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  • Education is a single purposeful process of education and training. Modern ways of getting education. Education document

    Education is a single purposeful process of education and training.  Modern ways of getting education.  Education document

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    2 The level of education is a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements. Federal state educational standard - a set of mandatory requirements for education of a certain level and (or) for a profession, specialty and direction of training, approved by the federal executive body responsible for the development of state policy and legal regulation in the field of education

    3 Educational program - a set of basic characteristics of education (volume, content, planned results), organizational and pedagogical conditions and, in the cases provided for by this Federal Law, forms of certification, which is presented in the form of a curriculum, a curriculum schedule, work programs of academic subjects, courses , disciplines (modules), other components, as well as assessment and teaching materials. Approximate basic educational program - educational and methodological documentation (approximate curriculum, approximate calendar curriculum, approximate work programs of academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), other components), which determines the recommended volume and content of education of a certain level and (or) a certain focus, planned the results of mastering the educational program, approximate conditions for educational activities, including approximate calculations of the standard costs of providing public services for the implementation of the educational program.

    4 Educational activities - activities for the implementation of educational programs. An educational organization is a non-profit organization that carries out educational activities on the basis of a license as the main type of activity in accordance with the goals for the achievement of which such an organization was created. An organization providing training is a legal entity that, on the basis of a license, along with its main activity, educational activity as an additional type of activity.

    5 Organizations engaged in educational activities - educational organizations, as well as organizations providing training. For the purposes of this Federal Law, individual entrepreneurs carrying out educational activities are equated to organizations carrying out educational activities, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law. Curriculum - a document that defines the list, labor intensity, sequence and distribution by periods of study of academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), practice, other types of educational activities and, unless otherwise established by this Federal Law, forms of intermediate certification of students.

    6 Individual curriculum - a curriculum that ensures the development of an educational program based on the individualization of its content, taking into account the characteristics and educational needs of a particular student. The focus (profile) of education is the orientation of the educational program to specific areas of knowledge and (or) types of activity, which determines its subject-specific content, the prevailing types of educational activities of the student and the requirements for the results of mastering the educational program.

    7 Means of teaching and education - devices, equipment, including sports equipment and inventory, instruments (including musical), teaching aids, computers, information and telecommunication networks, hardware, software and audiovisual means, printed and electronic educational and information resources and other material objects necessary for the organization of educational activities. Inclusive education - ensuring equal access to education for all learners, taking into account the diversity of special educational needs and individual opportunities.

    8 Adapted educational program - an educational program adapted for training persons with disabilities, taking into account the characteristics of their psychophysical development, individual capabilities and, if necessary, providing correction of developmental disorders and social adaptation of these persons. The quality of education is a complex characteristic of educational activities and training of a student, expressing the degree of their compliance with federal state educational standards, educational standards, federal state requirements and (or) the needs of an individual or legal entity in whose interests educational activities are carried out, including the degree of achievement of the planned results educational program.

    9 Adapted educational program - an educational program adapted for training persons with disabilities, taking into account the characteristics of their psychophysical development, individual capabilities and, if necessary, providing correction of developmental disorders and social adaptation of these persons. The quality of education is a complex characteristic of educational activities and training of a student, expressing the degree of their compliance with federal state educational standards, educational standards, federal state requirements and (or) the needs of an individual or legal entity in whose interests educational activities are carried out, including the degree of achievement of the planned results educational program.

    11 State accreditation of educational activities is carried out for basic educational programs implemented in accordance with federal state educational standards, with the exception of educational programs for preschool education, as well as for basic educational programs implemented in accordance with educational standards. The purpose of state accreditation of educational activities is to confirm compliance with federal state educational standards of educational activities for basic educational programs and training of students in educational institutions, organizations providing training, as well as individual entrepreneurs, with the exception of individual entrepreneurs engaged in educational activities directly.

    12 State accreditation of educational activities of educational organizations founded by religious organizations is carried out according to the submissions of the relevant religious organizations (if such religious organizations are part of the structure of centralized religious organizations, according to the submissions of the corresponding centralized religious organizations). When conducting state accreditation of educational activities for educational programs of primary general, basic general, secondary general education, the accreditation body decides on state accreditation or on refusal of state accreditation of educational activities for the specified educational programs in relation to each level of general education to which the declared for state accreditation basic general education programs.

    13 The application for state accreditation and the documents attached to it are submitted to the accreditation body directly or sent by registered mail with acknowledgment of receipt. The organization carrying out educational activities has the right to send the application for state accreditation and the documents attached to it to the accreditation body in the form of an electronic document signed with an electronic signature. The forms of the said application and the documents attached to it, as well as the requirements for their filling and execution, are approved by the federal executive body responsible for the development of state policy and legal regulation in the field of education.

    14 State accreditation of educational activities is carried out based on the results of an accreditation examination, which is based on the principles of the objectivity of its conduct and the responsibility of experts for the quality of its conduct. The subject of the accreditation examination is to determine the conformity of the content and quality of training of students in an organization carrying out educational activities in accordance with the federal state educational standards declared for state accreditation of educational programs.

    15 Experts with the necessary qualifications in the field of basic educational programs declared for state accreditation and (or) expert organizations that meet the established requirements participate in the accreditation examination. Experts and expert organizations cannot be in civil law relations (experts also in labor relations) with an organization carrying out educational activities when conducting an accreditation examination in relation to the educational activities of such an organization.

    16 Qualification requirements for experts, requirements for expert organizations, the procedure for attracting, selecting experts and expert organizations for conducting an accreditation examination, the procedure for their accreditation (including the procedure for maintaining a register of experts and expert organizations) are established by the federal executive body in charge of developing the state education policy and regulation. Payment for the services of experts and expert organizations and reimbursement of expenses incurred by them in connection with the conduct of the accreditation examination are made in the manner and in the amounts established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

    17 By the regulatory act of the accreditation body on the conduct of the accreditation examination, the composition of experts is determined and the head of the expert group is appointed. When conducting an accreditation examination, the expert group uses documents and materials posted by the organization on the official website on the Internet, and also requests documents and materials necessary for conducting an accreditation examination, the list of which is established by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. An organization carrying out educational activities or its branch provides workplaces with access to the Internet for the work of the expert group.

    18 Upon completion of the accreditation examination, the members of the expert group prepare reports on the accreditation examination in terms of the educational programs assigned to them. The head of the expert group prepares, on the basis of the reports on the accreditation examination, an opinion on the results of the accreditation examination.

