WHERE IS THE GREEK'S SURNAME,

In 1844, in the Mariupol district, Russians and Ukrainians together made up only half of the population. Greeks - 34%. And today, a significant part of the Mariupol residents, and many residents of the Donetsk region, bear Greek surnames. Someone knows about this, someone does not. Some consider themselves to be Greeks, some do not. But I think everyone would like to know what the name means and where it came from.

Hereditary nickname
With Russian surnames, everything is clear - Kuznetsov - from the blacksmith, Medvedev - from the bear. And if you wear the Greek surname Dzharty or Havalitz, for example?

The language of the Azov Greeks, which is now spoken only in the villages of the Donetsk region, is of two types - Urum and Rumai. The first is closer to the Tatar, the second is actually Greek. Therefore, do not be surprised that most of the Greek surnames are pronouncedly of oriental origin.
The Greeks who lived in the Crimea in the Middle Ages, like all the inhabitants of the Crimean Khanate, did not have surnames at all. To distinguish them, the Crimean Tatars used street nicknames such as "Anton shoemaker" or "Vasily the long". Some of these nicknames later, already in the Azov region, became surnames.

What are nicknames for? First of all, for the appearance. Hence the names of the Azov Greeks with the following meaning:
Balaban is big.
Kharakhash - black-browed
Sarbash - light-haired, literally "yellow head" - "sar bash".
Janach is thin.
Uzun is long.
Yenya is a beard.
Sprutsko is gray-haired.
Hara is black.
Chapni is a hero
Shishman is fat.
Karaman is dark, dark.
Javlakh is bald.
But the rare surname "Chatalbash" means that horns grow on its bearer's head ...

Why the Greek became Ivanov
Let's say your surname is Tsentukov. It is a completely Russian surname, ending in -ov. Or Burlachenko - a typical Ukrainian one. In fact, in the Azov region, both are of Greek origin. The first means "short, short". The second, surprisingly, does not come from the "barge haule", but from the "burlyu" - the wolf.

Where do the Greeks have Russian and Ukrainian endings in surnames? Firstly, when the Greeks began to be drafted into the army (and this happened only in the 70s of the XIX century), many were recorded with Russian surnames - so as not to differ from other soldiers. Someone Russified the surname for reasons of prestige or profit. Someone, without asking, the scribes added - ov or -ko.
Such a transformation of Greek surnames took place very actively in Soviet times. Some went for it out of fear of reprisals, some out of career motives. Avarliks ​​was exchanged for the Ukrainian Evarlak, Temir became Temirov.
So, in case of doubt, drop the ending of your last name, and "look at the root." Perhaps the roots are Greek.

Jewelers, painters and shoemakers
The greatest artist from Mariupol, Arkhip Kuindzhi, matched his surname by half. The ending "ji" in Russian means "master". Arkhip Ivanovich was not just a master - he was called "the magician of light effects". But in general, his surname means a master of gold and silversmiths, a jeweler.

At the time of the birth of Arkhip Kuindzhi, the family no longer had anything to do with silver and gold and lived in great poverty. My father was engaged in a craft, but a shoe. However, the origin of the surname in the family was remembered, and Arkhip's older brother, Spiridon, took the double surname Kuindzhi-Zolotarev, so that the "jewelry origin" was clear to everyone.

So, if your surname is Arabaji, then your ancestor made carts and carts, and possibly was a driver.
Tovarchi is a shepherd.
Kurkchi - furrier, furrier.
Boyachji is a painter.
Pichakhchi and Chakhchi - they made knives.
Kuruji was a builder.
Demerdzhi is a blacksmith.
Dermendzhi is a miller.
Balakhchi, Baldzhi - a fisherman.
Kemencheji - played the violin.
Khavalji - played the pipe. Havalitz did the same, but the latter could mean the son of a piper
Khalaji is a tinker.
Atamanov comes, most likely, not from the chieftain, but from the "odaman" - the senior shepherd. Tolmach's ancestor was a translator, and Shabana was either a shepherd again, or a plowman. But the surname of Adzhi has nothing to do with the profession, it translates as “saint” or “pilgrim”. Unless, of course, this occupation was a profession ...

Roosters and turkeys
The character also determines the nickname. Some friendly, polite person became the founder of the Agapov surname. The hot-tempered was nicknamed Chekmak - "flint". The cocky or arrogant was given the nickname "Horoz" - Rooster. Inflated and pompous - "Babalyh" is a turkey.

And a few more examples:

Kukoz - a simpleton or a lonely person
Jansiz is unforgiving.
Dzhanbaz is fast, brave and skillful.
Zipirov is a simpleton.
Kardash is a friend, comrade.
Khancha is prickly. Although, perhaps, this surname does not reflect the character - maybe the Greek had spiky hair.
Zipirov comes from "simpleton". Jatma - literally "dung", "dung". And the famous Odessa actor "Masok" Georgy Deliev in the Russian translation sounds simply "Fool".

How the pop got it wrong
The historian of the Azov Greeks S. Temir cites in his essays an interesting legend from the Greek village of Starobeshevo, Donetsk region:
“It is interesting that the overwhelming majority of Starobeshev's population bears Russian surnames: Vasiliev, Fedorov, Popov, Mikhailov, etc. On this occasion, local residents say: in the middle of the 19th century, a local priest launched a registration of marriages and births in the village. To avoid punishment, he burned the existing documents and decided to "baptize" all the residents anew. The priest gave new surnames according to the following principle: if a person was called Fedor, then he was given the surname Fedorov, if Vasily, then he became Vasilyev, etc. "

Until now, many Greek families in the villages have, in addition to the official surname, also a nickname passed from generation to generation. So, the Burlachenko family in Urzuf is nicknamed "Dzhigor", and the Maliy family - "Manikola". In Kremenevka the Karadzhinovs are called "Chuchul", and the Konstantinovs in Starobeshev are called "Chingen", which means "gypsies".

Jaws Village
And a few more decryptions of surnames common in the Donetsk region:
Gurzhi is a Georgian (Georgians also moved with the Greeks from Crimea two hundred years ago).
Papush is an elder.
Dzharty is old.
Bura is a cobblestone.
Butch is a crumb.
Binat - "a thousand horses" (either owned or shod).
Temir is iron.
Karajani - "black Ivan"
Avramov comes from the word "bream". Yali means a person from the coast, Tugaev - who lives near the river floodplain, and Taraman - a resident of the gully. But the village of the Right Bank of Mariupol, called Ajakhi, is based on some kind of special history. Otherwise why is it called "jaw"?

Maria Koroleva.

Newspaper "It is necessary"

"Donetsk" phrasebook

Hello. - Geia eae (Yasas).

How are you? - Pi kaneie (Ti canis).

Good. - Kala (Kala).

Thanks. - Encariszw (Eucharist).

I love you. - S'agapaw (Sagapao).

Greeks of Donbass, Azov, Donetsk.

Greeks of Donbass and Azov is the third largest nationality in the region and the largest compactly living group of the Greek diaspora in the CIS. Greek settlements in the Azov region emerged in the 1780s. The resettlement of Greeks to the borders of the Russian Empire, to the lands conquered from Turkey, was facilitated by the policy of the government of Catherine II. The many years of bloody wars between Russia and Turkey for the possession of Crimea and adjacent territories led to the transfer of vast lands on the Azov and Black Seas under the jurisdiction of the Russian state. The Russian government was faced with the question of settling and developing new possessions. Before the arrival of settlers from the Crimean Peninsula, the area was sparsely populated, and the land remained uncultivated. Linguistically, the Azov Greeks are divided into two distinct groups: Rumei, who speak dialects of the Modern Greek language, and Urum, whose language belongs to the group of Turkic languages. It should be noted that all Greeks, regardless of the linguistic affiliation of their language, profess Orthodoxy and consider themselves to be Greeks, i.e. have a pronounced Greek identity. In the modern Azov region, the Greek-Rumans and the Greek-Urum live separately. In the Pershotravnevoy district of the Donetsk region, the villages of Yalta and Urzuf are settlements of the Greeks-Rumeev, and the settlement of Mangush (the regional center) is Urum. Obviously, such a division dates back to the times of resettlement from Crimea, that is, it can be assumed that Greek-speaking and Turkic-speaking Christians settled separately in the Crimean Khanate and did not have a tendency to mix. As you know, in the 1920s in Russia, and then in the USSR, a course was taken to develop the national languages ​​and cultures of the peoples of Russia. During these years the Azov Greeks began to publish the newspaper "Collectivist", a Greek theater was opened in Mariupol, and schools with teaching in Greek were opened in the villages. From the very beginning, these schools faced a number of difficulties, primarily the problem of teaching staff and the lack of textbooks. But the main problem was the language. Instruction in schools was apparently conducted in the New Greek language, which was not completely understandable to either the pupils or the teachers, while all subjects were taught in Greek. In a different sociolinguistic situation, teaching in the Greek language could have taken place, and the difficulties of the initial period would have been overcome, but in 1938 the general line of the party and government regarding the development of national languages ​​changed radically. Both the school and the national newspaper were closed. At the moment, the young generation of the Azov Greeks is striving to master the modern Greek language, not the Ruman language. There are courses for studying this language, its lessons are held in schools, study trips for children and adolescents to Greece are organized. It can be said that the main danger for the further existence of the Rumian language is not due to the presence of the Rumian-Russian bilingualism, in which the Rumans have existed for more than a decade, but to the appearance on the "linguistic scene" of the New Greek language of Greece, which has become accessible. Thus, the future prospects of the Romanian language seem rather vague. In the 90s of the XX century, the societies of the Greeks of Mariupol and Donetsk were formed, which are engaged in the popularization of Greek culture today. . I have always sympathized with small towns - they are also called urban settlements (who does not know - a village). From the point of view of residents of regional centers, this is a deep and uninteresting province. But in vain! Indeed, among those small towns there are many interesting ones. And interesting and active people live there, any visitor from a big city will find something to answer and show to comments about the province. Starobeshevo is a village in the southeast of the Donetsk region of Ukraine, on the right bank of the Kalmius River. The first five houses (and this is how the word Beshevo is translated from the Greek) appeared in this place around 1779 - 1783. The settlements were founded by Greek settlers from the Crimean village of the same name Beshev, located near Bakhchisarai. In 1777, after the annexation of Crimea by Russia, by order of Catherine the Great, all the Greeks of the peninsula were resettled in the Azov region. Gradually, the village in the middle of the fertile steppe grew, the hardworking Greeks, whom the Russian Empire freed from duties, made fortunes. Since 1896, after the separation of the village of Novobeshevo, this settlement began to be called Starobeshevo. The overwhelming majority of local residents were so-called Urum (also called Greco-Tatars). This is how the Turkic-speaking peoples called the Greek population of Muslim states, mainly the Ottoman Empire and Crimea. The most interesting thing is that the Azov Greeks did not assimilate, preserving their national authenticity. According to the 2001 All-Ukrainian Census, out of 77,516 Greeks in Donetsk Oblast, only 112 did not indicate Greek as their native language. And this despite all the efforts of the Stalinist authorities, on whose orders during the "Greek operation" in 1937-1938, the intellectual elite of the Azov Greeks was exterminated. But the local Greco-Tatars still speak their native language, sing dreary songs, and on the second day of the wedding, the godfather divides between all the relatives "melon" or "bohchu" - chicken and sweet biscuits. There is no such custom in other parts of the world. During my visit to Starobeshevo, it became a discovery for me personally that pasties are a Greek national dish, not a Caucasian one. Moreover, you need to be able to eat them correctly. A piece of each cheburek consumed should be left on a plate so that next time the hostess knows how much to serve them to, because chebureks are eaten only hot. And the residents of Starobeshevo are proud of their famous countrywoman - Pasha Angelina, who in 1933 organized the first female tractor brigade in the USSR. By the way, she is also Greek by nationality. Now Starobeshevo is a typical small regional center (according to the latest census, 7,184 people lived here). But here, too, life is in full swing. The village has twice hosted the international festival of Greek culture "Mega-Yort" named after Donat Patricou. There is a museum and a folk Greek ensemble "Ezgilyar" here. According to the deputy head of the local regional state administration, Nikolai Nikolaev, a temple is being restored in the village, which was destroyed by the Soviet regime. And the head of the culture department of the Russian State Administration, Svetlana Fedorova, conducted an excursion to the grandiose Center for Culture and Leisure. P. Angelina, where local children have the opportunity to practice in a modern dance hall, a singing club (which has a recording studio equipped in accordance with modern requirements) and a circus studio "Courage". The latter, by the way, is directed by the circus artist Nikolai Kosse, known since Soviet times. Literally on the eve of the arrival of a group of Lviv journalists in Starobeshevo, the grandiose youth Open Air took place there for the fourth time. Although we were not able to dance, the impressions of the corner of Greece in Ukraine remained the best.

