millennium BC. NS. In addition, it is believed that the Slavs as a species were formed on the territory of Eastern Europe in the IV-II millennium BC. NS. They inhabited the forest areas between the Oder and the middle Dnieper, from the Baltic Sea to the Dniester. The main branches of their economy were agriculture and cattle breeding. The most famous monument of Slavic proto-civilization is the Trypillian archaeological culture, which covers the area from Southeast Transylvania to the Dnieper.

In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. NS. the spread of iron began among the Slavs. The gradual decomposition of the tribal system belongs to the same period.It was then that the everyday, religious and cultural features of the Slavic tribes were clearly distinguished in comparison with other Indo-European peoples, which allows us to conclude that in the 1st millennium BC. NS. Slavic civilization. Around this time, a single Slavic community was divided into three branches: the eastern (future Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian peoples), western (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, etc.) and southern (Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, etc.).

In the II century. n. NS. the Germanic tribes of the Goths came to the northern Black Sea region from the lower reaches of the Vistula. Under their leadership, a tribal military alliance was formed here, which included a part of the Slavic tribes. From the end of the IV century. the tribes of Eastern Europe were involved in major migration processes - the so-called Great Migration. The Turkic nomads, the Huns, who invaded from Asia, defeated the Goths, and the latter left for Central and Western Europe. During the V-VIII centuries. Slavs settled vast areas in Eastern, Central and Southeastern Europe. By this period, the territory of settlement of the Eastern Slavs was determined by the following boundaries: in the north - the Volkhov river, in the south - the Dniester river, in the west - the Western Bug river, in the east - the Volga river. It was at this time that an original East Slavic civilization developed, characterized by a common economic structure, a socio-political structure in the form of military democracy, common features of behavior, rituals, etc.

The subject of study Patriotic history is the pattern of political and socio-economic development of the Russian state and society as a part of the world process of human history. The history of Russia examines socio-political processes, the activities of various political forces, the development of political systems and state structures.

Methods for studying history:

1) chronological- consists in the fact that the phenomena of history are studied strictly in a time (chronological) order. It is used in the preparation of chronicles of events, biographies;

2) chronologically problematic- provides for the study of the history of Russia by periods, and within them - by problems. It is used in all general studies, including in various courses of lectures on history;

3) problem-chronological- is used in the study of any one side of the activities of the state, society, politician in its consistent development. This approach makes it possible to more fully trace the logic of the development of the problem, as well as to most effectively extract practical experience;

4) periodization- based on the fact that society as a whole and any of its constituent parts go through various stages of development, separated from each other by qualitative boundaries. The main thing in periodization is the establishment of clear criteria, their strict and consistent application in study and research;

5) comparative historical- is based on the recognition of the known recurrence of historical events in world history. Its essence consists in comparing them to establish both general patterns and differences;

6) retrospective- based on the fact that past, present and future societies are closely related. This makes it possible to recreate a picture of the past even in the absence of all sources related to the studied time;

7) statistical- consists in the study of important aspects of the life and activities of the state, a quantitative analysis of many homogeneous facts, each of which individually is not of great importance, while in the aggregate they cause the transition of quantitative changes to qualitative ones;

8) sociological research used in the study of modernity. It provides an opportunity to study phenomena in mainly political history. Among the techniques of this method are questionnaires, surveys, interviews, etc.

Sources of studying Russian history very significant and complex. It seems that the exact boundaries of the circle of sources do not exist due to the integrity and indivisibility of the historical process, the interconnectedness of people's activities at various stages of historical and political development. Approximate source classification: 1) archaeological sources; 2) annals and annals; 3) ethnographic sources; 4) archival documents 5) documents of state bodies and public organizations of the Russian state; 6) documents of political parties and movements in Russia; 7) works of state and public figures of Russia; 8) periodicals; 9) memoir literature; 10) museum documents; 11) photo, background and film documents; 12) electronic media.