Soft and hard sounds in the Tatar language. Practical phonetics of the Tatar language

Hello!

Let's start learning from the Tatar alphabet. It is based on Russian graphics and consists of 39 letters:

Aa Zz Pp Hh
Әə Ii Rr Shsh
Bb Yy Ss Shch
Вв Кк Тт бъ
Yg LL Uy Yy
Dd mm Үү bb
Her Nn Ff Uh
Yoyo Ңң Xx Yuyu
Lj Oo Һһ Yaya
Җҗ Өө Tsts

As you can see, there are 6 additional letters in the Tatar language, which are not in the Russian language. Next, we will dwell in more detail on each new letter.

1.Sounds denoted by additional letters of the Tatar alphabet

This audio material includes all sounds and exercises for them, which will be discussed below. You can split the study of sounds over several days to better understand the material. The audio recording lasts approximately 14 minutes, before each exercise, the start and end times of the text in the audio recording will be indicated.

[ә]

[ә] - this sound can otherwise be described as very soft [“a]. It is close to Russian [“a] in the words“ sit down ”,“ look ”,“ row ”. While pronouncing the letter “ә”, lower the tip of your tongue to your lower teeth. By the way, the sound [ә] is in English language: black, hat -,.

Listen and repeat

Audio 00: 08- 00:54

Ә avazy- sound ә

Audio 00: 55- 01:28

Әti belәn әni eshkә baralar. Әti әnigә әytә: "ydә, mәktәpkә barabyz". - Mom and Dad go to work. Dad says to mom: "Let's go to school."

Әti miңa: “Ber yber dә ytep bulmy”, - didde. - Dad told me: "Nothing can be said."

Ashlә, ulym, ashlә. Eshlәgәn keshedә khөrmәt bulyr. - Work, son, work. Respect comes to the working person.

Әrәmәdәge әrem әche (tongue twister). - Wormwood is bitter in the willow.

When pronouncing [ә], the most common mistake is due to the influence of graphics: when reading, the letter itself is confused with the Russian ‘e’. It should be noted right away that there is no relationship between them. Moreover, the sounds [e] and [ә] often interchange themselves in similar positions, influencing the meaning of the word. For example: ishetә - ishette (hears - heard), etc.

[ө]

[ө] - this vowel sound is the most difficult for the Russian-speaking reader. The closest variant of Tatar [ө] can be found in the words ‘maple’, ‘honey’, ‘Peter’. But in the Tatar language [ө] is short, and Russian [’o] is found only under stress. Try to pronounce these Russian words as short as possible and with a large rounding, and you will be close to the desired sound. It is similar to the sound common in English: bird, work. ,. But English sound lack of roughening.

Listen and repeat:

Audio 01: 31- 02:05

Ө avazy- sound ө

Audio 02: 08- 02:32

Өydә gөllәr matur bula. - At home, flowers are beautiful.

Kөzen kөnnәr kyskara. - In the fall, the days are shortened.

Tunl uramda matur ky ishetelde. - A beautiful melody was heard on the street at night.

Min Tatars telen өyrәnәm. - I study the Tatar language.

Byel abyem өilәnә. - This year my brother is getting married.

[ү]

[ү] - softer and more rounded [’y]. A sound close to it is found in the Russian words 'tyuk', 'ditch'. Say these words, giving [’y] even more roundedness (roll your lips into a tube), and you will approximately get the desired sound.

Listen and repeat:

Audio 02: 34- 03:10

Ү avazy- sound ү

Audio 03: 12- 03:50

Kүldә kүp balyk bula, ә chүldә balyk bulmy. - There are a lot of fish in the lake, but there are no fish in the desert.

Үrdәk kүp asharga yarat. Ul үlәn ashy һәm tiz үsә. - The duck likes to eat a lot. She eats grass and grows quickly.

Үtkәn elny min үzәkkә bardym. Anda bөtenese үzgәrgәn. - Last year I went to the center. Everything has changed there

Min үzem dә үzeshchәn artist kyn. - I myself am just an amateur artist.

Tizaytkech - tongue twister:

Kүper bashynda kүp kүrkә,

Kүp kүrkәgә kirәk kүp kөrpә. “There are a lot of turkeys on the bridge, and a lot of turkeys need a lot of cereal.

[җ]

[җ] - this sound is also often found in English, and in borrowings from English in Russian it is conveyed by the letter combination j: ‘jumper’, ‘Jack’-Jack. Tatar borrowings are also issued: jilyan - ilәn, Jalil - Җәlil. The sound [w] in Russian is always hard, but it is usually not difficult for a Russian-speaking reader to form a soft version from it. It should be noted that solid [w] is also uncharacteristic for Tatar language like [’w] for Russian. Therefore, the mixing of these sounds, as a rule, does not occur.

Listen and repeat:

Audio 03: 52- 04:27

Җ avazy- sound җ

Audio 04: 29- 04:54

Yegetkә җitmesh җide һөnәr dә az. - A guy and seventy-seven professions are not enough.

Minem җyrym җirdә tudy һәm җildә yңgyrady. - My song was born on the ground and rang in the wind.

Kәҗә huҗalygynda saryk huҗa bulmy. - The sheep will not be the owner of the goat farm.

Tizaytkech - tongue twister

Җәyneң yamle kөnnәrendә җilәk җyya Җәmilә - On fine summer days, picks Zhamil's berries.

[ң]

[ң] is a nasal sound generated by a small uvula. The closest in Russian can be considered the sound combination [ng] in the word ‘gong’ when pronouncing it in the nose. This sound is often found in French: jardin, bien, chien (if someone knows French), as well as in English: working, playing-.

Listen and repeat:

Audio 04: 56- 05:37

Ң avazy- sound ң

Audio 05: 39- 06:05

Әle karaңgy ide. Yaңgyr Java bashlady. “It was still dark. It started to rain.

Min sңga kaldym. - I am late.

Bu esh җiңel bulmasa da, min any aңladim, shuңa tiz bashkardim. - Even if this work was not easy, I understood it, so I quickly did it.

Tatars җyrynyң nindider ber moңy bar, any aңlap ta bulmy, any kүңel asha sizep kenәbula. - The Tatar song has a special melody, it cannot be understood, it can only be felt

[һ]

Һ avazy- sound һ

[һ] - pharyngeal sound. It is formed in the pharynx and is pronounced aspirated. A sound close to it is in English: hat, hand, hare. In Russian, the closest sound can be considered [x] in the words dressing gown, chill, if pronounced without a guttural overtones. It should be remembered that Tatar [һ] is of more posterior, pharyngeal origin.

Listen and repeat:

Audio 06: 08- 06:50

Audio 06: 54- 07:20

Җөmһүriytebezdә zur yөkle avtomobillәr yasyilar. - Heavy vehicles are made in our republic.

Һәr egetneң yakhshy һөnәre bulyrga tiesh. Taһir - igenche. - Every guy should have good profession... Takhir is a grain grower.

Shәһәrebezdә һәykәllәr kүp. Galimkan Ibrakimovka da ber һәykәl kuelyr indé. - There are many monuments in our city. And Galimdzhan Ibragimov will someday erect a monument.

Additional exercises

Say each row several times:

ak-әk, az-әz, at-t, ar-әr, am-әm;

ak-әk, uk-үk, az-әz, uz-үz, uky-үke;

he-өn, om-өm, ok-өk, as-әs-us-үs-os-өs;

zhi-ui, zhu-ue, zhu-uu;

un-uң, an-aң, in-iң;

ham-m, has-һәs, hat-һava.

1. Sounds denoted by the same letters of the Tatar and Russian alphabets

The complexities of the sound system of the Tatar language are not limited to specific Tatar letters. In addition, there is a discrepancy in common letters for the Tatar and Russian alphabets.

[but]

a - in the Tatar language, this letter denotes a more posterior, wider and somewhat rounded sound.

Listen and repeat

Audio 07: 22- 07:52

And avaz - sound a

Audio 07: 54- 08:28

Kyrdan - from the song:

Ay yugars, ay yugars,

Ai yugars salkynga;

Agach bulsa, yanar ide

Echemdәge yalkynga.

Shigirdun- from the poem:

Al almalar yua әni,

Tezep forging өstәlgә.

Asha, ulym, alma, - diep,

Bersen Suzdy Rөstәmgә.

Hata sizde Rөstәm sүzdә:

- Asha Alma, Diseңme?