(extremely close to the Crimean Tatar language). Also, the name urums worn by the descendants of Armenians who adopted the Chalcedonian religion (Ukrainian)Russian and eventually Hellenized

Ethnonym

The term "urum" comes from the Arabic word رُوم ("room") meaning "Roman, Roman" and later - "Byzantine" (East Roman) and "Greek". Words beginning with the consonant "p" were atypical for the Turkic languages, therefore, to facilitate pronunciation, their speakers added a vowel to the beginning of the word. However, in modern Turkish the spelling "urum" is considered obsolete, despite the fact that it continues to exist; the spelling "rum" is taken for the literary form.

Priazovskie urums

see also

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Notes (edit)

Bibliography

• Garkavets O. Urumi Nadazov. History, mova, kazki, pisni, riddles, sending, letters of memory - Alma-Ata: UKTs, 1999.
• Garkavets O.- Alma-Ata: Baur, 2000 .-- 632 p.
• Smolina M. Urum language. Urum dili. Priazovsky version: A textbook for beginners with an audio application - Kiev: Blank-Press, 2008.

An excerpt characterizing the Uruma

When everything was ready, the sabers were stuck in the snow, meaning the barrier to which they had to converge, and the pistols were loaded, Nesvitsky went up to Pierre.
`` I would not have fulfilled my duty, Count, '' he said in a timid voice, `` and would not justify the trust and honor that you have done to me by choosing me as your second, if I had not said the whole truth to you. I believe that this case does not have enough reasons, and that it is not worth shedding blood for it ... You were wrong, not quite right, you got excited ...
- Oh, yes, terribly stupid ... - said Pierre.
- So let me convey your regret, and I am sure that our opponents will agree to accept your apology, - said Nesvitsky (just like the other participants in the case and like everyone else in similar cases, not yet believing that the matter will come to a real duel) ... - You know, Count, it is much nobler to admit your mistake than to bring the matter to the point of irreparable. There was no offense on either side. Let me talk ...
- No, what to talk about! - said Pierre, - it's all the same ... So is it ready? He added. - You just tell me how to go where and where to shoot? He said, smiling unnaturally meekly. - He took a pistol in his hands, began to ask about the method of triggering, since he still did not hold a pistol in his hands, which he did not want to admit. “Oh yes, like that, I know, I just forgot,” he said.
“No apologies, nothing decisively,” Dolokhov said to Denisov, who, for his part, also made an attempt at reconciliation, and also approached the appointed place.
The place for the duel was chosen about 80 paces from the road on which the sledges remained, in a small clearing of a pine forest, covered with snow that had melted from the last days of thaws. The opponents stood about 40 ka apart from each other, at the edges of the clearing. The seconds, measuring their steps, laid, imprinted on the wet, deep snow, traces from the place where they stood to the sabers of Nesvitsky and Denisov, which meant a barrier and stuck 10 steps from each other. The thaw and fog continued; for 40 steps nothing was visible. For about three minutes everything was ready, and yet they delayed to start, everyone was silent.

- Well, start! - said Dolokhov.
- Well, - said Pierre, still smiling. - It was getting scary. It was obvious that the business, which began so easily, could no longer be prevented by anything, that it went on by itself, already independently of the will of the people, and had to be accomplished. Denisov was the first to step forward to the barrier and proclaimed:
- Since n "rivals have given up on n" by them "enia, would you not like to start: take the pistols and by the word t" and begin to converge.
- G ... "azz! Two! T" and! ... - Denisov shouted angrily and walked aside. Both went along the trodden paths closer and closer, recognizing each other in the fog. Opponents had the right, converging to the barrier, to shoot whenever anyone wanted. Dolokhov walked slowly, without raising his pistol, peering with his bright, shining, blue eyes into the face of his opponent. His mouth, as always, bore the semblance of a smile.
- So when I want - I can shoot! - said Pierre, at the word three quick steps he went forward, straying off the trodden path and walking on the solid snow. Pierre was holding the pistol, stretching out his right hand forward, apparently afraid that this pistol might not kill himself. He diligently put his left hand back, because he wanted to support his right hand with it, and he knew that this was impossible. Having walked about six paces and knocked off the path in the snow, Pierre looked back at his feet, again quickly glanced at Dolokhov, and pulling his finger, as he had been taught, fired. Not expecting such a strong sound, Pierre flinched from his shot, then smiled at his own impression and stopped. The smoke, especially thick from the fog, prevented him from seeing at the first moment; but there was no other shot he had been expecting. Only Dolokhov's hasty footsteps were audible, and his figure appeared from behind the smoke. With one hand he held on to his left side, with the other he gripped the lowered pistol. His face was pale. Rostov ran up and said something to him.

As you know, in 1778, on the initiative of the Russian government, the old-time Christian population was expelled from the Crimean Khanate in the Azov region. According to the information of A.V. 31,098 people left the Suvorov Peninsula, of which 18,394 were Greeks. There are only 60 Greeks left in Crimea. The resettled were forbidden to return back.

After this resettlement, a new Greek community began to form on the peninsula. Its basis was made up of extremely small old-timers who remained in the Crimea or, for various reasons, nevertheless returned here from the Azov region, as well as employees of the Greek army and members of their families (Archipelagic Greeks), resettled in Kerch and Yenikale in 1775. In the 19th century, the community was significantly enlarged by Greeks from Macedonia, Thrace, Bessarabia, the islands of the Ionian Sea, Asia Minor and Pontus.

The Russian government, settling Greek Christians in the Crimea and creating various privileges for them, considered them as its support, counted on their armed force in the event of a conflict with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Tatars.

In 1917, 808,903 people of 34 nationalities lived on the peninsula. Of these, Russians and Ukrainians 309 785 (49.4% of the total population), Tatars and Turks 216 968 (26.8%), Jews and Krymchaks 68 159 (8.4%), Germans 41 374 (5.1%) , Greeks 20,124 (2.5%), Armenians 16,907 (2.1%), Bulgarians 13,220 (1.6%), Poles 11,760 (1.5%), Karaites 9,078 (1.1%) , others (Moldovans, Estonians, Czechs, Gypsies, Italians, etc.) 11 526 (1.5%). There were also many subjects of other states.

With the outbreak of the Civil War in the Crimea (December 1917), interethnic problems on the peninsula became more complicated. Thus, the desire of the Crimean Tatars to create their own statehood caused a generally negative reaction from other ethnic groups of the region. On November 26 (December 9), 1917, the Crimean Tatar Kurultai (congress) begins its work, which formed on December 13 (26) a national government - the Directory (Board of Directors), which proclaimed the creation of the Crimean Democratic (People's) Republic and approved its constitution - "Crimean Tatar Basic Laws".

At this time, various political forces of the Crimea, despite their differences, managed to converge on anti-Bolshevik positions. Representatives of the Crimean Tatars, as well as representatives from Great Russians, Ukrainians, Jews and Krymchaks, Germans, Greeks, Armenians, Estonians, entered the Taurida Provincial Council of People's Representatives (SNP), which united different parties, except for the extreme left and the Cadets. The SWP declared itself a temporary power in the province. (Although according to the III Universal of the Central Rada (November 7 (20), 1917), which proclaimed the creation of the Ukrainian People's Republic (as part of the Russian Federation), the three northern (mainland) counties of the Taurida province, but "without the Crimea", are included in the UPR).

In turn, the Bolsheviks at their II conference (congress) of the Taurida province on November 24 (December 7) in Simferopol, recognizing neither the Directory nor the SNP, decided to hold a referendum on the autonomy of Crimea. True, without doing anything to translate this idea into reality and subsequently forgetting about it.

The armed forces of the SNP and the Directory are parts of the Crimean Revolutionary Headquarters (Headquarters of the Crimean Troops) under the command of Colonel V.V. Makukhin and director for external (in the sense of non-Tatar) and military affairs, one of the leaders of the Crimean Tatar national movement J. Seidamet. The basis of these units are the Crimean Tatar cavalry squadrons. The headquarters hastily recruited volunteers - Russian officers, Crimean Tatars (in general, these armed forces numbered about six thousand people).

Meanwhile, the pro-Bolshevik sailors of the Black Sea Fleet, for the first time, establish Soviet power in Sevastopol. Armed clashes begin between sailors and squadrons.

The left wing of the Kurultai, considering (in the person of A.A.Bodaninsky) the Crimean headquarters as the focus of the counter-revolution, was inclined to agree with the Bolsheviks. However, it was extremely few in number. J. Seydamet's group verbally denied the construction of a purely Tatar body of the Crimean government. “Our claims to high regional power are illegal, - reasoned Seydamet, - the Tatar national parliament has no right to supreme power, to hegemony in the region ... we have regional power - the Council of People's Representatives. Who prevents us from working hand in hand with him? At this terrible moment, we should not think about the seizure of power, but about extinguishing the fire that flares up everywhere in the region. "

The leftists, however, were supported by the Tavricheskiy mufti and the chairman of the Directory (national government) Ch. Chelebiev (Chelebi Dzhikhan). A project appeared to organize the Crimean government from the Tatar parliament, the SNP and the Bolsheviks. However, the state of mind of Chelebiev in this tense situation left much to be desired, apparently, much better. On January 3 (16), 1918, by order of Chelebiev, the former provincial, and now the so-called People's House in Simferopol was seized, which, according to a contemporary, "then represented something like a symbol of this or that power." The People's House housed the leadership of some trade unions and public workers' organizations. According to Chelebiev, the People's House was to become the seat of the National Government. Whether Chelebiev implemented one of the points of the strategy thought out by J. Seidamet, or showed activity that was not quite appropriate in the current situation - now it is not possible to answer these questions. This action caused extreme indignation. The Council of Trade Unions and the Executive Committee of the Simferopol Council in an ultimatum demanded the immediate release of the People's House, otherwise threatening a general strike. And the Crimean headquarters, not expecting such a reaction and being at a loss, dumped all the blame on Chelebiev.

At an emergency meeting of the Kurultai on the fact of the seizure, Chelebiev, making excuses, qualified the refusal of the city government to transfer the People's House to the Crimean Tatars as an insult to their national dignity. Forgetting about his recent calls to make Crimea the second multinational Switzerland, Chelebiev, perhaps the first of the Crimean Tatar leaders, openly spoke out in favor of transferring all power in Crimea to Kurultay. However, the mufti's associates did not embark on this adventure. They did not support Chelebiev's proposals as "leading to a break with the regional authorities and other peoples of Crimea."

Seidamet, who urgently arrived from the South Bank, insisted that the squadrons leave the People's House, and disavowed Chelebiev. On January 4 (17), he resigned. The post of Chairman of the Board of Directors was taken by Seydamet.

Bolshevik (the first of the Crimean Tatars) I.K. Firdevs visually depicts Chelebiev's throwing of those days. “I found him in a complete state of meditation, lack of ... will. ... I am convinced, he said, that the Bolsheviks and the movements for Soviet power represent such a force that no weapon can pacify. " He explained to Firdevs: "You Bolsheviks are not power, you are simply fulfilling the demands of the masses." The above notes of Firdevs are dated April 4, 1926, when he, as a personal enemy of I.V. Stalin, was already in disgrace with the Bolsheviks, and we have no reason not to trust them. Moreover, these memories are confirmed by other sources.

On January 8-10 (21-23), in the days of fierce battles between sailors and squadrons near Sevastopol and in the Yalta district, the mufti rushes between the opposing forces that have taken up arms. Then he declares that in order to stop the bloodshed, a compromise must be made: to create a government body, including 10 representatives from the SNP, Bolsheviks and Tatars. “There is nothing unnatural in an alliance with the Bolsheviks,” Chelebiev tries to convince the SNP, and then suddenly insists: “If this idea cannot be realized (of course, it cannot: how can we not recall the immortal fable of I.A.Krylov“ Swan, crayfish and pike "! - Auth.), then the power in the region rightfully belongs to the Tatars, especially since apart from the only real force that the Tatars represent at this moment, there is no other force in the region "(wishful thinking. - Auth.).

Meanwhile, negotiations are underway, at which Kurultai was represented by S.I. Idrisov, as well as U.A. Bodaninsky and M.D. Enileev, and the growing Soviet power - I.K. Firdevs and a prominent local Bolshevik leader Zh.A. Miller. The essence of the proposals of the Bolshevik Revolutionary Committee: the inviolability of the Kurultai, the preservation of the Tatar military units, the well-known national autonomy, the proportional representation of the Tatars at the Congress of Soviets - in exchange for loyal neutrality in relation to Soviet power, the refusal to cooperate with the counter-revolution and the fight against it, the election of the command staff.

