What is an adverbial turnover in Russian. Participle and adverbial phrases as syntactic constructions. Common grammatical mistakes

Participles and gerunds

Rule: If the participle phrase comes after the word being defined, then it is highlighted on both sides by commas: The blue southern sky, darkened by dust, is dull. Rule: In the suffix -enn- after the sibilants under stress, e (ё) is written, although [o] is pronounced: burnt, resolved. Rule: In short passive participles, one letter is written n: read, told. Rule: If the participle is formed from the verbs ending -at, -yat, then the letters a or I are written before -нн- and -н-: plowed - plowed - plowed; oblige - obliged - obliged. If the participle is formed from any other verbs (not in -at or -yat), then the letter e is written before -нн- and -н-: study - studied - studied. Rule: In full passive participles with the suffixes -enn- and -nn-, two letters n (nn) are written if:

1) the participle has a prefix (except for not): boiled fish, plowed field;

2) the participle has words dependent on it: fish fried in oil;
3) a perfect participle: solved example;
4) the participle is formed from verbs with the suffixes -ova-, -eva-, (-irova-): pickled mushrooms, asphalt highway. If a word does not have any of the listed characteristics, it is written with one n: boiled fish, fried fish.
(page 146)
Rule: Not with full participles is written separately:
1) if the participle has dependent words, i.e. forms a participial turnover: On the table lay a letter I had not sent. - There was an unsent letter on the table;
2) if the sentence contains an opposition with the union a: In the vase there were not withered, but fresh flowers. Not with full participles is written together:
1) if it does not have dependent words: incessant rain;
2) if the participle is not used without: a hating look. Particles with short participles are not written separately: The letter was not sent. Book not read. (P. 146)

Rule: Particle not with gerunds is written separately: Answered without hesitation.
Rule:
The adverbial phrase is always highlighted with commas: Howling angrily, a cold autumn wind blows. The cold autumn wind blows, howling angrily. A cold autumn wind blows, howling angrily.

The participles have a number of correspondences among adjectives, partly ascending to the participles in origin. These include:

1) Valid present participles and adjectives with the same root:
Blushing - red;
blue - blue;
whitening - white.

2) Active participles of the present tense (as well as return ones) and adjectives with the suffix -uchiy, -yuchy, -achy, yachiy, which are ancient Russian participles by origin:
Loose - free-flowing;
sitting - sedentary;
stabbing - prickly.

3) A valid present participle (usually with a negation) and an adjective that coincides with the present tense passive participle with a negative prefix non-: Non-combustible - non-combustible;
not fading - unfading;
not soaking - waterproof.

4) Passive present participles (usually with negation) and adjectives with a prefix not- and suffix -im:
Invalid - Invalid;
not conquered - invincible;
not tamed - indomitable.

5) Active past participles and adjectives formed from participles with the suffix -ly:
Tanned - tanned;
burnt - burnt;
blue - blue.

6) Further in meaning from the participles are non-prefixed adjectives in -ly, which do not have quite corresponding participles; for them there are only more distant participles with prefixes:
Ripe - ripe;
ripe - mature;
wilted - sluggish.

7) Passive past participles and adjectives that were formed from these participles; usually the first with prefixes, and the second without prefixes:
Boiled - boiled;
grated - grated;
broken - broken.

8) Real and passive participles and adjectives homonymous with them, formed from these participles:
a) A stone shining in the sun is a brilliant report.
A promontory in the sea is an outstanding figure.
Jackals wandering in the forest - wandering smile. The director calling the technician is the challenging tone.
b) A person respected by all is a respected comrade.
The car driven by the chauffeur is a controlled balloon.

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Participle and gerunds

Communion and gerunds in Russian- these are two special forms of the verb, which differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. The participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which the? What is the doer? What did you do? What did he do? The participles denote an additional action and answer questions What are you doing? Having done what?

The rules concerning the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.

· Availability of full and short forms;

-usch - / - yusch - / - asch - / - yusch-(valid participles HB);

-vsh - / - sh-(valid participles PV);

-em - / - ohm - / - im-(passive participles HB);

-nn - / - enn - / - t-(passive participles PV).

The syntactic role is a circumstance.

The girl was walking down the street smiling.

A syntactic role is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Features of the participle and adverbial turns

Participle and adverbial phrases- these are syntactic constructions that differ in general meaning and function in a sentence:

Participial turnover Is an adverb with dependent words. In a sentence, like a single participle, they perform the syntactic role of a separate circumstance (separated by commas on both sides) and denote an additional action.