"Asha" digәch, "alma" dimә,

"Alam" bulsyn isme.

[o], [s], [e]

o, e, s - for these vowels of the Tatar alphabet, in comparison with the Russian ones, brevity is characteristic.

[about]

Listen and repeat

Audio 08: 30- 08:47

About avazy - the sound of

Listen and repeat:

Audio 08: 50- 09:06

S avaz-sound

Listen and repeat

Audio 09: 07- 09:20

E avazy - sound e

в - this letter in the Tatar language serves to designate two sounds: [в] and [уы]. The second sound is in English: William, will.

Listen and repeat:

Audio 09: 22- 09:38

Tatar telendәge in avaz-sound in in the Tatar language

[r], [k]

r - this letter also denotes two sounds: the voiced r and the voiceless r. These are quite different sounds. The voiceless r, formed with the help of a small tongue, is familiar to the Russian-speaking reader: it turns out when a person bursts and does not pronounce [p].

[g]

Listen and repeat

Audio 09: 40- 09:53

Tatar telendәge g avazy - the sound g in the Tatar language:

k - similarly to the letter g denotes two sounds: voiced k and voiceless k.

[to]

Listen and repeat

Audio 09: 54- 10:07

Shundy uk to avazy - the same sound to

3. Phonetic patterns of the Tatar language

Now you practically know the pronunciation of all Tatar letters.

In the Tatar language, the two basic rules of practical phonetics are:

- the law of harmony;

- clear pronunciation of the last syllable.

3.1. Singharmonic Law

In the Tatar language, all words by pronunciation are divided into hard and soft. We call hard words those in which non-front vowels are used: [a], [o], [y], [s]. And soft - words in which the front vowels are used: [ә], [ө], [ү], [e], [and].

Soft sounds: [ә], [ө], [ү], [e], [and].

Solid sounds: [a], [o], [y], [s].

Pay attention to the pairwise opposition of hardness and softness.

This law is of great importance, since not only all words, but also all affixes obey this law of syngharmonicity. Accordingly, almost all affixes, particles have two options: hard and soft. Therefore, you need to learn by ear to determine the softness or hardness of Tatar words.

Listen and repeat several times, try to hear the difference between the pronunciation of different columns by ear.

Audio 10: 09- 11:01

nechkә sүzlәr kalyn sozlәr

soft words hard words

өstәl (table) arysh (rye)

bүrәnә (log) balyk (fish)

ashlәpә (hat) san (number)

hәref (letter) bash (head)

soz (word) avyl (village)

rәsem (drawing) altyn (gold)

ber (one)

ike (two) tugyz (nine)

өch (three) syynif (class)

kөn (day) shoe (shoe)

tәrҗemә (translation) kaida (where)

nәrsә (what) kaichan (when)

niche (like) bar (going)

escmia (bench) torba (trumpet)

We will consider the law of harmony in more detail in the Second lesson.

3.2. Rule of clear pronunciation of the last syllable

As for stress, in the Tatar language it is qualitatively different from Russian. Remember that all syllables in the Tatar language must be pronounced clearly. Therefore, from the very beginning of training, you should place a weak emphasis on the last syllable, so you will get rid of the common mistake of Russian-speaking students foreign languages: "Swallow the endings of words."

Audio 11: 02- 12:32

Kayber kүnegүlәr - some exercises

Almashtyngannardyr, achulanuchylar, әһәmiyatlelekne, bashlangychnyky, gomum dәүlәtchelek, җavaplylyk, kul'yaulyklarsyz, mәsәlәlәrdәn, mөstәkyyllek, pәnҗeshәmblchytlre.

Audio 12: 34- 13:03

Chagyshtyrygyz - compare

As (Russian) -as, court (Russian) - court, syrt-grade (Russian) - sөrt, without (Russian) - without, son (Russian) - son, gөl-gol (Russian), cards (Russian) - cards, number (Russian) - number.

Read, paying attention to the new sound letters (try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words):

Audio 13: 04- 14:12

Mәk, rәt, shәp, fәn, bәlesh, tәrtә, chәynek, tәlinkә, eshlәpә, kәbestә;

Mүk, kүk, kүl, kүp, bүre, kүrәgә, kүsәk, bүrәnә;

Kөn, tөn, kөl, tөlke, өrpәk, kөrәk, өstәl;

Kәҗә, җen, җil, җir, җәy, җyu, җyly, җyr, rәnҗү;

Soң, uң, aң, uң, taң, tәңre, bәrәңge;

Һava, һich, һәr, һөnәr.

When performing the exercise, the last syllable is pronounced clearly.

Check yourself

The meanings of the highlighted words: poppy, row, teapot, plate, hat, cabbage, goat.

In preparing materials for the lesson, materials from the site were used

Why do we need Latin?
(suzlek.ru, shortened and corrected - KhayR)

Many Turkic peoples have switched or are in the process of switching to the Latin script. The latter also includes the Tatar language. The transition to the Latin alphabet, at least partially, is inevitable. I will try to explain why the Latin script is ideal for the Tatar language.

First, the Latin alphabet adequately reflects the pronunciation of the language. In such words as "sәgat" [sәғәt], "dikkat" [diққәt], "tәnkyit" [tәnқit] people accustomed to the Russian pronunciation of words, of which the overwhelming majority, will pronounce these words with a soft "t". Although, as people who know the language know, in the Tatar language there is no sound "t", as in most European languages! The soft sign in the word "sәgat" softens the previous "a", which in turn conveys the hard sound "ғ" (гъ). This sound is not in Russian.

In a strange way, the letters denoting the sounds "" and "ғ" were not introduced into the Tatar language, as was done in other Turkic languages: Bashkir, Kazakh, Uzbek, etc. Ignorance of these sounds and, consequently, confusion in the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet was realized deliberately in the late 30s of the XX century. The decision to switch the Tatar language to the Cyrillic alphabet was not thought out and approved by the Tatar intelligentsia. Ardent supporters of the Cyrillic alphabet explain the absence of these letters as a clever use of the consonant without introducing additional diacritics. However, this explanation is at least silly. Also, a separate letter was not introduced, reflecting the labial sound "v" (w). Therefore, in the words "kotlau" and "kotlavy" the letter "y" alternates with "v". This, in turn, contradicts the rather strict rule of agglutinativeness of the Tatar and Turkic languages ​​in general. Here the desire of the Cyrillists (who initiated the Cyrillic alphabet and continue to use it) manifests itself not to introduce another letter and thus "pull" the Tatar language to Russian, to dissolve the Tatar into Russian. Let's list a few more blunders of the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet. In the words "yash" [yәsh], "yam" [yәm], the letter "b" says that "I" in this word is read as "yә", not "ya". In the word "yasha", however, a soft sign is not put, since with it it will be read in the Russian manner as yashye [yashye], which is generally not true! Here again, non-observance of the strict rules of agglutinativity is observed. This "addition" of the word with a soft sign is explained by the fact that the letter "I" at the beginning of a word or after a soft or hard sign or a vowel means two sounds "ya" or "yә", depending on whether the word is soft or hard, according to the rule syngarmonism, which is strictly observed. In the words “yaulyk” [yawlyk], “yabalak” [yabalak] and others, the letters “a”, “u”, “y”, “o” speak about the hardness of the word. In the words “yaki” [yәki], “yaisә” [yәisә], the letters “ә”, “ү”, “i”, “ө”, “e”, “e” speak about the softness of the word. In the word "yash" the letter "ь" speaks about softness, because there are no other soft letters in the word, unlike the one-root word "yashe". Similarly, the letter "yu" can sound like "yu" or "yү". The letter "Ё" is found only in Russian borrowings. In the words "yort", "yөk", "yomran" the combination of letters is not conveyed by the letter "e" like the letters "I" and "yu", for example, as "ert", "yok", "emran", which for the transmission of transcription is more logical. This phenomenon can also be explained: in Russian words, the stress is always on the letter "ё" and this can confuse the Russian-speaking reader, because in the Tatar language in the overwhelming majority of words the stress is on the last syllable.