Perhaps, given the spinelessness of the "swamp", Kurultai would have agreed with a majority of votes to this option, but the firm intransigence of his right wing and the right-wing Socialist-Revolutionary faction in the SNP did not allow this to be done. The extremely tough line was defended by J. Seidamet, editor of the newspaper "Millet" A.S. Aivazov and their supporters. Thus, Aivazov rapped out: “The Bolsheviks are a destructive force. We are not on the road with them. Not to go with the Bolsheviks, but to fight them to the end. This is our slogan. "

By 43 votes to 12, Kurultai decides to organize regional power by agreement with the SNP without the Bolsheviks. Thus, both bodies signed their own death warrants. By orders of the Sevastopol Revolutionary Committee, SNP was dissolved on January 14 (27), Kurultai - on January 16 (29) -17 (30).

Civil war on the peninsula flares up. The Crimean Democratic (People's) Republic was never created.

Sources present us with the following picture of events on the southern coast of Crimea. Leaflets and appeals of the Revolutionary Committee, published in Sevastopol, stir up passions. Here is one of them (Sevastopol Military Revolutionary Committee, January 9 (22)): “Comrades sailors, soldiers and workers, organize and arm every one of them! Sevastopol and the whole Crimea are in danger. We are threatened by the military dictatorship of the Tatars! The Tatar people, like any other people, are not our enemy. But the enemies of the people portray the events in Sevastopol in such a way as to incite the Tatar people against us. They portray the Sevastopol sailors as robbers who threaten the life and tranquility of the whole Crimea (which was quite true. - Auth.). The dark Tatars-squadrons, electrified by malicious agitation, behave like conquerors in Simferopol, Yalta and other cities. In the streets there are often beatings with whips, as under the tsarist regime. Squadrons in Simferopol are driving along the sidewalks, crowding the crowd with horses, like tsarist gendarmes, eavesdropping, looking at every passer-by. The worst times of autocracy are threatened by the military dictatorship of the Tatars, introduced with the consent of the Central Rada. "

On January 9-15 (22-28), the resort and medical Yalta becomes the arena of fierce battles. On the night of January 9 (22), the sailors of the "Hajibey" ("Khadzhiyoy") destroyer arriving from Sevastopol engage in battle with the squadrons. On the 11th, “Kerch” and “Dionisy” came to the aid of “Hajibey”. The correspondent of the capital newspaper testifies: “On January 11-17, the city was continuously fired upon from the sea. Up to 700 shells were fired. “The best hotels have suffered ... many private houses and shops. (…) An unimaginable panic was created: the residents, taken by surprise, fled in their underwear, fleeing in basements, where heartbreaking scenes took place ... There is a uniform war in the streets: fighting on bayonets, corpses lying around, blood flowing. The destruction of the city began. "

Neither the Bolsheviks nor the squadrons went to an armistice. Yalta was eventually taken by the sailors. The surviving Tatars fled to the mountains.

“Arrests and executions began. Many officers were shot. (…) 2 sisters of mercy who were bandaging the Tatars were also shot. The victims were counted about 200. (...)

The officers who visited the war said that the horrors of Yalta - due to its exceptional geographical position and the complete safety of a small city - exceeded what they had seen and experienced at the front. "

Part of the squadrons gathered in the village of Nikita (9 miles from Yalta). A detachment of sailors sent to Nikita was defeated, and Yalta was taken by squadrons. Another shelling from ships forced them to retreat into the mountains. From there they made armed sorties into the city. These detachments surrendered only after the Red Guards went to their rear.

The Soviet historian of the 1920s M.F. Bunegin: “The masses of the Tatar population after the expulsion of the officers reacted very sympathetically to the proposal to peacefully resolve the issues of concern to them. They immediately agreed to hand over the instigators of the counter-revolutionary movement (if this was the case, which is permissible to doubt, then it means that the peaceful Tatars had something to fear. - Auth.) ". Among the "instigators of the counterrevolutionary movement" were also Tatar squadrons, and it is unlikely that their fellow tribesmen would hand them over to the Sevastopol without the threat of mass executions.

The Tatar population, fleeing shelling, abandons the villages of Derekoy and Ai-Vasil (now part of the territory of Yalta), leaving for Biyuk-Ozenbash (now the village of Schastlivoe, Bakhchisarai district) and into the mountains. Their houses and property were plundered by the Outsk Greeks (Autka - then a village, now - a part of Yalta). So another disaster of the Civil War struck Crimea - interethnic(under the veil of which were often hidden everyday, economic, etc.) bloody conflicts. Among the Tatar squadrons, Russo-and especially Greco-Phobic sentiments and actions are intensifying, and among the sailors of the Black Sea Fleet, the philistine strata of the population, the Greek diaspora - anti-Tatar ones.

An eyewitness and an unwitting participant in the Yalta events, who almost got shot, P.N. Wrangel recalled the condition of the sailors at that time: someone burst into the house and calms the baron: "... We don't bother anyone, except those who are at war with us." “We are only fighting with the Tatars,” says another, “Mother Catherine also annexed Crimea to Russia, and now they are being postponed…”. The memoirist comments: "How often I later recalled these words, so significant in the mouth of a representative of a 'conscious' supporter of the Red International."

According to the testimonies we have, the Bolsheviks were supported by part of the Greek population - young people, mainly from the Balaklava region and the South Coast, among which there were many fishermen, boatmen, artisans, laborers - "Listrigones", praised by A.I. Kuprin. Bolshevik rhetoric has successfully superimposed on this local socio-ethnic and socio-confessional (Greeks - Orthodox, Tatars - Muslims) soil. In addition, in the national aspirations of the Crimean Tatars, behind which Turkey loomed with its massive persecution of Christians, the Greek population of Crimea saw a threat to their position, property and life.

One of the witnesses of the Yalta tragedy, a Tatar from Derekoy, later testified during the investigation: among the sailors and Red Guards who participated in the pogroms, there were "Yalta, Balaklava" tramps ", Outsk, Balaklava Greeks, there were also residents of Derekoy - Russians." And the Greek P.K. Harlambo from Yalta explained the riots by motives "stemming from the tribal enmity of the Greeks towards the Tatars."

Were not the accusations of Bolshevism against the Greeks in vain? Or “these accusations are just a reflection of the old national enmity between the Tatars and the Greeks, economically(our italics .- Auth.)? - asked V.A. Obolensky. - In any case, the spilled Tatar blood (in January 1918, during the shelling of the South Bank and the landing of troops from the Black Sea Fleet ships. - Auth.) demanded revenge, and in a few days it was time for revenge, national revenge, the most terrible and senselessly cruel ”.

Bloody events unfold in Feodosia. Here life went on. All flags are on a visit: “Russian soldiers from Anatolia, Armenian shock troops from the Caucasus, Romanian Bolsheviks from Constanta, the remnants of the Serbian legion from Odessa. Not Feodosia, but Carthage during the rebellion of mercenaries ... "(poet MA Voloshin, March 1 (February 16)). The city served as a staging post for tens of thousands of soldiers returning home from the Caucasian Russian-Turkish front and did not recognize any power. “Caucasians” sold everything they had at the local bazaar, including Turkish women. Turkish women went from 200 to 2000 rubles and were sold out by the Tatars with might and main. “In Feodosia, the soldiers settled down as at home, occupying luxurious dachas on the shore. I remember how elegant mahogany furniture was taken out of the marvelous Stamboli dacha, immediately broken and burned on fires, where they cooked their own food in pots. They passed like locusts, buying and selling everything, noisily, drunkenly and merrily, but thanks to them - armed to the teeth and with artillery, in Feodosia it was, if not calm, then still - bearable. "

The soldiers of the local garrison were asked to surrender their weapons and go home. They did not object to demobilization, but did not want to surrender their weapons. Moreover, on January 2 (15), after a corresponding rally, the soldiers stormed the military depots and seized the weapons stored there. The squadrons tried to resist. A witness to the events, a writer from the circle of I.A. Bunin wrote in exile: “… On a sunny January morning… shooting and commotion arose in the city. Know-it-all Yurka ran down Italyanskaya Street, but without a bundle of newspapers ... and shouted that the Bolsheviks had revolted, were slaughtering the Tatars, and that the battle was now going on near the barracks where the Horse Battalion had barricaded itself. Two hours later it was all over: Soviet power reigned in the city. Some of the Tatars broke through and fled into the mountains with a fight, others remained lying on the barracks parade ground, where their death was found. "

M.A. Voloshin in a letter to A.M. Peshkovsky on January 12 (25) wrote: “... Around there is a war between the Tatars and the Russians. (…) Everything that happens. seems very fruitful in terms of historical experience. "

The Crimean headquarters, however, sent new squadron units to Feodosia from Dzhankoy. Then the Feodosia Revolutionary Committee, created on January 3 (16), turned to Sevastopol for help. The destroyer "Fidonisi" arrived at the Feodosia raid. The sailor landing was commanded by anarchist A.V. Mokrousov. Several dozen officers were shot, and the squadrons, fearing the sailors, retreated, without starting a battle, to the Old Crimea. A detachment of sailors and soldiers moved north to "liberate" Dzhankoy, organizing rural revolutionary committees along the way.

On January 12-13 (25-26), the Red troops took Bakhchisarai and moved inexorably towards Simferopol. The Crimean headquarters counted on the capital of the province as a strong rear. Unexpectedly for the "Kurultayevites", the Simferopol workers rose up, thoroughly armed and ready to fight. On January 12 (25), shootings began on the streets of Simferopol. "Kurultayevtsy" began to scatter. According to A.S. Aivazov, no more than 20 of its members remained in the national parliament. On the night of January 12 (25), Zh.A. Miller and I.K. Firdevs and offered him, as a member of the presidium of the parliament, "to conclude peace and to notify the Crimean population about it so that it ceases hostilities everywhere." In response, he said: “The war was not declared by parliament and was not approved by it. The parliament, of course, would have spoken out against the war, but it could not meet in time. "

After brief negotiations, Miller and Aivazov drew up an appeal in Russian and Tatar to the opposing forces, calling for an end to hostile actions against each other. The appeal was multiplied in tens of thousands of copies and spread throughout the Crimea. During the negotiations and drafting the appeal, there was also a member of parliament, Suleiman Idrisov, who was appointed by the negotiators as temporary commissioner for the protection of property of the Headquarters of the Crimean troops and in the barracks. This was the end of the negotiations.

On January 14 (27), the Black Sea sailors settled in Simferopol. On the same day on the streets of the city one could get acquainted with the contents of the posted leaflet-appeal of the Revolutionary Committee: “Comrades! There should be no place for national enmity. The Tatar worker, peasant and soldier are the same brothers of ours as a Russian, a Jew, a German, and so on. We are fighting against the rule of landlords and capitalists of all nationalities in alliance with the working people of all nationalities. "

“From that moment on, Bolshevism reigned in Crimea in the most cruel, robber-bloodthirsty form, based on the savage arbitrariness of the local authorities, not put even by the Bolshevik, but still by the government, but nominated by the crowd as the most cruel, ruthless and impudent people.

In all cities, blood was shed, gangs of sailors raged, there was a massive robbery, in a word, that absolutely nightmare situation of flow and plunder was created, when the man in the street became the object of permanent robbery. "

So, by the end of January 1918, the Bolsheviks, together with their allies, establish their power in the Crimea. By and large, they are not interested in national problems. So, at the Tauride provincial congress of councils, land and revolutionary committees on March 7-10, 1918, the national question, despite the presence of dozens of delegates from the Crimean Tatars, was not included in the agenda at all. This caused great disappointment among the Tatars. And the chairman of the congress N.I. Pakhomov even said that "there can be no place for national issues."

One of the features of the January events in Crimea was, according to the Soviet researcher and "heretical" Bolshevik V.A. Elagina, "the ugly Bolshevik-Tatar struggle", which for a time sowed alienation between the Soviets (to some extent, the Russian population of Crimea) and the Tatars. “... The Soviet power in Crimea, from the moment of its emergence until the moment of its death under the onslaught of the Germans, remained Russian, spoke in different ways. The Crimean Bolsheviks in 1918 were unable to resolve the national question ”.

After the victory of the Reds over the squadrons, a wave of arrests of officers and everyone suspected of collaborating with the Crimean headquarters swept. According to the Turgayev brothers' statements “about reactionary behavior”, members of the Sevastopol Muslim Committee Sh. A. Devyatov, Umerov and the military mullah IZ were arrested. Zamaletdinov, but the investigation proved their innocence, and on March 22 the case was dropped. ...