    19 Information on the conduct of the accreditation examination, including the conclusion drawn up based on the results of the accreditation examination, is posted by the accreditation body on its official website on the Internet. The accreditation body makes a decision on state accreditation of educational activities of an organization carrying out educational activities within a period not exceeding one hundred and five days from the date of receipt of an application for state accreditation and the documents attached to this application.

    20 When making a decision on state accreditation of educational activities, the accreditation body issues a certificate of state accreditation, the validity of which is twelve years for an organization carrying out educational activities in basic general education programs.

    21 An organization carrying out educational activities that arose as a result of reorganization in the form of a merger, division or separation, or reorganized in the form of joining another organization carrying out educational activities, is issued a temporary certificate of state accreditation of educational activities for educational programs, the implementation of which was carried out by the reorganized organization or reorganized organizations and which had state accreditation. The temporary certificate of state accreditation is valid for one year.

    22 The accreditation body refuses state accreditation of educational activities for educational programs declared for state accreditation related to the corresponding levels of education, if there is one of the following grounds: 1) identification of inaccurate information in documents submitted by an organization carrying out educational activities; 2) the presence of a negative opinion drawn up based on the results of the accreditation examination.

    23 The accreditation body deprives an organization carrying out educational activities of state accreditation of educational activities for educational programs declared for state accreditation related to the corresponding levels of education or to enlarged groups of professions, specialties and areas of training, if one of the following grounds exists:

    24 1) cancellation of the license to carry out educational activities in full or in relation to individual educational programs with state accreditation; 2) repeated violation of the legislation in the field of education by the organization carrying out educational activities during the validity period of state accreditation, which entailed the illegal issuance of documents on education and (or) on qualifications of the established form; 3) expiration of the period for suspension of the state accreditation (in the absence of grounds for renewing the state accreditation).

    25 An organization carrying out educational activities has the right to apply for state accreditation no earlier than one year after the refusal of state accreditation or its deprivation of state accreditation. For the issuance of a certificate of state accreditation, renewal of a certificate of state accreditation and the issuance of a temporary certificate of state accreditation, a state fee is paid in the amount and in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees. The regulation on state accreditation of educational activities is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

    26 Regulations on state accreditation of educational activities establish: 1) requirements for an application for state accreditation, a list of information included in it, requirements for documents required for state accreditation and attached to an application for state accreditation, and their list; 2) the procedure for submitting an application for state accreditation and documents required for conducting state accreditation by an organization carrying out educational activities, the procedure for their acceptance by an accreditation body; 3) the procedure for conducting an accreditation examination, including the procedure for attracting experts and (or) expert organizations to conduct an accreditation examination;

    4) the specifics of conducting an accreditation examination when conducting state accreditation of educational activities of educational organizations founded by religious organizations, in terms of confirming the educational qualification of teaching staff of such educational organizations, as well as educational activities of foreign institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation; 5) the procedure for making a decision on state accreditation or on refusal of state accreditation;

    6) the procedure for the provision by the accreditation body of a duplicate certificate of state accreditation; 7) the grounds and procedure for reissuing the certificate of state accreditation; 8) the procedure for suspension, renewal, termination and revocation of state accreditation; 9) the specifics of conducting an accreditation examination during state accreditation.

    29 An organization carrying out educational activities shall attach to the application for state accreditation: - a power of attorney or other document confirming the right of an authorized person of the organization carrying out educational activities who sent the application and the attached documents to act on behalf of the organization; - information on the implementation of educational programs declared for state accreditation; - information on the presence (absence) of public accreditation in Russian, foreign and international organizations and (or) professional public accreditation; - list of submitted documents.


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    Order of the Ministry of Education of the Moscow Region LEGAL BASIS FOR FUNCTIONING OF THE DED SYSTEM Constitution of the Russian Federation FZ of December 29, 2012 N 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation"

    Educational organizations

    One of the most striking innovations of Law 273-FZ is the rejection of the usual construction of "educational institution" and its replacement by the term "organization carrying out educational activities." The authors of the innovations indicate that such a wording is consistent with the civil legislation of the Russian Federation, which understands an institution as one of the organizational and legal forms, a type of non-profit organization (Civil Code of the Russian Federation). However, the 1992 Law itself did not prohibit the creation of educational organizations in forms other than the institution, leaving this issue at the mercy of civil law (part 1 of Article 11.1), establishing that the effect of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education applies to all educational institutions on the territory RF regardless of their organizational and legal forms.

    In defense of the traditional formulation, one can also put forward the thesis about its greater consistency with the text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (the Constitution, which guarantees the right to education, speaks of state or municipal educational institutions).

    Types of educational organizations

    Educational programs, the implementation of which is the main goal of the activity (basis of typing)

    Educational programs for which an educational organization has the right to carry out activities in addition to its main goal

    preschool educational organization

    preschool education programs, childcare and supervision

    additional general developmental programs

    general education organization

    educational programs of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education

    preschool education programs, additional general education programs, vocational training programs

    professional educational organization

    educational programs of secondary vocational education

    basic general education programs, vocational training programs, additional general education programs, additional professional programs

    educational institution of higher education

    educational programs of higher education and scientific activities

    basic general education programs, educational programs of secondary vocational education, vocational training programs, additional general education programs, additional professional programs

    organization of additional education

    additional general education programs

    preschool education programs, vocational training programs

    organization of additional professional education

    additional professional programs

    training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel, residency programs, additional general education programs, vocational training programs

    Thus, there are only six types of educational organizations (and, like the previous Law, non-standard ones provided for in part 5 of article 77), and the names and charters of educational institutions must be brought into line with the new Law no later than January 1, 2016 (part 5 of article 77). . 108 of the Law) taking into account the following:

    special (correctional) educational institutions for students, pupils with disabilities should be renamed into general educational organizations;

    Educational institutions of NGOs and VET should be renamed into professional educational organizations;

    Educational institutions of higher education should be renamed into educational institutions of higher education;

    The educational institutions of additional education for children should be renamed in the organization of additional education, and the educational institutions of additional vocational education (advanced training) should be renamed in the organization of additional professional education;

    special educational institutions for children and adolescents with deviant behavior, implementing respectively general education programs or general education and NGO programs, should be renamed, respectively, into general educational and professional educational organizations with the special name "special educational institutions for students with deviant (socially dangerous ) behavior ".