Test by topic

Did not like? - Write in the comments what is missing.

• 1. Natalya Starostina - a bookstore gift card for 500 rubles.
• 2. Nikolay Z - a bookstore gift card for 500 rubles.
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Electronic cards (code), they will be sent in the coming days via Vkontakte or e-mail.

Material on the Russian language (grade 6) on the topic:
Table "Difference between participles and gerunds"

The table will help you understand the differences between the participle and the gerunds

Preview:

Table 1. Differences between participles and participles

What are you doing? What did you do? What has been done? What are you doing?

AS? HOW?

What am I doing? What have you done in? What have lice done?

Developing, remember your, written, move

Developing me, remember in, writing lice

Refers to a noun (pronoun)

Refers to a verb (predicate)

Present tense: -usch- (yusch), - asch- (yasch) - valid.

Em-, -im- - passive

Vsh-, -sh- - valid

Nn-, -enn-, -t- - passive

Imperfect view (present time):

Perfect look (past time):

A participle is a participle with dependent words

Software is a stand-alone definition

The adverbial turnover is an adverbial participle with words dependent on it

DO is a separate circumstance

üOn the porch stood a man who was engaged in arming people.

ü Pierre could not sleep for a long time, thinking about what had happened.

On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes

The lesson of repetition and generalization of the studied material on the topics "Communion" and "Communion". Students are offered multilevel assignments. The lesson is built using modular technology. Attached pre.

Synopsis of the Russian language lesson on the generalization of what has been learned in the form of the game "The finest hour".

I taught this lesson while participating in the Teacher of the Year competition. The class I was giving the lesson was unfamiliar to me (this was the condition of the test). But thanks to the scene at the beginning of the lesson, guys a.

Summary of a generalizing lesson in grade 6 according to the program of M.M. Razumovskaya.

Selected material test work allows you to test your knowledge on the topics: "Communion" and "Communion" most fully.

The lesson reinforces the skills of the formation of participles and participles, the spelling of their suffixes.

The collection represents control tests, verification work, allowing in practice to work out a difficult topic for sixth graders: "Communion and participle." Tasks are fulfilled by op.

2.7. Participle and gerunds

The difficulties associated with the use of a special form of the verb, the participle, in speech can be divided into two groups: in the formation of participle forms and in the use of participles.

Errors in the formation of participles usually consist in the incorrect design of the formative basis (cf .: the use of the wrong form galloping instead of normative - galloping) and in the wrong choice of the shaping suffix. Since the choice of the shaping base is common for conjugated and non-conjugated forms, in case of difficulty, you should use the recommendations given in clause 2.6.

When choosing a formative suffix in the formation of the participle form, pay special attention to the following cases.

1. Most of the real past participles are formed using the suffixes -вш- from the stem of the infinitive (past tense), ending in a vowel:

writing - writing, deciding - deciding.

The suffix -ш- is used if the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant letter:

to carry - carried, to carry - carried.



2. Passive past participles use the suffixes -нн- (-н-), -enn- (-en-) and -т- ( cleaned, covered, finished). In speech, an error often occurs associated with the use of one suffix instead of another.

For example, in a sentence: The room is cleaned- instead of the normative form removed with the suffix -н- the suffix -т- is mistakenly used.

3. It should be remembered that when forming a participle, all derivational prefixes and suffixes of the verb must be preserved. The most common mistake is dropping the -sy suffix when forming participles from reflexive verbs.

For example, in a sentence: The wind tore off the leaves left on the trees- the suffix -sya was unlawfully omitted. The following variant of the sentence would be grammatically correct: The wind tore off the leaves on the trees.

4. It should be borne in mind that some verbs are characterized by the absence or uncommonness of certain forms of participles. So, according to the rules of Russian grammar, passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs:

Passive participles cannot be formed from verbs like get up, lie down and others, since these verbs cannot be combined with the accusative case without a preposition.

At the same time, the absence of separate forms of participles may be associated not with grammatical laws, but with tradition.

arrest, protect, beat, take, wake up, carry, twirl, twist, carry, knit, iron, look, cook, warm, smash, load, gnaw, crush, hold, regret, fry, press, wait, burn, call, know, have, boil, put, glue, prick, feed, paint, sculpt, heal, pour, revenge, grind, wash, find, plow, sing, bake, write, saw, drink, weed, spoil, hide, tear, cut, chop, salt, set, guard, dry, pour, weave, stew, pull, teach, bury, clean, whisper, sew and etc.

