The ultimate goal of the Barbarossa Plan. Barbarossa plan (briefly). C) navy fleet

War with fascist Germany is one of the most tragic periods in the history of our country and the whole world. Hitler's strategy for the seizure and enslavement of peoples gave different results in Europe, and the war on the territory of the Soviet Union turned out to be at all what it was imagined by the fascist invaders, already at its first stage. Everyone who is familiar with must be able to describe the Barbarossa plan briefly, to know why he received such a name, as well as the causes of the plan.

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Blitzkrieg

So, what was the plan of Barbarossa? His other name is Blitzkrieg, "Lightning War". The attack on the USSR, scheduled for June 22, 1941, should have been sudden and rapid.

To confuse the enemy and deprive it with protection, attack was planned simultaneously on all fronts: First air forces, then several directions on Earth. After breaking the enemy, the fascist army had to go to Moscow and for two months to completely subjugate the country.

Important! Do you know why the plan is called this way? Barbarossa, Friedrich I Gogyenstaofen, German King and the Emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire, the legendary ruler, became a classic of medieval military art.

Why was Hitler so sure about the success of the operation? He considered the Red Army weak and poorly prepared. German technique, according to his information, won in quantitative, and in quality. In addition, the "Lightning War" has already become verified strategyThrough which many European countries recognized their defeat at the most shortest time, and the map of the captured territories was constantly replenished.

The essence of the plan was simple. The phased seizure of our country was supposed to be as follows:

• Attack the USSR in the border zone. The main strike was planned through the territory of Belarus, where the main forces were concentrated. Open the way to move to Moscow.
• Having deprived the opponent to resist, move towards Ukraine, where the main goal was Kiev and the sea. In case of success, Russia will be cut off from Dnieper, the path to the southern regions of the country will open.
• In parallel, send the armed forces to Murmansk from the countries of Northern Europe. Thus, the path to the Northern Capital -Leningrada was opened.
• Continue offensive from the north and west, moving towards Moscow without meeting sufficient resistance.
• For 2 months to capture Moscow.

Such were the main steps of the Barbarossa operation, and german command was confident in her success. Why did she have failed?

The essence of Plan Barbarossa

Course of operation

Lightning attack on the Soviet Union, which is called Barbarossa, was started on June 22, 1941 at about 4 am in several directions.

Start of invasion

After a sudden artillery attack, the effect of which was reached - the population of the country and the troops were caught by surprise - turned the front of the offensive on the border areas with a length of 3000 kilometers.

• The northern direction - tank groups fell on the north-western front in the direction of Leningrad and Lithuania. For a few days, the Germans occupied Western Dvin, Libava, Riga, Vilnius.
• Central - an offensive on the Western Front, Attack Grodno, Brest, Vitebsk, Polotsk. In this direction, during the start of the invasion, the Soviet troops could not keep the attack, but kept the defense much longerWhat was assumed according to the plan "Lightning War".
• South - attack by aviation forces and navy. As a result of the attack, Berdichev, Zhytomyr, Prut were captured. The fascist troops managed to go to the Dniester.

Important! The first phase of the Barbarossa operation, the Germans considered successful: they managed to catch the opponent's surprise and deprive him of the main military forces. Many cities stayed longer than expected, but, according to forecasts, in the future serious obstacles to the take of Moscow did not foresee.

The first part of the Female Plan was successful

Offensive

The offensive of the Germans to the Soviet Union continued in several directions during July and August 1941.

• Northern direction. During July, the onset of the Germans continued, the purpose of which was Leningrad and Tallinn. In connection with the condrudars, the departure of the country was slower than planned, and only by August the Germans approached the River Narva and then to the Finnish bay. On August 19, Novgorod was captured, but the Fascists' Fascist River were stopped almost a week. Then the opponents still came to the Neva, and a series of attacks on Leningrad began. War stopped being lightningThe North Capital failed to subordinate to the first attack. With the arrival of autumn, one of the most severe and difficult periods of war begins - the blockade of Leningrad.
• Central direction. This is a movement with the purpose of capturing Moscow, which also went wrong as it was assumed. German troops needed a month to reach Smolensk. Also in continuation of the whole month were the battles for the Great Luki. When trying to take Bobruisk, most divisions were attacked by Soviet soldiers. Thus, the movement of the Center "Center" from the offensive was forced to move into a defensive, and Moscow was not so easy prey. The capture of Gomel became a major victory for the fascist army in this direction, and the movement to Moscow was continued.
• South. The first major victory in this direction was the capture of Chisinau, but further was the siege of Odessa to continue more than two months. Kiev was not taken, which meant failure of movement in the southern direction. The "Center" army was forced to assist, and as a result of the interaction of the two armies, Crimea turned out to be cut off from the rest of the territory, and Ukraine on the eastern side of the Dnieper turned out to be in the hands of Germans. In mid-October, Odessa surrendered. By the beginning of November, Crimea was completely busy with fascist invaders, and Sevastopol is cut off from the rest of the world.