    It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the name of the educational organization must contain an indication of its organizational and legal form and type; when renaming educational organizations, their type is indicated taking into account their organizational and legal form (the norm of Law 273-FZ is in force now). The new Law does not contain special requirements for the organizational and legal form of organizations carrying out educational activities, and understands as such educational organizations and organizations providing training, as well as individual entrepreneurs carrying out educational activities. In this case, an educational organization can only be a non-profit organization (specially created in the form established for non-profit organizations), carrying out educational activities on the basis of a license as the main type of activity, while an organization providing training can be any legal entity carrying out on the basis of a license, along with the main activity, educational activities as an additional type of activity (these include, in particular, scientific organizations carrying out educational activities, organizations for orphans and children left without parental care, organizations providing treatment, health improvement or recreation, organizations providing social services, and other legal entities; at the same time (Law 273-FZ):

    training organizations

    has the right to carry out educational activities under the programs:

    scientific organizations

    magistracy

    training of scientific and pedagogical personnel

    residency

    vocational training

    additional professional programs

    organizations providing treatment, recovery or recreation

    social service organizations

    basic and additional general education programs

    major vocational training programs

    foreign missions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation

    basic and additional general education programs

    other legal entities

    vocational training

    preschool education

    additional educational programs

    To carry out educational activities by the organization carrying out training, a specialized structural educational unit is created in its structure (part 6 of article 31).

    As for individual entrepreneurs, they have the right to carry out educational activities in basic and additional general education programs, and vocational training programs (part 3 of Article 32).

    Both the previous and the new Law provide for the existence of state (that is, created by the Russian Federation or a subject of the Russian Federation), municipal (created by the Ministry of Defense, and Law 273-FZ specifically specifies that only a municipal district or urban district can be a founder; although the law of October 6, 2003 . N 131-FZ "On the general principles of organizing LSG in the Russian Federation" refers to the MO as an urban or rural settlement, a municipal district, an urban district or the inner-city territory of a city of federal significance) and private educational organizations (created by an individual or legal entity, or their associations, with the exception of foreign religious organizations - the exception was mentioned only by Law 273-FZ, and the previous Law formally allowed them to act as the founder of an OU (clause 3 of part 1 of article 11), but in fact this ban was introduced by the last paragraph of part 3 of article 27 of the Federal Law of September 26, 1997 N 125-FZ "On freedom of conscience and on religious associations").

    Both laws being compared provide that in certain cases the establishment of an educational organization may be exclusively the prerogative of the state: according to Law 273-FZ, educational organizations for students with deviant behavior (special educational institutions of an open and closed type) are created by the Russian Federation or by a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (a similar rule was established by part 2 of article 11 of Law 3266-1); educational organizations that implement educational programs of higher education in the field of defense and security of the state, ensuring the rule of law and law and order, can only be created by the Russian Federation (the previous Law established the monopoly of the Russian Federation on the creation of any educational institutions that implement military professional educational programs), the new Law is specifically devoted to the peculiarities of the implementation of professional educational programs and activities of educational organizations of federal state bodies that train personnel in the interests of the defense and security of the state, ensuring the rule of law and law and order.

    1) the type of educational organization;

    2) the founder of the educational organization;

    1. types of educational programs being implemented, indicating the level of education and (or) focus;

    2. the structure and competence of the governing bodies of the educational organization, the procedure for their formation and the terms of office.

    The rest can be fixed in local acts of the organization; at least (as required by 273-FZ) local acts should be adopted, regulating:

    rules for admission of students,

    the mode of training of students,

    forms, frequency and procedure for monitoring progress and intermediate certification of students,

    the procedure and grounds for the transfer, expulsion and restoration of students,

    the procedure for formalizing the emergence, suspension and termination of relations between the educational organization and students and (or) parents (legal representatives) of minor students.

    At the same time, when adopting local regulations affecting the rights of students and employees of an educational organization, the opinion of the councils and trade unions of students, and the advice of parents are taken into account.

    Considering the issue of the MA's right to raise additional funds, it is also necessary to point out the following. Both compared laws allow educational organizations to conduct income-generating activities: the previous Law directly authorizes the activities of educational institutions provided for by its charter, insofar as it serves to achieve the goals for which they were created and corresponds to the specified goals (part 1 of Article 47 of the previous Law), the new Law mentions income-generating activities. In addition, Federal Law No. 7-FZ of January 12, 1996 "On Non-Commercial Organizations" establishes that a non-commercial organization can carry out entrepreneurial and other income-generating activities only insofar as it serves to achieve the goals for which it was created and corresponds to the specified goals. , provided that such activity is indicated in its constituent documents. Such activities are recognized as the profitable production of goods and services that meet the goals of creating a non-profit organization, as well as the purchase and sale of securities, property and non-property rights, participation in business companies and participation in limited partnerships as a contributor (Part 2 of Article 24). However, the previous Law provided for the founder's control over the implementation of these activities, who had the right to suspend the income-generating activities of an educational institution if it goes to the detriment of educational activities provided for by the charter, pending a court decision on this issue (part 3 of Article 47). The new Law does not contain a similar rule, nor does it exist in other laws. Thus, the independence of educational organizations, including from the founder, is strengthened by Law 273-FZ.

    Modern ways of getting education are somewhat different from the usual and formally prescribed ones. But it is those who use these methods and follow the trends who have an advantage over other people. And of course, it is important to note that the trends in modern education, although not formally spelled out, nevertheless harmoniously and smoothly fit into the standard educational systems.

    This is a fairly large material, so for those who are too lazy to read everything, we suggest going straight to the place of interest in the text:

    Let's think together what is education ? What is the meaning of this word in itself?

    We can isolate the root of this word (that is, partially determine what significant parts a given word consists of. This is called morphemic analysis) and, accordingly, better understand its semantics (meaning).

    So. The root of the word is "image". Actually, the word "image" in the understanding of many people is an idea of ​​the external or internal state of an object or group of objects. An object can be a person or a group of people (for example, a whole nation), an animal (bear), furniture (chair), country, real estate (luxury apartment), season (autumn) ... In general, anything.

    Additionally, we can highlight in the word "education" the suffix ova and define its role. This is a verbal suffix, that is, it came to the word "education" from the verb "to form"

    And it means the suffix -ova (t) - the implementation of something, being in some state or engaging in some activity (bargaining ova be, longing ova th, mountains Eve thief ova be, bliss ova be, outrages ova be, silence ova th). Including the image ova be.

    Turns out that “Education” is the process of forming images, ideas about something or someone. In addition, this is the formation of not only images within oneself, but also the formation of one's own image for others.

    Nobody, perhaps, wants to be branded as an "uneducated person", but it is very nice to feel "educated".

    And now a little about the "terrible". Almost every sphere of society and human life is reflected in the laws of the country. The educational sphere is also affected by legislation.