2) There are no forms of passive past participles in transitive verbs:

When using participles in speech, special attention should be paid to the following points.

1. The opposition of real and passive participles is associated with the meaning they express.

Real participles (suffixes -usch-, -usch-, -asch-, -sch-, -vsh-, -sh-) denote the sign of who (what) directly performs the action:

singing girl, painting boy.

Passive participles (suffixes -om-, -em-, -im-; -nn- (-n-), -enn- (-en-), -t-) denote a sign of who (what) is experiencing an action:

readable book, purchased magazine.

In speech, a fairly common mistake is the use of real participles instead of passive ones, and vice versa.

For example, in a sentence: I had one ticket won- the passive participle was misused, since in this case this construction means: I won a ticket, not a specific prize, amount of money, etc. on a lucky ticket. Grammatically correct in such a situation would be to use a valid participle ( winning ticket), since the noun being defined does not experience, but produces an action.

2. In Russian, the passive meaning can be expressed by both passive participles and real participles from reflexive verbs with the suffix -sya.

In some cases, both possible forms are used in the literary language:

project approved by all - project approved by all.

In other cases, either only a passive participle is used, or only a valid participle from a reflexive verb.

Wed: built house - a house under construction.

It should be remembered that the main exponent of the meaning of passiveness is precisely the passive participle, and where it is present, the return participle is usually unacceptable.

So, the phrases will be grammatically incorrect: a child dressing up as a nanny; carpenter's box... In this case, the use of the passive participles is mandatory: a child dressed by a nanny; a box made by a joiner.

The controversial participle is usually used when there is no corresponding passive participle in the language or it is rarely used. For example, forms of passive past participles from imperfective verbs are not formed or are little used.

Wed: a report written by a student last year; a report written by a student during the year.

3. It should also be remembered that in Russian there are no and cannot be future participles... You cannot use participles in relation to the future! Therefore, constructions like:

In a few years, we will have a whole range of enterprises capable of causing an environmental disaster.

When forming the forms of gerunds, the following points must be taken into account.

1. Imperfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the present tense of imperfective verbs using the suffixes -а / -я:

take - take - take; cry - cry - cry.

A number of imperfective verbs also form gerunds with the suffix -uchi / -yuchi:

being, riding, pitying, playfully, walking, stealthily.

However, they did not receive any wide distribution in the literary language. Usually forms in -uchi / -yuchi are perceived either as outdated or as a means of stylizing folk and ancient speech.

In addition, not all imperfective verbs are capable of forming gerunds. As a rule, verbs that do not have vowels in the stems of the present tense do not form gerunds (cf. weave - weave):

beat, whip, lie, bend, eat, reap(hand), to reap(rye), wait, burn, lie, pour, crush, drink, tear, send, sleep, weave, rub, sew.

There are no or no adverbs from verbs with alternating in the stems of the infinitive and the present tense of the consonants З – ж, с – ш (compare: knit - knit w ut, dance at - dance w ut):

weigh, knit, seem, mow, lick, dance, cut, scratch.

Imperfective verbs in -ch, na -nut do not form adverbs:

protect, burn, be able, bake, whip, guard, cut a hair, flow, wither, die out, stall, get stronger, freeze, get wet, smell, sink, pull.

Imperfective participles from verbs are not used:

arrest, run, stab, climb, plow, sing, be born, get cold, want.

2. Perfective gerunds are formed from the infinitive stem (past tense) of perfect verbs, mainly with the help of the suffix -v:

buy - buy, decide - decide.

From a number of perfective verbs, the gerunds are formed using the suffix -а / -я ( enter - enter, subtract - subtract etc.) or suffixes -lice, -shi ( offended, upset and etc.).

In the overwhelming majority of cases, forms with the -в suffix are used: they are shorter and more euphonious. Dissonance of forms like having written M. Gorky especially emphasized. But it should be borne in mind that reflexive verbs usually have only one form - laughing, wrapped up... The use of the suffix -shi instead of the suffix -v is also typical for many verbs with a consonant stem: grow up - grow up; save - save.

The use of the suffix -а / -я in the formation of the perfect form of gerunds (cf .: putting - putting, hearing - hearing, noticing - noticing) was quite common in the 19th and early 20th centuries. For example, such forms were widely used by M. Gorky: tilting, coming, getting off and others. Currently, many of these forms are out of use.

