The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of the proposal are associated with homogeneous definitions that should be distinguished from heterogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).

First of all, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.

Each of homogeneous definitions clarifies the directly defined noun: An interesting, exciting film.

In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and forms, together with the noun, a single complex name. A more distant definition from a noun characterizes all this complex name as a whole: Nice May Day that is, the definition good does not belong to the word day, but to the phrase May day.

Relationships of heterogeneity are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjective-definitions (large glass vase, new leather bag), at the same time, the relative adjective stands directly before the noun and is part of a complex name, and a qualitative one characterizes all this complex name as a whole.

Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; every interesting book; 2) numerals and adjectives: first winter day; two old lime trees; 3) participle and adjective: crumbling autumn leaves; dull gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: large stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions denote different attributes of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.

Combinations with homogeneous definitions semanticly varied. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the characteristics of different objects; 2) definitions that name the features of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one object, but from different angles: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L. Tolstoy).)

1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects are designated that differ in any one respect: in color, purpose, material, geographic location etc.

For example: At a great distance the city spread out and quietly blazed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).

Uniformity of definitions in such groups is strictly required and easily recognizable. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the union c.)

2) Much more common are such homogeneous definitions that characterize the same item or a single group of items. It can be:

a) definitions-synonyms (the homogeneity of which is required, since they express one feature, i.e. they characterize an object on the one hand): sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;

b) definitions that denote signs that are different, but often and naturally accompany each other (between such definitions, you can insert a causal union because, because): dark, low clouds; night, deserted city;

3) definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is single, and the second is the participial turnover (the single definition precedes the common one): walked through the quiet taiga illuminated by stars(but: walked through the quiet taiga illuminated by the stars).

4) definitions-epithets (emotional, artistic definitions). Such definitions are found mainly in the descriptive contexts of works of art, where using homogeneous definitions every single detail of the description is underlined. Uniformity such definitions can be required or optional. Uniformity does not receive a distinct form and depends on the whole utterance. Such definitions are united by some common feature. The basis for this association is the similarity of the impression produced: The letter is written in large, uneven, thin handwriting. (A. Kuprin); A short, velvety grass grows green near the spring. (I. Turgenev); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fyodorovna entered their dark, stuffy, boring rooms. (A. Chekhov); In the gray sky there were wadded, dry clouds (K. Paustovsky).

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you have a number of homogeneous definitions in front of you. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is the difference between them?

Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side (in color, shape, size) or create a complete picture of the object.

Homogeneous definitions connected with each other by a compositional connection; they are equally directly related to the noun being defined and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.

Between homogeneous definitions, you can usually insert a union and .

For example: I ran into the room cheerful, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, between them you can put an alliance and .) In a vase stood red, orange and yellow flowers. (Red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)

Inhomogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles. In this case, only the closest definition refers directly to the defined word, while the other refers to the combination of the defined noun with the first definition.

Between heterogeneous definitions there is no compositional connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a union and .

As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, quality and relative ).

For example: I ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing- heterogeneous definitions, you cannot put an alliance between them and .)

In a vase stood large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant are adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions.)

To differentiate homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole complex of features. When parsing and placing punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, way of expression and the order of the definitions in the sentence.

Signs of homogeneity of definitions

Indicate signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
denote signs that are interdependent in the context of the context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
denote artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition comes before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the word being defined: female young, lovely, good, intelligent, charming ;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional feature): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in a position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges .
denote signs synonymous in the context of the context, while in the context of the context they are united by some common feature (similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.): He held out to me red, swollen, dirty hand; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; V thick, dark gray strands glittered in her hair; pale, strict face; happy, good-natured laughter; deserted, unfriendly House; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; Gray, continuous, small rain etc.

Between homogeneous definitions, not connected by unions, a comma is put.

For example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful a cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.

Signs of heterogeneity of definitions

Indicates shape and material: NS knotted nut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate size and material: large stone at home;
denote quality and location: sullen siberian river.

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.

For example: At the end of November fell first light snowball.(The words first and light first- numeral, light- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). My old House.(The words "my" and " old" refer to different parts of speech: my- pronouns, old- an adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(The words " neglected" and "fruit" refer to different parts of speech: neglected- single participle, fruit- adjective).

We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with a dependent word (participle) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participle should be in second place.

For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly haired hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after the participial phrase, if there are no special conditions for separation, the comma is not put.

Between heterogeneous definitions no comma.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications

1. Depending on the meaning, non-unionized applications can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. The applications before the word being defined and denoting close features of an object, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and separated by commas.

For example: Nobel laureate, academician HELL. Sakharov- honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig- academic degree and title; World Cup winner, champion Europe - sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the "golden belt" of the European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- listing of different titles.

If applications designate different signs of an object, characterize it from different sides, then they are heterogeneous and not separated by commas.

For example: First Deputy Defense Minister General of the Army - position and military rank; Chief Designer of the Design Institute for Construction Engineering for Precast Concrete Engineer - position and profession; general manager production association candidate of technical sciences - position and academic degree.

2. When homogeneous and heterogeneous applications are combined, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy Doctor pedagogical sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time World Cup winner, student of the Institute of Physical Education; honored master of sports, absolute world champion student of the Institute of Physical Education.

The concept of homogeneity in the Russian language is rather vague - for example, agreed definitions that have no union connection may or may not be homogeneous. At the same time, they can be separated by punctuation marks, but they can also not be placed between them. What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions and what are their main features?

Homogeneous definitions: signs and examples

The main sign of the homogeneity of definitions is that they have a direct connection with the (main) word being defined. At the same time, the relationship between these definitions themselves is based on the enumeration principle.

The enumeration relations between definitions are quite easy to identify: such members of the sentence are pronounced with enumerative intonation - this is, firstly, a compositional union can be put between them, and this is secondly.

But this is the simplest feature that distinguishes homogeneous definitions, in fact, there is a whole series of them. So, such definitions can denote the characteristic features of different objects. (green, yellow trees - green trees and yellow trees) or one object, but at the same time characterizing it from one side (burnt, devastated village - burnt and devastated village).

Definitions can characterize an object from different sides, but if in a specific context they are combined into one characteristic, then they become homogeneous: dark, hard days (hard because dark).

Also, a homogeneous connection can be built on the principle of contrast: dull, severe chest pain... on the principle of artistry: round, fish eyes, on the principle of gradation: joyful, radiant, solemn mood.

Definitions are always homogeneous if there are two of them and the second is expressed participial turnover: white, sleek hair.

Signs and features of heterogeneous definitions

Heterogeneous definitions have a completely different nature of the connection with the word being defined: only the nearest word is directly associated with it, the next is connected with the formed phrase.

Heterogeneous definitions cannot be pronounced with enumerative intonation, and the union and cannot be substituted between them.

Such definitions also have a number of other important features. They always characterize an object from several sides, give it different characteristics ( stone big house- the first word indicates the material, the second - the size). Often, heterogeneous definitions are expressed not by two adjectives and not an adjective with a participle, but by a combination of a pronoun and an adjective (my old doll), adjective and single participle (neglected old garden).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

In this case, the most difficult thing is to determine whether the definitions are homogeneous or not, then everything is quite simple. Heterogeneous definitions are never separated by a comma, but between homogeneous ones, on the contrary, it is always placed.

What have we learned?

The agreed definitions in the Russian language can be either homogeneous or not. They differ from each other in a number of features, the main one of which is the nature of the connection with the word being defined. So, if for homogeneous definitions it is direct and is based on the enumeration principle, then for heterogeneous definitions only the definition closest to the word being defined has a direct connection. In addition, homogeneous definitions are pronounced with enumerative intonation, and between them you can substitute the union and, and for heterogeneous ones, the opposite is true. A comma is always placed between homogeneous definitions, heterogeneous punctuation marks are not separated.

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Reference book on the Russian language. Punctuation Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

§ 10. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous definitions

1. Between homogeneous definitions not related by unions, put comma.

The definitions are homogeneous:

1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects: Crowds of kidsin blue, red, whiteshirts stand on the shore(M.G.);

2) if they denote different signs of the same object, characterizing it on the one hand: A mighty, violent, deafening downpour pouredto the steppe(Bub.). In this case, each of the definitions directly refers to the noun being defined; a compositional union can be inserted between the definitions: sound, motionless, healthy sleep(T.); rainy, dirty, dark autumn(H); empty, deserted shore(Ser.); hard, hard business(Er.); strong, decisive, firm word(Tuyere.); fat, lazy gophers; black, bare trees; dark, reckless, dangerous thoughts; cocky, arrogant, angry face; easy, casual, exciting conversation; strict, sharp, abrupt command; rotten, green swamp water; thick, heavy, opaque liquid; arrogant, capricious face; defiant, inappropriate tone; refined, noble, graceful manners; cheerful, bright holiday; great, proud, formidable name; sweet, kind woman; bizarre, menacing shadows; wrinkled, decrepit old woman; hard, prickly, piercing look; thick, shapeless legs; coarse, wild, cruel customs of the Middle Ages; old, faded dress; zealous, frenzied commitment to art; thick, suffocating dust; backward, dark, superstitious people; a good-natured, affectionate old man; sharp, intelligent look; hot, cloudless day; long, narrow corridor; a deaf, deserted place; kind, sad, embarrassed eyes; peaceful, calm life; warm, still, dense air; neat, clean, cheerful kids; stern, courageous face; unfamiliar, mysterious, magnificent jungle world; hard, painful path; picturesque, winding river; fresh, gray-green hay; dense, strong man; succulent, oily bush leaves;

3) if, characterizing an object from different sides, in the context of the context, they are united by some common feature (appearance, similarity of the impression they make, referring to a distant general concept, causation, etc.): The sky was meltingone small, goldencloud(M.G.) - appearance; Water flows over the stones and hidesfilamentous, emerald green algae(Sol.) - general external impression; WITHpale, twistedface he suddenly jumped up and grabbed his head(Ch.) - a general concept ("changed with excitement"); It was moonlit, clearevening(Ch.) ("Lunar, and therefore clear"); Rang outscary, deafeningthunderclap("Scary because it is deafening"); Have comeheavy, gloomytime("Heavy, therefore gloomy"); He closed his eyesred, inflamedover the centuries(“Red because they are inflamed”); deserted, inhospitable house; stuffy, oppressive darkness; gray, continuous, light rain; thick, black smoke; pale, stern face; dusty, ragged people; heavy, angry feeling; senile, colorless eyes; far, dark corner; proud, brave appearance; clean, new suit.

Heavy, coldthe rays lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains(L.); In the sky, here and there were seenstill, noctilucent clouds(T.); Large, inflatedbeads in three rows twisted aroundswarthy, thinneck(T.); He held out to mered, swollen, dirtyhand(T.); Petya was nowhandsome, ruddy, fifteenboy(L.T.); Cute, solid, redher lips still wrinkled as before(L.T.); Show everyone that thismotionless, gray, dirtylife is boring for you(H); Met himskinny, hunchbackedold woman(H); He pinched his fingersthin, fluffymustache(M.G.); Vthick, darkhair glittered gray strands(M.G.); Gray, smallthe Vlasovs' house attracted the attention of the suburb more and more(M.G.); Smooth, monotonousmumbling is interrupted(Ser.); ... Wash down with pink, sour, fragrantwine(Cat.);

4) if, in the context of the context, synonymous relations are created between the definitions: Have comedark, heavydays(T.); Cold, metalliclight flashed on thousands of wet leaves(Gran.); WITHwonderfulwith almost magical ease he wielded his instrument; solid, hopeless darkness; transparent, clean air; red, angry face; timid, apathetic character; thick, heavy oil; quiet, modest life; white, strong teeth; cheerful, good-natured smile; proud, independent look; a remote, deserted alley; dry, cracked ground; harsh, stubborn character; happy, mischievous, boyish smile;

5) if they are artistic definitions: Some grasshoppers are chirping together, and it's tiresome ... thisrelentless, sour and drysound(T.); Hispale blue, glasseyes ran(T.); The old woman closedlead, extinguishedeyes(M.G.); the same when using the definition-adjective in a figurative sense: round, fishy eyes of a boy; thin, crane legs;

6) if they form a semantic gradation (each subsequent definition strengthens the sign it expresses): In the fall, the feather-grass steppes completely change and get theirspecial, original, not similar to anythingview(Ax.); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fedorovna entered theirdark, stuffy, boringrooms(H); Joyful, festive, radiantthe mood was bursting(Ser.);

7) if a single definition is followed by a participle definition: little-known burial mounds located on the outskirts; an ancient wooden figurine blackened from time to time; a small, carpeted dais; black, sleek hair; a thin, furrowed face with deep wrinkles; an empty field covered with snow; early, slightly playing dawn; firm, poorly shaven chin(compare with a different word order: poorly shaved firm chin).