The letter "e" at the beginning of the word, after the letters "ь", "ъ" and vowels, conveys two sounds "yy" or "ye" as in the words "avyraerga" [avyrayyrғa], "buencha" [buyyncha], "eget" [ yeget] according to the basic rules of agglutinativity and harmony. Unlike the letters "yu" and "i", the letter "e" is found between the consonants in Tatar words (non-borrowings): "sәlәt", not "syalyat", "sүz", not "suz", but "eget", and not "eget". In order to transmit the unquoted letter "e" at the beginning of words, it is used soft letter"E", as in the words "esh", "et", "ez". In the word "ate" [yil], the softness or hardness of the word is not clear (you just need to know the pronunciation).

Another blunder is associated with the use of "b" and "b". In Russian, as you know, "b" is used to convey the sound "y" between the prefix and the root: "congress", "conjuncture", "adjutant". In the Tatar language, there is no such thing as a prefix! But nevertheless, "ъ" is used: in words to separate two-root words with a solid first root and an iotated second: "ashyaulyk" [ashyaulyk], "yanyөzur" [yanyанzur]. "B" is used in the same way, but in the case of the first soft root: "biselyk" [bishylllyқ]. "B" is also used to convey the sound of "y" such as "dynya" [dunya]. "B" is also used to emphasize the sounds "қ" and "ғ": "dikkat", "әгъза" [әғza], "iglan" [ilan]. "B" is also used to emphasize the soft "k" sound in the word "pak" [pak].

In the words "avyraerga" [avyrayyrғa], "avyraya" [avyraya], "buencha" [buyyncha], the use of the letters "e" and "i" illogically reflect the strict agglutinativeness of the language: "avyr-ay-yrga", "avyr-ay- a "," bui-yn-cha "

This is the Cyrillic alphabet imposed on us by the communist regime in the late 1930s. Ardent Cyrillists (with a sufficient level of knowledge of the Tatar language), of course, recognize all these bloopers, but continue to persistently reject the Latinization of the Tatar language, seeing in anything new, more logical, but unusual, claims to isolation, separatism.

Can Cyrillic be used for the Tatar language? Sure you may. Generally speaking, any language can use any graphics. For the Tatar language, it is also possible to use the Cyrillic alphabet, but without "pulling the ears" of the rules of pronunciation of Tatar words to the rules of pronunciation of Russian words, using the same alphabet, that is, without such blunders, which are given above. Namely, the introduction of letters (possibly with additional diacritics) "қ", "ғ", "w", the non-use of the iotated letters "yu", "i", "ё" and the use of one of the letters "e" or "e". Thus, we get rid of the letters "b", "b". The use of excluded letters is possible only in Russian borrowings: "brush", "cement", "wax" (it is better, of course, to replace these words with others).

Somehow mystically, there are no iotated letters in the Latin alphabet, there are 2 letters that can be designated as "k" - "k" and "қ" - "q", there are 2 letters to designate two different sounds"In" - "v", "w". To denote the sounds "ғ", "ә", "ө", "h", "w", "ү", "ң", "җ" we can use diacritics. The result is an alphabet with 26 Latin letters and 8 letters with diacritics. In total, we get 34 letters with the correct display of all Tatar sounds and a one-to-one correspondence between spelling and transcription of a word instead of 39 Cyrillic ones with a very "clever" use of letter combinations. Ardent Cyrillists, of course, will object: in English, French, there is no unambiguous correspondence between pronunciation and spelling, as evidenced by the transcription in dictionaries. The answer to this question is this: English, French and ideographic writing has a centuries-old tradition and, as linguists say, is not an advantage of the language, but rather a disadvantage.

Why not go back to the Arabic script or even deeper - to the runic writing? Well, firstly, the rune is not formalized - there is no single runic alphabet. Secondly, the Arabic graphics also do not reflect the transcription of the Tatar word. It is known that in the Arabic language there is no concept of harmony and there is no difference between the softness and hardness of the vowels "a" - "ә", "o" - "ө", "y" - "ү". Also, the sounds "in", "w", "y", "ү" are written in the same way. In order to distinguish them, various additional elements were used, such as “hamza”, “fatha”, “damma”, “kasra”. Moreover, different writers in different ways. The reader had to determine the softness or hardness of the word according to the context.

The Latin alphabet is, first of all, a window into the global information space in the era of globalization, in the era of the Internet. The Tatar language in it becomes more attractive for study, development, and dissemination. Our language does not need to be in the shadow of the confused and complex Russian language. There are a few more hidden benefits of using the Latin alphabet. The alphabet makes the language more modern, the words become 20-30% shorter, which becomes essential for print media, and most importantly - reflects the spirit of the language, the mentality of native speakers.

Latin alphabets
(some parts were taken from the site suzlek.ru - KhayR)

There are many alphabets for the Tatar language. However, many of them differ only in the spelling of some letters. Therefore, it makes no sense to write about each of them.

The first Tatar Latin alphabet was I am an aliph, created on the basis of the Turkish alphabet (one of the first versions of the common Turkic alphabet).

Yaqalif-2 was adopted on September 15, 1999 and was based on the Yaqalif alphabet. However, on November 16, 2004, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation banned its use (Brad! How can you tell a foreign nation which alphabet to use ?!). In 2000, several brochures and books with titles such as "Tatar Telene тел Spelling" were published, which describe the principles and rules of spelling of the Tatar Latin alphabet. Despite the fact that Yaqalif-2 was officially approved, unfortunately, it is not included in the standard Windows layout, in contrast to the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet. Moreover, the letter "n with tails" was added to Unicode only from version 6.0, i.e. in 2010 year! And until now, this letter is present in a very small number of fonts.

Zamanalif has been recommended for use in IT. To the advantages of this alphabet, I would highlight the guaranteed display of this graphics in browsers, smartphones and a one-to-one correspondence between Zamanalif and Yaqalif-2. However, the excessive presence of additional diacritics in words is not very convenient for reading. Also, not all characters are present in standard keyboard layouts, which is a significant drawback of this alphabet, created for IT.

Idea to use correct Latin script without installation additional programs, keyboards or layouts using only 26 letters of the Latin alphabet is not new. This idea is used in various European languages ​​as well as in Turkic. For the Tatar language, it was first proposed in the alphabet Inalif... In this alphabet, in order to denote the letter "ı", "y" is used, as in the Latin alphabet of Russian surnames where "y" is present, for "y" is used "j", as in the pre-war Yakalif, further, to mean " j "is used by" zh "in the English manner. "J" is rarely used, since it is a borrowing from Russian, so "zh" does not lengthen the word much. In order to designate letters such as "ә", "ө", "ь", their morphologically close letters with an apostrophe after them are used: "a", "o", "u", respectively. Here the apostrophe softens the letters "a", "o", "u". In order to designate the letters "z", "ş", "x", letter combinations "ch", "sh", "kh" are used, respectively, in the English manner. Similarly, to denote the letter "ğ", the letter combination "gh" is used. The use of "h" for such letter combinations does not cause ambiguity, since in the Tatar language "h" is rarely used (borrowing from Farsi) and at the beginning or end of words or between vowels. To denote "ŋ", the letter combination "ng" is used. However, this combination of letters can be misunderstood by people who do not know the language enough: “to’nge” means the word “tөnge”, not “tөŋe”, “singa” means the word “siŋa”, not “singa”. This flaw is corrected by the revised alphabet. Inalif2(suzlek.ru): it uses the combination of letters “n’ ”to denote the letter“ ŋ ”, which cannot be ambiguously interpreted. Also in this alphabet, in order to designate the letter "x", the familiar "x" is used instead of "kh", to designate the letter "y", the familiar "y" is used instead of "j", to designate the letter "ı" is used a close writing "i ' ", Instead of" y ", to designate the letter" j ", the familiar" j "is used instead of" zh ". That is, the Inalif2 alphabet is as close as possible to the official Yaqalif-2, so that the user does not get confused in writing the letters "x", "y", "j" out of habit. Inalif2 likeInalif,is primarily intended for printing on a computer, andnot readable. Inalif2 also has disadvantages. For example, "һәмзә" is not defined at all. The creator of suzlek.ru answered me that this sound should be written as "’ ". However, I have noticed that confusion can appear. For example, "maemai" - "ma" may ". According to the above rules, do not language proficient people can read this word as "mәmay" / " a ""="ә "/.

There is still an alphabet Diphthong imlәse or Dialiph... It is also an analogue of Inalif and is not worthy of separate consideration, unlike Inalif2. And I mention it only because it is included in the article on Tatar writing on the Wikipedia website.

