When Rules Stalin years of the Board. The main dates of life and activity and. in. Stalin. Participation in the October Revolution

Indirect evidence that Stalin could have Ossetian ancestors on the male line, the information set out in the article S. Kravchenko and N. Maximova ZRI in the roots "(magazine" Russian Newsweek "), in which it is argued that the grandson of Stalin - theatrical director A. V. Bourdonsky - agreed to pass a sample of DNA. The adopted decodes showed that the DNA of Joseph Vissarionovich belongs to the Gaplogroup G2. Employee of the laboratory of the population genetics of a person of the Medical Genetic Scientific Center, Ramne Oleg Balanovsky, claims that "Its representatives, originating in India or Pakistan 14,300 years ago, spread 12,500 years ago in Central Asia, Europe and the Middle East. On the territory of the former USSR, representatives of this haplogroup live both in the North Caucasus and in Georgia. However, according to some data, the highest frequency of this haplogroup - Ossetians ". The version of the Ossetian origin of the Stalin family is discussed in the work of the Russian historian A. V. Ostrovsky (see: Ostrovsky A. V. Who stood behind Stalin? - m.; St. Petersburg: Olma-Press; Neva, 2002. - 638 p. - ISBN 5-7654-1771-x; 5-224-02997-x.). Iosif Jugashvili classmate in the seminary I. Iremashvili in his book "Stalin and Tragedy of Georgia", published in Germany in German in 1932 in the Verfasser publishing house, claims that Stalin's Father Beso Ivanovich Jugashvili "By nationality Ossetians"

Historian I. Chernyavsky writes that in the book of registrations of the Assumption Cathedral in Gori there is the name of Joseph Jugashvili and then the entry follows: "1878. Born on December 6th. Breastled on December 17th. Parents - residents of the city of Harry Peasant Vissarion Ivanov Dzhugashvili and his legitimate wife Ekaterina Georgievna. Mushroom Father - a resident of Harry Peasant Ciharitrishvili ". They are concluded that the genuine date of birth of Stalin is 6 (18) of December of the year. It is noted that, according to the St. Petersburg provincial gendarme administration, the date of birth of I. V. Jugashvili is on December 6, 1878, and in the documents of the Baku gendarmes of birth, the year has marked 1880. At the same time, the police department meets, where the year of the birth of Joseph Jugashvili signs 1881. In the document, the personally filled with I. V. Stalin in December 1920, - the questionnaire of the Swedish newspaper Folkets Dagblad Politiken. - There is a year of birth - 1878.
It is believed that the date of birth was transferred for a year forward to the Stalin himself, since 1928 did not suit little to celebrate the 50th anniversary: \u200b\u200bthere were unrest of peasants in the country due to artificial increase in prices for industrial goods, there were other problems. Only by 1929 Stalin managed to finally strengthen the regime of personal power (see the Stalinist revolution). Therefore, this year was chosen for the celebration of the anniversary, respectively, which was chosen and a suitable official date of birth.
(Mark of Krutov.

Joseph Stalin is an outstanding revolutionary politician in the history of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Its activity is marked by mass repressions, which today are considered a crime against humanity. The personality and biography of Stalin in modern society are still loudly discussed: some consider it a great ruler who led the country to victory in the Great Patriotic War, others accused of the genocide of the people and the Holodomor, Terror and violence against people.

Childhood and youth

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich (real name of Jugashvili) was born on December 21, 1879 in the Georgian town of Gori in a family belonging to the lower class. According to another version, Iosif Vissarionich's birthday came on December 18, 1878. In any case, the Sagittarius is considered a patronizing sign of the zodiac. In addition to the traditional hypothesis about the Georgian origin of the future leader of the nation, there is an opinion that its ancestors were Ossetians.

Embed from getty images Joseph Stalin in childhood

He was the third, but the only surviving child in the family - his older brother and sister died back in infancy. Soso, as the mother of the future ruler of the USSR called, was born not a completely healthy child, he had congenital defects of the limbs (he had grown two fingers on his left foot), and also had damaged skin surfaces and backs. In early childhood, the accident happened to Stalin - Phaeton hit him, as a result of which he had a functioning of the left hand.

In addition to congenital and acquired injury, the future revolutionary was repeatedly beaten by the Father, which once led to a serious injury to the head and since the years it was reflected in the psycho-emotional state of Stalin. Ekaterina Georgievna's mother surrounded her son to care and care, wanting to compensate for the boy the lack of father's love.

Exhausted at difficult work, wanting to earn as much money as possible to raise the son, the woman tried to grow a decent man who had to become a priest. But her hopes were not crowned with success - Stalin grew out street polarity and more time spent not in the church, but in the company of local hooligans.

Embed from getty images Joseph Stalin in youth

At the same time, in 1888, Joseph Vissarionovich became a student of the Gori Orthodox School, and at the end he entered the Tiflis spiritual seminary. In her walls met Marxism and joined the ranks of underground revolutionaries.

In the seminary, the future ruler of the Soviet Union showed himself a gifted and talented student, since he could easily be given all objects without exception. At the same time, he became the head of the illegal mug of Marxists, which was engaged in propaganda.

It was not possible to get a spiritual formation to Stalin, as it was expelled from the educational institution before the exams for absenteeism. After that, Joseph Vissarionovich was issued a certificate, allowing him to become a teacher of primary schools. At first, he earned a life with a tutoring, and after it settled in the Tiflis Physical Observatory for the position of the observer calculator.