Important! Barbarossa was embodied, but it was very difficult to call the "lightning war" that happened. Soviet cities did not surrender without a long, exhausting both sides of the defense either reflected the offensive. According to the plan of the German command, Moscow was supposed to fall until the end of August. But in fact, by mid-November, the German troops still failed to even approach the capital. The harsh Russian winter came out ...

The offensive of the Germans to the Soviet Union continued in several directions

Failure operations

Already at the end of July, it became clear that the Barbarossa plan would not be briefly implemented, the terms that were given to its implementation were long passed. Only in the northern direction, the real offensive almost did not disperse with the plan, in the central and southern there was delays, the operations were unfolded much slower than planned German command.

As a result, the Hitler changed the plan in the late July of July, Hitler changed the plan: not the capture of Moscow, but the capture of Crimea and blocking a message with the Caucasus during the near future was the goal of the German army.

To capture Moscow, the position of which was very heavy, for 2 months, as planned, failed. Autumn has come. Weather conditions and serious resistance to the Soviet Army caused the failure of the Barbarossa Plan and the plight of the German army on the eve of winter. Movement to Moscow was stopped.

The serious resistance of the Coven Army is one of the reasons for the failure of the plan

Causes of failure

The German command could not even imagine that such a well-thought-out plan of Barbarossa, which gave excellent results in Europe, will not be able to implement in the Soviet Union. Cities had heroic resistance. A little more than a day it took Germany to take France. And about the same amount - to advance from one street to another in the precipitated Soviet city.

Why did the Barbarossa plan, who developed Hitler, was failing?

• The level of preparation of the Soviet Army was actually much better than the German command assumed. Yes, the quality of technology and her novelty gave way, but the ability to fight, competently distribute forces, Thinking out the strategy - it undoubtedly gave its fruits.
• Excellent awareness. Due to the heroic work of scouts, the Soviet command knew or could predict each step of the German army. Due to this, it was possible to give a worthy "answer" on attacks and an opponent attack.
• Natural and weather conditions. Barbarossa plan was supposed to embody in summer favorable months. But the operation was delayed, and the weather began to play with the hands of Soviet soldiers. Impassable, wooded and mountainous areas, rainy weather, and then harsh cold - all this disoriented the German army, while Soviet soldiers are fine fought in the usual conditions.
• Lost control over the course of war. If at first all actions of the fascist army were offensive, then after a short period, they switched to defensive, and the German command was no longer able to control events.

Thus, the embodiment of Barbarossa in the USSR met serious obstacles, and the operation was not implemented. Moscow was not taken within 2 months, as planned. "The Lightning War" brought the Soviet Army from the Kola only for a short time, after which the offensive movement of the Germans was stopped. Russian soldiers fought on their native land, which was perfectly knew. Cold, slush, dirt, wind, shower - all this was familiar to defenders, but created significant barriers to the German army.

Barbarossa plan

What is Barbarossa plan? History lessons. Questions for the exam. Starmedia.

Output

The attack on our country was planned for three fronts and should have been fast, rapid and unexpected. However, unlike many countries in Europe, such a tactic did not find the Soviet command to surprise and was reflected with honor. Barbarossa operation was failing. Brest, Odessa, Leningrad - cities, who showed the power and disadvantage of the Soviet Union - a country that is not afraid of lightning attacks and can have decent resistance.

Operation Barbarossa (Barbarossa plan 1941) is a plan of a military attack and rapid seizure of Hitler's troops of the USSR territory during.