Wed in the language of fiction: In the chest I foundyellowed, written no-latinhetman letter(Paust.); It was somehow sad for no-good in thissmall, already touched in late autumngarden(Hump.); That wasthe first, not clouded by any fearsjoy of discovery(Gran.); Onwhite, carefully ironedtablecloths appeared bear meat, dried sohatina ...(Al.); A view oftall, slightly turning pinkfirmament(EAT.); Throughsmall, covered with icethe window ... the moonlight was breaking through(Close).

But: black spots on the tablecloth; half-worn hare collar; large material collected by the author etc. - the first definition refers to the combination of the second definition with a noun;

8) if they stand after the noun being defined (in this position, each of the definitions is directly related to the noun and has the same semantic independence): I saw a young womanbeautiful, kind, intelligent, charming(H); I will then possess the trutheternal, undoubted(T.).

Possible deviations:

a) in poetic speech, which is associated with the rhythm and melody of the verse: Hello, blue autumn days(Br.);

b) in combinations of a terminological nature: late-ripening winter pear; electric-welded stainless steel thin-walled pipes; electric drift bridge crane; gray cloth trousers; early terry aster;

9) if opposed to a combination of other definitions with the same defined word: Not long ago in our area there wereshort, woodenat home, and now -high, stone;In the window of the ticket office stretchedlarge, malehands thensmall, female;

10) a special case is the so-called explanatory definitions, when a comma is placed between the definitions, if the second of them explains the first (between them you can insert the union that is or namely): Inside the house, the rooms were filledcommonplacesimple furniture(T.); With quick steps I walked a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and ... I saw completelyother,to mestrangersplaces(T.); With a good sense of hope fornew, betterlife he drove up to his house(L.T.); Evening was approaching, and there was one in the airspecial, heavystuffiness that portends a thunderstorm(M.G.); At allothers, urbansounds were heard outside and inside the apartment(Cat.); ... Normal, peacefulcoexistence of states; Was of interestand another,extra work; We will soon enterinto the new,XXI century. In these cases, the second definition acts not as a homogeneous one, but as an explanatory one (see § 23). The possibility of punctuation variations is explained by different interpretations of the meaning of the sentence; Wed: I want to buyother leatherbriefcase(I already have a leather briefcase). - I want to buythe other, leatherbriefcase(I have a briefcase, but not a leather one).

2. There is no comma between heterogeneous definitions.

Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding definition refers not directly to the noun being defined, but to the combination of the subsequent definition with this noun: Alyosha gave himsmall folding roundmirror(Ven.) (Cf .: round mirror - folding round mirror - small folding round mirror); The old mother laid out the grapes onlow round Tatartable(L.T.); ... Do you imaginenasty southern countytown?(Kupr.); Early harsh winterthe dawn shone through the death haze(F.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, that is, they express features related to different generic (general) concepts: In the corner of the living room stoodpot-bellied nutthe Bureau(G.) - form and material; Magical underwater islands ... pass quietlywhite roundclouds(T.) - color and shape; We lived in a basementlarge stoneat home(M.G.) - size and material; Once upon a time I happened to swim along the gloomy Siberian river(Cor.) - quality and location.

If such characteristics are united by a common generic concept, such definitions can become homogeneous: A large stone house has been set aside for the tourist base - the unifying feature "comfortable".

Depending on the style of speech, some examples allow for different understandings, and in this regard, different intonation and punctuation; Wed: It was these new, large, multi-storey buildings that mainly defined the face of the city.(Cat.) - in fiction; New large multi-storey buildings built- in business speech. Wed also: Tiny, motionless lights could be seen in the distance. There were tiny, motionless lights in the distance.

Heterogeneous definitions are expressed:

1) a combination of relative adjectives or participles and relative adjectives: summer health camp; marble quadrangular columns; unpublished copyright drafts; twisted iron staircase; a neglected orchard;

2) a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives: high rare last year's reeds; brand new yellow chairs; sheer gingham striped dress; huge black disc-shaped anti-tank mines; uneven clay smeared floor; an unironed gray canvas towel; a beautiful small oval mirror; luxurious carved gilded frame; new high economic frontiers; interesting oblong swarthy face; trendy fluffy curled wig; thick protruding lower lip; bushy, arched, high eyebrows.

Wed in the language of fiction: The bright winter sun came through our windows(Ax.); A high blue Vienna(L.T.); Snow drifts covered with thin ice crust(H); Suddenly an alarming horse neigh rang out in the darkness(F.);

3) less often - a combination of high-quality adjectives: tiny white fluffy dog; soft thick black curls; huge amazing dark blue swallows(Prishv.); milkman with heavy yellow cream(Kupr.); light restrained whisper(T.).

Punctuation was discussed above with agreed definitions. Inconsistent definitions are usually homogeneous: A young man enteredabout twenty-five, shining with health, with laughing cheeks, lips and eyes(Hound.).

By developing new lesson, we ask questions: what will we study, why and how? When defining the goal, we focus on the class level: lyceum - non-human, as well as on the profile - humanitarian or non-humanitarian. After that, you can make a choice what material to use - prepared in advance or involved in the course of the lesson. Without forgetting the “distant” goal - becoming linguistic personality student, in the humanitarian class we set tasks for each student - to determine their own position: speaking - writing, listening - reading. In both cases, examples are examined in which, under certain conditions, a linguistic phenomenon exists (or does not exist), for example, when agreed definitions will or will not be homogeneous. In this case, the punctuation rule ceases to be an organizing center, it is assimilated as a consequence arising from the analysis of phrases or sentences. The student comes to the conclusion: there are different options for setting punctuation marks.

In a non-humanitarian, non-personal class, the goal can be formulated differently: it is necessary to competently and consciously use constructions with homogeneous / heterogeneous definitions in speech. Hence the tasks: to find out when a comma is / is not put between the agreed definitions, to learn how to read and write sentences with homogeneous / heterogeneous definitions correctly, to be able to correctly compose them.

Independent research on the topic "Homogeneous and inhomogeneous definitions" contributes to a more durable assimilation, is better retained by long-term memory. We offer it in a humanitarian class in the form of laboratory work.

Preliminary homework for reviewing the past - answer questions, pick up examples:

- What minor members of the proposal do you know?

- Which member of the sentence is called the definition?

- What adjectives are qualitative, relative?

- What are the signs subordination"Reconciliation"?

- What parts of speech words agree with the noun?

- What are the conjunctive conjunctions?

- What dividing and opposing alliances do you know?

(Questions can be given by variants, distributed by groups.)

FIRST LESSON PROCESS

I. Preparatory stage

1. Checking homework.

2. Working with concepts homogeneous / heterogeneous.

1) Two rows of synonyms are given. Decide which synonyms the word goes with definition as a linguistic term.

a) Heterogeneous, mixed, variegated, variegated, variegated, heterogeneous, heterogeneous.

b) Similar, identical, close, similar, poured, similar, homogeneous, heterogeneous.

2) Think about what the phrases mean: homogeneous definitions, heterogeneous definitions.

II. The main stage

1. Actualization of attention. Motivation.

The disciple, telling the story of the appearance of a chemise in the house, wrote: “I was walking through the autumn and damp park, when suddenly, either under a yellow or under a tall larch, I saw something incomprehensible. Then someone jumped out of the bush, small and black, and with a white breast. "

Describing the nature of the chick, the student made the following phrases: self-reliant and independent, pugnacious and headstrong; either neat or moody.

What speech and grammatical mistakes would you note?

2. The form of the lesson.

3. Topic of the lesson.

5. The challenge.

6. Work with handouts.

Exercise. Carefully read the examples from the book by A.M. Zimin "An unfamiliar familiar forest" and fill in the tables.

Homogeneous definitions

Signs and conditions of homogeneity	Examples of
1. List the signs of different objects
2. They characterize the object from any one side, indicate the state
3. The subsequent definition clarifies, clarifies the previous
4. Between definitions, you can insert a union and
5. Stand after the designated word
6. Expressed by adjectives and participles
7. Expressed with quality adjectives

A tall, thick bird cherry grows near the bathhouse. A chaffinch flew to the birch and sang short, merry songs. Nowhere else have I seen so many white and yellow lilies. Christmas trees breathed in the face warm and thick pine needles aroma. Large and small bubbles float downstream. The russula stands openly on the road - wet, pink, joyful. Birches dressed in gold, aspens and maples in yellow, orange and purple dresses. On the gray shore, not dry from the spring water, a marigold bush opened its bright yellow buds. Nearby in the grass, I found two young porcini mushrooms, brown in the sun. When winter birds fly away in spring, swallows from the south will come to visit: both village and city. It seemed that the sparrows had not gathered here for dinner, but started a very interesting game with a bread crust, but incomprehensible to me. The rains are falling more and more often, and now there is a quiet, warm, unhurried rain, from which you do not want to hide either under the tree or under the oilcloth. Under the tree grew lanky, toasted like buns, white fir mushrooms; near the pines stood round, reddish-brown barrels of boletus. Puzan-boletus is all in sight, solid and proud.

Inhomogeneous definitions

Small round forest lake. I found a comfortable flat rock in the water. Young pink leaves appeared on the aspen. Quiet, motionless pines stood farther from the water. A chaffinch and a willow warbler sang in the light birch forest. I walked along the black burned bank of the river. It was difficult to find firewood in the dark, and I supported the fire with last year's dry grass. The duckling swims up to the snag-seal, collects something from its wet, smooth back and talks to him about something. The corncrake creaks tirelessly in the dim gray bushes. I walk through the overgrown narrow road... More and more often the road is blocked by fallen dry twisted trees. I spread the grass and catch large ripe berries from it. An amazing bustle of life boils around me here. On the damp mossy spruce forest, only red marsh russula grew. A thundercloud rustled over the forest and left clean, warm puddles on the road.

7. Drawing up schemes.

Homogeneous definitions -,

heterogeneous definitions -

III. The final stage

1. Assessment of your condition and your work.

2. Comments and suggestions for the lesson.

IV. Homework(student's choice)

1) Select 8-10 sentences with homogeneous - heterogeneous definitions;

2) select a text containing sentences with homogeneous - heterogeneous definitions;

3) come up with 8-10 sentences with homogeneous - heterogeneous definitions;

4) compose a text containing sentences with homogeneous - heterogeneous definitions.

Material for the second lesson

1. Be careful! Determine if agreed adjectives are definitions in all sentences.(Not all. In examples 1, 3, 5, adjectives are part of a compound nominal predicate.)

1) The dried moss crunched underfoot, and the cloudberries were surprisingly juicy and large.

2) A silver night moth flickers in a ray of light.

3) The river is narrow here, the banks are high and steep.

4) I came to collect cloudberries on a hot, calm day.

5) The thick litter of fallen leaves was dry and soft.

2. Explanatory dictation.

1) A bumblebee queen in a black fluffy fur coat with a yellow belt flew to our parking lot on the shore of the lake, buzzing in bass.

2) It seemed that autumn hung colorful holiday lanterns on the aspen.

3) The water in the river has already cooled down from the long cold nights and does not have time to warm up in a day.

4) Strong, sharp, alarming cries of a thrush were heard in the bushes.

5) I squeezed my big mushroom basket into my backpack, and together with my son we moved to our cherished places to the Spring Lake.

6) The marsh grass cottongrass crept up to the lake itself, its heads in white downy hats bent to the water and began to listen to something. (A. Zimin)

3. Write down, heading, the text, explain the setting of punctuation marks. Check the author's punctuation.

The sky is clear blue sun, although not very warm, but bright festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvery in the sky. Along the road there are multicolored aspens. When the wind blows, aspen trees throw heaps of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch leaves on the fly and throw them up again, rejoicing with the aspens on a fine autumn day.

And suddenly, in the wind, in the shade of thick trees, I noticed a subdued young aspen with black leaves. What kind of grief does she have? I went up to her and stood beside her, but I could not help her, I could not even ask her.

ASPEN IN THE TRAUR

The sky is clear, blue, the sun, although not very warm, is bright and festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvery in the sky. Along the road there are multicolored aspens. When the wind blows, aspen trees throw heaps of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch leaves on the fly, toss them up again, rejoicing with the aspens on a fine autumn day.

And suddenly, in the wind, in the shade of thick trees, I noticed a subdued young aspen with black leaves. What kind of grief does she have? He went up to her, stood beside her, but could not help her, could not even ask her. (A. Zimin)

4. Write off the text, insert homogeneous or non-homogeneous definitions in place of the gaps. Underline uniform definitions with a wavy line.

GOES ARE FLYING

It's raining. With the wind. Either drizzling, then _______, _______, _______. In the wet _______ sky, geese flying away to the south scream, screaming at night and day, sometimes so high that they cannot be seen in the rain, or very low, just above the forest. And then it seems that a gusty _______ wind carries them along with the clouds to the south. They bow after the aspen and birch trees, waving their branches. Red and _______ leaves break off the branches and fly after the geese. A flock of finches flies with the leaves. You start to confuse where the finches are and where the leaves are. But the finches flew away, and the leaves, exhausted, fall on the grass _______ _______ from heavy rains, on the muddy and _______ road, on the pockmarked _______ puddles. Behind the birch forest, the cries of geese are heard again. The wind blows another flock of goose to the south. (A. Zimin)

5. Test. Indicate sentence numbers with homogeneous definitions.

1) A large and shaggy dog ​​of some indeterminate color came out from behind the bend.