Path to power

The revolutionary activity of Stalin started at the beginning of the 1900s - the future ruler of the USSR was then engaged in propaganda than strengthened his own position in society. In the youth, Joseph participated in rallies, which most often ended with arrests, worked on the creation of the illegal newspaper "Bruzzla" ("Fight"), which went out on the Baku printing house. An interesting fact of his Georgian biography is that in 1906-1907, Jugashvili headed robber attacks on the banks of the Transcaucasus.

Embed from Getty Images Joseph Stalin and Vladimir Lenin

The revolutionary traveled to Finland and Sweden, where the conferences and the congresses of the RSDLP were held. Then he meets the head of the Soviet government and the famous revolutionary George Plekhanov, and others.

In 1912, he finally decided to change the surname of Jugashvili on the pseudonym Stalin. Then the man becomes an authorized Central Committee in the Caucasus. The revolutionary receives the position of chief editor of the Bolshevik newspaper "Pravda", where Vladimir Lenin became his colleague, who saw his assistant in Stalin in solving Bolshevik and revolutionary issues. As a result, Joseph Vissarionovich became his right hand.

Embed from Getty Images Joseph Stalin on the podium

The path to the power of Stalin was saturated with repeated references and imprisonments in prisons, from where he managed to run away. He spent 2 years in Solvykhodsk, then he was sent to the city of Narym, and from 1913, for 3 years he was kept in the village of Kureka. Being away from the leaders of the party, Joseph Vissarionovich managed to maintain a connection with them by means of a secret correspondence.

In front of the October Revolution, Stalin supported Lenin's plans, on an expanded meeting of the Central Committee made a condemnation of the position and, which were against the uprising. In 1917, Lenin appoints Stalin by the Commissar Affairs of Nationalities in the Council of People's Commissars.

The next stage of the career of the future ruler of the USSR is connected with the Civil War in which the revolutionary showed professionalism and leadership qualities. He participated in a number of military operations, including in the defense of Tsaritsyn and Petrograd, opposed the army and.

Embed from Getty Images Joseph Stalin and Klim Voroshilov

At the end of the war, when Lenin was already deadly sick, Stalin ruled the country, while destroying opponents and applicants for the post of chairman of the Government of the Soviet Union on its path. In addition, Joseph Vissarionovich showed perseverance towards monotonous work, which was required by the post of hardware leader. To strengthen its own authority, Stalin publishes 2 books - "On the foundations of Leninism" (1924) and "To issues of Leninism" (1927). In these works, he relied on the principles of "constructing socialism in a separate country", not excluding the "world revolution".

In 1930, all power focused in the hands of Stalin, in connection with which shocks and restructuring began in the USSR. This period is marked by the beginning of mass repression and collectivization, when the rural population of the country drove into the collective farms and Morious hunger.

Embed from Getty Images Vyacheslav Molotov, Joseph Stalin and Nikolai Ezhov

All the selected in the peasants the new leader of the Soviet Union was sold abroad, and developed the industry to the industry, building industrial enterprises, the main part of which focused in the cities of the Urals and Siberia. Thus, in the shortest possible time, he made the USSR of the second country in the world in terms of industrial production, however, the price of millions of life of the peasants who died from hunger.

In 1937, the peak of repression was hit, at that time she was stripped not only among citizens of the country, but among the leadership of the party. During the Big Terror, 56 of 73 people speaking at the February-March Plenum of the Central Committee were shot. Later, the head of the action was destroyed - the head of the NKVD, the place of which took part in the nearest environment of Stalin. In the country, totalitarian regime was finally established.

Head of the USSR

By 1940, Joseph Vissarionovich became a single ruler-dictator of the USSR. He was a strong head of the country, had an extraordinary performance, able to target people to solve the necessary tasks. The characteristic feature of Stalin was its ability to make immediate decisions on the issues discussed and find time to control all the processes occurring in the country.

Embed from Getty Images Secribula CPSS Joseph Stalin

The achievements of Joseph Stalin, despite its rigid board, are still highly assessed by experts. Thanks to him, the USSR won in the Great Patriotic War, agriculture was moved in the country, industrialization was held, as a result of which the Union turned into a nuclear superpower, having colossal geopolitical influence all over the world. Interestingly, the American magazine Time in 1939 and 1943 was awarded to the Soviet leader the title "Man of the Year".

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Joseph Stalin was forced to change the course of foreign policy. If earlier he arranged the relationship with Germany, then later turned his attention to the former countries of the Entente. In the face of England and France, the Soviet leader was looking for support against fascism aggression.

Embed from Getty Images Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at Tehran Conference

Along with the achievements, Stalin's board is characterized by a weighing of negative points, which caused horror in society. Stalinist repressions, dictatorship, terror, violence - all this is considered the main characteristic features of the Board of Joseph Vissarionovich. He is also accused of suppressing entire scientific areas of the country, accompanied by trace of doctors and engineers, which caused incommensurable harm to the development of Soviet culture and science.

Stalin's policy and today is loud to condemn all over the world. The ruler of the USSR is accused of the mass death of people who have victims of Stalinism and Nazism. At the same time, in many cities of Joseph Vissarionovich posthumously consider an honorary citizen and a talented commander, and many people still respect the dictator ruler, calling him the great leader.

Personal life

Personal life of Joseph Stalin has little confirmed facts today. The dictator's chief carefully destroyed all the evidence of his family life and love relationship, so researchers managed to restore the chronology of the events of his biography.