3. The main mistake in the formation of gerunds is the use of one suffix instead of another.

For example, in a sentence: I dialed the number while hanging up- the form of a participle with the suffix -а was mistakenly used. From verbs with a stem to hissing, perfect participles are usually formed with the suffix -а, but the normative variant would be the form with the suffix -в (putting a pipe).



Errors of this kind are quite frequent when using phraseological units. Many of them contain obsolete forms of gerunds ( put your hand on your heart, I outline my head). Arbitrary replacement of such forms with modern forms in some idiomatic expressions ( rushed out into the head) is an error!

Quite regularly, the so-called filling of "empty cells" is observed in speech, that is, the erroneous formation of gerunds from verbs that in the literary language cannot have adverbial forms at all (for example: Asleep he shuddered).

Correct spelling: what are participles and participles, rules with examples

In Russian, there are special parts of speech that are adjacent to a noun or verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verb forms and explain this by the presence of similar signs.

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail, what is participle and gerunds... Even ancient grammars noted their duality, so they gave them a name, meaning "involvement" in a noun, adjective or verb.

It declines, that is, it changes in gender, number, case, has a short and full form. At the same time, the properties of a verb are inherent in it. For example, the presence of the form:

• checking notebooks (imperfect form) - the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checked (perfect view) - the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , time matters. This is a constant sign of these parts of speech, which have the form either present time(creating), either past(who built). There is also the presence of a return form (which recognized Xia).

It is characterized by the presence of two pledges - the passive and the real. Passive participles denote a sign of an object experiencing an action on itself (received parcel - parcel received). Real ones, however, reflect the sign of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is one who runs himself).

From all of the above, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes a feature of an object by action, which manifests itself in time.



Gerunds

The term originated in the 18th century, has the meaning " attitude to action", Which is indicated by the first part of the word" dee- "(doer, deed). In modern grammar, such a name has a part of speech denoting additional action in relation to the main, expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verbal features:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• recurrence(pretending sit).

Perhaps this limits the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that gerunds does not change, that is, it does not incline or conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no inflection. On the contrary, the endings of the participles are their distinguishing feature.

The questions to which they answer will help to distinguish these verb forms:

The opinions of linguists about what a participle is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others assume that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.

The verbal participle is an independent part of speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how an action is performed by a predicate verb, has an additional effect. If an adverb in a sentence is not alone, but has words that depend on it, then this set of words is called an adverbial phrase. The article will tell you about how and when the adverbial participles are isolated in a sentence.

What is pegging?

In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way to clarify and highlight a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of the proposal that are secondary can be isolated, this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Separations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the action taking place. Not only lonely standing participles can be isolated, but also

Examples of single participles

If a separate circumstance does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single adverbial participle. At the time of writing a proposal this part speeches are always separated by commas on both sides.

The location of the verbal participle in a sentence can be anything. Here are examples of how to correctly separate single participles with commas:

1. Looking, she could not utter a word.
2. When I returned, I found my sister at home.
3. Without exercising, you cannot achieve success in sports.

Accordingly, the following participles were highlighted with a comma:

• after watching;
• returning;
• without exercising.

On the letter, you can find several repetitive participles. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such sentences:

1. Laughing, humming and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
2. Laughing and winking, Pasha closed the door.
3. She was silent, angry, but rubbed.

Homogeneous participles in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For example: Playing and laughing, she, elated, rushed towards her dreams.

Separating single participles with commas

Isolation of single participles occurs in the following cases:

1. If an adverbial participle plays the role of a second predicate in a sentence. Retains the meaning of the verb. Indicates a condition, reason or time of action, but not its image. After running away, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests left without calming down.
2. If in your mind you can check the sentence by replacing the verb with a verb, or make a complex one from a simple sentence. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. After the holiday, the guests did not calm down, but left.

Separation of single participles does not occur if:

1. A single adverb has lost the meaning of a verb or has a close connection with the predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya climbed down from the tree in silence and without haste.
2. If the adverbial participles are circumstances of the course of action and they cannot be replaced with verbs. Zhenya wept silently and did not hurry.
3. If a single adverb can be replaced with a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.

Isolation of single gerunds depending on their location in the sentence

Separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of a sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:

1. Tanya tried on slippers slowly.
2. On the way, without haste, Tanya admired the flowers.

In the first sentence, separating the gerunds with commas is not done, since it is represented by the circumstance of the course of action. It can be replaced by the word - "leisurely".