The former Chief of Staff of the Crimean troops, Colonel V.V. Makukhin, who was hiding under a false name and lived in Karasubazar (Belogorsk), "where, as a talented orator, he managed to save the city from many dangerous excesses on the part of the Bolsheviks."

Another wave of terror hit Crimea on February 22-24. Among the hundreds of dead people of different nationalities was the Tavrichesky Mufti. Ch. Chelebiev was taken from his home in Simferopol on January 14 (27) and sent to Sevastopol for execution.

About the last hours of the life of Chelebiev and other arrested persons, evidence of a prisoner of the same Sevastopol prison who was hiding under the pseudonym of the aforementioned prisoner, who found the strength, being the most literal image on the brink of death, to collect information about what was happening here, was preserved:

“In early January, after the“ campaign ”against the Tatars, after the suppression of the Tatar“ counter-revolution ”, after the“ brilliant battles ”of the Soviet army, after the plundering of Crimean cities and villages, Mufti Chelebiev was imprisoned. At first he was put in common cell No. 5, but the next day, by order of the Soviet rulers, he was transferred to solitary confinement cell No. 26 as a dangerous counter-revolutionary. (...)

At two o'clock in the morning, the first gang of sailors broke into the prison and presented to the prison commissioner a demand for extradition, according to the list, for the execution of five prisoners. The commissioner asked by phone for advice on what to do, whether to issue it or not.

The council replied: give out who the sailors demand. The presented list included: Mufti Ch. Chelebiev, Rear Admiral M.L. Lvov, captain I rank F.F. Karkaz (lieutenant in 1906, participant in the trial of the lieutenant - Auth.), captain II rank I.G. Zwingman and the former senior city police officer L. Sinitsa. Their hands were tied ... The sailors and the worker of the carpentry workshop of the Sevastopol port R.

They were led away ... None of the doomed asked for mercy from their executioners ... On the way to the place of the murder, in the Quarantine Beam, as worker R. later reported, the killers tortured their victims: the sick old man Karkaz was beaten with rifle butts and fists, Titmouse was stabbed with bayonets and beaten with rifle butts and mocked above all.

They were shot at point-blank range and already dead they were beaten with rifle butts and stones on the heads. Outer dress, boots, rings, wallets were removed from the dead ... ".

On March 7-10, 1918, in Simferopol, at the I Constituent Congress of Soviets, Revolutionary Committees and Land Committees of the Tauride province, the Tauride Central Executive Committee was created, which announced its establishment of the Tauride Socialist Soviet Republic within the RSFSR. The congress also formed the Council of People's Commissars, which included 8 Bolsheviks and 4 Left Social Revolutionaries. AI Slutsky was elected the head of the Council of People's Commissars. Jean Miller became the chairman of the CEC. Although its members were two Crimean Tatars - I.K. Firdevs (People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and Nationalities), and his assistant I.S. Idrisov, the Council of People's Commissars practically did not deal with the solution of national problems, including the aggravated Crimean Tatar issue. True, the People's Commissariat included a commissariat for Crimean Muslim affairs, but it only started to create similar commissariats in cities, districts and volosts, provided financial support to Crimean Tatar educational institutions, and tried to start forming international detachments of the Red Army. The People's Commissariat proposed to translate the most important decrees and orders into the Tatar language. ... In relation to other nationalities living on the peninsula, no measures were taken at all. Firdevs stated: “There was almost no work among national minorities. There were very few Bolsheviks from national minorities: almost in the whole Crimea there was only one Tatar in the organization ... ”, that is, Firdevs himself.

The indiscriminate reprisals by the supporters of the new government, although not in mass numbers, as before, continued. They were often accompanied by the robbery of the victims. Thus, in Yalta, two merchants from the Crimean Tatars, Osman and Mustafa Veliyev, were seized without any investigation. They were taken in cars to Livadia and there, on the highway, they were robbed and killed. “The robbers were thrown into the vineyards. Osman Veliyev had several bayonet wounds, and his chest was cut out, and his brother Mustafa's head was shattered by blows from the butt. One of the murderers, a Red Army soldier Merkulov, when asked by the sister of those killed where the brothers were taken away, replied: "We killed them like dogs."

It is clear that such acts could not improve the attitude of the Crimean Tatar population towards Soviet power. The conflict between them escalated. The January bloodshed was not forgotten. Indiscriminate nationalization, the transformation of estates into state farms, communes, artels, despite the desire of the peasants to divide this land among themselves, food dictatorship, violent mobilizations, etc., aroused rejection.

After the liquidation of Soviet power in April 1918, the first Crimean regional government of M.A. Sulkevich (Suleiman Pasha), "in view of the aggravation of relations between representatives of various nationalities inhabiting the southern coast of Crimea," undertook an investigation of what was happening in the Crimea in the first months of 1918. In parallel, the Kurultai Commission of Inquiry was working. Later, these events were also studied by the "Special Commission of Inquiry to Investigate the Atrocities of the Bolsheviks" under the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia (1919), whose revealed facts and conclusions were widely used by A.I. Denikin.

After the fall of the SSR of Tavrida, Lieutenant M. Khairetdinov showed the Kurultai Commission of Inquiry: “The Bolsheviks also knew very well that their decrees had no special meaning for the Tatars and were not enforced. In addition, despite the stubborn demands of the military commissars, not a single Tatar enrolled in the Red Army, and when specialists were mobilized, not a single Tatar went to serve. All these circumstances made the Bolsheviks feel that the Tatars were not only not sympathetic to them, but even hostile. "

He is echoed by P.N. Wrangel: "Although the Soviet system was also introduced in the nearest Tatar village Koreiz and had its own Sovdep, but the Tatar population, deeply hostile to communism, having assumed the external forms of the new government, essentially remained the same."

Interethnic relations on the peninsula remained difficult. Clashes continued to shake various parts of the Crimea. Greek and Tatar pogroms broke out again.

On April 18-19, the German invasion of Crimea began. No serious resistance was met at Perekop. At the same time, trying to get ahead of the Germans, the Crimean group of troops of the Ukrainian People's Republic led an offensive under the general command of Lieutenant Colonel Pyotr Bolbochan.

As soon as the German and Ukrainian units approached Perekop, and the Soviet authorities switched to defense, as on the coast from Sudak to Yalta and in the mountainous Crimea, where the overwhelming majority of the population were Crimean Tatars, clashes began to develop into armed uprisings. In the twenties of April, the Crimean Tatar uprising flared up, which the participants themselves called the "people's war".

The Germans were well aware of the details of what was happening. The original version is put forward by V.A. Obolensky. “After all, if the Germans are really in Simferopol,” he reasoned, “then tomorrow or the day after tomorrow they will be on the South Bank and will occupy the whole Crimea without resistance. Why, under such conditions, the Tatars had to organize an uprising, which before the arrival of the Germans could cost a lot of blood? Subsequently, having become acquainted with the policy of the Germans in the Crimea, I realized that this uprising was the work of the German headquarters. The Germans who sought to create an independent Muslim state from Crimea (right? - Auth.), which would be in the sphere of their influence, it was necessary for the Tatar population to be active and supposedly free themselves from the "Russian", that is, the Bolshevik yoke. From a victorious uprising, naturally, a Tatar national government would arise and the Germans would pretend that they only support the power put forward by the people themselves. "

One way or another, the uprising was gaining strength. Its center was Alushta, "where the Muslim committee organized on the night of April 22, in fact, took all power into its own hands." M. Khairetdinov was elected the chairman of this committee. Here the rebel headquarters was organized, headed by S.M. Mufti-zade. The rebels established themselves in the villages of Kuchuk-Uzen (now Malorechenskoye), Shume (Upper and Lower Kutuzovka), Demerdzhi (Radiant), Korbek (Izobilnoye), Biyuk-Lambate (Small Mayak) - all of the current Alushta City Council. Together with the Ukrainian military who had penetrated the coast, they moved towards Yalta, occupying the settlements located here (up to Nikita and Massandra).

The episode that took place in the village of Kiziltash (now Krasnokamenka of the Yalta City Council) is indicative. After the fall of the Bolsheviks' power, it was investigated by the acting investigator I.A. Bunin. On April 21-22, “two cars with armed officers, Ukrainians and Tatars, arrived in the village. Turning to the assembled people, they announced the occupation of Simferopol by the Germans and urged them to organize detachments and attack Gurzuf and Yalta in order to overthrow the power of the Bolsheviks. The next day, a Ukrainian-Tatar detachment of up to 140 people proceeded to Gurzuf through Kiziltash.

The rebels also controlled the villages of Kush (Shelkovichnoe, does not exist now), Ulu-Salu (Sinapnoe), Shura (Kudrino) of the current Bakhchisarai region. Anti-Bolshevik demonstrations took place in Feodosia, Sudak, Old Crimea and Karasubazar (Belogorsk). In the last three cities, the rebels managed to seize power. The chairman of the Sudak Revolutionary Committee, Suvorov, was arrested and brutally tortured. The movement covered a significant area of ​​the Mountainous Crimea and the southern coast.

The Tatars unleashed their anger not only at the Bolsheviks, but also at the Christian population, with whom they identified the Soviet power.

A native of Yalta, Varvara Andreevna Kizilova, born in 1905, told the author of this work that clashes with the Tatars took place on the outskirts of Yalta. One of her relatives, who fled to the city from Gurzuf, where the massacre of Christians began, was captured and killed by the Tatars only because the extension he built to the house blocked the view of the mosque.

There is information about violence perpetrated by armed Tatars against Christians in the village of Skela (the village of Rodnikovoye of the Sevastopol City Council).

The rebels seemed to be well organized. According to J. Seydamet, “having entered the Crimea, the Germans found here not only the Tatar military forces, which went almost everywhere in the vanguard of the German army against the Bolsheviks, but also Tatar organizations even in small villages, where they were greeted with national flags”.

Nevertheless, in Varnutka (the village of Goncharnoe of the Sevastopol City Council), the Christian population, warned by the local Tatars, united, managed to repulse the arriving small Tatar detachment.

After the breakthrough by the German and Ukrainian units of the Perekop positions, the leadership of the Soviet Taurida thought only about flight from the Crimea. On April 20, the hectic evacuation of Simferopol began. Part of the leadership that fled to the east managed to escape. Part of them headed south with the hope of moving to Novorossiysk. Once in Yalta, they phoned Alushta, and they were told that the city was supposedly "quiet and calm." The members of the republic's leadership A.I. Slutsky, Ya. Yu. Tarvatsky, S.P. Novoselsky, A.I. Kolyadenko, I. Finogenov, I.N. Semyonov, S.S. Akimochkin and two members of the Sevastopol Council A.A. Beim and Baranov were captured on April 21 near Biyuk-Lambat by the rebels and sent to Alushta. On April 22 and 23, during interrogations, the arrested were tortured and abused, after which, on April 24, they were shot in a gully near Alushta. The seriously wounded Akimochkin and Semyonov survived.

The Greek village “Aktuzoi” (sic) was completely burned down, its population, including children, was exterminated. This was the signal "by which the massacre of Greeks, Russians, Armenians and other villages in the territory of the uprising began." “In the villages of Kuchuk-Uzen, Alushta, Korbek, B.-Lambat, Koush, Ulu-Sala and many others, dozens of working Russians, Greeks, etc. are shot and tortured. These days, a whole collection of cut off ears was collected in the Alushta hospital. breasts, fingers, etc. " ... Deputy Chairman of the Tavricheskiy CEC I.N. Semyonov, who miraculously escaped death during the execution, later wrote: “On the night of April 23-24, the Russians living in the vicinity of Alushta were attacked by the Tatars; several families were exterminated, about 70 people in total. The Russian inhabitants, who had survived the terrible night, by the next night began to gather in groups and arm themselves to defend themselves in the event of a second attack. "

However, the Sevastopol sailors are still trying to resist. They create a defense ring around Yalta. The advancing rebels were stopped by machine guns at Massandra. A role in the failure of the Tatar offensive was also played by the fact that the Ukrainian officers, who destroyed the wine cellar in the Alushta region, were thoroughly loaded with stolen wine. Then they tried to participate in the raid on Yalta, which ended in the seizure of money in the Massandra estate, some of which were taken to Simferopol.

The destroyer "Hajibey" ("Khadzhibey") arrived in Yalta from Sevastopol with an airborne detachment, which, having included the local Red Guards in its composition, moved to Alushta. As in January 1918, he was supported by the Greeks. On April 23, 12 kilometers from Yalta, the Tatar rebels were defeated. According to Lieutenant M. Khayretdinov, "our detachment, which did not resist anywhere, retreated all the way to Alushta, leaving all the Tatar villages between these cities to the mercy of the Bolsheviks."