On December 24, 2012, a new law on the status of the Tatar language in the Republic of Tajikistan was approved, which adopted new alphabets based on the Latin and Arabic scripts. They will be used in conjunction with the Cyrillic alphabet. In fact, the new Latin is a complete copy. Common Turkic alphabet. It contains all the best features of the previously used official Yaqalif-2 and the popular Zamanalif.

What alphabet to use?

Considering that only Cyrillic is allowed on the territory of the Russian Federation, we will have to use it. However, the new law of the Republic of Tajikistan allows an appeal to the state. organs in the Latin alphabet and even in the Arabic script. So you can safely use the Common Turkic Alphabet as the official Tatar Latin alphabet!

Phonetics and phonetic analysis

Written language is made up of letters and spoken language is made up of sounds. Classification sound composition language is engaged in phonetics. How can a native Russian speaker help? phonetic analysis? You don't have to go far to find an example. As a rule, by pronunciation, you can immediately understand that your interlocutor is a foreigner or came from the provinces. If a person distorts the sounds in words, incorrectly puts stress, then he will be considered ignorant or illiterate, and such a dialect is vernacular. In a modern highly developed society, this looks very comical.

So why feel ridiculed when it’s so easy to learn to pronounce the letters and sounds in words correctly! If you are planning an acting career, choose the profession of a media person, journalist, editor, PR agent, or you have ambitious plans for a leading position, then the correct speech and knowledge of rhetoric will thoroughly help you on the way to your cherished goal.

What studies the phonetics of a language as a branch of linguistics?

Here's what the dictionaries say about it:

• Phonetics (from phone - phoneme) is the field of linguistics, it studies voice speech (what we hear), as well as the norms, traditions and rules of pronunciation of sound units and word forms formed by them.
• Phonetics is a branch of linguistic science that studies the acoustic side of the human voice, varieties of sound combinations, intonation. Phonetic analysis of a word reveals the patterns of fusion of sound units into syllables of the Russian language and their correct pronunciation.
• The phonetics of language examines the properties of speech sounds, as well as the peculiarities of their formation in the articulatory apparatus. Otherwise, if the child does not speak or mispronounces any sounds and letters in phrases, he is taken to a speech therapist. The latter teaches how to position the tongue, teeth, lips, palate (organs of speech) and direct the exhalation in order to correctly pronounce a vowel or consonant.
• Russian phonetics is a scientific description of speech communication (acoustics and articulation). Explains the patterns of fusion of phonemes into a speech chain, their mutual influence, alternation, the specifics of pronunciation and changes (depending on neighboring ones). To classify sounds (vowel-consonant; voiced-voiceless; stressed-unstressed; hissing, sonorous, etc.) phonetic analysis is carried out. On the basis of the rules of phonetics, literary norms of pronunciation (this section is called orthoepy) and stresses are established.

Sounds in words or what is phonetics for?

Let's summarize. A phoneme is the initial unit in any language. There is no language in which there is only one sound unit, for example: [o]. From it one could form such words: oo, ooo, oooo, ooooo, etc. As a result, it would become impossible to distinguish them from each other, even in spite of the different staging of stress. Obviously, there should be many phonemes in any language. Based on this, the purpose of sound is to distinguish words from each other.

The sound itself does not carry meaning, but in combination with other phonemes it forms syllables and morphemes (the minimum significant parts of words: root, prefix, suffix, ending, etc.). Then they are combined into semantic units: words and sentences.

Imagine that you can use phonetic units as you like, in any sequence and combination. Then you would constantly have new words unknown to anyone, and colloquial speech would lose its meaning for those around you. In this case, the spoken language itself would lose its purpose as a means of communication. That is why word formation, pronunciation of letters and phonemes in words is subject to certain laws.

Phonetics is a branch of the science of language that studies the laws that govern the combination and alternation of sound units. The phonetics of the Russian language analyzes sounding speech and highlights:

• signs and differences of some phonemes from others;
• peculiarities of their pronunciation with combinations in syllables;
• and also establishes the norms of pronunciation, placement of stress and intonation in words and sentences.

These characteristics are displayed at sound letter parsing vowels and consonants. Now you know that all words are made of sounds. Without them, people would simply not be able to communicate orally and fully express their thoughts and emotions.

Phonetic parsing of a word

Phonetic parsing of a word

If you do not want to delve into the nuances of sound-letter analysis, use the automatic online analyzer. It will help you quickly parse the phrase by sound online. To do this, enter the right word to the search bar without grammatical errors and press:

"Phonetic parsing of the word."

Please note that the correct definition of phonemes depends largely on the environment in the syllable and even on the context of the sentence. The program will automatically identify the sounds in the word and give you options. Choose from them the one that suits your particular case. Online sound-letter analysis will display:

• number of syllables;
• stressed and unstressed syllables;
• the total number of sounds and letters;
• literal analysis of each vowel and consonant;
• phonetic characteristics in transcription.

Some spelling identical word forms differ in sound-letter parsing, since they can be homonyms, or vary in the position of stress when changing the number and case. Pay attention to the context of your proposal. If you want to independently perform phonetic parsing of words, learn how to identify sounds and phonetically characterize them, below is a general scheme.

Phonetic analysis "Tatar":

Sound characteristics

Letter	Sound	Sound characteristic
t	[t]	consonant, voiceless paired
but	[but]	vowel, unstressed
t	[t]	consonant, voiceless paired
but	[but]	vowel, stressed
R	[R]	consonant, voiced unpaired, sonorous
from	[from"]
to	[to"]	consonant, soft, voiceless paired
and	[and]	vowel, unstressed
e	[th "]	consonant, voiced unpaired, sonorous, soft unpaired
	[uh]	vowel, unstressed

Sound-literal parsing of a word: what is the difference between sounds and letters?

Before proceeding to performing phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same.

Letters- these are writing, graphic symbols with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to convey meaning visually, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

The list of all letters is just the alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a specific sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: b (soft sign) and b (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters can be used in a word than sounds. For example, "childish" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [c]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "U" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive the sounding speech by ear. Phonetic parsing of a word means the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is often called "sound-letter" analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and syllabic structure phrases united by a common verbal stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the spelling is correct:

• black -> [ч "О́рный"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar "]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly identify and distinguish between the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets -;
• a soft consonant is indicated by the transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - stress;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] is used - gravis (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Y, Y, E, E, L and B are NEVER used in the transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - the sign of the longitude of the pronunciation of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for spelling, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing of words with examples online, in accordance with the school-wide norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs of vowels and consonant phonemes.

How to do phonetic parsing of a word?

The following scheme will help you carry out a letter analysis:

• Write out the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants it contains.
• Indicate a stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) selects a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word by syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable section in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, sort the word by sound.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• In front of each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (as it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always the same as letters. The letters "b" and "b" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "u", "i", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and separate its properties with commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; percussive or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or voiceless, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and voiced-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is a sample of phonetic analysis for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'en'n'iye].
In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants.
There are only 4 syllables here: I-vle′-no-e.
The stress falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

I [y] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous
[and] - vowel, unstressed
в [в] - acc., paired solid, paired star.
l [l '] - acc., double soft., unpaired. sound, sonorous
e [e ′] - vowel, stressed
n [n '] - agree, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorous
and [and] - vowel, unstressed
e [y] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorous
[e] - vowel, unstressed
________________________
Total in the word phenomenon - 7 letters, 9 sounds
The first letter "I" and the last "E" stand for two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. Further, a classification of sound units of the Russian language is given, their interrelationships and the rules of transcription for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are percussive and unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words is: hard - soft, sonorous - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easy to explain. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can mean 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - cheerful and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If you doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless scales, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely from the larynx, as it were, in a chant, without obstacles and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. Conversely, the louder you try to pronounce the consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are there in Russian phonetics?

In Russian speech, fewer vowel phonemes are used than letters.

There are six percussion sounds: [a], [and], [o], [e], [y], [s].
Let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, y.
The vowels Е, Е, Ю, Я are not "pure" sounds and in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words in letters, stress falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to draw.
The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retain its basic appearance is called strong position. Only impact sound and syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less strength and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme "U" retains unchangeable phonetic properties: k at to at R at behind, tablets at, at h at sit, at fishing, - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [y]... This means that the vowel "U" does not undergo a qualitative reduction.
Attention: on the letter, the phoneme [y] can also be denoted by another letter "U": muesli [m at´sl’i], key [cl ’ at'H'] and so on.