The plan and the essence of Barbarossa operations were to quickly and unexpectedly attack the Soviet troops in their own territory and, using the opponent's confusion, break the Red Army. Then, for two months, the German army had to go through the country and conquer Moscow. The control over the USSR gave Germany the opportunity to deal with the United States for the right to dictate its conditions in world politics.

Hitler, who had already managed to conquer almost all of Europe, was confident in his victory over the USSR. However, the Barbarossa plan turned out to be a failure, the protracted operation turned into a long war.

The plan "Barbarossa" received its name in honor of the medieval king of Germany Friedrich on the 1st, who wore the nickname Barbarossa and was famous for his military achievements.

The content of the operation of Barbarossa. Hitler plans

Although in 1939, Germany and the USSR signed the world, Hitler still decided to attack Russia, as it was the necessary step towards the world's world domination of Germany and the Third Reich. Hitler instructed the German command to collect information about the composition of the Soviet Army and on this basis to make a plan of attack. So the Barbarossa plan appeared.

German scouts after checking came to the conclusion that the Soviet army is largely inferior to German: it is less organized, worse prepared, and the technical equipment of the Russian soldiers leaves much to be desired. Focusing on these principles, Hitler and created a plan for a rapid attack, which was to provide the victory of Germany in record time.

The essence of the Barbarossa Plan was to attack the USSR at the borders of the country and, using the opponent's unpreparedness, break the army, and then destroy. The main emphasis of Hitler made a modern military equipment that belonged to Germany and the effect of surprise.

The plan was to be implemented in early 1941. At first, German troops were to attack the Russian army in Belarus, where its main part was collected. Defeating Soviet soldiers in Belarus, Hitler planned to advance towards Ukraine, conquer Kiev and sea routes, cutting off Russia from Dnipro. At the same time, a blow to Murmansk from Norway was to be inflicted. Hitler planned to start an offensive to Moscow, surrounding the capital from all sides.

Despite the careful preparation in the situation of secrecy, from the first week it became clear that the Barbarossa plan was failing.

Conducting a plan "Barbarossa" and the results

From the first days, the operation began to pass not so successfully as planned. First of all, this happened due to the fact that Hitler and the German command underestimated the Soviet troops. According to historians, the Russian army was not only equal to German forces, but in many ways exceeded it.

Soviet troops were well prepared, in addition, military actions were walking in Russian territory, so soldiers could use natural conditions that were familiar with them better than the Germans, in their favor. The Soviet Army also was able to resist and not collapse into individual detachments thanks to a good command and ability to mobilize and take lightning solutions.

At the beginning of the attack, Hitler planned to quickly move deep into the Soviet Army and began to crush her into pieces, separating the detachments from each other to avoid mass operations from the Russians. He managed to move, but it was not possible to break the front: Russian squads were going together and pulled up new forces. This led to the fact that Hitler's army, although he won, but moved deep into the country catastrophically slowly, not for kilometers as planned, but for meters.

Only a few months later, Hitler managed to approach Moscow, but the German army attack did not decide - the soldiers were exhausted by long military actions, and the city was not subject to bombing, although it was planned otherwise. It was not possible to bomb the Hitler and Leningrad, who was besieged and taken into blockade, but did not give up and was not destroyed from the air.

Began that stretched from 1941 to 1945 and ended with the defeat of Hitler.

The reasons for the failure of the plan "Barbarossa"

Hitler's plan failed for several reasons:

• the Russian army turned out to be stronger and prepared than expected by the German command: Russians compensated for the lack of modern military equipment by the ability to fight in difficult natural conditions, as well as competent command;
• the Soviet army possessed excellent counterintelligence: thanks to the reconnaissance, the command almost always knew about the next step of the enemy, which made it promptly and adequately react to the actions of the attackers;
• inaccessibility of territories: Germans poorly knew the territory of the USSR, as it was extremely difficult to get cards. In addition, they did not know how to fight in the conditions of impassable forests;
• loss of control over the course of war: the plan "Barbarossa" rather quickly showed his inconsistency, and after several months, Hitler completely lost control over the course of hostilities.

Working out a large-scale secret military operation, which received the code name "Barbarossa" plan, General Staff of Nazi Germany and personally Adolf Hitler was the main goal of the defeat of the Army of the Soviet Union and the seizure of Moscow as soon as possible. It was planned that the Barbarossa operation should successfully end before the onset of harsh Russian frosts and fully implemented in 2-2.5 months. But this ambitious plan was not destined to come true. On the contrary, he led to the complete collapse of fascist Germany and radical geopolitical changes around the world.

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Prerequisites for the emergence

Despite the fact that the nonsense pact was concluded between Germany and the USSR, Hitler continued to enter plans to seize the "Eastern Land", under which he meant the Western half of the Soviet Union. It was a necessary means of achieving global domination and eliminating a strong competitor from the world map. What, in turn, unleashed his hands in the fight against the United States and the United Kingdom.

Hoping for the rapid conquest of Russian Hitler's General Staff allowed the following circumstances:

• powerful German military machine;
• rich military experience gained at the European Theater of Military Action;
• advanced weapons technology and impeccable discipline in the troops.

Since under the blows of the steel German fist, a powerful France and strong Poland was very fast, Hitler was confident that the attack on the territory of the Soviet Union would also bring rapid success. Moreover, constantly conducted deep multi-sheltered intelligence practically showed that the USSR loses significantly in the main military aspects:

• quality of weapons, equipment and equipment;
• the possibilities of strategic and operational tactical management of troops and reserves;
• supply and logistics.

In addition, German militarists counted on the peculiar "fifth column" - people who are dissatisfied with the Soviet authorities, nationalists of various senses, traitors, and so on. Another argument in favor of an early attack on the USSR served as a long re-equipment process, carried out at the time in the Red Army. His role was played in the decision of Hitler and the famous repressions, practically flawed the highest and middle team composition of the Red Army. So, all prerequisites for the development of an attack plan for the Soviet Union in Germany had in stock.

Plan Description

Essence

As Wikipedia completely corrects, the development of a large-scale operation for attacking the country of Soviets began in 1940, in July. The main rate was made for the strength, speed and effect of surprise. Using the massive use of aviation, tank and mechanized compoundsIt was planned to defeat and destroy the main bones of the Russian army, focused on the territory of Belarus.

After breaking the border garrisons, high-speed tank wedges were to be systematically embraced, surround and destroy large parts and compounds of Soviet troops, after which it is quickly followed according to the approved plan. Representing the remaining scattered groups that did not stop resistance, regular infantry parts were to be engaged.

To conquer the indisputable domination in the air in the first hours of war, it was planned to destroy Soviet aircraft still on Earth, while they did not have time to take off due to confusion. Large fortified areas and garrisons that have resistance to advanced storm groups and divisions, prescribed simply bypass, continuing to advance advance.

In the choice of impact directions, the German command was somewhat stronger, since the network of high-quality roads in the USSR was developed weakly, and the railway infrastructure, due to the difference of standards, for the possibility of using it by the Germans should have been subjected to a certain upgrade. As a result, the choice was stopped at the following basic general directions (of course, with the possibility of certain adjustments):

• north, whose task was an offensive from Eastern Prussia through the Baltic States for Leningrad;
• central (the main and most powerful), designed to occur through Belarus to Moscow;
• southern, whose tasks included the seizure of the Right-Bank Ukraine and further promotion towards rich in oil Caucasus.

The initial deadlines for the implementation fell out for March 1941, With the cessation of the Spring Rasputle in Russia. That was the Barbarossa plan briefly. It was finally approved at the highest level on December 18, 1940 and entered the story called the "Directive of the Supreme Commandment No. 21".

Preparation and sale

Almost immediately began preparation for attack. In addition to the gradual and well-disguised movement of a huge mass of troops to the common border between Germany and the USSR, it included many other steps and actions:

• permanent disinformation stacks about alleged exercises, maneuvers, redeployments, and so on;
• diplomatic maneuvers in order to convince the highest leadership of the USSR in the most peaceful and friendly intentions;
• forcing to the territory of the Soviet Union, in addition to the additional army of spies and scouts, sabotage groups.

All these and many other diverse activities led to the fact that the attack dates were transferred several times. By May 1941 on the border with the Soviet Union, an incredible in the number and power of the group of troops, unprecedented in all world history, was accumulated. Its general number exceeded 4 million people (although Wikipedia points the figure twice as much). June 22, the Barbarossa operation began in fact. In connection with the transfer of the beginning of full-scale military actions, the deadline for the end of the operation was appointed to November, and the seizure of Moscow should have happened no later than the end of August.

Smoothly on paper, but forgot about ravines

Initially conceived by the German commander-in-chief plan was implemented quite successfully. The superiority was worked as technology and weapons, advanced tactics and the notorious effect of surprise. The rate of promotion of troops, with rare exceptions, corresponded to the scheduled schedule and walked in the usual Germans and discouraging the enemy the pace "Blitzkrig" (lightning war).

However, the Barbarossa operation began to start noticeably and give serious failures. An unfamiliar area of \u200b\u200bthe Soviet army was added to the fierce resistance of the Soviet army, the difficulty of the partisans, the risk roads, impassable forests, the exhaustion of the advanced parts and connections that were constantly subjected to attacks and came to ambushes, as well as many other wide variety of factors and reasons.

Almost 2 months of hosting hostilities, most representatives of the German general (and then Hitler himself) it became clear that the Barbarossa plan was insolvent. The brilliant operation developed by the cabinet genes came across a cruel reality. And although the Germans tried to reanimate this plan, making various changes and amendments, by November 1941, from him almost completely refused.

The Germans really reached Moscow, but in order to take it, they had neither strength, no energy or resources. Leningrad, though he was in siege, but neither bombardd him nor the hunger would not work out. In the south, German troops were bogged down in the endless steppes. As a result, the Army of Germany moved to winter defense, putting hope for a summer campaign of 1942. As you know, instead of "Blitzkriga", on which the Barbarossa plan was based, the Germans received a long, exhausting 4-year war, completed by their full defeat, a catastrophe for a country and almost a complete crossroads of the world's map ...

The main causes of the failure

Among other things, the reasons for the failure of the plan "Barbarossa" are also in the arrogance and bakingage of the German generals and the Fuhrera himself. After a number of victories, they, like the whole army, believed in their own invincibility, which led to a complete fiasco of fascist Germany.

Curious fact: The medieval German king and the Emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire of Friedrich I Barbarossa, in honor of which the operation on the rapid seizure of the USSR was named, became famous for military exploits, but trally drowned in the river in one of the crusades.

If Hitler and his closest surroundings almost a little knew the story, they would have thought if they would call such a fateful campaign with the name of the "red beard". As a result, they all repeated the deplorable fate of the legendary character.

However, mystic here is, of course, nothing to do with it. Responding to the question of what the causes of the plan of the Lightning War fail, the following points should be highlighted:

And this is not a complete list of reasons that caused the absolute failure of the operation.

Barbarossa plan, conceived as another victorious blitzkrieg in order to expand the "living space for the Germans", turned the fatal catastrophe for them. The Germans could not remove any benefit from this adventure for themselves, bringing death, grief and suffering to a huge number of peoples, including themselves. It was after the failure of the "blitzkrig" in the consciousness of some representatives of the German general, the worm of doubt in the early victory and the success of the campaign at all. However, to real panic and moral decomposition of the German army and its leadership was still far ...

The operation was supposed to provide a quick and unconditional victory of fascist Germany over the USSR due to the suddenness factor. However, despite the preparation in the mode of secrecy, the Barbarossa plan failed, and the German war with domestic troops pulled out and lasted from 1941 to 1945, after which he ended with the defeat of Germany.

The Barbarossa plan got its name in honor of the medieval king of Germany Friedrich 1, which was a glorious commander and, as previously thought, planned raids on Rus in the 12th century. Later, this myth was debunk.

The content of the plan "Barbarossa" and its meaning

The attack on the USSR should have to be another step in Germany to world domination. The victory over Russia and the conquest of its territories should have discovered for Hitler the opportunity to enter an open clash with the United States for the right to redistribute peace. Hoy to conquer almost all of Europe, Hitler was confident in his unconditional victory over the USSR.

In order for the attack to go smoothly, it was necessary to develop a military attack plan. "Barbarossa" became this plan. Before planning an attack, Hitler told his intelligence rates to collect detailed information about the Soviet army and its weapons. After analyzing the information received, Hitler decided that the German army significantly exceeds the Red Army of the USSR - based on this and began to plan an attack.

The essence of the Barbarossa Plan was to strike in the Red Army suddenly, in its own territory and, taking advantage of the unpreparedness of troops and the technical superiority of the German army, to conquer the USSR within two and a half months.

At first, it was planned to win the front line located on the territory of Belarus by inclining the German detachments from different sides of the Soviet army. A broken and unprepared red army had to surrender quickly. Then Hitler was going to move towards Kiev to win the territory of Ukraine and, most importantly, its naval roads and cut off the way with Soviet troops. Thus, he could enable his troops for further offensive on the USSR from the South and the North. In parallel, Hitler's army was supposed to begin an offensive on the part of Norway. Surrounding the USSR from all sides, Hitler planned to move to Moscow.

However, already at the very beginning of the war, the German command understood that plans began to collapse.

Conducting the operation of Barbarossa and the results

The first and main mistake of Hitler was that he underestimated the strength and weapons of the Soviet army, which, according to historians, in some industries exceeded German. In addition, the war went on the territory of the Russian army, so fighters easily focused on the ground and could fight in different natural conditions, which was not so easy for Germans. Another distinctive feature of the Russian army, which greatly influenced the failure of Barbaross operations was the ability of Russian soldiers in the shortest possible time to mobilize to render removal, which did not allow to divide the army into scattered detachments.

Hitler put in front of his troops the task quickly penetrate deep into the Soviet army and divided it, not allowing Russian soldiers to carry out major operations, as it can be dangerous. It was planned to crush the Soviet army and make it run. However, it turned out the opposite. Hitler's troops quickly penetrated deep into the Russian troops, but they could not conquer flanks and smash the army too. The Germans tried to follow the plan and surrounded Russian squads, but this did not lead to any results - the Russians quickly came out of the environment due to the surprisingly clear and competent leadership of their military leaders. As a result, despite the fact that Hitler's army still won, it happened very slowly, which crushed the whole plan of rapid conquest.

At approaches to Moscow, Hitler's army was no longer so strong. Exhausted by endless battles that were strongly dragging, the army could not go to the conquest of the capital, in addition, the bombing of Moscow did not begin, although according to the plans of Hitler, it was no longer on the map for this moment. The same thing happened to Leningrad, who was taken into blockade, but did not give up, and was not destroyed from the air.

The operation, which was planned, as a rapid victorious attack, turned into a protracted war and stretched from two months to several years.

The reasons for the failure of the plan "Barbarossa"

The main reasons for the failure of the operation can be considered:

• Lack of accurate data on the combat power of the Russian army. Hitler and his command underestimated the possibilities of Soviet soldiers, which led to the creation of an incorrect plan of the offensive and battles. Russians gave a strong rebuff, to which the Germans did not expect;
• Beautiful counterintelligence. Unlike the Germans, the Russians were able to establish intelligence well, thanks to which the command was almost always aware of the next step of the enemy and could adequately respond to it. The Germans failed to play on the effect of surprises;
• Distributable territories. Hitler's troops were difficult to get the cards of Soviet locality, in addition, they were not accustomed to fight in such conditions (unlike Russians), so very often impassable forests and swamps helped the Soviet army to leave and deceive the enemy;
• Lack of control over the course of war. The German command has already lost control over the course of hostilities, the Barbarossa plan was impracticable, and the Red Army led a skillful counteroffensive.

In his book, which was highly named "My War", as well as in numerous performances, Hitler proclaimed that for the Germans, as for the highest race, it is necessary more than living space.

At the same time, he did not mean Europe, but the Soviet Union, his European part. Soft climate, fertile lands and geographical proximity to Germany - all this made it ideal from his point of view by the place for the German colony just Ukraine. As a basis, he took the experience of colonizing the British in India.

According to him, the Aryans must live in beautiful houses, to use all the benefits, while the fate of the rest of the peoples - to serve them.

Negotiations with Hitler

The plan was and beautiful, a certain difficulty arose with the embodiment. Hitler perfectly understood that it was so lightning to conquer Russia, by virtue of its territorial size and numerous population, like Europe, it is unlikely to succeed. But firmly counted to conduct military operation before the onset of famous Russian frosts, realizing that the furifies in the war was fraught with defeat in it.

Joseph Stalin was not ready for the beginning of the war. According to some historians, he sincerely believed that Hitler, until France and the UK defeats, would not attack the USSR. But France's fall in 1940 made him think about a possible threat from the Germans.

Because German Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov was delegated to Germany with a clear instruction - to tighten the negotiations with Hitler as much as possible for a longer period. Stalin's calculation was directed to the fact that Hitler will not solve the attack closer to the fall - after all, then he will have to fight in winter, and if he does not have time to speak in the summer of 1941, he will have to postpone his military plans until next year.

Plans for an attack on Russia

The plans of the attack on Russia Germany were developed since 1940. Historians believe that Hitler canceled the "Sea Lion" operation, deciding that with the fall of the Soviet Union the British will give up.

The first option of the plan of the offensive was made by General Erich Marx in August 1940 - he was considered the best specialist in Russia in Reich. In it, he took into account many factors - economic opportunities, human resources, huge territories of a conquered country. But even thorough intelligence and the development of Germans did not allow to detect the reserve of the Supreme Command, which included armor forces, engineering troops, infantry and aviation. Subsequently, for the Germans it became an unpleasant surprise.

Marx worked out an attack on Moscow as the main direction of impact. Secondary strikes were to be directed to Kiev and two distracts - through the Baltic States to Leningrad, as well as Moldova. Leningrad in the priorities of Marx did not stand.

The plan was developed in the atmosphere of strict secrecy - on all the channels of the diplomatic connection was disinformation about the plans of Hitler about the attack on the Soviet Union. All movement of troops was explained by the teachings or redeployment.

The next version of the plan was completed in December 1940 by Galder. He changed the plan of Marx, highlighting three directions: Mainly against Moscow, smaller forces should have been focused on promotion to Kiev, and a major attack had to go to Leningrad.

After the conquest of Moscow and Leningrad, Harold offered to go towards Arkhangelsk, and after the fall of Kiev, the Power of Wehrmacht should have headed for the Don and Volga region.

The third and last option was developed by Hitler himself under the codenate name Barbarossa. This plan was created in December 1940.

Operation "Barbarossa"

Hitler put in the main orientation of military activities. Promotion north. Therefore, Moscow and Leningrad remained from strategic important goals. Parties moving to the south should have been tasked with the occupation of Ukraine to the west of Kiev.

The attack began early in the morning on Sunday on June 22, 1941. In total, the Germans and their allies involved 3 million soldiers, 3580 tanks, 7184 artillery guns, 1830 aircraft and 7,500,000 horses. Total Germany collected 117 Army divisions for attack, not counting Romanian and Hungarian. Three armies were involved in the attack: "North", "Center" and "South".

"We just have to kick in the front door, and all the rotten Russian buildings will collapse down," Hitler said smugly after the start of hostilities. The results of the offensive were really impressive - 300,000 thousand Soviet soldiers and officers were killed or captured, 2500 tanks, 1,400 artillery guns and 250 aircraft were destroyed. And it is only on the central advancement of the German troops after seventeen days. Skeptics, seeing the results of the first two weeks of hostilities for the USSR, predicted the rapid collapse of the Bolshevik Empire. But the situation of Hitler himself was saved by the situation.

The first promotion of the fascist troops was so fast that even the command of the Wehrmacht was not prepared for them - and it jeopardized all the lines of supply and communication of the army.

The Army Group "Center" in the summer of 1941 stopped on the gum, but everyone believed that this was only the hand in front of an inexorable movement. But in the meantime, Hitler decided to change the alignment of the forces of the German army. He ordered the military units led by Guderian to go to Kiev, and go to the north to the first tank group. He was against the decision of Hitler, but not to obey the order of the Führer could not - he repeatedly argued his trifle as a warlord victory, and the authority of Hitler was extremely high.

Crushing defeat of Germans

The success of mechanized parts in the north and south was also impressive as an attack on June 22 - huge number of dead and captured, thousands of units of destroyed technology. But, despite the results achieved, in this decision there was already a defeat in the war. Lost time. The delay was so significant that winter's offensive had earlier than the troops were achieved by Hitler target.

The army was not equipped for winter cold. And the frosts of winter 1941-1942 were especially harsh. And it was a very important factor filmography who acted in the role of the German army.