2) The geese noticed the puppy and, giggling displeasedly, gathered closer, scolding him in different ways. The big white gander, the leader of the pack, tried especially hard.

3) Having received a portion of milk, the calf lay down right there under a young spreading birch tree and rested until lunchtime.

4. Winter was approaching. Lisankin's fur coat became fluffy and thick.

5) By the fall, the fox had turned into an adult beautiful fox and began to give us trouble.

6) The cat squinted its eyes and saw a mouse, small, gray, with a long tail dragging along the floor, was running nearby, looking warily in her direction.

7) Chickens, as if dead, lay in the dust on their side, the sparrows sat on the fence, near the old basin, from which, slowly, standing on its edge with paws, a white cat with yellow spots lapped.

8) No sooner had Nayda reached the first bushes, when a fox scent - strong, unbearable - went through her nose.

9) The fox swerved to the ravine, rolled down the slope and immediately upward, jumped over the frozen stream, forced its way through the thick and thorny bushes, leaving shreds of red wool on them, and began to take it to the right.

10) Spring was early and extremely fast. (V.Svintsov)

Answer. 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10.

When studying new topic in non-personal classes, as long-term practice shows, it is best to go from the experience of children: the assimilation of the material is always higher if you first understand examples of phrases, sentences, texts invented by students, and only then from a textbook. For this reason, the work on the topic "Homogeneous and inhomogeneous definitions" can be structured as follows:

1. Riddle.

The proverb says about this bird that she and a sparrow are sea backbones. Can be semi-domesticated and wild at the same time. (Pigeon.)

2. Conversation.

- What do you think, is the phrase composed correctly? the dove is brave and semi-domestic?

(No, a speech error was made, since the sign that determines the character of the pigeon is named, and the sign that determines the habitat is indicated.)

- Can you say pigeons postage and decorative?

(It is possible, because there are signs indicating the purpose of pigeons.)

- Is the phrase composed correctly plumage white, blue and brownish brown?

(Yes, adjectives mean color.)

- Is there a speech error in the sentence Pigeons feed on seeds of legumes and cereals?

- Here: transverse white stripe on the lower back? Or: wide dark stripe at the end of the tail?

(The phrases were composed without errors.)

- Definitions in phrases are consistent, but homogeneous?

(Inhomogeneous.)

- Give an example where the definitions, in your opinion, are homogeneous.

3. Message of the topic of the lesson.

4. Offer- at the end of the lesson, independently formulate the purpose of the lesson.

5. The movement of the topic. Working with material.

Exercise 1. Consider the drawing. Read the sentences.

In which sentence are definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives? What are the adjectives in the first sentence? How are the definitions in the third sentence expressed? Where are the definitions homogeneous, heterogeneous? Pay attention to the setting of punctuation marks. In which case it is impossible to insert a union between the definitions and? Try to formulate a punctuation rule.

Task 2. Consider the drawing.

Make up phrases: quality adjective + quality adjective + noun, and qualitative adjective + relative adjective + noun(word order can be changed). When composing the first type of phrases, describe the beak, wings, legs, tail of the pigeons. When composing phrases of the second type, take into account the size, age, plumage, endurance, purpose, habitat of the birds.

Task 3. Describe the character of each bird using appropriate definitions.

Independent, unpretentious, careful, restrained, secretive, brave, quarrelsome, proud, meek, important, calm, pugnacious.

Task 4. Read the text. Briefly summarize. Find inconsistent definitions and explain the placement of punctuation marks.

The dove is a symbol of purity, meek disposition, also tenderness and love. In a number of traditions, the dove acts as a heavenly messenger and as a symbol of the soul of the deceased. So, according to the legend of the Slavs, the soul of the deceased turns into a dove. In addition, he is a sacrificial animal.

The white carrier pigeon, announcing the victory of the Olympic Games to the Greek city-states, became the prototype of the dove of peace with an olive branch in its beak, since during the games in Greece peace was declared. The artist Picasso revived ancient symbolism by painting a white terry carrier pigeon for the World Peace Congress. (According to V.V.Adamchik)

Task 5. Find in the text and write down homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions in the composition of phrases. Explain the setting of punctuation marks.

The buzzard is a large bird of prey, noticeably larger than a crow, with a pointed hooked beak. Its color is simple: from grayish-ocher to dark brown, the bottom is lighter, with longitudinal streaks. Short rounded tail in transverse stripes. A flying bird has a light stripe below its wide wings. (V.D. Ilyichev)

Task 6. Copy the text, place punctuation marks. Underline uniform definitions with a wavy line and non-uniform definitions with a straight line.

The warbler has a thin pointed beak with brownish plumage above and grayish-buffy plumage below. Slender, mobile, she quickly and maneuverably moves in crowns and bushes leads a secretive lifestyle, although she is not afraid of a person. It is active in daylight and at night. (According to V.D.Ilyichev)

6. Formulation of the purpose of the lesson.

7. Generalization.

- Do homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side or from different sides? (One side.) In this case, adjectives most often belong to what category? (These are quality adjectives.)

- When do homogeneous definitions list the features of different objects? Give an example.

- Is it true that heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles? (Right.)

- Under what condition is a comma inserted between the agreed definitions? (If they are homogeneous.)

8. Lesson summary.

9. Homework.

Read and paraphrase a paragraph from the textbook, select and complete one exercise in writing.

Additional material for control and correction: work with V. Ilyichev's texts (6th version is adapted).

1) Read the text.

2) Determine the type and style of speech.

3) Find and write down homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, indicate their signs. Explain punctuation marks.

Option 1

The white stork is a large, stately bird with black wings at the ends, an elongated red beak and red legs.

The stork walks on the ground a lot, flies well, interrupting the flight by hovering. Without a voice, it characteristically pops with its beak.

This bird lives in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the western part of Russia. Readily settles in settlements, in the fields and in swampy meadows. Winters in Africa. The white stork makes nests on poles, rooftops or large trees.

His food is frogs, mice, insects.

Option 2

Who has not seen this smart and careful bird! Black-headed, with a pointed black beak, black strong legs and a rounded tail. Below it is gray, the neck and back are of the same color.

Surprisingly, the hooded crow belongs to songbirds, although it is difficult to call its dissonant shrill croaking, clicking and crackling as singing. She flies well, walks quickly on the ground, deftly climbs the branches. Spends a lot of time in the crowns of trees and on buildings. Leads a sedentary lifestyle, undertakes migrations in the autumn-winter period.

Option 3

The forest pipit is a graceful bird, smaller and slender than a sparrow, with a thin, straight and pointed beak, long legs, and a loosely cut tail. In summer, its back is covered with clay-grayish spots and streaks. The ventral side is buffy-yellowish, with wide streaks on the crop and chest. Legs pink, hind toe with an elongated and curved claw. The extreme tail feathers are white.

Option 4

Despite such a disrespectful name, the kestrel is a predator, albeit small, about the size of a pigeon. It is a bird with a long, stepped tail, wide rounded wings, and a pointed hooked beak. In males, the head, tail and upper tail are gray, wings and back are in black spots, tail is gray, with black and white border at the top, the underside is buffy, with brown longitudinal spots. The top of the female is brownish, with a transverse pattern on the back, shoulders and tail, the head is with longitudinal stripes.

Option 5

It is difficult to imagine a person who does not know the tit! Here it is: a little less than a sparrow, with a straight pointed beak, short, tenacious legs. The top of the head of the tit is shiny, black, the back of the head and cheeks are white, the back is greenish, the underside is yellow with a black longitudinal stripe, wide in males and narrow in females. On the gray-blue wing there is a light transverse stripe, the outer tail feathers are white. This mobile, dexterous bird, active during the day, spends a lot of time in the crowns of trees, in bushes, on the ground. He is not afraid of a person, especially children.

Option 6

Winter nature is adorned by our favorites - handsome bullfinches. The common bullfinch is larger than a sparrow. It has a thick, short, strongly swollen black beak. The plumage is soft, long, dense. The tail is black, straight cut. Strong and tenacious legs keep the bird upside down on a tree branch as it reaches for berries and seeds. In males, the underside is bright red, in females it is whitish-gray, on both the crown, forehead, cheeks, wings and tail are shiny black. The back is gray, the underside of the abdomen, upper tail and undertail are white.

T.V. SENYUSHKINA,
lyceum "Sigma",
Barnaul