Parsing the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in the strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [to about t'ik], bell [kalak about l'ch'yk], milk [malak about], eight [in about s'im '], search engine [paisk about vaya], dialect [g about var], autumn [ about syn'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is pronounced also clearly, are represented only by some foreign words: cocoa [cocoa " about], patio [pa "ti about], radio [ra "di about], boa [b about a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no.

The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter "Yo" - [o]: turn [t ' about ph], bonfire [cas’t ’ about R].

It is also not difficult to parse the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the position under stress.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after the stress is placed in the word. Do not forget about the existence in our language of homonymy: for "mok - zamo" to and about the change of phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya d about"ma].
• New houses [but "vyed d but ma "].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [g about"ry] - [r but ra "];
• he is online = [ about"n] - [ but nla "yn]
• wit e t e flax = [sw'id ' eh"t ' and l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative when the duration of the sound changes. And a high-quality reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristics depending on the position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in naked syllables (they consist of only one vowel);
• by the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

So, it differs 1st degree of reduction... It is exposed to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• an overt syllable at the very beginning;
• repetitive vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the "head" of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-local [n'iz'd'e'shn'iy].

(open syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable→ post-stressed syllable (+2/3 post-stressed syllable)

• in- re-di [php'i r'i di];
• e-state-nno [ yi s't'e's't'v'in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables with sound parsing refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called “second degree weak position”.

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-wa't ’];
• to model [ma-dy-l'i'-ra-wat '];
• swallow [la'-st but-ch'k but];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-yy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in degrees: second, third (after hard and soft agree., This is outside the curriculum): study [uch'i'ts: a], become numb [atyp'in'et't '], hope [nad'e'zhda].
In literal analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• calyx but;
• goddesses I;
• with songs and;
• change but.

Sound letter parsing: iotated sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], E - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is "Y"? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, Y, Y, Y is determined by their positional position.

When parsing phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 SOUNDS:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of a word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - shrink [ yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [ yo´ lach'ny], hedgehog [ yo´ zhyk], capacity [ yo´ mkast '];
  • - jeweler [ yuv’Il’i’r], whirligig [ yu la´], skirt [ yo ' pka], Jupiter [ yu p'i't'ir], briskness [ yu'Rkas't'];
• at the beginning of a word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ ye ' l ’], I go [ ye ' w: y], huntsman [ ye ' g'ir '], eunuch [ ye ' vnuh];
  • - yacht [ ya´хта], anchor [ ya´ kar '], yaki [ ya´ ki], apple [ ya´ blaka];
  • (* to perform sound-literal analysis of unstressed vowels "E" and "I", a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except for cases when these letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables in the middle of words.
  Phonetic analysis online and examples for specified cases:
  • - etc ee mnik [pr'iyo'mn'ik], p oo t [payot 't], cl yuyo t [cl'u yo´t];
  • - Ayu rveda [a yu r'v'ed'da], p oyu t [pa yu´t], melt [ta´ yu t], cabin [ka yu´ta],
• after dividing solid "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu"- always,
  but "E" and "I" only under stress or at the absolute end of a word:
  - volume [ab yo'm], shooting [syo'mka], adjutant [hell yu"ta'nt]
• after dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu"- always, but "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of a word:
  - interview [intyrv ' yo '], trees [d'ir'e'v ' ya], friends [friends' ya´], brothers [brother ' ya], monkey [ab'iz ' ya´ on], blizzard [in ' yo ' ha], family [s'em ' ya´]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is crucial. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound analysis of the remaining iotated ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [ yi d'in'e'n'i'ye], spruce [yil'vyy], blackberries [yizhiv'i'ka], his [yivo'], egoza [yigaza'], Yenisei [yin'is'e'y ], Egypt [yig'i'p'it];
  • - January [ yi nva'r], core [yidro '], sarcastic [yiz'v'i't'], label [yirli'k], Japan [yipo'n'iya], lamb [yign'o'nak];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign-language word forms and names: Caucasian [ yeh wrap'io'idnaya], Eugene [yeh] vge'niy, European [ yeh wrap'e'yits], diocese [yeh] par'archy, etc.).
• immediately after the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • timely [sva yi vr'e'm'ina], trains [pa yi zda´], let's eat [pa yi d'i'm], run over [on yi w: a't '], Belgian [b'il'g'i' yi c], students [uch'a'sh'i yi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe'n'i yi m'i], vanity [su yi ta´],
  • bark [la´ yi t '], pendulum [ma' yi tn'ik], hare [for' yi c], belt [by ' yi s], declare [for yi v'i't '], I will show [pra yi in'l'u ']
• after dividing solid "b" or soft "b" sign:
  - intoxicates [p ' yi n'i't], express [from yi in'i't '], announcement [ab yi vl'e'n'iye], edible [with yi do'bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "hiccups", and for the Moscow school "hiccups". Previously, the iotrated "Yo" was pronounced with a more accented "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter parsing, adhere to the Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel "I" under stress and without stress is sounded differently: fair [ ya´ fair], but the egg [ yi egg '].

Important:

The letter "I" after soft sign"B" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule applies to syllables in both strong and weak positions).
Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online parsing:
- nightingales [salav ' yi´], on chicken legs [on ku'r ' yi ' x "socks], rabbit [cro'l'ich" yi], no family [s'im ' yi´], judges [court ’ yi], draws [n'ich ' yi´], streams [ruch ' yi´], foxes [li's' yi].

But:
Vowel "ABOUT" after the soft sign "B" transcribed as an apostrophe of softness [’] preceding consonant and [ABOUT], although when pronouncing a phoneme, iotation can be heard: broth [bul'o'n], pavil oh n [pav'il'o'n], similarly: post oh n, champin oh n, shin oh n, company oh n, medal oh n, battle oh n, gil oh tina, pocket oh la, min oh n and others.

Phonetic parsing of words when the vowels "U" "E" "E" "I" form 1 SOUND

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "Yo" "Y" "E" are in under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c.
  Then they denote phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [f about yellow], silk [w about lx], whole [c e´ lyy], recipe [r’its e´ Fri], pearls [f e´ mch'uk], six [w e´ st ’], hornet [sh e´ rshen '], parachute [parachute y´ t];
• Letters "I" "Y" "E" "E" and "AND" indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’] ... The only exception is for: [w], [w], [c].
  In such cases in striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • yo - [o]: voucher [put ’ about fka], light [l ' about hk'iy], honey [ap ' about nak], actor [act ' about p], child [r'ib ' about nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul ' e´ n '], mirror [z' e´ rkala], smarter [clever ' e´ ye], conveyor [canv ' e´ yir];
  • I - [a]: kittens [cat ' but ta], softly [m ' but hka], oath [cl ’ but tva], took [vz ' but l], mattress [t'u f ' but k], swan [l'ib ' but zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [cl ' y´ f], people [l ' y´ d'am], gateway [shl ' y´ s], tulle [t ' y´ l ’], costume [cas’t’ y´ m].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening has ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the XX century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [at e´ l '], shoulder strap [br'it e´ l'ka], test [t e´ st], tennis [t e´ n: is], cafe [cafe e´], puree [purée e´], amber [amber e´], delta [d e´ l'ta], tender [t e´ nder], masterpiece [shad e´ vr], tablet [tablet e´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in pre-stressed syllables vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into sound [and](excl. for [q], [w], [w]).
  Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes:
  - s e rno [z ' and pno '], s e blah [z ' and ml'a '], in e gray [in ' and s'o'ly], zv e nit [z'v ' and n'i't], l e sleepy [l ' and sleepy], m e heifer [m ' and t'e'l'itsa], p e ro [n ' and ro´], prin e sla [pr'in ' and weak], in I put [in ' and zat '], l I gat [l ' and ha't '], p I grater [p ' and t'o'rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by the organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hiss, whistle or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian?