The witness Lidiya Lomakina told the aforementioned investigator I.A. Bunin about the events in Kiziltash: “... Approaching the village, the Red Guards and Greeks placed machine guns at different points on the highway and began to fire at the village; at the same time they carried out arson… on the same day the Red Guards and Greeks started catching Tatars and shooting at them; two or three days after that, the village was set on fire in the center ... the fire spread to the entire so-called Old Mosque part of Kiziltash, in which up to 20 houses were burnt out; the fire destroyed all the property in them. " The population scattered in fear. The witness stated that “a small gang of Greek Red Guards from the city of Gurzuf ... terrorized the villagers, killing and shooting Tatars, setting fire to their houses, looting property and other violence ...” 13 residents were shot in the village. Their corpses were found disfigured in the graves and common pits, “some… had their ears and noses cut off, smashed by the butts of their heads…”; it was noticeable that they were being stoned.

“In Gurzuf, more than 60 old Tatars were killed, the bodies were thrown unburied on the roads, streets, in vineyards. Relatives who decided to search for their killed loved ones often had to stop searching because of threats from the Red Army. The burials were dangerous, there was no mercy even for the clergy: in Gurzuf and Nikita, two mullahs were killed during the funeral service. "

The "Hajibey" who approached Alushta brought down artillery fire on the city (on the way back, coastal villages were fired upon). The rebels finally lost their fighting spirit and began to disperse. Their headquarters disintegrated, Mufti-zadeh hastily left the city. Attempts by Lieutenant Khayretdinov to organize the defense ended in failure. On April 24, the Red Guards entered Alushta. This day, writes a contemporary, “is one of the saddest days in the history of the ugly Bolshevik-Tatar struggle. After shelling Alushta with artillery fire from a torpedo boat, enraged by the death of commissars (SSR Tavrida .-- Auth.) the sailors, breaking the resistance of the rebels, broke into the town. Scattered in pursuit of the retreating along its narrow streets, they hacked indiscriminately all the Tatars they came across. " Wild instincts roamed. According to an eyewitness, "when they saw the atrocities committed by the nationalist Tatars on the night of April 23-24, everyone took up arms, even in the sanatorium there were no sisters or nurses left."

"The Tatar population of Alushta and surrounding villages, abandoning their hearths, fled to the mountains and hid there until the moment when the sailors' detachments, which had fought almost to Simferopol, were drawn to Yalta, and Alushta was occupied on April 27 by a squadron of German lancers." continues V.A. Elagin.

Now - the evidence of the Alushta Tatars. A group of Red Guards broke into the house of Bekir Memedov, where several residents were hiding, and demanded the extradition of the squadrons who were allegedly hiding in the house. “They were told that there were no squadrons, after which they made a search. One of the Red Guards - a Greek, swearing standing at the stairs, said that you will still fight 100 times, but for every killed Greek we will kill 100 Tatars - we killed the whole Gurzuf and we will cut you all now. Seven men were taken away in an unknown direction, and no one else saw them.

According to the testimony of Hafiz Shamrat of the Kurultai Investigation Commission, “all the wounded in the hospitals in the number of 600 people were given weapons and, in addition, all the workers of the city and the surrounding area were armed. They shouted: “Come on Tatars!” (..) The Greeks went armed to their homes and took the Tatars away.

According to I.K. Firdevs, “a uniform war began between the Tatars and the outgoing Soviet power. Our landing units then reached Mamut-Sultan itself (Dobroe village, Simferopol region) 12 versts from Simferopol. "

Tatar pogroms were also recorded in Nikita, Derekoy (now part of Yalta), Yalta, Alupka and smaller villages.

In Feodosia, units of the Red Guards and sailors with the help of the destroyers "Fidonisi", "Zvonky" and "Piercing" easily suppressed the Tatar uprising. From here, two Red Guard detachments were sent to Sudak. P. Novikov, the commander of one of them, managed to convince the rebels to lay down their arms (perhaps the only case of a peaceful resolution of the situation during these bloody events). However, those responsible for the murder of Suvorov were punished. The Bolsheviks again took possession of the Old Crimea and Karasubazar. Sailors and Balaklava Greeks entered the village of Skelia, having dealt with the Tatars who occupied it. On April 29, red units were also thrown from Bakhchisarai to suppress the rebels in the surrounding villages. In some areas of the peninsula, the uprising continued until April 30, until the final fall of the Tavrida SSR.

A special commission to investigate the atrocities of the Bolsheviks, summarizing the facts collected by the Kurultay Investigative Commission, in the summer of 1919 in Yekaterinodar made a conclusion: “Over two or three days of April, more than 200 civilians were killed, property, accurately registered, was destroyed, worth 2,928,000 rubles. The total damage caused by the Bolsheviks to the Tatar population of Alushta, Kiziltash, Derekoy, Alupka, and smaller settlements, according to an approximate estimate, exceeds 8,000,000 rubles. Thousands of residents turned out to be beggars. " However, we note that all these investigations were one-sided in nature, without revealing a holistic picture of the tragedy.

The ethno-confessional conflict has not yet ended. With the fall of the SSR of Taurida and the occupation of the entire peninsula by German troops (the Ukrainian units were withdrawn from the Crimea at the insistence of the German command), a real terror fell on the small Christians of the villages of the South Bank (mainly Greeks).

V.A. Obolensky recalled: “In the evening we looked at the glow of fires that broke out along the entire southern coast. The Tatars took revenge on the Greek population for the blood of their murdered brothers. Many Greeks were killed that evening, and all their estates were plundered and burned. When I left for Yalta two days later, I counted about a dozen still smoking fires along the highway. And along the roads a whole line of trucks were moving with all kinds of belongings, with tear-stained women and black-eyed children. The cows, tied behind by the horns, rested and bellowed, the sheep were dusting and frightened, huddled against each other, bleating plaintively ... ”.

In the spring and summer of 1918, the Tatar-Greek conflict engulfed the entire South Coast. In March of the following year, after petitions to the authorities from the injured Greeks demanding compensation for damages, the journalists of the Krymsky Vestnik made an attempt to understand what had happened. For centuries, Tatars and Greeks lived side by side, although not without friction. But "until now Crimea did not know national hatred ...". However, the revolution, having shaken the foundation of the community, exposed the hitherto hidden xenophobia, anger, naked selfishness that does not know how to restrain, the desire to humiliate a neighbor, or, on occasion, to destroy him, to profit with impunity at his expense, since he is of a different nationality, of a different faith, a different social status, a different profession. Alas, how well this is all familiar from the history of mankind, and from the current news bulletins. “And suddenly, as if by a wave of a magic wand, all this instantly changed, and the peaceful cohabitation was replaced by some kind of deadly hatred, which finds no examples or reasons”.

It came down to "sacred" calls for the extermination of the Greeks. “... A lot of Greek property was destroyed and seized by the Tatars, and several dozen Greeks perished, including decrepit old people and small children. (...) On the entire coast between Yalta and Alushta there is no more not a single Greek family ...(our italics .- Auth.)»

Photo-1L Until now, historians have not come to a consensus why in 1778, when Russian troops controlled the situation in Crimea, when realistically thinking politicians understood that the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire was a foregone conclusion (it took place 5 years later) - why was it necessary to evict from the peninsula, the entire Christian population, which was friendly to the same-believing Russian troops and could become the support of the future Russian administration?

Historians put forward many versions - from voluntary exodus to deportation, that is, forced eviction. Supporters of the version of voluntary resettlement refer to the fact that the tsarist government decided to allocate 30 acres of land for each revisionist soul (i.e., for each male family member) within the Russian Empire. The Greeks were exempted from state taxes for ten years and from conscription for a hundred years. It was a gingerbread. But there was also a whip.

Just imagine - you live where your fathers and grandfathers and great-grandfathers lived. You have your home, your land, your vineyards. You own a factory or shop, have friends, some kind of connections in society, you are a conscientious taxpayer. And suddenly Russian troops appear, led by a famous commander, and offer you to voluntarily move from your ancestral homeland on the Black Sea coast, where your ancestors lived for more than two and a half thousand years somewhere to the north, to the lands of the Zaporozhye Cossacks. Some benefits are offered in return. You cannot refuse. Is this a voluntary exodus or a forced eviction?

And to whom was it beneficial, this resettlement, and who was the first to raise the question about it?

What were the goals of this project?

REASONS FOR REMOVAL

The main strategic goal of Russia in those days - on the way to the conquest of Constantinople - was the conquest of the Crimea. By this, Russia ensured the establishment of influence over the Black Sea. As V.O.Klyuchevsky wrote, “After the Nystadt Peace, when Russia took a firm footing on the Baltic Sea, two foreign policy issues remained in turn: one territorial, the other national. The first was to push the southern border of the state to its natural limits, to the northern coastline of the Black Sea with the Crimea and the Sea of ​​Azov and to the Caucasian ridge ("Russian history. Complete course of lectures in three books")

During the first Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Russia achieved in 1772 the declaration of the independence of the Crimea. The next step was, of course, the annexation of the Crimea. To speed up that process, and so that for Europe it looked like the desire of the Tatars themselves, a pretender to the throne, Khan Shagin-Girey, was sent to Crimea, a man, according to Catherine II, “mentally knowing the value of his freedom granted to the Fatherland”. On March 10, 1777, A.V. Suvorov, according to historical sources, by some maneuvers of his troops scattered the unorganized army of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey, which allowed Shagin-Girey to enter the Crimea, where on March 29 he was proclaimed khan.

But, despite the fact that the Crimean Khan Shagin-Girey was seated on the throne with the help of Suvorov's bayonets, he tried to turn the Crimean Khanate into a strong independent state. This was not part of the plans of Ekaterina and Potemkin. Field Marshal Rumyantsev proposed a variant of the economic weakening of the Crimean Khanate by withdrawing the main category of taxpayers from Crimea. Those in the Crimea were the Greeks, as well as the Armenians and Georgians, in whose hands almost all the trade of the khanate was concentrated. All of them professed the Orthodox religion, and the option of saving the Orthodox from Muslim oppression suggested itself.

How much importance was attached then to this project can be understood from a letter from Rumyantsev, who then wrote to Catherine that the withdrawal of the Orthodox from the Crimea "can be considered the conquest of a noble province." Rumyantsev believed that, due to the political and economic realities of that time, the resettlement of the Orthodox would be very beneficial for the Russian Empire.

By this conclusion, Crimea was placed in economic dependence on Russia, and, thus, the dream of conquering Crimea became even closer for the rulers of Russia.

In addition, this conclusion pursued two more goals at once. With the simultaneous undermining of the economy of the khanate, the lands of the Zaporizhzhya Sich were settled - instead of the Cossacks who were evicted to the Kuban and left for the Danube. And the second, perhaps even more important, goal was to show all enlightened Europe the cruelty of the Muslim population of Crimea towards the Orthodox peoples of Crimea - and present the resettlement as a noble mission to save Christians from the "Mohammedan yoke" and "save them from the" revengeful scimitar " ...

MAVR DID HIS WORK ...

The letters from Metropolitan Ignatius to Catherine with requests to accept the Orthodox of the Crimea under the protection of Russia came in very handy. Ignatius Gozadinov, who was born on the island of Fermiya, was appointed Metropolitan of the Gotfei-Kafai diocese in Crimea in 1771. And this was also, as many historians noted, one of the victories of Russian diplomacy. Because Ignatius almost immediately after arriving in Crimea began to write letters about the acceptance of the Crimean Orthodox under the patronage of the "Great Empress".

It should be noted that these letters did not contain a single line about resettlement. But ... the Moor did his job. On March 23, 1778, Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev appointed Suvorov commander of the Crimea and Kuban troops. Suvorov gathered the leaders of the Georgian, Armenian and Greek churches and invited them, together with all Christians, to move to Russia. On April 23, the day of Easter, the Metropolitan made this appeal to his flock.

Suvorov, together with Ignatius, acted very energetically - after all, they were responsible to the empress herself - for persuading, first of all, Orthodox priests to move.

And already on July 22, 1778, Suvorov wrote a letter to Shagin-Girey, in which he said that “The Most Blessed Empress of All Russia, condescending to the requests of Christians ... You will not contradict your patroness, but you will not leave to favor, because everything that concerns your person will be protected and rewarded.