Embed from Getty Images Joseph Stalin and Nadezhda Allyluweva

It is known that the first time Stalin married in 1906 on Ekaterina Svanidze, who gave birth to him firstborn. After a year of family life, Stalin's wife died of typhus. After that, the harsh revolutionary devoted himself to serving the country and only after 14 years again decided to marry with, which was younger for 23 years.

The second wife of Joseph Vissarionovich gave birth to a spouse of his son and took over the upbringing of the first-mention of Stalin, who had lived with her grandmother on the maternal line. In 1925, a daughter was born in the family of the leader. In addition to their native children, the reception son, the same age of Vasily, was brought up in the party leader of the party. His father - Revolutionary Fedor Sergeyev was a close friend of Joseph, died in 1921.

In 1932, the children of Stalin lost their mother, and he became a widow for the second time. His spouse hopeed the life of suicide against the background of the conflict with her husband. After that, the ruler never married.

Embed from Getty Images Joseph Stalin with Son Vasily and Svetlana's daughter

The children of Joseph Vissarionovich presented the father of 9 native grandchildren, the youngest of whom - the daughter of Svetlana Allyluve, appeared after the death of the ruler - in 1971. Only Alexander Bourdonan, the son of Vasily Stalin, became famous in his homeland, who became the director of the Theater of the Russian Army. The son of Yakov, Evgeny Zhugashvili, who released the book "My grandfather Stalin is also known. "He is Holy!", And Svetlana's son, Joseph Alillev, who made a cardiac surgeon career.

After the death of Stalin, there were repeated disputes about the growth of the head of the USSR. Some researchers were attributed to the leader with lowerness - 160 cm, but others were based on information received from records and photos of the Russian "Security", where Joseph Vissarionovich was characterized as a person having a height of 169-174 cm. The head of the Communist Party was also "attributed" the weight of 62 kg.

Death

The death of Joseph Stalin came on March 5, 1953. According to the official conclusion of physicians, the ruler of the USSR died as a result of hemorrhage into the brain. After the opening, it was found that he had undergone several ischemic strokes during his life, which led to serious problems with the heart and impaired psyche.

Stalin's breathtaking body was placed in the mausoleum next to Lenin, but after 8 years at the CPSU Congress it was decided to rebork the revolutionary in the grave at the Kremlin Wall. During the funeral in a multi-thousand crowd of those who want to say goodbye to the leader of the nation occurred. According to unconfirmed information, 400 people died on the pipe area.

Embed from Getty Images Tombstone Monument to Joseph Stalin at the Kremlin Wall

It is believed that his ill-wishers are involved in the death of Stalin, considering the policy of the leader of revolutionaries inadmissible. Researchers are confident that the "comrades" of the ruler deliberately did not let the physicians who could put on the feet of Joseph Vissarionovich and prevent his death.

Over the years, the attitude towards the Personality of Stalin has repeatedly revised, and if during the time he tagged his name was prohibited, then later documentary and artistic films, books and articles in which the analysis of the ruler was analyzed. Repeatedly, the head of state became the main character of the film, such as the "Middle Circle", the "Land Promised", "Kill Stalin" and others.

Memory

• 1958 - "First Day"
• 1985 - "Victory"
• 1985 - "Battle for Moscow"
• 1989 - "Stalingrad"
• 1990 - "Yakov, Son Stalin"
• 1993 - "Stalin's Testament"
• 2000 - "In August 44th ..."
• 2013 - "Son of the Father of Peoples"
• 2017 - "The death of Stalin"

• Yuri Mukhin - "Murder Stalin and Beria"
• Lev Balayan - "Stalin"
• Elena Prudnikova - "Khrushchev. Creators of Terror "
• Igor Poyhalov - "The Great Overaced Chief. Lies and truth about Stalin "
• Alexander North - "Anti-Corruption Committee of Stalin"
• Felix Chuv - "Soldiers of the Empire"

After the end of the Gurnal Spiritual School in 1894, Joseph studied at the Tiflis spiritual seminary, from where he was excluded for revolutionary activities in 1899. A year before, he joined the Georgian Social Democratic Organization "Mesame Dasi", and since 1901 he became a revolutionary. At the same time, the party nickname "Stalin" was entrenched for Jugashvili (for the nearest environment he had another nickname - "Koba").

From 1902 to 1913, Stalin was arrested six times and ranked four times.

When in 1903 (on the second Congress of the RSDLP), a part of the Bolshevik and Mensheviks occurred, Stalin supported the leader of Lenin Bolsheviks and began to create a network of underground Marxist circles in the Caucasus.

In 1906-1907, Joseph Stalin participated in the organization of a number of expropriations in the Transcaucasus. In 1907, he was one of the leaders of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP.

In 1912, he became part of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Since March 1917, he participated in the preparation and holding of the October Revolution: was part of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RSDDP (b), was a member of the Military Revolutionary Center for the leadership of an armed uprising. In 1917-1922 was the People's Commissar for National Affairs.

During the Civil War carried out responsible orders of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the Soviet government; He was part of the Council of Working and Peasant Defense from the WTCIK, was a member of the RVS of the Republic, a member of the RVS of the South, Western and South-Western Fronts.

When on April 3, 1922, a new position was established at the plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) - Secretary General of the Central Committee. The first Gensen was elected Stalin.