In the second sentence, the verbal participle represents the circumstance of the cause ("because I was not in a hurry").

How is the adverbial turnover formed?

If there is a part of speech in the sentence that answers the questions "having done what?", "Doing what?" and is called a participle, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called an adverbial turnover.

In a sentence, this turnover always performs the function of a circumstance and refers to a verb, since it denotes an additional action. Complementary actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon, or object that performs the main actions.

Examples of adverbial turns

The isolation of adverbs and adverbs occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the predicate verb. For example:

1. All day long dark clouds walked across the sky, now revealing the sun, then again covering it.
2. Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her in surprise and fascination.
3. Joy, bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
4. I watched the sun rise without taking my eyes off.
5. The baby, following his mother's hand, made the same movements.

What you need to remember when using the gerunds and adverbs in a sentence?

The basic rules for using adverbial expressions when writing text are as follows:

1. Expressed by a predicate verb, the main action and the additional action expressed by the adverbial turnover must refer to one person, object or phenomenon.
2. Most often, the isolation of the circumstances expressed by adverbs and adverbs is used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in an imperative mood.
3. If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the adverbial turnover.
4. Separation of adverbial participles and isolation of circumstances are one and the same, since an adverbial participle expresses a sign of a circumstance in a sentence.

In what cases are gerunds and adverbs not separated by commas?

Separation of the circumstances expressed by gerunds and gerunds is not made if:

1. Circumstances are connected by the conjunction "and" with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and took his attention. Dasha played noisily and shouted with joy.
2. Circumstances converge with adverbs. They lose their added meaning and acquire the meaning of an action attribute. It:

• gerunds, which have become phraseological turns (without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, headlong, open your mouth, and others). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But: rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the bath. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
• gerunds that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually stands after the predicate. The "adverbialness" of these participles is obvious in sentences where there is a group homogeneous members- verbs and adverbs. For example: He answered me without embarrassment and frankly. Not embarrassed is a verbal participle, and frankly- adverb.

The adverbial participles in the composition having the dependent word "which" in all their variations are not distinguished by commas. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.

What should be distinguished from gerunds

Separating the gerunds, many do not think that these can be adverbs or prepositions.

The following adverbs are distinguished:

• singing along;
• stealthily;
• jokingly;
• silently;
• sitting;
• standing;
• lying and others.

The participles identical with these words retain an additional action. This happens during formation and communication with other participles. Anya rode all the way standing. He'll do the job jokingly (easy)... These sentences use adverbs.

Standing on the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participle in the first sentence and homogeneous participles in the second sentence.

From the prepositions are distinguished: starting with, starting from. The commas are not put, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. Snow has been falling since night (since night).

Separation of participles and gerunds: what's the difference?

Participle and adverbial phrases perform different functions in a sentence and have the following morphological differences:

1. A participle or single participle refers to the word being defined (noun or pronoun). The gerunds or adverbs are closely related to the predicate verb. In this case, the participle changes in numbers, gender, cases, has full and short forms, and the gerunds are not a variable word form.
2. The participle and participle function as a definition in the sentence, and the participle and participle turns out to be different circumstances.
3. The participles and geruparticles are different among themselves with suffixes. The participles have suffixes such as -usch - (- yusch-), -asch - (- yasch) - -vsh-, -sh- in real participles and - ohm - (- em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- for the passive. Whereas gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -я-, -uch-, -yuchi-, -v-, -vshi-, -shi-.

1. If in a sentence there is a union next to the adverbial turnover, then they are separated by a comma. Unions and are not included in the turnover. For example: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over the puddle, ran home. An exception is the conjunction "a", which stands before the adverbial turnover. In this case, it is included in the turnover. For example: A person needs to understand what is the meaning of life, and having understood this, he will tell others.
2. If a sentence consists of several participial turns or single participles, then commas between them are put as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand, while holding the other on her belt.
3. If in the composition of one sentence there are several adverbial phrases related to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For example: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, not paying attention to the people, rushed away.
4. The adverbial turnover is always separated by commas on both sides.

Separation of the gerunds will not cause problems if you learn to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.

How can you help your child to consolidate the material learned?

After the child has studied the theoretical material, you should invite him to consolidate it with practical exercises.

Initially, children should orally work with sentences and learn to find adverbs and single adverbs in them. After that, students should be asked to write sentences and place them in. In addition, the child should explain his choice in the placement of commas.