This letter from Suvorov became a thunderbolt for Shagin-Girey and could not but infuriate him. In protest, the khan left his palace and pitched a tent camp three miles from his capital. He refused to accept Suvorov and the representative of the Russian government Konstantinov (Greek by nationality), asking Suvorov for only one thing - to postpone the resettlement for 25 days. Shagin-Girey wrote a letter to Catherine - and was waiting for an answer. Suvorov resolutely refused, because he knew Catherine's answer in advance. The Russian government sent 6,000 carts from the Azov province, on which Greeks, Armenians and Georgians were placed. And escorted by the troops A.V. Suvorov 31386 people set off.

The resettlement began in August 1778. Initially, the urban population was resettled from Kafa, Bakhchisarai, Karasubazar, Kozlov, Ak-Mechet and the Old Crimea (August 5 - 1.122 souls, August 15 - about 3 thousand souls). Then they resettled the countryside. Already on September 18 (in a month and a half!) Everything was completed.

LIFE IN THE PRIMORDIAL HOMELAND

On the eve of their resettlement from Crimea, the Greeks lived in more than 80 settlements in the mountains and on the southern coast of Crimea, a quarter of them were city dwellers. The Greeks preferred the southern coast of Crimea, where they were scattered over a large number of villages (the largest of them: Bolshaya Karakuba - 1.423 people, Stele - 1.228, Mangush - 773, Sartani - 743, Bishui - 686, Kermenchi - 477).

Most of the urban population traded in crafts, and one-sixth of the Greeks were engaged in trade. The main occupations of the villagers were distant pasture cattle breeding, agriculture (they grew rye, millet, wheat, barley, flax); on the South Bank, the Greeks specialized in gardening, viticulture, vegetable growing, and fishing. The Khan's census of real estate, compiled on the peninsula during their resettlement, confirms the relative material well-being of the bulk of the Crimean Greeks, and also testifies to the joint economic activity of representatives of various confessions and even clergy. All this population was built into the existing system of settlement and management, most of the Greeks were Tatar-speaking, many Armenians participated in the most profitable business of those days - the slave trade, etc.

It should be noted the religious tolerance that existed in medieval Crimea, which led to numerous mixed marriages, as well as to close ethnic contacts that contributed to integration. For example, in the judicial books of the 17th century. the following facts are cited: the Muslim woman Fatma from the village of Bogatyr, daughter of Gabriel, asked that the Christians take the cross left over from her father out of her house, and this cross was transferred to the house of the Christian woman Venia, the daughter of Muhammad, the wife of the Christian Balaban. In another case, a Christian woman, Inisha, adopted a Tatar child and left him all her property. Membership of members of the same family to different confessions was also no exception: in the village of Ai-Georgi, Christian Biigeldi, son of Biyberdi, was suing his brother's wife, Muslim Hangeldi, daughter of Trandafil; of the brothers Seit, Mohammed, Top and Bebi, the first two were Muslims, and the second two were Christians; Dzhantemir, Dmitry's son was a Christian, and his sister Saime was a Muslim, the Muslim Mustafa's wife Desfina and their daughter Theodora were Christians.

"MY GREEK ANCESTORS HAVE BEEN BROKEN BY SOLDIERS ..."

From the "Izvestia of the Tavricheskaya Scientific Archive Commission" of 1899, No. 30, we learn that "when in 1778 the Greeks were resettled from the Crimea, many of them, not wanting to leave their native lands, converted to Islam and became Tatars. And still in some In the villages of the South Bank, the Tatars observe Christian customs and bear purely Greek surnames (Kafadar, Barba, etc.) with the addition of a specific "oglu" (son).

The well-known explorer of Crimea, who visited Crimea on July 13-14, 1898, A.L. Bertier-de-Lagarde, wrote: native land ".

Simera Mavru Urano,

Simera mavri mera;

Simera uly klegune,

Chum salmon vuna lipune ...

Black sky tonight

Today is a rainy day

Everybody's crying tonight

And the mountains are sad ...

This Greek song was recorded over a hundred years ago. It was performed by N. Yatsko in the Ruman and Urum languages.

The resettlement, or rather the eviction, took place despite the reluctance of many to leave. The historian Petrushevsky in his book "Generalissimo Prince Suvorov", published in 1884, writes: "The resettlement was basically violent." Kassandra Kostan in the book "3 Literatures of the Mariupol Greeks", published in 1932, says the same thing: "the walnuts of the people masi bully against the resettlement".

"The resettlement of the Greeks was led by General A. Suvorov. It was cruel. According to family legend, my Greek ancestors were hacked to death by soldiers for refusing to resettle," wrote V. Dzhuvaga in the Mariupol newspaper "Illichivets" in 1997.

In Crimea, the Greeks left their homes, shops, mills, vineyards and many other property acquired throughout their lives and inherited from their ancestors.

I think that only this small list of facts cannot but cast doubt on the version of the voluntary exodus of the Greeks from the Crimea and the version of Catherine's humane mission towards the Greeks. And, by the way, in Mariupol and some Greek villages, zealous admirers of Catherine II continue to "deify" her and thank her for her mercy.

At an international conference held in Mariupol in 1996, a scientist from the Greek city of Ioannina Christos Laskaridis said about the events of 1778: "Metropolitan Ignatius, in whose actions there is also a share of guilt, himself was a victim of the policy of the Russian government, since the resettlement was an initiative of the Russian authorities."

"THE CONCLUSION IS OVER! ..."

A.V. Suvorov received an order and a good material reward for organizing the resettlement. He also offered to allocate 3,000 rubles to Metropolitan Ignatius for his zeal in mobilizing the Greeks. In addition, at the beginning of 1779, Khan Shagin-Girey received a reward for the departed Christians in the amount of 50 thousand rubles, and the same amount was allocated to the khan's brothers, beys, murzas and khan officials

In total, Russia has allocated 230 thousand rubles for this share.

The center of the settlement was Novoselitsa - the current city Novomoskovsk, Dnepropetrovsk region.

There were 18391 Greeks who left Crimea, including 87 clergy representatives. There were 12598 Armenians with them, who were taken out near Rostov.

The results of the resettlement are more than eloquently evidenced by the lines from the petition filed in the twenties of the 19th century by the representatives of the Greek settlers to the Minister of Internal Affairs Lansky: changes in climate, water, cramped apartments and mostly from the lack of them ... it is not hypocritical to say, by the very truth, that whole families suffered from their lives, and many lost half of them and not a single family was left without the loss of a father, mother, brother, sister and children; in a word, out of 9 thousand male immigrants, not even a third part remained ... "

"Between the settlers, various ailments opened up, and moreover, a general illness appeared at that time in the Novorossiysk and Azov provinces, which caused many to die on the way."

Here it is necessary to take into account that the indicated third is the number of those who, in the end, settled on the allotted land. The rest - not all died: some remained in Yekaterinoslav, others settled in Taganrog. We also note that many of them still returned to Crimea.

TWO YEARS OF TEMPORARY LIVING

Metropolitan Ignatius did not like the land in the center of the Zaporizhzhya Sich. However, A.A. Skalkovsky and some domestic ethnographers believe that the true reasons were different. First, purely religious - Ignatius wanted to protect his flock from Russians and Ukrainians. Secondly, the offered land was not very convenient for farming.

It seems that even in the "Crimean" times, Metropolitan Ignatius did not have any special sympathy for the Cossacks. He was aware of cases when the former Greek settlers to the Zaporozhye lands merged with the Cossacks. At the same time, the Greeks even moved their churches from the Crimea to the Sich. There were cases when the Greeks entered the Zaporozhye army. Apparently, it was to discuss these issues that Metropolitan Ignatius left for Petersburg on July 2, 1779.

In the end, the metropolitan achieved that the places of settlement of the Greeks were determined by a new document - Potemkin's order to the governor of the Azov province Chertkov dated September 29, 1779. By order of Potemkin, the territory assigned to the Greeks was determined within the boundaries of the Pavlovsky district - the Kalmius palanca of the Zaporozhye Sich until 1775. The Greeks could build a city for merchants at the mouth of Kalmius. But there was already the city of Pavlovsk (formerly Kalmius), named after the son of Catherine II. The Greeks did not like the name, because they wanted to call their city Marianopolis, after the village near the Assumption Monastery in Crimea, and in honor of St. Mary, whose miraculous icon they planned to install in the main cathedral of the city. The main shrine of the Crimean Greeks - the icon of the Mother of God - was transferred to the shores of the Sea of ​​Azov by the monks of the Assumption Monastery. Unfortunately, this monument of medieval Byzantine painting was lost during the Civil War.

Recall that at the mouth of the Volchaya River, where the Greeks refused to settle, a city with this name was planned for construction, however, in honor of another Mary - the wife of the heir to the Russian throne, daughter-in-law of Catherine. The problem was solved in an extremely simple way. Without bureaucratic delays, Potemkin simply changed the names of two cities and Pavlovsk became Mariupol, and the supposed Marionopol became Pavlograd. The city on Kalmius was named Mariupol according to the Decree of Empress Catherine II, the whole district was named Mariupol.

However, new problems arose. The lands assigned to the Greeks were inhabited. They had to be released. The "Little Russian" settlers who lived here were allowed to stay in their places only in the winter of 1779-1780 and in the summer - until the harvest. After that, they had to leave these places.

Thus, one forced resettlement - of Christians from Crimea - caused a new, the same forced transfer of hundreds, and perhaps thousands of people from the Azov Sea.

NEW HOMELAND

In the spring of 1780, the final stage of resettlement began - the transfer of Christian Greeks to the Mariupol district.

They crossed in small parties, consisting of residents of one or several Crimean villages, and settled at will in places designated for the arrangement of villages. On the territory of the Mariupol district, settlers from Crimea settled in 20 villages.

Natives of the Crimean cities and villages settled separately from each other, forming quarters and villages. This is how the villages of Yalta, Urzuf, Stary Krym, Karan, Laspi, Mangush, Sartana and many others appeared. Temples of the same name with those who remained in the Crimea were founded in them. In some villages, like Urzuf, there were already Cossack churches. They were simply passed on to the Greeks.

The Greeks of five small villages: Demerdzhi (Funy), Alushta, Ulu-Uzen, Kuchuk-Uzen, Kuru-Uzen, located at the foot of Mount Demerdzhi, settled together. Attending the consecration of the new church of Theodore Stratilates, Metropolitan Ignatius was amazed at the generosity of the Greeks, who donated about a lot of living creatures that day. Apparently, given this circumstance (and also the fact that only the priest of the village of Demerdzhi reached a new place, while the rest died along the way), the metropolitan gave the new village a magnificent name - Constantinople, in honor of the capital of Byzantium and the homeland of all Greek metropolitans.

Constantinople still exists. It is home to people from the Alushta region. The current settlement belongs to the Velikonovoselkovsky district of the Donetsk region. Its population - about 1000 people - is engaged in agriculture. The names of local residents: Demerdzhi, Cherdakly - in memory of the historical homeland.

And in the Volodarsky district there was the village of Byzantium (now Klyuchevoe, and the agricultural enterprise on the territory of the village is called "Byzantium"), and not far from it, near Mariupol itself, there are the villages of Makedonovka and Chersonesos.

On July 26, 1780, the settlers headed by Metropolitan Ignatius arrived in the city of Mariupol. People from six Crimean cities settled here: Kafa (Feodosia), Bakhchisarai, Karasubazar, Kozlov (Gezlev - Evpatoria), Belbek, Balaklava and the suburb of Bakhchisarai Mariam. Most of these names were preserved for many years in the names of city suburbs where artisans lived (Kefe, Gezlev, Karasubazar, Bakhchisarai and Maryinsk), and later in the names of streets.

Along with the settlers, representatives of the provincial administration arrived in Mariupol to organize the first elections for the Mariupol Greek court, a self-government body that performed administrative, police and judicial functions throughout the entire county. The first chairman was the merchant Khadzhi (Khadzhinov) Mikhail Savelyevich.

On August 15, 1780, celebrations were held in Mariupol to mark the completion of the resettlement. The resettlement of the Crimean Christian Greeks, which lasted more than two years, was completed.

The new places were clearly inferior to the old Crimean ones both in beauty and in natural conditions. But the deed was done, the process of reworking the ethnocultural composition and economic structure began, and therefore, even after the annexation of Crimea to Russia in 1783, the government did not allow the Greeks and Armenians to return (only a few of them managed to return to their homeland).