The alphabet is used to designate them 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ']: in height - in eun,
  • [g] - [g ']: r orod - r duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: d acha - d elfin,
  • [z] - [z ’]: s out - s ether,
  • [k] - [k ']: to onfeta - to yangaroo,
  • [l] - [l ']: l odka - l yux,
  • [m] - [m ’]: m agiya - m dreams,
  • [n] - [n ']: n new - n ectar,
  • [p] - [p ’]: P alma- P yoshik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: R Omash - R poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: from ovenir - from legal prize,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t julip,
  • [f] - [f ']: f lag - f evral,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x nut - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired include:
  • the sounds [w], [c], [w]- always solid ( f life, c ikl, we w b);
  • [h ’], [u’] and [th ’]- always soft (up to h ka, cha u e, yours th).
• Sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language they are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

It is possible to determine voicedness-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the involvement of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorous (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: l ev, R but th, n about l b.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and a noise are formed, then you have a voiced consonant in front of you (g, b, z, etc.): s but in about d, b liu d about, f and s ny.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others) vocal cords do not strain, only noise is emitted: st about PC but, f and shk but, to about st yum, c irk, for w to go.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: bow (b, p, d, t) - gap (w, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial (b, p, m), labial -dental (f, v), front-lingual (t, d, z, s, c, w, w, sch, h, n, l, r), middle-lingual (d), posterior-lingual (k, g, x). The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing of words, try pressing your palms to your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound under study is a voiced consonant, if you hear noise, then it is deaf.

Hint: For the associative connection, remember the phrases:
"Oh, we haven't forgotten a friend." - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding soft-hardness pairs).

“Styopka, do you want to eat some shchets? - Fi! " - similarly, these cues contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can mean different sound, depending on the position held. In the flow of speech, the sounding of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stunning / voicing

In a certain position, the phonetic law of deafness-voiced assimilation operates for consonants. A voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but f[but w], sleep r[s'n'e' to], ogoro d[agaro ' t], klu b[klu´ P];
• before voiceless consonants: unforgettable dk a [n'izabu ' t ka], oh bx wad [ah nx wat'i't '], tue ornik [ ft o'rn'ik], true bq a [tru ' PC but].
• doing sound literal parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless paired consonant in front of a voiced consonant (except for [y '], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [p] - [p']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its own ringing couple: surrender [zda'ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba'], threshing [malad'ba'], request [pro'z'ba], guess [adgada't '].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant is not combined with the subsequent voiced noisy one, except for the sounds [в] - [в ’]: vz broken cream. In this case, the transcription of both phonemes [s] and [s] is equally permissible.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-literal analysis in the endings "-th", "-his" adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "Г" is transcribed as a sound [in]: red [krasnava], blue [s'i'n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom.

If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [hell: ’il’i’t’] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced to the sounds [d’d’], be us smart [b'i w: clever].

When parsing the composition of a number of words in the sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination "GK" sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'oh'kh'k'iy], soft [m'ah'kh ' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• The softening of paired solid consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of a consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the following vowel letter (e, e, i, y, i);
• [u ’], [h’] and [d] by default, only soft;
• the sound always softens [n] before soft consonants "Z", "S", "D", "T": claim [pr’ite n'z’Yya], review [r’icee n'z’Yya], pension [pe n's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] it, and [n'd '] Ivid, blo [n'd '] in, stipe [n'd '] oya, ba [n't '] uk, vi [n't '] hik, zo [n't '] hik, ve [n't '] il, a [n't '] personal, to [n't '] ekst, remo [n't '] to sleep;
• the letters "H", "K", "P" during phonetic analysis of the composition can be softened before soft sounds[h ’], [u’]: stack LF hic [stack'n'ch'ik], laugh nsch uk [sm'e'n'sh'ik], by LF hik [po'n'ch'ik], kame nsch uk [kam'en'n'sh'ik], boulevard rsh ina [bul'va'r'shch'ina], bo rsh[borscht'];
• often the sounds [z], [s], [p], [n] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation by hardness-softness: st enka [s't'en'nka], zhi know[zhyz'n '], bld you [z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter parsing, take into account the words of the exception, when the consonant [p] is pronounced firmly in front of soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’]: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis in square brackets, a [-] dash is put in front of the letter "b".

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless in front of hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-deaf: [d-t] or [s-s] before sibilants (w, w, w, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

• Parsing letters and examples of words with hissing sounds: pri hw iy [pr'iye´ lzh uy], in us event [va shsh e'stv'ye], and hw elta [and ' lzh elta], squeeze fake [ lzh a'l'its: a].

The phenomenon when two different letters pronounced as one, is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you must designate one of the repetitive sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Combinations of letters with sibilant "Szh" - "zzh", pronounced as a double hard consonant [w:], but "Ssh" - "zsh"- as [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without splint, fit.
• Combinations "Zzh", "Lzh" inside the root during sound-letter parsing is written in transcription as a long consonant [w:]: ride, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• Combinations "Mid", "Zh" pronounced like a long soft at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix [u ’:]: score [ u ': o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of a preposition with the next word in place "Mid", "Zh" transcribed as [sch'ch ’]: without number [b'e u 'h' isla´], with something [ sh'ch ' emta].
• With sound letter parsing of the combination "Pm", "Dch" at the junction of morphemes is defined as double soft [h ’:]: pilot [l'o´ h ’: hic], young dh hic [little ' h ’: hik], oh pm no [a h ’: from].

A cheat sheet for assimilating consonants at the place of education:

• count → [u ’:]: happiness [ u ': a's't'ye], sandstone [p'i u ': a'n'ik], peddler [miscellaneous u ': uk], cobbled, settle, exhaust, clear;
• zh → [u ’:]: carver [re'e ' u ': hik], loader [cargo u ': hic], narrator [rask ' u ': hik];
• zh → [u ’:]: defector [p'ir'ibe ' u ': hik], man [moo u ': and'na];
• shh → [u ’:]: freckled [v'isnu ′ u ': last];
• stf → [u ’:]: harder [jo´ u ': uh], whip, snap;
• zdch → [u ’:]: buster [abye´ u ': uk], furrowed [baro´ u ': last];
• ssch → [u ’:]: split [pa u ': ip'i't '], generous [pa u ': e'dr'ils'a];
• thorough → [h'ch'']: split off [a h'ch ' ip'i't '], snap off [a h'ch ' o'lk'ivat '], in vain [ h'ch ' etna], carefully [ h'ch ' at'el'na];
• pm → [h ’:]: report [a h ’: o′t], homeland [a h ’: and 'zna], ciliated [p'is'n'i' h ’: third];
• dh → [h ’:]: underline [pa h ’: o'rk'ivat '], stepdaughter [pa h ’: ir'itsa];
• squeeze → [w:]: compress [ f: a't '];
• zzh → [w:]: get rid of [and f: y't '], ignition [po' f: yk], leave [uyi f: a't '];
• us → [w:]: who brought [pr'in'o ′ w: th], embroidered [pa w: y'ty];
• zsh → [w:]: lower [n'i w: s]
• thu → [PC], in word forms with "what" and its derivatives, making a sound-letter analysis, we write [PC]: to [ PC o'by], not at all [n'e'for PC a], something [ PC o n'ibut '], something;
• thu → [h'th] in other cases of literal analysis: dreamer [m'i h't a't'il '], mail [by' h't a], preference [pr'itpa h't'N'n'iye] and so on;
• chn → [shn] in words-exceptions: of course [kan'e ' wn a ′], boring [sku´ wn a ′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc .;
• chn → [ch'n]- letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska'za ch'n th], dacha [yes´ ch'n th], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i ' ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc .;
• ! railway → in place of the letter combination "Railway" double pronunciation and transcription are acceptable [u ’] or [PC'] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic parsing online, an unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than the number of letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T"- in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: me stn th [m'e ' cn th], reed [tra s'n'And' k]. By analogy, you can perform phonetic parsing of words le stn Itsa, what stn oh, izve stn oh, glad stn oh, gru stn oh, learning stn hik, ve stn hik, nena stn oh, vehemently stn th and others;
  • stl → [sl]: nav stl willow [u ': a sl’And’ out ”], nv stl ivchik, owl stl willow, hwa stl willow (exception words: bony and post, in them the letter "T" is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: giga ntsk uy [g'iga´ nsk’Yy], age ntsk uh, to the president ntsk ui;
  • STS → [from:]: she sts from [she from: o´t], vzze sts I [vzye´ from: a], klya sts I [cl'a ' from: but];
  • sts → [from:]: turi sts cue [tour'i´ from: k'iy], maximized sts cue [max'imal'i ' from: k'iy], rasi sts cue [ras'i ' from: k'iy], be sts eller, propaganda sts cue, expressioni sts cue, hindu sts cue, career sts cue;
  • ntg → [ng]: re ntg en [re'e ng'E'n];
  • "-That", "-that" → [c:] in verb endings: smile be[smile´ c: and we be[we c: a], see tsya, fuck it tsya, bow down be, brie be, goy tsya;
  • mc → [c] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: de mf cue [d'e´ c k'iy], sconce mf cue [bra´ c cue];
  • mc → [cs:] / [cs]: dispute mf men [spar c: m'e'n], oh mf send [a cs ya't '];
  • shopping center → [c:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic parsing online is written as a long "ts": bra mall a [bra´ c: a], about mall drink [a c: yip'i't '], to o mall y [k a c: y´];
• "D"- when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [sign]: by hey nd [by ' z'n ' uy], star hey th [z'v'o´ zn th], great hey uk [pra ′ z'n’Hik], no way hey th [b'izvazm'e ′ zn th];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mu ndsh fat [moo nsh tu'k], la ndsh aft [la nsh a'ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: golla ndsk uh [gala ' nsk’Yy], tayla ndsk uy [thaila´ nsk’Yy], norm ndsk uy [narma´ nsk’Yy];
  • zdc → [sc]: under y zdts s [pad u sc s´];
  • ndc → [nts]: golla ndc s [gala´ nts s];
  • rdc → [rts]: ce pdc e [s'e ' rts uh], ce pdc evina [s'i rts yv'i'na];
  • rdch → [rf "]: ce rdch ishko [s'e rf’And ’shka];
  • dc → [c:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in the roots, are pronounced and, when parsing soundly, the word is written as a double [c]: by dts drink [pa c: yip'i't '], two dts at [two´ c: yt '];
  • ds → [c]: factory ds coy [zava c whoo], ro ds your [ra c you´], wed ds your [sr'e ' c tva], Kislovo ds to [k'islavo ' c to];
• "L"- in combinations:
  • lnz → [nts]: with lnz e [co´ nts e], with lnz condition;
• "IN"- in combinations:
  • vstv → [st] letter parsing: hello vstv uyte [hello st uyt'e], chu vstv oh [h'u´ st a], chu vstv value [ch'u ' st’Inas’t’], balo vstv oh [bala st o´], de vstv enny [d'e´ st’In: th].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonants "stk", "ntk", "zdk", "ndk", the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student, patient , bulky, irish, tartan.