After the children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with conjunctions and union words. At the same time, before finding the adverbial or single participle, the grammatical basis should be highlighted.

They complicate the task with complex compound sentences that have several grammatical bases and homogeneous adverbial expressions.

Participial turnover Is an adverb with dependent words. Like a single verbal participle, it denotes an additional action and is performed by the same person, object or phenomenon that performs the main action. Always separates. Answers the question "doing what?" or "having done what?" The action usually refers to the subject, for example: summing up the meeting, the minister congratulated all teachers on the start of the school year.

The verbal participle is an independent part of speech in Russian, which denotes an additional action with the main one. In this part of speech, the signs of a verb (type, voice and reflexivity) and adverbs (immutability, the syntactic role of a circumstance) are combined. Answers the questions of what to do? what having done?

Rule.

When using an adverbial phrase in a sentence, remember that:

1. the main action expressed by the predicate verb and the additional action expressed by the gerunds refer to the same person or object
2. often the adverbial turnover is used in a one-part definite personal sentence, including with a verb in the form of an imperative mood (where the subject is easily restored)
3. it is possible to use an adverbial phrase in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive

Adverbial sentences (examples)

Trap!

The adverbial turnover cannot be used in the following cases:

if the action expressed by the predicate verb and the action expressed by the verb belong to to different persons(subjects):

Jumping off the step of the tram, my hat flew off (DO NOT, since "the hat cannot jump off the tram"!)

if in the impersonal sentence there is no infinitive to which the adverbial turnover could refer, but there is a combination of a predicate verb with a pronoun or noun in the role of an object.

Looking out the window, I felt sad (CAN'T, as there is an addition to me)

if the adverbial turnover refers to passive participles, since in this case, the subject of the action expressed by the predicate and the subject of the action indicated by the verb) do not coincide:

After running away from home, the boy was found (DO NOT, because the boy runs away from the house, but other people find him!)

Syntactic norms. Algorithm of actions.

1) In the reverse, in bold, find the verbal participle (answers the questions: what to do? What to do?)

2) Highlight the bases in each version.

3) If there is no subject in the sentence, try to restore it by the predicate.

4) If it is impossible to restore the subject in the sentence, see if the producer of the action is indicated in the indirect case.

5) Correlate in each variant the subject with the gerunds.

6) The option where the subject performs the action of both the participle and the predicate is correct.

Analysis of the task.

Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Not counting on help

1) my strength began to leave.

2) the students coped with the task on their own.

3) independence is very important.

4) the textbook helps to better cope with difficult material.

We find the gerunds: n not counting on help - what are you doing? not counting.

In each variant, we will find a grammatical basis:

1) my strength began to leave.

2) the students coped with the task on their own.

3) independence very important .

4) the textbook helps to better cope with difficult material.

We correlate the verbal participle and the subjects by answering the question: who can not count on help? Is not strength, not independence and not a textbook. Only students may be able to cope with the task and not rely on help.

Correct answer - option number 2.

Also watch the video if something is not clear.

Practice.

1. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Analyzing Pushkin's poem "Poltava",

1) critics noted the abundance of colloquial expressions.

2) the abundance of colloquial expressions was considered its “obvious” drawback.

The participle and participle are special parts of speech that combine the morphological features of several parts of speech. This is how they differ from the rest. By the way, many linguistic scientists attribute the participle and gerunds to verb forms, and do not separate them into a separate part of speech. In this article, we will talk about them as independent ones.

The concept of the sacrament

The participle and participle in the Russian language are united by the fact that both of these parts of speech contain some morphological signs of the verb: the categories of type, recurrence and tense.

However, the participle gravitates towards adjectives and expresses a sign of an object or phenomenon by its action: reading, listening, building, reading. This part of the speech answers the questions what is doing? what did you do ?. From the adjective, the participle "inherited" gender, number and case - thus they agree with the noun to which they refer: a written book - written books (plural) - about a written book (prepositional case) - a written novel (masculine) ...

Also, the participle can be used in full and short forms. The awarded diploma - the certificate was presented. Unlike adjectives, only one letter n is written in short participles. Foggy lowland - foggy lowland (short adjective); sown field - field sown (short participle).

The participles, depending on the meaning, can be real (denote a sign created directly by an action - building) or passive (denote a sign of an action experienced from the outside - built).