"MANY GREEKS WISHED TO RETURN BACK"

In the book "Mariupol and its environs", published in 1892, we read: "Many Greeks wanted to return back; sometimes it came to open disobedience - and then they were tamed by strict measures from their superiors and the government had to send military commands to pacify the restless." Unrest was in all villages, and especially manifested itself in 1804 in the villages of Sartana, Cherdakly, Maly Yanisol, Karan and others. The rebels explained their desire to return to Crimea by the fact that "they and their ancestors lived there." The relationship between the metropolitan and the settlers was not easy. In addition, if in Crimea the metropolitan was not only a clergyman, but also a judge of his people, then in Mariupol he was deprived of such rights, as a result of which some friction arose with representatives of local authorities. Owning an estate of several houses, a fish factory and shops, he built a dacha and planted a garden. At the direction of the chairman of the city court (according to our understanding, the mayor of the city), who probably saw illegality in the actions of the metropolitan, the fence was demolished and the garden was destroyed. And then an event occurred that made one think about many conjunctural, mixed with political, moments of the creation of the "new" history of Mariupol. Ignatius, having served the mass, went to the Pokrovskaya grave on Georgievskaya street, invited his supporters to separate from their opponents and, in the person of the chairman of the city court, cursed those.

All disasters - annual droughts, widespread diseases, such as cholera in 1830, when whole streets - Georgievskaya and others - died out - the people attributed the curse of their leader. "

Today Metropolitan Ignatius of the UOC of the Moscow Patriarchate has been canonized - elevated to the face of saints. Well, he went through a lot, and in all this tragedy with the resettlement, his guilt was only relative. He tried to help his people in those conditions as best he could. They did not always understand him - because before his fellow tribesmen he was just that switchman who was to blame for everything. For the desire of Catherine and her favorites to seize more and more territories, bringing untold suffering to the peoples inhabiting those territories.

Metropolitan Ignatius died on February 16, 1786. None of the highest church officials, bishops, attended the funeral. Bishop Dorotheos, who headed the diocese after Ignatius, in contrast to his fellow tribesmen, left for the Crimea. He set up a residence in Feodosia. I will not comment on this fact.

DISPUTES ABOUT CHURCHES

In Mariupol, the Greeks ruled the service first in the Cossack St. Nicholas Church. Next to it, they began to build the Kharlampievsky Cathedral. The bell was moved there from the church of the Cossacks. Cossack silver monastic censer and an iron cross, which crowned St. Nicholas Church, were also kept for a long time. Somehow, this cross later ended up in the village of Bogatyr, where in 1890 Professor F. Braun wrote down a legend, which said that this cross was brought from the Crimea.

In addition to St. Nicholas Church, residents of Kalmius (Pavlovsk) managed to erect stone walls of the Church of Mary Magdalene (in the place where the building of Ukrsotsbank is now). "People of the Little Russian nation" (as they wrote in the archives), who were obliged to all move to Pavlograd, not all moved. More than two thousand of them (there were slightly more than three thousand Greeks in Mariupol) wanted at least the Church of Mary Magdalene to be returned to them. For about three years, disputes and bickering continued between the Mariupol Deanery Board and the Greek court, until, finally, this church was given to the Cossacks. It was consecrated in 1791. In 1897, it was moved to the place where Teatralny Square is now in Mariupol.

By the way, the main cathedral in Mariupol is called St. Nicholas Cathedral today.

END OF ODYSSEY

Due to the lack of livestock and tools, the lands transferred to the Greeks were not fully developed. Soon, part of the land was returned to state ownership, since the Russian government was interested in the full settlement and economic development of the territory. Due to this, from 1790 to 1796, with the permission of the Russian government, representatives of other countries who came here from Europe, who, according to their religion, were ranked among Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists and other Protestant trends, began to move to the Northern Azov region with the permission of the Russian government. The peasant reform of 1861 and the subsequent bourgeois reforms of the 1860s and 90s of the 19th century also affected the organization of local government. National districts and special rights (privileges) of certain national groups of the population were eliminated. At the local level, unified general civil government bodies were created.

The tragedy of the Greek settlers has remained a tragedy in the memory of the descendants of those settlers. But some political opportunists are turning it into a farce today, trying to present one of the actions in the aggressive policy of tsarist Russia as a kind of concern of the autocracy for the Orthodox in the Khan's Crimea.

Now about 100 thousand Greeks live in the multinational Donetsk region - the descendants of those who found their homeland in the Azov Sea 220 years ago.

By the way, the fate of the Crimean Khan Shagin-Girey was also tragic. He was forced to abdicate in favor of Empress Catherine II. Shagin-Girey tried to organize a rebellion, but he was quickly suppressed. After that, the former ruler of Crimea was forgiven and sent to an honorary exile in Voronezh. Longing in captivity, he asked permission to go to Constantinople. He was released, but soon he was killed there by the Turks.

Anatoly Gerasimchuk.

In the VIII century, as a settlement of Akrites, a settlement that received already under the Tatars, the name Bashi Yeni-sala, arose. Located on an elevated place at a fork in the road leading to the modern villages of Polyana and Putilovka, it was essentially a small town with beautiful, judging by the ruins, buildings. It is difficult to say about the reasons, but during the late Middle Ages, the inhabitants of the settlement moved to the place of the present village of Novopolye, which was quite significant in the 15th century.

Dermenskaya (Dermen-koy) is located on the southern slope of the main mountain range at an altitude of 200 - 250 meters above sea level. It was famous for its fruit trees, especially walnut trees. Salgir is the most significant river on the Crimean peninsula. It begins on the slope of Yaila, at the foot of the Chatyrdag and flows into the Sivash, on its banks was the village of Salgir Yeni - sala.

The village of Cherkes-Kermen was located in the Kara-Kuba valley, not far from the Eski-Kermen (Jingiz-Kermen) founded in the 5th or 6th century, destroyed by the hordes of Nogai in 1299. The inhabitants of Eski - Kermen, who probably survived the massacre, founded the village. Nearby there is a large group of caves, located in four tiers, where monks who fled from Byzantium during the period of iconoclasm settled. The settlement was called Shulya. Later, the Genoese settled here and planted wonderful vineyards. The settlement is also known for having a well with the coldest water in Crimea (6.5 degrees). The settlement of Karakuba must have been located in the same valley.

Yalta, also known as Yalita, Dzhalita, was first mentioned in 1145. under the name of Jalita; on geographical maps of the XIV Art. she is designated as Callita, Gialita and Etalita. In the Middle Ages, the city came under the possession of the Genoese, who were ousted by the Turks.

In addition to the names of settlements, it is interesting to trace and analyze the names of the Mariupol Greeks. Of course, this kind of activity is not only interesting, but also very painstaking. Some Greeks have purely Russian surnames: Konstantinov, Popov, Davydov, Ivanov. Of course, they were received during or after resettlement. Another part has obvious Turkic language roots (not only among the Greco-Tatars). For example, Pichakhchi: in any Turkic language "; pichah"; - means "; knife" ;; Yagmur - rain. The third part is mixed. Two words are easily guessed in the surname Megelbei: mega (Greek big) and bey (Turkic master). The fourth one has purely Greek linguistic roots: Khalaji - in Greek, a city; Trandafilov - from the word "; rose"; Some of the surnames, as I. Dzhukha rightly writes about , has very ancient roots. We talked about the origin of the surname Akrytov earlier; the surname Archelaus, found among the Mariupol Greeks, generally has an ancient Macedonian origin ... In addition to the official surnames, the Mariupol Greeks had so-called street surnames. My maternal relatives, for example, had the surname Pichakhchi, and the street ones - Chundukh (fat-tailed sheep breed).

Let's return, however, to the very process of resettlement. Despite the fact that the majority of the residents of the listed points agreed to it, before leaving, and A.V. Suvorov reported to G.A. Potemkin about this, a small group of Greeks protested against resettlement (possibly at the instigation of the Tatars). Those who left Bakhchisarai were accompanied by Shagin-Girey himself. According to the statement, out of 3736 households came out: Greeks 18391 people (9235 - males), Georgians - 219, Moldovans (Vlachs) - 161 people, one metropolitan, 83 priests, 3 monks. Together with them, the Armenians who had settled near Rostov-on-Don left. About 20 thousand Greeks, residents of Kapsikhora, Iskuta, Tauka, Kuru-Ozen, Muskolmya and some others, decided to stay in Crimea. The Greeks of the city of Kerch and the surrounding area, which entered in 1774, did not participate in the resettlement either. into the Russian Empire.

Crimean (Mariupol) Greeks, by language, are divided into Greco-Hellenes and Greco-Tatars. The latter use the Tatar dialect and are in the bulk, no doubt, fragments of various other peoples, mostly Alans. Even outwardly, they subtly differ from the Greco-Hellenes. The Greco-Tatars probably also included those of the Greeks who, for one reason or another, had close communication with the Tatars and little by little learned their customs and language. However, the Greco-Hellenes use the Dorian dialect, so spoiled by long-term communication with other peoples and separation from the ancestral homeland, that those who know modern Greek (modern Greek) only hardly understand them. I do not know the reasons, but the Greco-Hellenes for the most part, as noted during the resettlement, knew the Greco-Tatar dialect, at the same time the Greco-Tatars did not have a wide knowledge of the Greco-Hellenic. Today, in the places of residence of the Mariupol Greeks, it is widely believed that some of the Greeks allegedly made a compromise with the Tatars: in exchange for preserving the Christian faith, they had to use the Tatar language. The idea is attractive to pride, but does not hold water. For Muslims, in general, and for Turks, in particular, not language at all, but faith and only faith was the center of pressure. It doesn't matter what language you say, just to pray, the surah of the Koran was recited in Arabic. Besides, how can you trace the language in which a husband speaks to his wife in bed or to his sons in an open field? Who took it upon himself to translate church books from Greek (according to legend, the faith was preserved)? And most importantly: after all, the Greco-Tatars still sometimes call (offensively) "; Alans" ;. I think the surviving offensive word resolves the issue unambiguously. In this context, a difficult question arises: why the name of the ancient people, Alan, has been preserved in the language of the Mariupol Greeks to this day? And ready, for example, no? It is known that Baron Buebek, the ambassador of the German emperor to Turkey (the Great Port) in 1557 - 1564. collected in the Gothic diocese of the Crimea information about the Goths and their language. At that time, he wrote down only 90 surviving Gothic words, but by the 18th century, at the time of resettlement, all traces of the Gothic language disappeared, and the memory of the Goths was erased from the memory of the Crimean residents much earlier. The Greco-Hellenes call themselves "; Romans"; although the self-name of the Greeks, as you know, is Hellenes. The reason here is that for more than a millennium they were citizens of the first Roman, and then the Byzantine, or, as the inhabitants themselves called it, the Roman Empire. "; Romay"; means Roman, citizen of Rome. Even nowadays you can hear the proud: "; Go rumeyka! (I am a Greek!)"; It came from those distant centuries when a citizen of Rome could not be sold into slavery, punished without trial, etc. As for the Greco-Tatars, they call themselves "; Urum"; - the name used in the Ottoman Empire to all Turkic-speaking Greeks.

Georgians, like Moldovans, ended up in Crimea as slaves and did not have their own separate villages; by the 17th century they already spoke Tatar, but were considered Greeks; Moldovans spoke their own language.

According to anthropological characteristics, the bulk of the Greco-Hellenes belonged to the so-called Mediterranean race, the most important features of which are: dark wavy hair, dark skin, dark eyes, an elongated narrow skull, narrow face and nose with a straight back, somewhat thickened lips, medium height. I think that A.I. Kuprin gave an unsurpassed artistic characteristic to the Crimean-Mariupol Greeks, who wrote in the story "; Listrigones"; what is in them "; besides the admixture of the later Genoese blood, there is also some kind of mysterious, ancient, ... maybe even Scythian blood ... Among them you will see many tall, strong and self-confident figures; you come across correct, noble faces; often there are blondes and even blue-eyed ones "; They are "; not greedy, not helpful, behave with dignity, ... brave, although without ridiculous risk, good comrades and firmly fulfill the given word. Positively - this is a special, exceptional breed of Greeks, preserved mainly because their ancestors were not not hundreds of generations were born, lived and died in their little town, marrying only between neighbors. However, we must admit that the Greek colonialists left in their souls their most typical feature, which they distinguished even under Pericles, - curiosity and passion for news ";. And a little earlier: "; ... thin, dark-faced, big-eyed, long-nosed Greek women, so strangely and touchingly similar to the image of the Virgin on ancient Byzantine icons"; .