    Therefore, we can turn to the Federal Law "On Education", which tells us that:

    Education is a single purposeful process of upbringing and education, which is a socially significant benefit and is carried out in the interests of a person, family, society and the state, as well as a set of acquired knowledge, abilities, skills, value attitudes, experience and competence of a certain volume and complexity for intellectual purposes, spiritual and moral, creative, physical and (or) professional development of a person, satisfaction of his educational needs and interests.

    It should also be borne in mind that in society as a whole, the level of general and special education is determined by the requirements of production, the state of science, technology and culture, as well as social relations.

    Why does every person need education?

    1. so as not to be branded as an ignoramus
    2. to have something to talk about with friends, work colleagues, classmates, relatives
    3. to understand the processes that occur in the world around (this applies to both weather events and fluctuations in oil prices)
    4. so that other people cannot control you because you do not know or understand something
    5. to get a good job or start your own business
    6. so that it would be nice to know that you are not the last person in this world ... and so on

    Everyone has their own reasons for getting an education.

    What kind of education can you get? To do this, consider the education system in our country (RF) .

    1. Firstly, Russia has relatively developed preschool education ... It usually affects children between the ages of 2 months and 7-8 years. Preschool education is a crèche and kindergarten. In addition, early childhood development centers are now actively spreading in large cities. Classes in them are built according to various methods and, as a rule, cost money.
    2. After preschool, children go to school and receive general education, which is divided into 3 stages :
      • primary education - that is, primary school from grades 1 to 3 or 4
      • the second stage of school education from grades 5 to 9 is called basic general education. In most countries, after 9 years of study, students take tests. In Russia, this is the State Final Attestation (GIA)
      • the third stage of general education (school) is grades 10-11. In fact, they are preparation for entering a higher educational institution (university, institute, academy). The possibility of admission to a university is determined by the passed final tests - the Unified State Exam. This is where general education, which is provided free of charge in Russia, ends.
    3. Professional education it is necessary for the training of specialists in various fields of activity. Professional education includes the following stages:
      • initial vocational education - provided by state and non-state educational institutions. As a rule, they are recruited on the basis of 9 or 11 grades. They can be called PTU (vocational school), PTL (vocational and technical lyceum), college.
      • the second level of vocational education is secondary vocational education. As a rule, institutions of primary and secondary vocational education are combined and provide a two-stage education program. Often also called vocational schools, PTL, college. The general name for all institutions of secondary vocational education is secondary specialized educational institutions (SSUZ).
      • the third level of vocational education is higher vocational education. In most developed countries, higher vocational education is not free and universal. Actually, in Russia we see a similar picture, but nevertheless in our country there is a crisis of higher professional education (there are too many universities, too many specialists with higher education, which, in fact, is not sufficient in comparison with classical higher education).
    4. Postgraduate professional education... From the name it is clear that it is the next step after receiving higher professional education. In Russia, it is divided into 2 components.
      • postgraduate study is a preparation of a person for competition (and, if successful, obtaining) the degree of Doctor of Science. The position of the candidate of sciences deepens the knowledge of the graduate student in the field studied by him, prepares him for professional teaching or scientific activities
      • doctoral studies are the next stage of professional postgraduate education. In doctoral studies, candidates of sciences are preparing to become doctors of sciences. Actually, a doctor of sciences is the highest academic degree, which speaks of the deep knowledge of the doctor of sciences himself in the chosen field.

    All that we have just talked about is the official education system in the Russian Federation. However, it also includes additional education for children and adults ... Additional means optional, many will think and will be right. However, the previously mentioned federal law "On Education" says that additional educational programs and additional educational services are implemented in order to fully meet the educational needs of citizens, society, and the state. That is, if you think that your educational needs are not met, as well as if you are a true patriot of your country, you can and simply must use all the opportunities for obtaining additional education.

    In particular, there are additional pre-professional general education programs in the field of art. The mastering of these programs ends, as in a regular school, with a final attestation with the issuance of a certificate. If you wish, you can further your education in the field of art in higher educational institutions. Actually, institutions where you can get additional pre-professional education are, as a rule, children's art schools (DSHI).

    It is also gratifying that in many art schools there are departments for adults, therefore, if there is a desire and time, each adult can receive, for example, a general music education.

    Additional education includes refresher courses , which can be long-term or short-term, mandatory and optional. As a rule, continuing education courses are paid, but often their cost is fully or partially covered by your employer.

    In addition to the previously listed methods of obtaining education, there is one more and about it is not written in any of the law, although a lot is said on television, in the press, in schools, universities ... This is self-education ... It is one of the most productive, but only if you have enough motivation to practice systematically and move towards your goal. If you are not interested in what you are studying, the result will be much lower.

    Perhaps, each of you has in the experience of studying at school, college or institute a certain unpleasant aftertaste from the fact that you do not want to study, but you really need to. Self-education is easier: if you don't like it, don't do it, don't teach, but then the result is completely on your shoulders.

    The undoubted advantage of self-education is its relative availability. Why relative? Because whichever way you choose to acquire new knowledge, you will need to spend resources. This could be, for example, time, Internet payments or book purchases.

    Self-education is, of course, good, but where can you get information that is interesting? Several options are possible here.