The concept of the gerunds

The gerunds grammatically tend to the adverb: from it part of speech has taken on immutability, but from the verb the gerunds have remained the form (listening - listening) and reflexivity (washing - washing).

The verbal participle denotes an additional, additional action; it can be easily replaced with a homogeneous predicate.

• I walked down the street, enjoying the spring sun. - I walked down the street and enjoyed the spring sun.

The complementary action indicates how the main verb works. She walked rejoicing - the verbal participle "rejoicing" means an additional sign, an emotion with which the main action "walked" is performed.

Valid participles: education, suffixes

The participle and participle are formed from verbs using specific suffixes. As for the real participles of the present tense, their productive stem is a verb of the same tense. In the latter, the ending is simply swept aside and the characteristic participle suffix is ​​added: - gs - / - yusch- and - asch - / - box-.

It should be remembered here that the first suffixes are characteristic of participles formed from verbs of the first conjugation, - asch - / - box- used in participles from verbs II conjugation.

• Sunbathing - sunbathing (present tense verb, I conjugation) - sunbathing (real present participle).
• Glue - glue (present tense verb, II conjugation) - glue (valid present participle).

The same past participles are formed from the stem of the verb of the same tense using suffixes -wsh-, -sh-.

• Carry - carried - carried, crawl - crawl - crawl.

The unstressed vowel before the suffix (the word is put in the past tense) is also checked to blow - blown - blown.

Passive participles: education, suffixes

The painful participles of the present tense must be formed from the stem of the verb I or II conjugation using suffixes -em - / - im- respectively.

• Decide - Decide - Decide; wear - wear - wearable.

Suffixes - enn-, -nn-, -t- are used to form passive past participles. The generating stem is the infinitive verb: to decide - solved; wash - washed; read - read. It should be remembered that in the suffix - yenn- only the letter e is always written after the hissing ones. For example, burnt, resolved.

In addition, two letters are always written in the same suffix. n... This is how participles differ from verbal adjectives. The latter do not have prefixes and dependent words - they are written with one letter n. Sauerkraut (verbal adjective) - sauerkraut (participle, there is a dependent word) - sauerkraut (participle, there is a prefix)

Gerunds: education, suffixes

The participle and participle are similar in that both have a verb derived stem.

If we talk about imperfective participles, then the base of the present tense verb is taken and the suffix is ​​added to it - a- or - I am-.

• Watchman - watchman; shine - shine; moving - moving; breathe - breathing.

There are a number of verbs from which the formation of a participle is not possible: plow, bake, sew, dance.

If we talk about perfect participles, then they should be formed from the base of the infinitive. This involves the suffixes -v-, -lice-, -shi-. For example, write - by writing, by writing; bring - bring.

Thus, the spelling of participles and gerunds suffixes depends on the type of the verb of the generating stem, its conjugation. Also, sometimes the type should be taken into account (this is especially true for gerunds). Participle and participle suffixes different meaning you should know by heart, then their correct spelling will not cause difficulties.

Spelling not with participles and participles

It should be said about one more spelling, which often causes difficulties. How to write a particle not, participle and gerunds. The rules regarding the latter are quite simple: with the gerunds, this particle is written separately, except for words that are not used without it. For example: not doing, not thinking, not grabbing, not bringing, but indignant, hating.

The participle will not be written separately in the following cases:

1. He has dependent words. In other words, if there is not a single participle, but a participle turnover (Flowers that were not picked yesterday bloomed in all their glory).
2. There is an opposition in the sentence, built with the help of a union a ( They were not withered, but quite fresh flowers).

Together not with participles will be written outside the participle turns: incessant downpour, unplowed field, unread book.

Also written together with not participles that are not used without this particle: indignant, hating.

The participle and participle are nothing more than special forms of the verb. This article describes in detail the grammatical and syntactic features, methods of formation, characteristic features of participles and gerunds. For a better assimilation of the material, examples and important points are given.

Communion and gerunds in Russian- these are two special forms of the verb, which differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. The participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which the? What is the doer? What did you do? What did he do? The participles denote an additional action and answer questions What are you doing? Having done what?

The rules concerning the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.

Note! The participles in Russian vary by gender, number and case. The gerunds do not change and have no endings.

Features of the participle and adverbial turns

Participle and adverbial phrases- these are syntactic constructions that differ in general meaning and function in a sentence:

• Participial turnover Is an adverb with dependent words. In a sentence, like a single participle, they perform the syntactic role of a separate circumstance (separated by commas on both sides) and denote an additional action.