The settlers drove cattle with them - about 100,000 heads, i.e. about 5 heads per person. The figure, although not small, did not correspond to their abilities: in a new place, despite all the losses, after ten years they had several times more. The reason is freedom. Those leaving were subjected to humiliating customs inspection by the Tatars, which caused protests and even unrest. After giving a bribe of 5,000 rubles (a huge amount of that money!) From state funds to customs officers, the settlers continued their way to Perekop without hindrance, then along the so-called Muravsky Way, which partially coincides with the modern Simferopol-Moscow highway, then through the Molochnaya and Konka rivers. They arrived at the place of the proposed settlement in September 1778, about which A.V. Suvorov joyfully and succinctly reported: “The departure of the Crimean Christians is over! Some of the settlers began to settle down, while the majority were waiting for an answer to the request of July 16, which was not answered. A.V. Suvorov, who had already submitted the cases, but continued to follow the resettlement, turned to G.A. Potemkin. with a request to speed up the response. But slowly, oh, how slowly, especially for those who were waiting, the feathers creaked, the wheels revolved. Only on May 21 (June 3, NS), 1779, was the Decree signed by Catherine II, called the Great, followed. This document, written in Greek and Russian, was known to the settlers under the name "; brought"; (distorted - "; privilege";) is of undoubted interest, therefore, the reader, I hope, will forgive for its full reproduction: "; Our Imperial a merciful word. Well-intentioned universal enterprise, bless the right hand of the Most High. We, having considered the message sent to Us from you from Bakhchisarai from July 16 of this year (or rather, the last F.Kh.) threatened by the yoke and disaster of acceptance into eternal citizenship of the All-Russian Empire, we deign not only to accept all of you under Our most merciful shelter, but also like our dear children, having calmed them under it, to deliver a life that is only prosperous, how great is the desire of mortals and our unrepentant care about that.

Following it, we deign to enjoy you in Our State not only all those rights and advantages that all Our subjects enjoy from Us and Our ancestors since ancient times, but in addition We have indicated:

1. With your real resettlement to the Azov province, transport from the Crimea, dependent on Our, all that your property that can only be transported, and especially the poor and indebted to the Khan and the local government to redeem from Our treasury, which out of the amount determined from Us is already executed.

2. For the most convenient settlement of yours, in the Azov province, a sufficient part of the land, which is special from other villages, along the Salt and other rivers and along the shores of the Sea of ​​Azov, so that the abundant fishing there in the dachas of your village is all-mercifully favored forever for the benefit and benefits of the whole society without any our treasury of taxes. For the merchants, artisans and industrialists, we assign the cities of Yekaterinoslav and Marianopol to the habitation of their province, as the most profitable places for trade.

3. By dividing the state residents into classes We most mercifully dismiss everyone from State taxes and services, no matter what rank they are for 10 years, and after that time they have to pay to Our treasury annually, merchants from capital, one percent from the ruble, guild, so is the philistinism from the courtyard for two rubles; and the uyezd villagers, namely: the farmers, not from their souls, but from the land allocated for each of thirty dessiatines, will contribute 5 kopecks from each tithe per year; the poor villagers will be supplied from Our treasury not only with food for the first year, but also for sowing land of any name with grain seeds, cattle and everything belonging to the establishment of household management, with a return for all this to the treasury in 10 years; in the same way, their houses will be built by state support; property, on the land allotted to them, have to build houses, shops, barns, factories and everything that they themselves want from their own dependence, using everything in general forever from any stands freely, except for those cases when military teams must pass by your villages. From giving a recruit to the army, you leave forever, unless someone himself wishes to serve Ours.

4. After his death, to His Grace Metropolitan Ignatius, we most mercifully entrust the flock of all these settlers who have left with him and are leaving Crimea in the future; which and to be directly under our Holy Synod. The priests who have come out today, remaining everyone with their parish, depend on him, who will continue to ordain priests and other clergymen in his flock, according to his own consideration and as necessary.

5. The court and punishment and the entire internal police should be on the basis of the general laws in our state by the heads elected from you by free votes, whom you can use the ranks and salaries of the state of the Azov province on the appeal of the governor's government. In the villages and villages, for protection in all necessary cases, special constables from the Russians are determined, with whom these settlers are involved in the proceedings and in no way interfering with being only guardians and interceding them. However, upon the entry of each into the clan of state residents chosen by him, we allow us to use forever and hereditarily all that which, according to our general legalizations, each clan of state residents uses, such as: free trade outside and inside the state, and for the greater benefit of these, are allowed to build from of your own capital, merchant sea-going ships, to plant necessary and useful factories, plants and orchards, after cultivating which you can sell all kinds of grape wines in your villages by small means, but you can sell barrels exported to the inner cities of Russia - in a word: to distribute all kinds of crafts of your own free will and the prosperity of everyone, and enjoy everything under Our Autocratic Scepter and the protection of laws. Giving all these advantages We solemnly and hereditarily to the whole society for eternal times, for the greater power, signed with our own hands and commanded to strengthen our State seal ";

Catherine's decree was subsequently confirmed by Emperor Paul I, and Emperor Alexander I signed another Decree, essentially no different from Catherine's Decree with the omitted benefits, which had expired. Both Decrees were kept in a silver gilded ark, first in the Mariupol Greek court, and then in the city government. It would seem that having received such privileges on magnificent lands, the question of resettlement can be considered successfully completed. But Metropolitan Ignatius was not satisfied with this, probably because of the harsh climate in comparison with the Crimean climate, and therefore twice during the summer of 1779 he went to St. Petersburg to see his old friend and patron G.A. Potemkin. As a result, it was approved "; Map representing a part of the Azov province of the Mariupol district, the lands that are determined by the Greeks who left the Crimea"; In the middle there is an inscription: "; Be this way. Ekaterina" ;; below: "; Confirmed October 2, 1779" ;; below the signature: "; Prince Potemkin" ;. The boundaries of the allocated lands were marked on the map, which did not coincide with the Decree of May 21, 1779, but coincided with the Kalmiuska bar, the place for the city of Mariupol was indicated, but the locations of the villages were not indicated. Before the 1917 revolution. the map was kept in the Mariupol council.

Legally, the resettlement ended with order N 1817 of March 24, 1780 of the Azov provincial chancellery. Here are some excerpts from it:

"; By the decree of Her Imperial Majesty, the Azov provincial chancellery in the execution of the governor, Prince G.A. Potemkin, received from His Serene Highness the Sovereign on September 29 (1779), under No. 2829, on the withdrawal of the Greeks who left the Crimea in this province, for the settlement of their recognized by them and capable places of the land of the order, at which and the attachment to his lordship for the signing of his eminence the Greek metropolitan and the deputies, a certificate about which the consideration is prescribed, transmitted in the original, filed from his eminence Metropolitan Ignatius of Goths and Kafia, for his signature and the deputies who left Crimea Greeks are obligatory evidence that they recognize the lands and places as sufficient and capable for the establishment of a city and a settlement of farmers: from the Sea of ​​Azov and the mouth of the Berda River, where the Petrovskaya fortress (leaving 12,000 acres in the fortress as it is assigned on the map), on its left bank to the mouth of the Karatysh river, along the left bank of the Karatysh to the top, with it right on the verge the bus of the Kobloy gully and along its right bank to the mouth of the Mokrye Yaly flowing into the river, along the right bank of the Mokry Yalov to the mouth of the Volchya flowing into the Volchya, from there along the Volchya bank to the mouth of the Osikovaya gully, along the left bank of it to the top from that peak directly to the top of the Beresnegovataya river , along its right bank to the mouth of the Kalmius river flowing into the river, along the right bank of the Kalmius river to the mouth of the same flows into the Sea of ​​Azov, from here along the Azov Sea coast to the aforementioned district of the Petrovskaya fortress, offers:

1. Those lands, as in these nowhere, are sufficient neither state nor landlord establishments for the Greeks who left the Crimea to settle and build their cities especially without withdrawal, and where they themselves will choose villages from these convenient places, there they will cut off their districts for each , even though there was not in this the full number of 200 households of 12,000 tithes, believing both in them excess, and that after the separation of those the district will remain in the future. If, after the granted 10 grace years have passed, any land will not be inhabited, and remain empty, then taking away from them to distribute to those who wish, on an equal basis with other lands throughout the province; and when the number of immigrants of the Greeks increases, then add them in the number of those immigrants and even from empty places not allotted to anyone.

2. Their city to name Mariupol, which, having a decent location, to build either on the shores of the Sea of ​​Azov at the mouth of the Kalmius River, or at the mouth of the Solyonaya River, also called Kalets, which flows into the Kalmius River; and all those lands granted to these Greeks, along the above written borders, have to make up the Mariupol district, and establish the zemstvo government of this district in the Petrovskaya fortress; and in this district, excluding the Petrovskaya fortress with the district, except for the Greeks, until the end of 10 grace years, no other nations should be assigned any land for the settlement of houses and other things, and by fishing against the dachas of those Greeks on the Sea of ​​Azov, exactly and in all rivers of this district, except for them not to be used by anyone; and the city by the Volchya River, which was previously determined for those Greeks to be called Pavlograd, and by this the local district of Pavlograd.

3. Due to the lack of forest land in these places, not only the construction of houses for which the poorest can get it from the treasury, but also for other household needs to allow them free access to the forests by the Mius River ...

4. As those Greeks, due to the approaching autumn time and winter, cannot manage to build houses for themselves, then order them to allocate in advance apartments in the Bakhmutsk district, to Tora (Slavyansk), Mayaki (on the Donets river) and Raygorodok, wherever property their dependents, and the others, on the government oxen given to them, wasting no time and got over, not forbidding those wishing to stay in the places where they are now, or go to the land near the Kamenka River, where some of them had stayed last winter, about which from the governor of this province was notified and His Eminence Metropolitan Ignatius reminding him of his indispensable fulfillment, and that he should bow the farmers to the unrelenting sowing of winter grain this fall, either in the places where they now stand, or in the places determined for them again, only so that time was by no means wasted in the purchase of bread next year ...

... To inform the Greek Metropolitan Ignatius that all Greeks in the Mariupol district of this year, grain-growers, from the first April, and the merchants and bourgeoisie from the fifth to the tenth, entered the settlement; send a decree to the warden warrant officer Gorlensky and order the inhabitants living on the lands of all ranks assigned to the Greeks to be resettled to the mouth of the Salt, to Pavlograd ... all orders and payment of taxes according to the zemstvo will be released "; .

Thus, Warrant Officer Gorlensky was the superintendent, and since 1780 he was appointed "; to the charity of the Christians who came out of the Crimea"; Prime Major Prince Shakhmatov; since 1781 Seconds-Major Mikhail Safkov was in charge of settling the settlers in the new place. There were probably many problems ... Who were these people? I managed to find a description of Major Seconds M. Safkov, signed by the Azov Governor, Lieutenant-General V. Chertkov. Here are extracts: "; Since 1780, he was appointed provincial zemstvo commissar, in addition, in 1781 he was sent to the Mariupol district to settle the Greek colony withdrawn from the Crimea ... After one year of his stay there, he settled them both in the city of Mariupol and in 21 settlements" ; .

A new movement began - the torment of the immigrants. The only consolation and example for them was the biblical story about the forty years of wandering in the desert of the Jews before coming to Palestine. This is how, almost 40 years later, the immigrants themselves describe their wanderings in a petition to the Minister of Internal Affairs Lansky: and for the most part from the lack of them ... it is not hypocritical to say in the very truth that whole families suffered from their lives, and many lost even half of them, and not a single family remained without the loss of a father, mother, brother, sister and children, in a word, out of 9 thousand .. male souls of immigrants did not have even a third part, and at the age of 15 they could barely get together with newborns ... up to seven thousand souls "; During two-year wanderings, many fought off their loved ones: some settled in the debunked princess of Azov - Taganrog, where the Greeks already lived, some in the east of Yekaterinoslav region, where they quickly assimilated with the local population, leaving no trace, and who returned to the Crimea to the abandoned villages , for example in Autku, Karan. The Samara Monastery (near Novomoskovsk) rendered great help to the settlers, which saw a significant number of the sick and the infirm. Probably no one counted the dead, stragglers, returned, but judging by the cited letter to the minister, these or those losses amounted to 60% - a monstrously high figure, showing, among other things, the degree of their oppression in Crimea: even following on the heels the insatiable old woman with the scythe was not shaken by the desire of the majority for freedom.

Basis of Documents on storiesGreeks Priazovya S. Kaloerov, the 1st volume of which is "From the Crimea to Mariupol... professional purpose on cultural cornfield, and grains ... more winners for a long time remain on hearing. ...

Chapter 1 The education system in Mariupol after the abolition of serfdom and the introduction of state reforms in the Mariupol district 4-6

Dissertation abstract

... on construction of a school in Mariupol for Greeks. Greeks... publications " Brief overview Mariupol county ":" History such ... oncornfield public education. At the beginning of the 20th century, one school in Mariupol the county had on... sacredly performed debt and...