    1. The classic way to gain new knowledge is from books or textbooks. You can find them at a bookstore, library, or on the Internet. Before buying a book, it is advisable to find out reviews about it from those who have already read it, so that it would not be offensive for wasted money. Libraries are, unfortunately, not fashionable at the moment, but relevant. Since in the library books, firstly, are given out free of charge (in order not to forget the main provisions and interesting thoughts that you have read, you need to take notes). In the library you can find, albeit not the newest, but proven books. This is especially true for scientific books (for example, those related to biology, physics, chemistry, mechanics - natural science and technical topics). Books on the Internet are also often free, but remember that by downloading a free book, you may violate the copyright of its creators or publisher.
    2. To obtain up-to-date information about what is happening in the world (events, the latest developments, theories), one must not forget about the press, that is, the print media. At the moment, there are a huge variety of them for every taste and their names, as a rule, reflect the content. For example, popular science magazines include Popular Mechanics, Around the World, Young Naturalist, Science and Life. There are also narrow-profile (practically professional magazines). For example, for PR-specialists - "Adviser", for accountants "Actual accounting", for IT-specialists "Chip". If you want to keep abreast of current events and at the same time read quite interesting articles written in a good language, pay attention to the Russian Reporter magazine, the Kommersant newspaper and its supplements, the Itogi magazine. And of course, for those who want to be aware of all the changes in the legislation of our country, it is simply necessary to know the "Rossiyskaya Gazeta".
    3. Television can also be used as a source of information, but it should be borne in mind that television is more crowded with entertainment than educational programs. If you have the opportunity, it is better to watch the Kultura TV channel (performances, performances, ballet, classical music concerts, as well as TV lectures and foreign language training), Discovery, as well as various BBC TV channels. And of course, news programs. However, it is better to watch them on different TV channels in order to see the difference in the presentation of the material and, accordingly, to perceive the information more objectively.
    4. Another classic and even ordinary way to get information is to communicate with other people. These can be your friends, classmates, colleagues, teachers, relatives and just casual fellow travelers. By the way, the use of tutoring is now becoming very popular not only in business education, but also at school. In fact, the meaning of the word "tutor" is closest to the word "mentor". He helps the student (be it a schoolboy, student, businessman or locksmith) to choose a learning goal, draw up a plan to achieve it and progressively implement it. However, considering communication with people as a source of information and, accordingly, an educational process, it is necessary to constantly weed out people who steal your time from those who can really give you useful information.
    5. One of the ways to educate yourself is to attend various kinds of events. These can be lectures, master classes, professional (for example, IT) and art exhibitions. Within the framework of professional exhibitions, round tables, conferences, the previously mentioned lectures and master classes are often held. These can be meetings with different people (for example, book presentations) or meetings of hobby clubs. Business events (for example, business breakfasts, business forums and business lectures, which are often organized by business schools and business incubators) are very interesting from the point of education and acquiring interesting people in the form of new acquaintances. As a cultural education, if possible, you can attend the reporting concerts of the Children's Art School or conservatories. Unfortunately, most of the events are held in large cities (the capital, regional centers), however, for residents of small towns and rural areas there is an opportunity to be, or at least try to be “on the same wavelength” and “in trend”. This opportunity is provided by the Internet.

    So, self-education using the Internet now it is popular and in demand not only in Russia, but all over the world. The Internet makes it possible to roughly equalize the opportunities for people to get an education.

    It should be noted that, firstly, education via the Internet is first of all Remote education which requires you to take your own responsibility for the learning process. Secondly, education on the Internet can be both paid (for example, distance learning programs for higher education or retraining), and free.

    In what form can you "self-educate" using the Internet:

    1. Many leading universities provide free online courses... This list includes some of the best free courses available for those wishing to improve their knowledge or skills in their field. Perhaps the factor that can alienate many people who want to get acquainted with these online courses is the need for knowledge of a foreign language. However, if you have enough willpower and interest to do your own education via the Internet, even this will not be a problem for you.
    2. in the Internet you can learn foreign languages ​​for free... For example, there is an interesting site livemocha.com, which has gathered a lot of representatives from different countries. These are native speakers, many of whom want to learn Russian. And you, for example, are German. It is enough to create a profile on the site, choose a course and start doing exercises (memorizing words, pronunciation, spelling, grammar). Your assignments will be evaluated by native speakers. You can chat with them. In addition, you can use the facebook.com social network to communicate with native speakers. Well, if at the same time do not forget that you can download textbooks, audiobooks and other interesting courses of foreign languages ​​on the Internet, then the only thing left is to concentrate on the learning process.
    3. There are a huge number of electronic libraries... They can be both thematic and extremely generalized. For example, the website evartist.narod.ru has a library with books on journalism, advertising and PR. The site koob.ru contains a huge number of books on completely different topics - from religion to business. And depending on which book you are interested in, you may find an interesting library for yourself. Therefore, advice: when looking for a book on the Internet, write down or bookmark the material you like.
    4. Do not forget about the possibilities of social networks- they have libraries, interest groups, invitations to events and much more that can help you in self-education.
    5. If you have ever thought about creating your own business, have some interesting ideas, but do not know how to implement, where to start, how to manage the business further, the site bizmolodost.ru will be useful to you. It contains interesting articles, short video tutorials that will help you navigate and start your business. Of course, the site lives for a reason, and the information presented on it is only a small part of what its creators know. The main source of his income is conducting paid classes with beginners and already working businessmen. However, this site is a great opportunity to stimulate yourself to action.
    6. For lovers of the IT sphere, we can recommend the resource intuit.ru, where are presented various courses, mainly related to the IT field(programming, system administration, management and law in the field of information technology). On this resource, you can sign up for both a distance free course and a paid full-time course. In any case, certificates and certificates of completion of a particular course are issued. However, when choosing online training, it should be borne in mind that you will receive only basic (basic) knowledge, you will need to constantly keep it up to date, monitor changes (and they occur very often in the IT sphere). In addition, for those who are interested in programming, the php.su site will be very useful, where you can download textbooks on programming in PHP and others, learn how to set up your computer for subsequent work with code, get basic system administration skills and, of course , get answers to difficult questions from more experienced comrades on the forum.
    7. Earlier, it was mentioned in passing about business incubators... In the absence of the opportunity to attend the events organized by them, you can and should use the information posted on their web resources. Inc.hse.ru - website of the business incubator at the Higher School of Economics. Here you can learn more about the activities of the business incubator, watch videos from past lectures and master classes, register for a paid (or free) webinar, and learn about upcoming events. Incube-ane.ru - site of the business incubator at the Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation. Information about past events (transcripts of lectures, videos, etc.) is practically, however, remembering this site or subscribing to the newsletter is still worth it, at least in order to keep abreast of the events. What if sooner or later you will be able to get there?
    8. An interesting place in Moscow - Digital October - is notable for the fact that there you can get a lot of useful and interesting information about new technologies and technological entrepreneurship. For those who cannot get there in person, there are such great online cognitive opportunities, how:
      • Digital October TV - many interesting videos on completely different topics,
      • Knowledge Stream - recordings of lectures from leading laboratories and universities in the world, which present the audience with the latest technological innovations and scientific achievements that have practical application in business,
      • Coursera - support of the Coursera project in Russia (online education at the universities of the world)

    In general, I think trends in modern ways of getting education understandable - the transition to online, accessibility, interesting forms of presentation of material, the opportunity to obtain a huge amount of high-quality knowledge (including professional), without leaving home and without paying a penny for it (only for connecting to the Internet and electricity).

    Those who want to study, who are looking for an interesting and useful pastime, who want to develop and become better, will always find an opportunity for this.