• Two identical letters immediately after a stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:] when parsing literally: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tanel '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic parsing of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you get an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book ". M. 1959

Now you know how to parse a word by sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format school curriculum... They will help you phonetically characterize any letter. If our resource is useful to you, we will be grateful for the support in social networks.

References

Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000

Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. - Education, Moscow: 1967

Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Russian spelling rules with comments.

Tutorial. - "Institute for Advanced Studies of Educators", Tambov: 2012

Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Reference book on spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Introductory course

In order to master the language being studied, knowledge of words alone, of course, is not enough. It is necessary to master the rules of combining words, the formation of word forms, or, in other words, the grammar of a new language. The introductory course of this tutorial pursues exactly this goal: in the simplest and most understandable form to acquaint the Russian-speaking reader with the basic rules of Tatar grammar. We constantly relied on the reader's knowledge of Russian grammar and paid more attention to the contrasting elements of the Tatar and Russian languages.

The introductory part consists of ten paragraphs and will serve as a kind of grammar reference for you when working with the Basic Course. In addition to this tutorial, you will need a Tatar-Russian educational dictionary and patience.

♫ audio material for the lesson

§ 1. Phonetics

1.1. The graphics of the Tatar language are based on the Cyrillic alphabet. This gives some advantage for the Russian reader, but on the other hand, it contributes to the appearance of errors due to the discrepancy of some letters.

The graphics of the Tatar language were based on the Arabic script for 1000 years, up to 1927. From 1927 to 1939, the Latin alphabet was used, on the basis of which the spelling rules were carefully developed. The basic principles of spelling were also used in the transition to Russian graphics. In modern Tatar writing, all letters of the Russian alphabet are used with the addition of special characters for specific Tatar phonemes: ә, ө, ү, җ, ң, һ.

Changes of two alphabets within one century could not but affect the state of the spelling of the language. The phonetic system of the Tatar language was replenished with Russian phonemes<ч>, <ц>-,. And in the spelling of the Tatar language, the principle of the graphic design of Russians and borrowings that came through the Russian language was strengthened, i.e. new Russian and European words in the Tatar language are written similarly to their Russian version.

Tatar alphabet

A a F g N n U u u u u

Ә ә Җ җ ң Ү ү ъ

B B Z Z O O F f Y s

B in I and Ө ө X x b

Г П Eh

D d K k R r C y y

E e L l S s H h I z

Yo M m T t W w

The pronunciation of six specific letters of the Tatar alphabet, of course, is best practiced under the guidance of an experienced teacher. But if you master their approximate pronunciation using the indicated tips and the following exercises, this will not be an obstacle to learning the language.

[ә] = [æ] - this sound can otherwise be designated as [’’ a], that is, very soft [a]. It is close to Russian ['a] in the words ‘sit’, ‘look’, ‘row’. When pronouncing [’’ a], lower the tip of your tongue to your lower teeth, and you will get the sound [æ]. By the way, it is in English: black, hat -,.

[ү] = [ü] - softer and more rounded [’y]. A sound close to it is found in the Russian words "bale", "ditch", "lute". Say these words, giving [’y] even more roundedness (roll your lips into a tube), and you will approximately get the desired sound.

[ө] = [ә: °] - this vowel is the most difficult for the Russian-speaking reader. The closest version of Tatar [ө] can be found in the words "maple", "honey", "Peter". But in the Tatar language [ө] is short, and Russian [’o] is found only under stress. Try to pronounce these Russian words as short as possible and with a big roundness, and you will be close to the desired sound. It is similar to the common sound in English: bird, work. But the English sound lacks roundness.

[җ] - this sound is also often found in English, and in borrowings from English in Russian it is conveyed by the letter combination j: "jumper", "Jack". Tatar borrowings are also issued: jilyan - ilәn, Jalil - Җәlil. The sound [w] in Russian is always hard, but it is usually not difficult for a Russian-speaking reader to form a soft version from it. It should be noted that hard [w] is also uncharacteristic for the Tatar language, as [’w] for Russian. Therefore, the mixing of these sounds, as a rule, does not occur.

[ң] is a nasal sound generated by a small uvula. The closest in the Russian language can be considered the sound combination [ng] in the word "gong" when pronouncing it in the nose. This sound is often found in French: jardin, bien, chien [òjeŋ]. It has been noticed that mastering this sound with the help of a teacher-consultant is not at all difficult. And if you have the opportunity to check your pronunciation, do not neglect this opportunity.

[һ] = [һ] - pharyngeal sound. It is formed in the pharynx and is pronounced aspirated. A sound close to it is in English: hat, hand, hare. In Russian, the closest sound can be considered [x] in the words dressing gown, chill, if pronounced without a guttural overtones. It should be remembered that Tatar [һ] is of more posterior, pharyngeal origin.

EXERCISES

a) Say several times each row:

ak-әk, az-әz, at-t, ar-әr, am-әm;

ak-әk-uk-үk, az-әz-uz-үz, uky-үke;

he-өn, om-өm, ok-өk, as-әs-us-үs-os-өs;

zhi-ui, zhu-ue, zhu-uu;

un-uң, an-aң, in-iң;

ham-m, has-һәs, hat-һava.

b) Read, paying attention to the new sound letters (try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words):

mәk, rәt, shәp, fәn, bәlesh, tәrtә, chәynek, tәlinkә, eshlәpә, kәbestә;

mүk, kүk, kүl, kүp, bүre, kүrәgә, kүsәk, bүrәnә;

kөn, tөn, kөl, tөlke, өrpәk, kөrәk, өstәl;

kәҗә, җen, җil, җir, җәy, җyu, җyly, yr, rәnҗү;

soң, iң, aң, uң, taң, tәңre, bәrәңge;

һava, һich, һәr, һөnәr.

When doing the exercise, pronounce the last syllable clearly.

1.2. The complexities of the sound system of the Tatar language are not limited to specific Tatar letters. In addition, there is a discrepancy in common letters for the Tatar and Russian alphabets.

a - in the Tatar language this letter denotes a more posterior, wider and somewhat rounded sound [aү]. When pronouncing it in the word pencil, try to create as much space in your mouth as possible, and you will roughly get Tatar [a].

o, e, s - for these vowels of the Tatar alphabet, in comparison with the Russian ones, brevity is characteristic. Since in the Russian language there is no meaningful opposition of vowels in longitude, for a Russian-speaking reader at first this will seem insignificant. But getting used to this phenomenon is not difficult. It is important to pay attention to this from the very beginning of training until the use of these sounds becomes the norm.