In the party structure, this position was purely technical. But her hidden force was that it was the general secretary that it was appropriate for the lower party leaders, thanks to which Stalin had formed on the middle of the party parties personally devoted to him most. In this position, Stalin stayed until the end of his life (since 1922 - the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), from December 1925 - CPS (b), from 1934 - the secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), since 1952 - the CPSU).

After the death of Lenin, Stalin declared himself a sole successor of Lenin's business and his teachings. Stalin proclaimed a course on "Building socialism in one, separate country." Conducted the forced industrialization of the country and the violent collectivization of peasant farms. In foreign policy activities adhered to a class line to combat "capitalist environment" and support for the international communist and labor movement.

By the mid-1930s, Stalin concentrated in his hands all the completeness of state power and actually became the sole leader of the Soviet people. Old party figures - Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Rykov, and others, who were in antistaline opposition, were statenly expelled from the party, and then physically destroyed as "enemies of the people." In the second half of the 1930s, the regime of the most severe terror was established in the country, which reached apogee in 1937-1938. The search and destruction of the "enemies of the people" was touched by not only the highest party bodies and the army, but also the wide sections of the Soviet society. Millions of Soviet citizens on fetched, sophisticated accusations in espionage, hydration, sabotage were illegally repressed; Schemes in camps or executed in the basements of the NKVD.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Stalin focused in his hands all political and military authorities as chairman of the State Defense Committee (June 30, 1941 - September 4, 1945) and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Armed Forces. At the same time, he took the post of People's Commissar of the USSR Defense (July 19, 1941 - March 15, 1946; from February 25, 1946 - the People's Commissar of the USSR Armed Forces) and was directly involved in making military operations.

During the war years, Joseph Stalin, along with US President Roosevelt and the UK Prime Minister Churchill, was the initiator of creating an anti-Hitler coalition. He represented the USSR at negotiations with the participating countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition (Tehran, 1943; Yalta, 1945; Potsdam, 1945).

After the end of the war, during which the Soviet army liberated most of the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, Stalin became an ideologist and practice of creating a "world socialist system", which was one of the main factors of the "Cold War" and the military-political confrontation between the USSR and the United States .

On March 19, 1946, during the restructuring of the Soviet government apparatus, Stalin was approved by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Minister of Armed Forces of the USSR.

After the war, he was engaged in the restoration of the national economy of the country, destroyed by the war, paying attention to improving the defense capability of the Soviet Union and the technical re-equipment of the army and the fleet. It was one of the main initiators of the implementation of the Soviet "atomic project", which promoted the transformation of the USSR into one of the two "superpowers".

(Military Encyclopedia. Chairman of the Main Editorial Commission S. B. Ivanov. Milipovdat. Moscow. In 8 volumes of 2004.G. ISBN 5 203 01875 - 8)

Joseph Stalin died on March 5, 1953 (according to the official version, from extensive hemorrhage into the brain). The sarcophagus with his body was installed in a mausoleum next to Lenin's sarcophag.

XX (1956) and XXII (1961) CPSS Congres were sharp criticized the so-called personality cult and the activities of Stalin. By decision of the XXII Congress of the CPSU (in fact, on the initiative of Nikita Khrushchev) on October 31, 1961, Stalin's body was reburied by the Mausoleum at the Kremlin Wall.

Material prepared on the basis of open sources information

The dates of the Board of Stalin historians call the period from 1929 to 1953. Joseph Stalin (Jugashvili) was born on December 21, 1879. Is the founder. Many contemporaries of the Soviet era associate the years of Stalin's reign not only with a victory over fascist Germany and an increase in the level of industrialization of the USSR, but also with numerous repressions of the civilian population.

During the reign of Stalin, about 3 million people were imprisoned and sentenced to death. And if they are added to them also sent to references, spoken and deported, the victims among civilians in the Stalin era can be counted about 20 million people. Now many historians and psychologists are inclined to the fact that the nature of Stalin has a tremendous influence inside the family and child-ups.

Stalin's hard character

From reliable sources it is known that Stalin's childhood was not the happiest and cloudless. The parents of the leader often swear with the sons. Father saw a lot and allowed himself to beat the mother in front of a little Joseph. Mother, in turn, broke her anger on her son, beat and humiliated him. The unfavorable atmosphere in the family has greatly affected Stalin's psyche. As a child, Stalin understood the simple truth: who is stronger, that's right. This principle became the motto of the future leader in life. He was also guided in the management of the country. He was always strict with his.

In 1902, Joseph Vissarionovich organized a demonstration in Batumi, this step was the first in a political career for him. A little later, Stalin became the Bolshevik leader, and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov) is included in the circle of his best friends. Stalin fully divides the revolutionary ideas of Lenin.

In 1913, Joseph Vissarionovich Jugashvili first uses his pseudonym - Stalin. From this time, he becomes known for this surname. Few people know that before the last name Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich experienced about 30 pseudonyms, which did not fit.

Stalin's Board Time

The period of the reign of Stalin begins from 1929. Almost all the time of the Board of Joseph Stalin is accompanied by collectivization, the mass death of the civilian population and hunger. In 1932, Stalin adopted the Law "On Three Spikelets". According to this law, the starving peasant, who sore a spikelet of wheat from the state, was immediately subject to the highest punishment - shooting. All saved bread in the state went abroad. It was the first stage of the industrialization of the Soviet state: the purchase of modern foreign trade techniques.

During the reign of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, mass repressions of the Peaceful Nalena of the USSR were carried out. The beginning of the repression was found in 1936, when the post of Peace of Internal Affairs of the USSR took HI HJV In 1938, by order of Stalin, his close friend - Bukharin was shot. During this period, many residents of the USSR were exiled to the Gulag or shot. Despite all the cruelty of the measures taken, the policy of Stalin was aimed at raising the state and its development.

Pros and cons of the Board of Stalin

Minuses:

• hard rule policy:
• practically complete destruction of the highest army ranks, intelligentsia and scientific figures (which thought not as the Government of the USSR);
• repression of wealthy peasants and the believing population;
• an increase in the "precipices" between the elite and the working class;
• depression of the civilian population: labor payment by products instead of money remuneration, working day up to 14 hours;
• propaganda anti-Semitism;
• about 7 million hungry deaths during the collectivization period;
• prosperity of slavery;
• selective development of sectors of the Soviet state economy.

Pros:

• creating a protective nuclear shield in the post-war time;
• increase in the number of schools;
• creation of children's clubs, sections and circles;
• exploration of outer space;
• lower prices for consumer goods;
• low prices for utilities;
• development of the industry of the Soviet state in the world arena.

The Public System of the USSR was formed to the Stalinist Epoch, social, political and economic institutions appeared. Joseph Vissarionovich completely abandoned the NEP policy, at the expense of the village he conducted the modernization of the Soviet state. Thanks to the strategic qualities of the Soviet leader, the USSR won in World War II. The Soviet state became referred to as a superpower. The USSR entered the UN Security Council. The Epoch of Stalin's Board ended in 1953, when. At the post of Chairman of the Government of the USSR, N. Khrushchev changed him.

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Real Last Name Jugashvili) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet political, party, state, military leader. Joseph Stalin was awarded the title of Generalissimus of the Soviet Union (1945). Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the leader of the Soviet state from the late 1920s before his death on March 5, 1953.

Children's years and the formation of Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin on the official version was born 9 (21) December 1879 in the city of Gor Tiflis province. According to unofficial data, Joseph Vissarionovich was born 6 (18) December 1878.

Father Stalin - Vissarion Jugashvili - He was a shoemaker. He earned little. Often drank.

Mother Stalin - Ekaterina Georgievna (in Maiden - Geladze) I loved my son very much. She dreamed that Joseph Stalin became a priest. In 1888, Joseph was immediately accepted into the second preparatory class at the Goria Orthodox Spiritual School, and in September 1889, Joseph Jugashvili entered the first class of the school, where he was educated. Iosif Vissarionovich studied very well. He graduated from the school in 1894 and in his evidence of the end of the school there were almost all excellent marks.

Then Joseph Stalin continued to receive education, in September 1894, Jugashvili entered the Orthodox Tiflis spiritual seminary. But it was during this period that young Joseph Jugashvili appeared friends-Marxists. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin began to attend the meetings of the underground groups of revolutionaries expelled by the Tsarist government in the Transcaucasus.

According to Wikipedia, English historian Simon Sebag Montefiore I wrote: "Stalin was an extremely gifted student who received high grades in all subjects: mathematics, theology, Greek language, Russian. Stalin liked poetry, and in his youth he himself wrote poems in Georgian language, attracted the attention of connoisseurs. " In his opinion, Stalin had outstanding intellectual abilities: for example, could read Plato in original. When Stalin came to power, continues the historian, he always wrote his speeches and articles in a clear and often sophisticated style. The English historian argued that the myth of Stalin-ignorance was distributed Lion Trotsky And his supporters.

In 1931, a German writer Emil Ludwig In an interview, Stalin asked: "What came across opposition to you? Perhaps the poor handling of parents? " Stalin replied: "No. My parents appealed to me quite well. Another thing is the spiritual seminary, where I studied then. From protest against the mockery regime and Jesuit methods that were in the seminary, I was ready to become and really became a revolutionary, a supporter of Marxism ... ". At the same time, Joseph Vissarionovich did not talk about the father-drunk, who beat him, and his wife.

Communicating with new friends, Joseph Stalin systematically engaged in self-education, and then already revolutionary affairs. In 1898, the young Jugashvili joined the first Georgian Social Democratic Organization. Joseph Vissarionovich immediately showed himself as a convincing speaker. Therefore, he was instructed to propaganda in working circles.

Career revolutionar

In 1899, Joseph Jugashvili left the seminary, and in 1901, the young man became a virtually professional revolutionary and moved to an illegal position. He worked under the party nicknames "Koba", "David", "Stalin". Joseph Vissarionovich took part in the so-called "exach", that is, in attacks on banks to replenish the party office. Joseph Stalin became a member of Tiflis, Batumi Committees of the RSDLP. In the end, he was arrested.

From 1902 and over the next eleven years, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin arrested 8 times. Seven times the young revolutionary was in the link, but every time he managed to escape (except the reference in 1913). In the link, as the overalls of Stalin's comrades, in particular, Mikhail SverdlovHe kept alienately, even arrogant.

In the intervals between the arrests, Joseph Vissarionovich was engaged in a great revolutionary work. Stalin organized the Baku strike in 1904, after which a collective agreement was concluded between the strikers and industrialists. In 1905, Iosif Stalin first met for the first time at the Iosif Stalin (Finland) V. I. Lenin. Further, Stalin took part as a delegate from Tiflis in IV and V Congres (1907) in Stockholm and London.

In 1912, Stalin was introduced in absentia to the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee.

Noticing Iosif Vissarionovich literary abilities, he was instructed by organizing the issue of the newspaper "Pravda" and "Star". In 1913, the article of Stalin "Marxism and the National Question" was published in Vienna. From that moment on, Joseph Jugashvili in revolutionary circles began to be considered a specialist on the national issue. In the same year, in February Joseph Vissarionovich arrested and exiled to the Turukhan region. He freed him only after the February Revolution. Stalin returned to Petrograd and entered the Bureau of the Central Committee, and then together with Lvom Kamenev He headed the editorial board of the Pravda newspaper.

Since Vladimir Lenin was abroad, Stalin, together with other revolutionaries Petrograd, was actively involved in the preparation and holding of the October Revolution.

Wikipedia reports that due to the forced Lenin's care in the underground, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin as his follower and like-minded person performed at the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b) (July-August 1917) with the reporting report of the Central Committee. At the meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDDP (b) on August 5, Joseph Stalin was elected a member of the narrow composition of the Central Committee. In August-September, Joseph Jugashvili mainly led the organizational and journalistic work, published his articles in the newspapers "Pravda" and "Soldierskaya Pravda".

On the night of October 16, at an expanded meeting of the Central Committee, he opposed the position of L. B. Kamenev and G. E. Zinovievwho voted against the decision on the uprising. Joseph Stalin was elected a member of the Military Revolutionary Center, which entered the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (VRC).

During this period, Joseph Stalin often acted in debates at urban conferences, which reported on the current moment, participated in anti-war propaganda. Joseph Stalin was elected a member of the VTCIK and a member of the VCIK Bureau from the Bolshevik fractions. He more and more supported Lenin's views. On October 10, 1917 at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), Joseph Vissarionovich voted for a resolution on an armed uprising.

After the accomplished October Revolution, Joseph Stalin directly participated in the development of a plan of defeating the advancing on Petrograd troops A.F. Kerensky and PN Krasnov. And then, together with Vladimir Lenin, he signed the decision of the Council of People's Commissars on the prohibition of the exit "of all newspapers closed by the Military Revolutionary Committee."

Civil War

When the Civil War began, Stalin was appointed Chairman of the Military Council of the North Caucasus Military District (June-September 1918). Later, Joseph Stalin was a member of the Southern Front Removenseet, then a member of the Revoensuit of the Republic and the representative of the WTCIK in the Council of Working and Peasant Defense (since the end of 1918 to May 1919, as well as from May 1920 to April 1922).

How did Dr. Military and Historical Sciences Mahmut Gareev, During the Civil War, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin received a vast experience of the military-political leadership by large masses of troops on many fronts (the defense of Tsaritsyn, Petrograd, on the fronts against Denikin, Wrangel, Belopolds).

Stalin - the path to power

English writer Charles Snow Also described the educational level of Stalin quite high: "One of the many curious circumstances related to Stalin: It was much more formed in a literary sense than any of the modern statesmen. In comparison with him Lloyd George and Churchill - Divo well-well-well-well-read people. How, however, and Roosevelt».

Apparently, due to its abilities, Joseph Stalin was elected to the Politburo and the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), as well as the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). Initially, this position meant only the leadership of the party's office, and as a leader of the party and the government, he continued to be perceived by the chairman of the SNK RSFSR Lenin.

After the death of Lenin, by the end of the 20s, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin defeated the opposition and became at the head of Soviet Russia. From that moment on, Stalin took up government affairs. He resolutely began to force the industrialization and solid collectivization of agriculture.

Hunger and progress

1929 Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin announced the year of the "great fracture". Joseph Vissarionovich was going to turn agrarian Russia into a developed industrial state. He called the strategic objectives of the state industrialization, collectivization and cultural revolution. The course of the "great fracture" was conducted by violent methods that cost millions of human lives. But thanks to the enthusiasm of the population, the country reached a lot. Hydroelectric power stations were built, plants, the first metro lines appeared in Moscow. At the same time, people died from hunger.

In 1932, a number of regions of the USSR (Ukraine, Volga region, Kuban, Belarus, South Urals, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan) struck hunger. According to a number of historians, the famine of 1932-1933 was artificial, the state had the opportunity to reduce its scope and consequences.

Stalin's general line destroyed a rural worker. Along with the fists suffered innocent people. The rural population was forced to go in search of work in the city. The situation was critical. And then Joseph Stalin made a statement about the "field beggars", and before the war in the village, the situation improved.

During the same years, Joseph Stalin decidedly raised his opposite. As you know, the so-called "Congress of the Winners", the XVII Congress of the WCP (b) (1934), first stated that the resolution of the congress was performed, and there are no oppositions in the party.

Joseph Stalin and the Great Patriotic War

Before the Second World War Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin, focusing on the situation that originated in Europe, decided to get together with Germany. Thus, the leader of Soviet Russia, realizing that the war with Hitler is inevitable, wanted to postpone a military conflict for a while in order to have time to finish the re-equipment of the army and fully go to new types of military equipment.

Based on the Covenant Molotova-RibbentropThe USSR achieved agreements on the demarcation of the spheres of influence, and after the beginning of World War II joined the territory of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, Baltic States, Bessarabia and North Bukovina.

But the Second World War began on September 1, 1939, when Hitler attacked Poland. Since September 1939, Poland, France, United Kingdom and its Dominions were in a state of war with Germany (Anglo-Polish Military Alliance 1939 and Franco-Polish Alliance 1921).

In June 1941, a treacherous attack of Hitler in the USSR occurred. In this severe war, the country he was led by Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces) suffered serious material and bitter human losses.

During 1941, the USSR, USA and China joined the Anti-Hitler Coalition. In January 1942, the coalition numbered 26 states: Big Four (USA, United Kingdom, USSR, China), British Dominions (Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa), Central and Latin American countries, Caribbean, as well as governments in Exile occupied European countries. The number of participants in the coalition during the war increased.

The Soviet Union under the leadership of Stalin made a decisive contribution to the victory over Nazism, which contributed to the expansion of the USSR's influence in Eastern Europe and East Asia, as well as the formation of the global socialist system.

In the post-war years, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin contributed to the creation of a powerful military-industrial complex and the transformation of the USSR into one of the two world superpower, which has nuclear weapons and a co-founder of the UN, which is a permanent member of the UN Security Council with the right of veto.

Deportation and repression in the USSR

In the USSR, a total deportation was subjected to many nations, among them: Koreans, Germans, Finnos-Ingermanlanders, Karachay, Kalmyki, Chechens, Ingush, Balkarians, Crimean Tatars and Meskhetians Turks. Of these, seven are Germans, Karachay, Kalmyki, Ingush, Chechens, Balkarians and the Crimean Tatars - lost their national autonomies.

Historians converge that the Stalinist repression in the Red Army inflicted a serious damage of the country's defense capability and, among other factors, led to a significant loss of Soviet troops in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.

In these years, three of the five marshals of the Soviet Union, 20 Comandarms of the 1st and 2nd Rank, 5 flagships of the 1st and 2nd rank, 6 flagships of the 1st grade, 69 Comkorov, 153 Komdiva, 69 247 Combrigs.

During the war years, an aggressive anti-religious campaign and mass closures of churches were discontinued. Stalin became a supporter of the all-term expansion of the ROC jurisdiction.

After the victory in 1945, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin proclaimed the toast "For the Russian people!", Which he called the "most outstanding nation of all theations of the Soviet Union".

July 24, 1945 in Potsdam Truman Iosifa Stalin said that the United States "now has a weapon of extraordinary destructive power." According to the memoirs of Churchill, Stalin smiled, but did not become interested in detail. From this Churchill concluded that Stalin did not understand anything and not aware of events. But he was mistaken.

On the same evening, Stalin ordered Molotov to speak with Kurchatov On the acceleration of work on the atomic project. On August 20, 1945, a special committee with emergency powers led by the Atomic Project of GKOs L.P. Beria. In the special committee, the executive body was created - the first major department for the SCS of the USSR (PSU). Stalin's directive obliges PSU to ensure the creation of atomic bombs, uranium and plutonium, in 1948.

Personal life of Joseph Stalin

On the night of July 16, 1906, in the Tiflis Church of St. David Joseph Jugashvili married with Catherine Svanidze. From this marriage in 1907 the first son of Stalin - Yakov was born. At the end of the same year, Stalin's wife died of typhus.

In the spring of 1918, Stalin married the second time. His wife became the daughter of the Russian revolutionary S. Ya. Allilueva — Nadezhda Allilueva.

On March 24, 1921, the son of Vasily was born in Moscow from Joseph Stalin and Hope Allyluieva. Stalin also Ustinovil Artem Sergeeva After the death of his close friend - revolutionar Fedor Andreevich Sergeeva.

In February 1926, Svetlana's daughter was born.

Grandson Stalina Evgeny Jugashvili Born in 1936. 25 years old worked as a senior teacher of the history of wars and military art at the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. K.E. Voroshilova. Performed the role of I.V. Stalin in the film of the Soviet Georgian Director D.K. Abashidze "Yakov, Son Stalin" (1990). A citizen of Russia and Georgia, lived in Moscow and Tbilisi. He died in 2016.

Hobbies of Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin loved to read very much. As Simon Sebag-Montefiore wrote: "... Stalin's library has numbered 20,000 volumes, he spent a lot of books for reading books every day, making marks on their fields and leading their catalog. At the same time, Stalin's tastes for reading were eclectic: Maupassan, Wilde, Gogol., Goethe, Zola. Stalin was an erudite man - he quoted the Bible, works Bismarka, Work ChekhovDelighted Dostoevsky, considering it a subtle psychologist. "

Death of Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin died in his official residence - the near dacha, where he constantly lived in the post-war period. On March 1, 1953, one of the guards discovered Joseph Stalin lying on the floor with a small dining room. On the morning of March 2, doctors arrived at the nearby dacha and diagnosed paralysis of the right side of the body. March 5 at 21 o'clock 50 minutes Stalin died. According to medical conclusion, death came as a result of hemorrhage into the brain.

In the necropolis, the Kremlin Wall, a memorial cemetery on Red Square, and in the very wall there are urns with the ashes of state, party and military officers of the USSR, participants of the October Revolution of 1917. To the right of the Mausoleum without cremation, especially outstanding party figures are buried in the coffin and in the grave. And governments, including in 1961, was transferred to Joseph Stalin's body from Mausoleum.

Evaluation of Joseph Stalin

The activities of Joseph Stalin will argue for a long time. Stalin's supporters believe that he left behind a strong party, a country with an advanced public and political system. Made the USSR by the power of worldwide importance.

Opponents of Joseph Vissarionovich rely that the Board of Stalin was characterized by the presence of an autocratic regime of personal power, the domination of authoritarian-bureaucratic management methods, the excessive strengthening of the repressive functions of the state, the splicing of party and government agencies, the strict control of the state for all parties to the life of society, violation of the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, Deportations of peoples, the mass death of people as a result of the famine of 1931-1933 and ragged repression.

In the obituary for the death of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, The Manchester Guardian on March 6, 1953 wrote: "The essence of the historical achievements of Stalin is that he accepted Russia with dear, but leaves it with nuclear reactors. He raised Russia to the level of the second industrial power of the world. It was not the result of purely material progress and organization. Such achievements would not be possible without a comprehensive cultural revolution, during which the entire population visited the school and studied quite intensively. "

After Stalin's death, public opinion was largely formed in accordance with the position of officials of the USSR and Russia. After the XX Congress of the CPSU, Soviet historians gave an assessment to Stalin, taking into account the position of the ideological bodies of the USSR.

Nevertheless, the name of Stalin has been named geographical objects in many countries of the world.

In the report of the Fund Carnegie (2013) It is noted that if in 1989 the "rating" of Stalin in the list of greatest historical personalities was minimal - 12% (Vladimir Lenin - 72%, Peter I - 38%, Alexander Pushkin - 25%), in 2012 Stalin turned out to be In the first place with 49%. According to a public opinion survey conducted by the Foundation "Public Opinion" on February 18-19, 2006, 47% of Russian residents considered the role of Stalin in history as a whole positive, 29% negative. During the survey of viewers (May 7 - December 28, 2008), organized by the TV channel "Russia" in order to choose the most valuable, notable and symbolic identity of Russian history, Stalin occupied a leading position with a large margin. As a result, Stalin took the third place by giving way to the first two historical personalities about 1% of the votes.

When Nikita Khrushchev At the twentieth congress, the cult of the personality of Stalin, after the meeting in the Kremlin, he stated:

- Here is the chief of the General Staff SokolovskyHe will confirm that Stalin did not understand military issues. Right i say? "No, Nikita Sergeevich," said Marshal clearly. He was released from his position.

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov Also confirmed: "We are Stalin and Misinza not stand!"

Joseph Stalin in the news nowadays

The figure of Joseph Stalin continues to play a huge role in the political life of the country, the films are removed from Stalin, with whom the scandals, Joseph Vissarionovich are discussing politicians and ordinary people.

Now and then there are scandals with banners or memorable signs to Stalin. Network edition "Free Press-South", which is a banner with a portrait of Joseph Stalin in the form of Generalissimus and the inscription: "We remember, proud!", Which posted on April 29, 2015 in the center of Stavropol, called the scandal. In May 2015, the monument of Joseph Stalin, installed in Lipetsk on the eve of the 70th anniversary of the victory by local communists, poured pink paint. In the same year, a banner with the image of Stalin posted in the center of Moscow.

In the Chelyabinsk region, coins with Stalin and Zhukov were released. The initiative group of residents of the closed city Ozersk Chelyabinsk region appealed to the administration of the settlement with a request to establish a monument to Joseph Stalin to the 70th anniversary of the victory.

In 2015, a monument was opened in Yalta on the participants of the Yalta Conference of 1945. The composition repeats the famous photograph made at the end of the conference, on which Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt are sitting nearby. In the fall of the same year, a monument to Joseph Staligon was opened in the village of Shelanger of the Republic of Mari El.

"Free Press" reported that according to the President of Ukraine Peter Poroshenko, Joseph Stalin was one of those who unleashed the Second World War in September 1939.

In 2016. Vladimir Zhirinovsky He got into the news with a proposal to transfer all the burials from Red Square in the capital to the Moscow region Mytischi. The leader of the LDPR mentioned that several days ago, people brought flowers to the grave of the "bloody dictator" Stalin in honor of the anniversary of his death. Although the country, according to him, still can not come to himself after his board.

Joseph Stalin is often mentioned in the Campaign of Russian Presidential Candidates in the 2018 elections. So the candidate Ksenia Sobchak In the fall of 2017, Stalin called Stalin by the Palach and the Criminal, accusing him in the "full-scale genocide of the Russian people."

The Communist Party of the Russian Federation responded to this that scientific progress was associated with the name of Stalin, hundreds of new research institutes, hundreds of new educational institutions, the elimination of illiteracy, a cultural breakthrough, industrialization.

Stalin is the most outstanding personality in the history of mankind.

Scandal with the film "The death of Stalin"

On January 23, "Free Press" reported that the Ministry of Culture recalled the rolling certificate at the satirical comedy "death of Stalin" of the British director Armando Janucci. Also, the film was aimed at an additional legal expertise, news reported.

According to the head of the department Vladimir MidageMany people of the older generation, and not only will perceive him as an offensive mockery over the entire Soviet past, over the country who won fascism, over the Soviet army and over simple people. Medina assures that the review of the rolling certificate is not connected with the issues of censorship, but with the questions of morality.

In the picture, which was supposed to rent on January 25, tells about the struggle for power after the death of the Soviet leader. The main roles in the picture were played Jason Isares., Olga Kurilenko, Steve Buschem and Rupert Friend.

The director of the artistic movie "Death of Stalin" Armando Janucci told reporters that still hopes that his work will be in Russian rental.

Press Secretary of the President of Russia Dmitry Peskov Refused to consider the situation with the review of the rolling certificate at the film "The death of Stalin" a few days before its show in the censorship censorship.