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    For the purposes of this Federal Law, the following basic concepts are applied:

    1) education is a single purposeful process of upbringing and training, which is a socially significant benefit and is carried out in the interests of the individual, family, society and the state, as well as a set of acquired knowledge, skills, skills, value attitudes, experience and competence of a certain volume and complexity for purposes intellectual, spiritual, moral, creative, physical and (or) professional development of a person, satisfaction of his educational needs and interests;

    2) upbringing - activities aimed at personal development, creating conditions for self-determination and socialization of a student on the basis of socio-cultural, spiritual and moral values ​​and rules and norms of behavior adopted in society in the interests of a person, family, society and state;

    3) learning - a purposeful process of organizing students 'activities to master knowledge, skills, skills and competence, gain experience, develop abilities, gain experience in applying knowledge in everyday life and form students' motivation to receive education throughout their lives;

    4) level of education - a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements;

    5) qualification - the level of knowledge, abilities, skills and competence, characterizing the readiness to perform a certain type of professional activity;

    6) federal state educational standard - a set of mandatory requirements for education of a certain level and (or) for a profession, specialty and direction of training, approved by the federal executive body in charge of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education;

    7) educational standard - a set of mandatory requirements for higher education in specialties and areas of training, approved by educational institutions of higher education, determined by this Federal Law or by a decree of the President of the Russian Federation;

    8) federal state requirements - mandatory requirements for the minimum content, structure of additional pre-professional programs, the conditions for their implementation and the duration of training for these programs, approved in accordance with this Federal Law by authorized federal executive bodies;

    9) educational program - a complex of basic characteristics of education (volume, content, planned results), organizational and pedagogical conditions and, in the cases provided for by this Federal Law, forms of certification, which is presented in the form of a curriculum, a curriculum schedule, work programs of academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), other components, as well as assessment and teaching materials;

    10) an approximate basic educational program - educational and methodological documentation (an approximate curriculum, an approximate calendar training schedule, approximate work programs of academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), other components), which determines the recommended volume and content of education at a certain level and (or) a certain focus, the planned results of the development of the educational program, approximate conditions for educational activities, including approximate calculations of the normative costs of the provision of public services for the implementation of the educational program;

    11) general education - a type of education that is aimed at personal development and the acquisition in the process of mastering basic general education programs of knowledge, skills, skills and the formation of competencies necessary for a person's life in society, an informed choice of a profession and obtaining a professional education;

    12) vocational education - a type of education that is aimed at acquiring by students in the process of mastering basic vocational educational programs of knowledge, skills, skills and the formation of competence of a certain level and volume, allowing them to conduct professional activities in a certain area and (or) perform work in a specific profession, or specialty;

    13) vocational training - a type of education that is aimed at the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies by students, necessary for the performance of certain labor, official functions (certain types of labor, official activities, professions);

    14) additional education - a type of education that is aimed at the comprehensive satisfaction of a person's educational needs in intellectual, spiritual, moral, physical and (or) professional improvement and is not accompanied by an increase in the level of education;

    15) student - an individual who is mastering an educational program;

    16) a student with disabilities - an individual who has disabilities in physical and (or) psychological development, confirmed by the psychological, medical and pedagogical commission and hindering the acquisition of education without creating special conditions;

    17) educational activities - activities for the implementation of educational programs;

    18) educational organization - a non-profit organization that carries out educational activities on the basis of a license as the main type of activity in accordance with the goals for the achievement of which such an organization was created;

    19) an organization providing training is a legal entity that, on the basis of a license, along with its main activity, educational activity as an additional type of activity;

    20) organizations carrying out educational activities - educational organizations, as well as organizations carrying out training. For the purposes of this Federal Law, individual entrepreneurs carrying out educational activities are equated to organizations carrying out educational activities, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law;

    21) pedagogical worker - an individual who is in labor, service relations with an organization carrying out educational activities, and fulfills the duties of teaching, educating students and (or) organizing educational activities;

    22) curriculum - a document that defines the list, labor intensity, sequence and distribution by periods of study of academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), practice, other types of educational activities and, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law, forms of intermediate certification of students;

    23) individual curriculum - a curriculum that ensures the development of an educational program based on the individualization of its content, taking into account the characteristics and educational needs of a particular student;

    24) practice - a type of educational activity aimed at the formation, consolidation, development of practical skills and competence in the process of performing certain types of work related to future professional activities;

    25) the focus (profile) of education - the orientation of the educational program to specific areas of knowledge and (or) types of activity, which determines its subject and thematic content, the prevailing types of educational activities of the student and the requirements for the results of mastering the educational program;

    26) teaching and education means - devices, equipment, including sports equipment and inventory, instruments (including musical instruments), teaching aids, computers, information and telecommunication networks, hardware, software and audiovisual means, printed and electronic educational and information resources and other material objects necessary for the organization of educational activities;

    27) inclusive education - ensuring equal access to education for all students, taking into account the diversity of special educational needs and individual opportunities;

    28) adapted educational program - an educational program adapted for training persons with disabilities, taking into account the peculiarities of their psychophysical development, individual capabilities and, if necessary, providing correction of developmental disorders and social adaptation of these persons;

    29) quality of education - a complex characteristic of educational activities and training of a student, expressing the degree of their compliance with federal state educational standards, educational standards, federal state requirements and (or) the needs of an individual or legal entity in whose interests educational activities are carried out, including the degree of achievement planned results of the educational program;

    30) relations in the field of education - a set of public relations for the realization of the right of citizens to education, the purpose of which is the development of the content of educational programs by students (educational relations), and social relations that are associated with educational relations and the purpose of which is to create conditions for the realization of the rights of citizens to education;

    31) participants in educational relations - students, parents (legal representatives) of minor students, teaching staff and their representatives, organizations carrying out educational activities;

    32) participants in relations in the field of education - participants in educational relations and federal state bodies, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, employers and their associations;

    33) conflict of interests of a pedagogical worker - a situation in which a pedagogical worker, in the course of his professional activity, has a personal interest in obtaining material benefits or other advantages and which affects or may affect the proper performance of professional duties by a pedagogical worker due to a contradiction between his personal interest and interests student, parents (legal representatives) of minor students;

    34) supervision and care of children - a set of measures for organizing meals and household services for children, ensuring their compliance with personal hygiene and daily routine.

    RF Law "On Education"- N 273-FZ - regulates public relations that appear in the field of education due to the realization by the population of the right to education. Provides state guarantees of freedoms and rights of people in the field of education and appropriate conditions for the realization of the right to education. Determines the legal status of the participants in the relationship within the framework of educational activities. Establishes the economic, legal, organizational basis of education in our country, the principles of state policy in the field of education, the rules for the operation of the educational system and the implementation of educational activities.

    For the purposes of this Federal Law, the following basic concepts are applied:

    1) education is a single purposeful process of upbringing and training, which is a socially significant benefit and is carried out in the interests of the individual, family, society and the state, as well as a set of acquired knowledge, skills, skills, value attitudes, experience and competence of a certain volume and complexity for purposes intellectual, spiritual, moral, creative, physical and (or) professional development of a person, satisfaction of his educational needs and interests;

    2) upbringing - activities aimed at personal development, creating conditions for self-determination and socialization of a student on the basis of socio-cultural, spiritual and moral values ​​and rules and norms of behavior adopted in society in the interests of a person, family, society and state;

    3) learning - a purposeful process of organizing students 'activities to master knowledge, skills, skills and competence, gain experience, develop abilities, gain experience in applying knowledge in everyday life and form students' motivation to receive education throughout their lives;

    4) level of education - a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements;

    5) qualification - the level of knowledge, abilities, skills and competence, characterizing the readiness to perform a certain type of professional activity;

    6) federal state educational standard - a set of mandatory requirements for education of a certain level and (or) for a profession, specialty and direction of training, approved by the federal executive body in charge of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education;

    7) educational standard - a set of mandatory requirements for higher education in specialties and areas of training, approved by educational institutions of higher education, determined by this Federal Law or by a decree of the President of the Russian Federation;

    8) federal state requirements - mandatory requirements for the minimum content, structure of additional pre-professional programs, the conditions for their implementation and the duration of training for these programs, approved in accordance with this Federal Law by authorized federal executive bodies;

    9) educational program - a complex of basic characteristics of education (volume, content, planned results), organizational and pedagogical conditions and, in the cases provided for by this Federal Law, forms of certification, which is presented in the form of a curriculum, a curriculum schedule, work programs of academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), other components, as well as assessment and teaching materials;

    10) an approximate basic educational program - educational and methodological documentation (an approximate curriculum, an approximate calendar training schedule, approximate work programs of academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), other components), which determines the recommended volume and content of education at a certain level and (or) a certain focus, the planned results of the development of the educational program, approximate conditions for educational activities, including approximate calculations of the normative costs of the provision of public services for the implementation of the educational program;

    11) general education - a type of education that is aimed at personal development and the acquisition in the process of mastering basic general education programs of knowledge, skills, skills and the formation of competencies necessary for a person's life in society, an informed choice of a profession and obtaining a professional education;

    12) vocational education - a type of education that is aimed at acquiring by students in the process of mastering basic vocational educational programs of knowledge, skills, skills and the formation of competence of a certain level and volume, allowing them to conduct professional activities in a certain area and (or) perform work in a specific profession, or specialty;

    13) vocational training - a type of education that is aimed at the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies by students, necessary for the performance of certain labor, official functions (certain types of labor, official activities, professions);

    14) additional education - a type of education that is aimed at the comprehensive satisfaction of a person's educational needs in intellectual, spiritual, moral, physical and (or) professional improvement and is not accompanied by an increase in the level of education;

    15) student - an individual who is mastering an educational program;

    16) a student with disabilities - an individual who has disabilities in physical and (or) psychological development, confirmed by the psychological, medical and pedagogical commission and hindering the acquisition of education without creating special conditions;

    17) educational activities - activities for the implementation of educational programs;

    18) educational organization - a non-profit organization that carries out educational activities on the basis of a license as the main type of activity in accordance with the goals for the achievement of which such an organization was created;

    19) an organization providing training is a legal entity that, on the basis of a license, along with its main activity, educational activity as an additional type of activity;

    20) organizations carrying out educational activities - educational organizations, as well as organizations carrying out training. For the purposes of this Federal Law, individual entrepreneurs carrying out educational activities are equated to organizations carrying out educational activities, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law;

    21) pedagogical worker - an individual who is in labor, service relations with an organization carrying out educational activities, and fulfills the duties of teaching, educating students and (or) organizing educational activities;

    22) curriculum - a document that defines the list, labor intensity, sequence and distribution by periods of study of academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), practice, other types of educational activities and, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law, forms of intermediate certification of students;

    23) individual curriculum - a curriculum that ensures the development of an educational program based on the individualization of its content, taking into account the characteristics and educational needs of a particular student;

    24) practice - a type of educational activity aimed at the formation, consolidation, development of practical skills and competence in the process of performing certain types of work related to future professional activities;

    25) the focus (profile) of education - the orientation of the educational program to specific areas of knowledge and (or) types of activity, which determines its subject and thematic content, the prevailing types of educational activities of the student and the requirements for the results of mastering the educational program;

    26) teaching and education means - devices, equipment, including sports equipment and inventory, instruments (including musical instruments), teaching aids, computers, information and telecommunication networks, hardware, software and audiovisual means, printed and electronic educational and information resources and other material objects necessary for the organization of educational activities;

    27) inclusive education - ensuring equal access to education for all students, taking into account the diversity of special educational needs and individual opportunities;

    28) adapted educational program - an educational program adapted for training persons with disabilities, taking into account the peculiarities of their psychophysical development, individual capabilities and, if necessary, providing correction of developmental disorders and social adaptation of these persons;

    29) quality of education - a complex characteristic of educational activities and training of a student, expressing the degree of their compliance with federal state educational standards, educational standards, federal state requirements and (or) the needs of an individual or legal entity in whose interests educational activities are carried out, including the degree of achievement planned results of the educational program;

    30) relations in the field of education - a set of public relations for the realization of the right of citizens to education, the purpose of which is the development of the content of educational programs by students (educational relations), and social relations that are associated with educational relations and the purpose of which is to create conditions for the realization of the rights of citizens to education;

    31) participants in educational relations - students, parents (legal representatives) of minor students, teaching staff and their representatives, organizations carrying out educational activities;

    32) participants in relations in the field of education - participants in educational relations and federal state bodies, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, employers and their associations;

    33) conflict of interests of a pedagogical worker - a situation in which a pedagogical worker, in the course of his professional activity, has a personal interest in obtaining material benefits or other advantages and which affects or may affect the proper performance of professional duties by a pedagogical worker due to a contradiction between his personal interest and interests student, parents (legal representatives) of minor students;

    34) supervision and care of children - a set of measures for organizing meals and household services for children, ensuring their compliance with personal hygiene and daily routine.

    Commentary on Art. 2 of the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

    The commented article 2 of the Law on Education in Russia is an innovation in educational legislation, since it marks the emergence of a definitive apparatus that defines the concepts most significant for the entire educational sphere. Until now, educational laws did not contain similar provisions in their norms. It should be noted that the presence in the legislation of the terms used for the purposes of the normative act, greatly simplifies its use in the interpretation of certain norms and provisions.

    As the ancients said: "define the terms - and you will save yourself from a huge amount of controversy." In accordance with the traditions of modern lawmaking, the authors define the main terms used in this normative act in a meaning that differs from the generally accepted one. Therefore, we are faced with a difficult task: to give a secondary interpretation of the terms and explain to the reader what exactly the authors had in mind when defining the meaning of this or that concept. A total of 34 concepts are presented in the article, not all of which require comment. Accordingly, the task is not so much to explain what has already been explained, but to focus the reader's attention on the most important aspects of the meaning of this or that concept.

    So, education (item 1). In fact, the definition fills the gap of the previous 20 years, when upbringing was almost completely excluded from the educational process along with ideology. This mistake led to tragic consequences for the younger generation and not only for him. Today this mistake has been corrected and education is defined as a purposeful process of education and training. The second important component of this key term is the understanding of the learning goal. It has already been noted above that training is carried out not only in the interests of an individual, but is of a public nature (for more details, see). The consumers of the learning process are directly indicated here: a person, family, society and state. Also, in the commented definition, the content of education is highlighted, not as obtaining unsystematic knowledge, but a set of knowledge, skills, skills and practical experience. Even F. Engels wrote: "The theory is dry, the tree of life is green." Thus, to obtain a complete education, only theoretical knowledge is not enough; practical skills are also needed, the development of which among the trainees is aimed at education. Finally, the goal of getting an education is to form not just a person who has a complex of theoretical knowledge and practical skills, but a comprehensively prepared, self-sufficient person who is able to apply his knowledge in practice, in independent life and practical activity.

    Further, the commented article reveals the content of the components of education in the form of upbringing and training. Moreover, upbringing (p. 2) is placed above education, with the allocation of elements of self-determination and socialization in a person's personality, which requires certain explanations. Self-determination or self-awareness assumes that only a person adequately brought up in relation to the needs of a given society is able to correctly determine his place in life, without self-deprecation and overestimation of his importance, which is equally negatively perceived by society and by the person himself.

    As for socialization, it has long been noted: "It is impossible to live in society and be outside of society." Despite the abusive character that this concept has acquired in our daily life, socialized in the exact meaning of the word means “comradely, social.” * (9) Thus, it means being inscribed in the surrounding social environment. This takes on a special meaning, since a person who has received an education involuntarily changes the circle of communication, interests, belonging to a social class, group. Therefore, it is very important in the process of upbringing to instill in him the skills of new communication. Moreover, we emphasize that this is done again in the interests of the individual, family, society and state.

    Returning to the clarification of the concept of learning (p. 3), in addition to the above-mentioned features of this process as an educational process, it should be noted that one of the tasks of learning is to form students' motivation to receive education throughout their lives. This motivation is due to the constantly changing conditions of life and the acceleration of the process of its evolution. Karl Jaspers remarked back in the last century: "Nowadays you need to run very quickly to stay in place."

    The next term, which was explained in the commented article 2 of the Law on Education in the Russian Federation, is the level of education (paragraph 4). In the sense of the commented Law, it means a completed cycle of education. From now on, the concepts of "incomplete or incomplete higher" and similar definitions are becoming a thing of the past. The training cycle can only be complete, confirmed by an appropriate educational document. In all other cases, only the previous level of education is recognized. In other words, the academic certificate issued by the university to its former student allows only to continue the process of obtaining higher education at another university, but not to confirm the level of education.

    The concept of "qualification" (clause 5), despite the absence in its definition of a mandatory requirement for a person to have a document of the established form confirming its level, within the meaning of it means readiness to perform a particular type of professional activity.

    The term "federal educational standard" (clause 6) was originally used in part 5 of Art. 43 of the Constitution and means the establishment by the state of certain general requirements for the totality of knowledge, skills, skills and competencies that characterize a certain type of professional activity, approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

    The next concept "educational standard" (clause 7) means a set of mandatory requirements for higher education. One can argue with the authors of the Law about how much it reflects the essence, but, as they say, "they do not argue about the terms - they are defined." The difference between the standards of this type from the previous one is that its content is approved by the commented Law or the decree of the President of Russia. It turns out that a standard that covers a smaller amount of knowledge, abilities, skills and competencies has a higher legal status.

    The concept of "federal state requirements" (clause 8) means the requirements for the minimum content of additional professional programs, the conditions for their implementation and the duration of training on them, approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

    In the end, the "educational program" itself (clause 9) includes a set of mandatory elements: volume, content, planned results, forms of certification, academic calendar, work programs, and other components. We draw the attention of readers that the list of elements of the curriculum is open, that is, it provides for the possibility of its addition, which turns it into an exemplary program (clause 10). Moreover, it should be noted that despite 20 years of discussion and criticism from the educational community, including members of the Russian Academy of Education, this clause of the Law, following its predecessor, interprets an exemplary educational program as a complex of educational services. In our opinion, this approach contradicts the meaning of the Russian Constitution and the logic of the development of legal relations. If one side, in this case - an individual, has a right to something, then the other side of public relations - the state is obliged to ensure this right. The provision of this right cannot in any way look like a service (a servant is a servant of a lackey). * (10) Moreover, the above in the same article speaks of teaching and upbringing (paragraphs 1-3), carried out not only in the interests of individuals, but also the whole society and the state as a whole.

    Moreover, further, in violation of any logic, the conflict of interests of the teacher (clause 33) is defined as his personal interest in obtaining material benefits or other advantages in the relationship between the interests of the employee and the student. As if the quality of education does not depend on the size and form of the teacher's remuneration!

    Also, the authors of the commented Law are trying to define the concept of "means of teaching and upbringing" (paragraph 26) by listing them. Despite the fact that the list of specific means is open, this approach can hardly be considered reasonable. In our opinion, the main thing in this definition is still an indication that these are "material objects necessary for the organization of educational activities."

    There is in the commented article 2 and another controversial term - this is "inclusive education" (paragraph 27), which, according to its authors, means education equally accessible to all students. At the same time, the term “inclusive” means: “extending to a wide range of subjects (the antonym exclusive).” * (11) Such a fascination with foreign language terms, to the detriment of common sense, can hardly be supported.

    The same can be said about the adaptive (adapted according to the original meaning of Yu.D.) program for teaching people with disabilities (p. 28). It seems that for such trainees it is necessary not to adapt the general educational program, but to develop a special one corresponding to their capabilities and abilities.