в - this letter in the Tatar language is used to designate two sounds: [в] and [w]. The second sound is in English, and in borrowings it is transmitted in two ways: William - William. The same is with regional borrowings from the Tatar language: avyl - aul, karavil - guard. In the Tatar language itself, this sound can be denoted by the letter y: sorau [soraw] - sorava [sorawy].

d - this letter also denotes two sounds. These are quite different sounds. This sound, formed with the help of a small tongue, is familiar to the Russian-speaking reader: it is obtained when a person bursts and does not pronounce [p].

k - similarly to the letter g, it denotes two sounds [k] and [қ]. The sound [k] is a voiceless pair [ғ].

h - Russian affricate, that is complex sound There is practically no [tsh ’] in the Tatar language. It is used only in borrowings due to the knowledge of the Russian language by the majority of Tatars, as well as in some dialects. The letter ч in the Tatar language approximately denotes the sound [ш ’], or what in the Russian language is denoted by the letter ш.

THE EXERCISE

Read on transcription:

like [like] - like [қaқ]; court [court] - court [қŏrt]; syrt [sĭrt] - grade [grade] - sөrt [sөrt]; without [without] - without [bĕz]; son [son] - son [son]; gөl [gөl] - goal [goal]; cards [cards] - cards [art]: number [number] - number [қol]; chana [sh'ana] - chan [tsh'an]; chyk [sh'ĭқ] - brush [sh'otka] - clearly [tsh'otka]; kөch [kөsh ’] - hummock [cat].

1.3. Now you practically know the pronunciation of all Tatar letters (there are some more peculiar moments of the Tatar sound system, but they are initial stage are not essential). You also need to know the fundamental laws of Tatar phonetics. They are in any language, and they must be constantly remembered during the first lessons. In the Tatar language, the three basic rules of practical phonetics are:

- the law of harmony;

- the rule of striving for open syllable;

- clear pronunciation of the last syllable.

In the Tatar language, all words by pronunciation are divided into hard and soft. We call hard words those in which non-front vowels are used: [a], [o], [y], [s]. And soft - words in which the front vowels are used: [ә], [ө], [ү], [e], [and].

Soft sounds: [ә], [ө], [ү], [e], [and].

Solid sounds: [a], [o], [y], [s].

Pay attention to the pairwise opposition of hardness and softness.

This law is of great importance, since not only all words, but all suffixes are subject to this law of syngharmonicity. Accordingly, almost all suffixes, particles have two options: hard and soft. Therefore, you need to learn by ear to determine the softness or hardness of Tatar words.

Read aloud several times, trying to hear the difference between the pronunciation of different columns by ear:

Soft words - Hard words

өstәl (table) -arysh (rye)

bүrәnә (log) -balik (fish)

ashlәpә (hat) -san (number)

hәref (letter) -bash (head)

sүz (word) -avyl (village)

rәsem (drawing) -altyn (gold)

ber (one) -alty (six)

ike (two) -tyugyz (nine)

өch (three) -syynif (class)

kөn (day) -bashmak (shoe)

tәrҗemә (translation) -kaida (where)

nәrsә (what) -kaychan (when)

nichek (how) -bar (goes)

who (who) -katyk (katyk, a national drink reminiscent of kefir)

escәmia (bench) -torba (trumpet)

For the Tatar language, the proximity of two or more consonants is uncharacteristic. Of course. they are found, but in comparison with the Russian language they are very few in number. Most often, consonants with sonants are adjacent (sonants: [p], [l], [m], [n], [y], [w]) or at the junction of a root and a suffix.

To better understand the phonetic psychology of the Tatar language, you can turn to the borrowings you have mastered from Russian: table - stәl, furrow - brown, skirda - escert, cage - kelәt, pipe - bag, resin - sumala, rye - arysh, ditch - canau.

As for stress, in the Tatar language it is qualitatively different from Russian. Remember that all syllables in the Tatar language must be pronounced clearly. Therefore, from the very beginning of your studies, you should place a weak emphasis on the last syllable, so you will get rid of the common mistake of Russian-speaking students of foreign languages: "swallow the endings of words."

Another important law of the Tatar language is the phonetic principle of spelling, i.e. "As we hear, so we write." There are many exceptions to this law: first of all, these are borrowings from Arabic and new borrowings from Russian. But, despite this, the rule "as it is heard, so it is written" must be remembered, since it is fundamentally different from the Russian spelling.

Compare:

Russian language Tatar language

kolobok [kalabok] kitap [kitap]

koloboka [kalapka] kitabyn [kitabyn]

milk [malako] kolagym [қolagim]

drill [swirlit '] colactan [olaқtan]

THE EXERCISE

a) Write these words in two columns and re-read them aloud several times:

soft words hard words

ishek (door), өstәl, uryndyk (chair), nәrsә, bu (this), kara (black), ber, berenche (first), kөl (ash), stake (slave), Idel (Volga), bәrәңge (potatoes) , һөnәr (craft), karama (elm), chәchәk (flower), escmiya, escter (tablecloth), bashlyk (hood), altyn (gold), saryk (sheep), kolak (ear), avyz (mouth).

When joining words ending in deaf sounds, possessive suffixes, voicing occurs, which is reflected in the letter.

b) Write the missing words:

kitap - kitabym, saryk - ..., uryndyk - uryndygym, ... - kolagym, ishek - ..., balyk - ..., tarak (hairbrush) - ....

kitap - kitabyң, ... - sarygyң, uryndyk - ..., ... - kolagyң, ... - ishegeң, ... - balygyң, ... - ....

TRANSCRIPTION, transcriptions, wives. (Latin transcriptio rewriting) (special). 1.units only. Image (letters) by other written signs or image (sounds of speech, musical sounds) by means of writing. Transcription Greek letters Latin ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

TRANSCRIPTION- (fr.transcription). 1) in music: alteration, arrangement of a piece of music, for example. for another tool. 2) moving a name: writing one name instead of another; applying the alphabet of one language to writing in another language. Vocabulary… … Vocabulary foreign words Russian language

transcription- and, w. transcription f., ger. Transcription lat. transcriptio rewriting. 1. lingual Accurate transmission of sounds of what L. language or musical sounds with conventional letters or special signs, in contrast to the historically established writing system ... ... Historical Dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language

TRANSCRIPTION- (musical), arrangement of a piece of music for an instrument. For example, transcription for piano of songs by F. Schubert, excerpts from operas by G. Verdi, V.A. Mozart, belonging to F. Liszt (about 500) ... Modern encyclopedia

TRANSCRIPTION- in biology, biosynthesis of RNA molecules in the corresponding sections of DNA; the first stage of the implementation of genetic information in the cell, during which the DNA nucleotide sequence is rewritten into the RNA nucleotide sequence. It is also possible ...

TRANSCRIPTION- (from Latin transcriptio, literally rewriting), biosynthesis of RNA molecules, acc. sites of DNA; the first stage of the implementation of genetic. information in living cells. It is carried out by the enzyme DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, to paradise in most of the studied ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

transcription- recording, transmission, biosynthesis, arrangement Dictionary of Russian synonyms. transcription noun, number of synonyms: 4 biosynthesis (3) ... Synonym dictionary

Transcription- TRANSCRIPTION, or practical transcription, the transmission of the target language (language of publication) in letters, how the untranslatable word is pronounced in the original language; for example, transmission in letters of the Russian alphabet, as pronounced in English. language untranslatable from it ... Publishing dictionary-reference

TRANSCRIPTION- (biological), biosynthesis of RNA molecules in the corresponding sections of DNA; the first stage in the implementation of genetic information, during which the DNA nucleotide sequence is rewritten into the RNA nucleotide sequence ... Modern encyclopedia

TRANSCRIPTION- in music, an arrangement of a piece for another instrument or a free, often virtuoso reworking of it for the same instrument ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

TRANSCRIPTION- phonetic (from Lat. transcriptio rewriting). 1) way of writing oral speech with the help of special characters in order to convey the sound as accurately as possible2)] The system of characters for transcription in the 1st meaning ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary