Komsomolskaya Square. Komsomolskaya square Komsomolskaya square another name

Komsomolskaya Square (until 1933 Kalanchevskaya Square) is a square in Moscow where three stations are located at once: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky and Kazansky. Also popularly called the Square of Three stations.

Name history
According to the most widespread opinion, the original name of the square - "Kalanchevskaya" - after the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich with a wooden tower - "watchtower" (see below). Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed into "Komsomolskaya" in 1933 in honor of the Komsomol - the builders of the metro (the first stage of the first line of the Moscow metro passed under the square) as a gift for the 15th anniversary of the Komsomol.

In everyday life, it is known as the "Square of Three Stations" or simply "Three Stations". In 2003, some newspapers published a message about the renaming of the square into "Square of Three Stations". In reality, however, there was no such renaming; the square retains the name "Komsomolskaya Square".

In the 17th century, on the site of the present square, there were meadows and swamps known as the Kalanchevskoye field. On the southern side, that is, the side of the modern Kazansky railway station, there was a swamp, along which the Olkhovets stream flowed. From the east, between the present Yaroslavsky railway station and Verkhnyaya Krasnoselskaya street, the field was bounded by a large pond, created thanks to the dam on Olkhovets and known since 1423 as Veliky, and later as Krasny.

It was equal in size to the Moscow Kremlin (23 hectares). To the south, the Chechera river flowed out of the pond, across which a wooden bridge was thrown. The Stromynskaya road passed along the bridge (to the village of Stromyn and further to Suzdal), along the line of the western part of Komsomolskaya Square, Krasnoprudnaya Street and further Stromynka Street.

On the northern side of the pond (according to other sources, on the site of Bolshaya Spasskaya Street), Aleksey Mikhailovich built a traveling palace for himself, as it is considered with a wooden tower (in Tatar, “tower”), from where the field in front of the palace was named Kalanchevsky. On the opposite side of the pond from the field was the palace Krasnoye Selo, which eventually became a large craft settlement.

In the west, the field reached the middle of the current Bolshaya Spasskaya Street (named after the Church of the Savior, which stood at the edge of the field). Subsequently, at the end of the 17th century, on the western bank of the pond - from the side of Nikolaevsky (Leningradsky) and Yaroslavsky railway stations (on the land of the coachmen of the Pereyaslavskaya Sloboda), a New Field Artillery Yard was built - a plant and a warehouse of cannons and cannonballs with a shooting range.

It consisted of a number of wooden buildings spread over an area of ​​20 hectares. and surrounded by a stone wall. Thanks to this, the field remained undeveloped.

The Krasnoe Selo went down in the history of the Time of Troubles: on June 1, 1605, the messengers of False Dmitry I, Gavrila Pushkin and Naum Pleshcheev, appeared there, and their appearance became the impetus for an uprising that spread to Moscow and put an end to the Godunov dynasty.

Peter I liked to arrange holidays with cannon fire and fireworks on the Red Pond: in honor of the capture of Azov (1697) and in honor of peace with Turkey (1699), and in honor of peace with Sweden (1722). Academician I. Ye. Zabelin in his article "Antiquities of Moscow and Their Research" (1867) believes that (contrary to the popular opinion now) it was precisely from the festivities in honor of the capture of Azov that the field got its name, since two towers were built on it - "watchtowers" , copies of the Azov, which were exponentially stormed by Russian soldiers.

The artillery yard burned down and exploded in 1812, and the explosion shook the entire eastern part of Moscow. In 1849, on the site of the Artillery Yard and to the west, the architect A.K. Ton built a railway station (from 1856 - Nikolaevsky, later Leningradsky).

To the west of the station there is a large (at that time) building, in which in the 60s. Customs was transferred from Pyatnitskaya Street. On the opposite side of the square there were forest rows (a reminder of which is the current Lesnoryadskiy lane).

In 1862, a small Yaroslavsky station was built between Nikolaevsky railway station and Krasniy Pond, in 1907 it was replaced by a modern one, in the Art Nouveau style with elements of Old Russian architecture (architect F.O.Shekhtel).

With the construction of the Ryazan (now Kazan) railway, the construction of the station on the site of the forest rows began: in 1860 the swamp was drained, the Olkhovets river was enclosed in a pipe, and the forest rows were removed; the building of the Ryazan (Kazan) railway station itself was built in 1862-64. In 1911-1926 this building was replaced by a modern one designed by A. V. Shchusev.

At the end of the XIX century. The Chechora River was enclosed in a pipe, and Krasnoprudnaya Street ran across it on the site of the ancient bridge and further to the east. Then, in 1901-1910, the Red Pond itself was filled up, and timber warehouses were arranged in its place.

In 1933-34. a metro was laid on the square in an open way. In 1933, Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed into Komsomolskaya Square. A pavilion of the Komsomolskaya station was erected between the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky railway stations, which was replaced in 1952 with a new one, common for Komsomolskaya and the newly built Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya.

Komsomolskaya Square (until 1933 Kalanchevskaya Square) is a square in Moscow where three stations are located at once: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky and Kazansky. Also popularly called the Square of Three stations.

Name history
According to the most widespread opinion, the original name of the square - "Kalanchevskaya" - after the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich with a wooden tower - "watchtower" (see below). Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed into "Komsomolskaya" in 1933 in honor of the Komsomol - the builders of the metro (the first stage of the first line of the Moscow metro passed under the square) as a gift for the 15th anniversary of the Komsomol.

In everyday life, it is known as the "Square of Three Stations" or simply "Three Stations". In 2003, some newspapers published a message about the renaming of the square into "Square of Three Stations". In reality, however, there was no such renaming; the square retains the name "Komsomolskaya Square".

In the 17th century, on the site of the present square, there were meadows and swamps known as the Kalanchevskoye field. On the southern side, that is, the side of the modern Kazansky railway station, there was a swamp, along which the Olkhovets stream flowed. From the east, between the present Yaroslavsky railway station and Verkhnyaya Krasnoselskaya street, the field was bounded by a large pond, created thanks to the dam on Olkhovets and known since 1423 as Veliky, and later as Krasny.

It was equal in size to the Moscow Kremlin (23 hectares). To the south, the Chechera river flowed out of the pond, across which a wooden bridge was thrown. The Stromynskaya road passed along the bridge (to the village of Stromyn and further to Suzdal), along the line of the western part of Komsomolskaya Square, Krasnoprudnaya Street and further Stromynka Street.

On the northern side of the pond (according to other sources, on the site of Bolshaya Spasskaya Street), Aleksey Mikhailovich built a traveling palace for himself, as it is considered with a wooden tower (in Tatar, “tower”), from where the field in front of the palace was named Kalanchevsky. On the opposite side of the pond from the field was the palace Krasnoye Selo, which eventually became a large craft settlement.

In the west, the field reached the middle of the current Bolshaya Spasskaya Street (named after the Church of the Savior, which stood at the edge of the field). Subsequently, at the end of the 17th century, on the western bank of the pond - from the side of Nikolaevsky (Leningradsky) and Yaroslavsky railway stations (on the land of the coachmen of the Pereyaslavskaya Sloboda), a New Field Artillery Yard was built - a plant and a warehouse of cannons and cannonballs with a shooting range.

It consisted of a number of wooden buildings spread over an area of ​​20 hectares. and surrounded by a stone wall. Thanks to this, the field remained undeveloped.

The Krasnoe Selo went down in the history of the Time of Troubles: on June 1, 1605, the messengers of False Dmitry I, Gavrila Pushkin and Naum Pleshcheev, appeared there, and their appearance became the impetus for an uprising that spread to Moscow and put an end to the Godunov dynasty.

Peter I liked to arrange holidays with cannon fire and fireworks on the Red Pond: in honor of the capture of Azov (1697) and in honor of peace with Turkey (1699), and in honor of peace with Sweden (1722). Academician I. Ye. Zabelin in his article "Antiquities of Moscow and Their Research" (1867) believes that (contrary to the popular opinion now) it was precisely from the festivities in honor of the capture of Azov that the field got its name, since two towers were built on it - "watchtowers" , copies of the Azov, which were exponentially stormed by Russian soldiers.

The artillery yard burned down and exploded in 1812, and the explosion shook the entire eastern part of Moscow. In 1849, on the site of the Artillery Yard and to the west, the architect A.K. Ton built a railway station (from 1856 - Nikolaevsky, later Leningradsky).

To the west of the station there is a large (at that time) building, in which in the 60s. Customs was transferred from Pyatnitskaya Street. On the opposite side of the square there were forest rows (a reminder of which is the current Lesnoryadskiy lane).

In 1862, a small Yaroslavsky station was built between Nikolaevsky railway station and Krasniy Pond, in 1907 it was replaced by a modern one, in the Art Nouveau style with elements of Old Russian architecture (architect F.O.Shekhtel).

With the construction of the Ryazan (now Kazan) railway, the construction of the station on the site of the forest rows began: in 1860 the swamp was drained, the Olkhovets river was enclosed in a pipe, and the forest rows were removed; the building of the Ryazan (Kazan) railway station itself was built in 1862-64. In 1911-1926 this building was replaced by a modern one designed by A. V. Shchusev.

At the end of the XIX century. The Chechora River was enclosed in a pipe, and Krasnoprudnaya Street ran across it on the site of the ancient bridge and further to the east. Then, in 1901-1910, the Red Pond itself was filled up, and timber warehouses were arranged in its place.

In 1933-34. a metro was laid on the square in an open way. In 1933, Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed into Komsomolskaya Square. A pavilion of the Komsomolskaya station was erected between the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky railway stations, which was replaced in 1952 with a new one, common for Komsomolskaya and the newly built Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya.

Komsomolskaya Square (Moscow)

Komsomolskaya square(until 1933 - Kalanchevskaya square) is an area in Moscow where three railway stations are located at once: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky and Kazansky. Unofficially called the "Square of Three Stations". At the same time, there is also the Kalanchevskaya railway platform, which for some time was the Imperial Station and is now planned for reconstruction into the Aeroexpress Train Station, as well as the Government Station (also known as "Brezhnevsky") nearby.

Name history

According to the most widespread opinion, the original name of the square - "Kalanchevskaya" - after the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich with a wooden tower - "watchtower". Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed into "Komsomolskaya" in 1933 in honor of the Komsomol - the builders of the metro (the first stage of the first line of the Moscow metro passed under the square) as a gift for the 15th anniversary of the Komsomol. In everyday life, it is known as the "Square of three stations" or simply "Three stations". In 2003, some newspapers published a message about the renaming of the square into "Square of three stations". In reality, however, there was no such renaming; the square retained the name "Komsomolskaya Square".

The history of the square

Kalanchevskoe field in the 17th-18th centuries

In the 17th century, on the site of the present square, there were meadows and swamps known as the Kalanchevskoye field. On the southern side, that is, the side of the modern Kazansky railway station, there was a swamp, along which the Olkhovets stream flowed. From the east, between the present Yaroslavsky railway station and Verkhnyaya Krasnoselskaya street, the field was bordered by a large pond, created thanks to the dam on Olkhovets and known since 1423 as Veliky, and later as Krasny. It was equal in size to the Moscow Kremlin (23 hectares).

To the south, the Chechera river flowed out of the pond, across which a wooden bridge was thrown. The Stromynskaya road passed along the bridge (to the village of Stromyn and further to Suzdal), along the line of the western part of Komsomolskaya Square, Krasnoprudnaya Street and further Stromynka Street. On the northern side of the pond (according to other sources, on the site of Bolshaya Spasskaya Street), Aleksey Mikhailovich built a traveling palace for himself, as it is considered with a wooden tower (in Tatar, “tower”), from where the field in front of the palace was named Kalanchevsky. On the opposite side of the pond from the field was the palace Krasnoye Selo, which eventually became a large craft settlement.

In the west, the field reached the middle of the current Bolshaya Spasskaya Street (named after the Church of the Savior, which stood at the edge of the field). Subsequently, at the end of the 17th century, on the western bank of the pond - from the side of Nikolaevsky (Leningradsky) and Yaroslavsky railway stations (on the land of coachmen of the Pereyaslavskaya Sloboda), a new field artillery yard was built - a plant and a warehouse of cannons and cannonballs with a shooting range. It consisted of a number of wooden buildings spread over an area of ​​20 hectares and surrounded by a stone wall. Thanks to this, the field remained undeveloped.

The Krasnoe Selo went down in the history of the Time of Troubles: on June 1, 1605, the messengers of False Dmitry I, Gavrila Pushkin and Naum Pleshcheev, appeared there, and their appearance became the impetus for an uprising that spread to Moscow and put an end to the Godunov dynasty.

Peter I liked to arrange holidays with cannon firing and fireworks on the Red Pond: in honor of the capture of Azov (1697) and in honor of peace with Turkey (1699), and in honor of peace with Sweden (1722). Academician I. Ye. Zabelin in his article "The Antiquities of Moscow and Their Study" (1867) believes that (contrary to the now widespread opinion) it was precisely from the festivities in honor of the capture of Azov that the field got its name, since two towers were built on it - "watchtowers" , copies of the Azov, which were exponentially stormed by Russian soldiers.

Under Catherine II, this territory administratively became part of Moscow.

Kalanchevskaya square in the XIX - early XX century

The artillery yard burned down and exploded in 1812, and the explosion shook the entire eastern part of Moscow. In 1849, on the site of the Artillery Yard and to the west, the architect K.A.Ton built a station (from 1856 - Nikolaevsky, later Leningradsky). To the west of the station there is a large (at that time) building, in which in the 1860s. Customs was transferred from Pyatnitskaya Street. On the opposite side of the square there were forest rows (a reminder of what is the current Lesnoryadskiy lane). In 1862, a small Yaroslavsky station was built between the Nikolaevsky railway station and the Red Pond, in 1907 it was replaced by a modern one, in the Art Nouveau style with elements of Old Russian architecture (architect F.O.Shekhtel).

With the construction of the Ryazan (now Kazan) railway, the construction of the station on the site of the forest rows began: in 1860 the swamp was drained, the Olkhovets river was enclosed in a pipe, and the forest rows were removed; the building of the Ryazan (Kazan) railway station itself was built in 1862-1864. In 1911-1926, this building was replaced by a modern one designed by A. V. Shchusev.

At the end of the XIX century. The Chechora River was enclosed in a pipe, and Krasnoprudnaya Street ran across it on the site of a wooden bridge and further to the east. Then, in 1901-1910, the Red Pond itself was filled up, and timber warehouses were arranged in its place.

In December 1905, the vigilantes, mainly from railway workers, occupied the Yaroslavsky and Kazansky railway stations, but could not occupy Nikolaevsky, because, due to its key strategic importance, it was defended by a strong government unit with guns and machine guns. Having barricaded the approaches to the square from the Red Gate and Krasnoprudnaya Street in order to isolate the garrison of the station, the vigilantes attacked government troops at the station for five days. On December 15, the Semyonovsky Guards regiment arrived at the station from St. Petersburg, after which the situation of the vigilantes became hopeless; some of them retreated to Presnya, some were taken from the Kazan railway station by the machinist A. V. Ukhtomsky, but soon, however, was shot by a punitive expedition at the Lyubertsy station.

In October 1917, the stations were in the hands of the Red Guards, thanks to which reinforcements from Petrograd were able to arrive in Moscow.

Central Customs Office

Leningrad Station

Lobby of Komsomolskaya metro stations

The metro lobby is located between the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky train stations.

It is a large two-story building with a cross in shape with two six-column porticos on the side of Komsomolskaya Square and with access to the platforms of the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky stations from the opposite side. Since November, the entrance through the front doors of the pavilion is closed and is through an underground passage under Komsomolskaya Square. The inner vault of the lobby protrudes outward with a large gray dome. This dome is crowned with a high spire with a five-pointed star. The star depicts a hammer and sickle.

Yaroslavsky railway station

Kazan Station

Kazansky railway station is a complex composition with elements of pseudo-Russian style and Art Nouveau, in which symmetry is deliberately broken and in which different-sized masses of architectural volumes are connected to each other. The architect, wishing to reconcile the building with the two already built ones and at the same time give it individuality, presented buildings elongated in a line with rooms of various functions in the form of volumes of different height, width and rhythm with peaked roofs, a clock turret and a high angular tiered tower over the base in the form of an arched passage.

Central House of Culture of Railway Workers

Built in 1925-1926 according to the project of the architect A.V. Shchusev, with the participation of the engineer G.G. Carlsen. Originally bore the name October Revolution Club

Department store "Moskovsky"

Built in 1979-1983 by architects A. Rochegov, O. Gridasov, E. Eliseev, E. Kosinov.

Square on Komsomolskaya Square

Hotel "Leningradskaya"

Transport

Bus routes №№ А, 40, 122.

Tram routes No. 7, 13, 37, 50.

Trolleybus routes No. 14, 22, 41, 88.

A 220 kV cable line runs through the square, under the pedestrian part, along the Yaroslavsky and Leningradsky railway stations, at a depth of about 1.5 m, connecting two power substations - Elokhovskaya and Butyrki.

Gallery

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Kalanchevskaya square around 1910

Kalanchevka-1910-е.jpg

Kalanchevskaya square in the 1910s

Kalanchevka-1920-е.jpg

Kalanchevskaya Square in the 1920s

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Kazansky railway station in the 1920s

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Notes (edit)

2. , with. 375.
3. , with. 268.
4. , with. 315.
5. , with. 269.
6. , with. 98.
7. Vaskin A. A., Nazarenko Yu. I. Suitcase-Vokzal-Moscow: What we do not know about nine Moscow railway stations. M., 2010. P. 101.
8. Moscow architecture 1910-1935 / Komech A.I., Bronovitskaya A. Yu., Bronovitskaya N.N. - M .: Art - XXI century, 2012. - S. 280-284. - 356 p. - (Architectural monuments of Moscow). - 2500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-98051-101-2.
9. Geydor T., Kazus I. Styles of Moscow architecture. - M .: Art-XXI century, 2014 .-- P. 477 .-- 616 p. - ISBN 978-5-98051-113-5.
10. , with. 52.
11. , with. 148-149.

Literature

Main highways: Squares: Streets inside Boulevard Ring: from Boulevard to Sadovoe: from Sadovoe to the Third transport: behind the Third transport:

Central District Northern District North-Eastern District Eastern District South-Eastern District Southern District Southwestern District Western District , , , An excerpt characterizing Komsomolskaya Square (Moscow) - He went to Peter…. but I don’t know, ”said Pierre. “Well, it’s all the same,” said Prince Andrey. - Tell Countess Rostova that she was and is completely free, and that I wish her all the best. Pierre picked up a bundle of papers. Prince Andrew, as if remembering whether he needed to say something else, or expecting Pierre to say something, looked at him with a fixed gaze. “Listen, do you remember our dispute in Petersburg,” said Pierre, remember about ... - I remember, - Prince Andrey hastily answered, - I said that the fallen woman must be forgiven, but I did not say that I can forgive. I can not. - How can you compare it? ... - said Pierre. Prince Andrew interrupted him. He shouted sharply: - Yes, again to ask her hand, to be generous, and the like? ... Yes, it is very noble, but I am not able to walk sur les brisees de monsieur [to follow in the footsteps of this gentleman]. - If you want to be my friend, never talk to me about this ... about all this. Well, goodbye. So you will convey ... Pierre went out and went to the old prince and princess Marya. The old man seemed more lively than usual. Princess Marya was the same as always, but because of sympathy for her brother, Pierre saw in her joy that her brother's wedding was upset. Looking at them, Pierre realized what contempt and malice they all had against the Rostovs, realized that it was impossible even to mention the name of the woman who could exchange Prince Andrew for anyone else. At dinner the conversation turned to the war, the approach of which was already becoming obvious. Prince Andrew spoke incessantly and argued now with his father, now with Desalle, the Swiss educator, and seemed more lively than usual, with that animation which Pierre knew so well for a moral reason. On the same evening, Pierre went to the Rostovs to carry out his assignment. Natasha was in bed, the count was at the club, and Pierre, having handed over the letters to Sonya, went to Marya Dmitrievna, who was interested in finding out how Prince Andrei received the news. Ten minutes later Sonya entered Marya Dmitrievna's. “Natasha certainly wants to see Count Pyotr Kirillovich,” she said. - But how, to her what eh bring him? You have not tidied up there, ”said Marya Dmitrievna. “No, she got dressed and went into the living room,” said Sonya. Marya Dmitrievna only shrugged her shoulders. - When this Countess arrives, she has exhausted me completely. Look, don't tell her everything, ”she turned to Pierre. - And to scold her, the spirit is not enough, so pitiful, so pitiful! Natasha, emaciated, with a pale and stern face (not at all ashamed, as Pierre had expected her), stood in the middle of the drawing-room. When Pierre appeared at the door, she hurried, obviously indecisive, whether to approach him or wait for him. Pierre hastily approached her. He thought that she, as always, would give him her hand; but, coming close to him, she stopped, breathing heavily and lifelessly dropping her arms, in exactly the same position in which she went out into the middle of the hall to sing, but with a completely different expression. - Pyotr Kirilich, - she began to speak quickly - Prince Bolkonsky was your friend, he is your friend, - she corrected herself (it seemed to her that everything had just happened, and that now everything is different). - He told me then to address you ... Pierre silently sniffled as he looked at her. Until now, in his soul he reproached and tried to despise her; but now he felt so sorry for her that there was no room for reproach in his soul. “He’s here now, tell him… to be simple… to forgive me. - She stopped and began to breathe even more often, but did not cry. - Yes ... I will tell him, - Pierre said, but ... - He did not know what to say. Natasha was evidently frightened by the thought that might come to Pierre. “No, I know it's over,” she said hastily. - No, it can never be. I am tormented only by the evil that I did to him. Just tell him that I ask him to forgive, forgive, forgive me for everything ... - She shook all over and sat down on a chair. A feeling of pity, never experienced before, filled Pierre's soul. “I’ll tell him, I’ll tell him again,” said Pierre; - but ... I would like to know one thing ... "What to know?" asked Natasha's glance. - I would like to know if you loved ... - Pierre did not know what to call Anatole and blushed at the thought of him, - did you love this bad person? “Don't call him bad,” Natasha said. “But I don’t know anything…” She began to cry again. And even more a feeling of pity, tenderness and love seized Pierre. He heard tears flowing under his glasses and hoped they would not be noticed. “We’ll say no more, my friend,” said Pierre. It was so strange for Natasha that his meek, gentle, soulful voice suddenly seemed. - We will not speak, my friend, I will tell him everything; but one thing I ask of you - consider me your friend, and if you need help, advice, you just need to pour out your soul to someone - not now, but when it becomes clear in your soul - remember me. He took and kissed her hand. - I will be happy if I am able to ... - Pierre was embarrassed. - Do not talk to me like this: I am not worth it! Natasha screamed and wanted to leave the room, but Pierre held her hand. He knew he needed something else to tell her. But when he said this, he was surprised at his own words. “Stop it, stop it, your whole life is ahead for you,” he told her. - For me? No! Everything is lost for me, ”she said with shame and self-deprecation. - Everything is lost? He repeated. - If I were not me, but the most beautiful, smartest and best man in the world, and would be free, I would be on my knees this minute for your hand and your love. For the first time after many days Natasha cried with tears of gratitude and affection and, looking at Pierre, left the room. Pierre, too, almost ran after her into the hall, holding back tears of emotion and happiness that were pressing on his throat, without falling into his sleeves, put on a fur coat and sat down in the sleigh. - Now where will you order? Asked the coachman. "Where? Pierre asked himself. Where can you go now? Is it really a club or guests? " All people seemed so pitiful, so poor in comparison with the feelings of tenderness and love that he felt; in comparison with the softened, grateful look that she last looked at him because of her tears. - Home, - said Pierre, in spite of ten degrees of frost, plowing open a bear fur coat on his broad, happily breathing chest. It was frosty and clear. Over the dirty, half-dark streets, over the black roofs, there was a dark, starry sky. Pierre, just looking at the sky, did not feel the insulting baseness of everything earthly in comparison with the height at which his soul was. At the entrance to Arbat Square, a huge space of the starry dark sky opened up to Pierre's eyes. Almost in the middle of this sky above Prechistensky Boulevard, surrounded, strewn with stars on all sides, but differing from everyone by its proximity to the earth, white light, and a long, upturned tail, stood a huge bright comet of 1812, the same comet that foreshadowed, as they said, all sorts of horrors and the end of the world. But in Pierre, this bright star with a long, radiant tail did not arouse any terrible feeling. Opposite, Pierre gazed joyfully, eyes wet with tears, at this bright star, which, as if, with inexpressible speed flying immeasurable spaces along a parabolic line, suddenly, like an arrow piercing the ground, slammed into one place she had chosen, in the black sky, and stopped, her tail lifted vigorously, glowing and playing with her white light between countless other twinkling stars. It seemed to Pierre that this star fully corresponded to what was in his soul, which blossomed into a new life, softened and emboldened. From the end of 1811, intensified armament and concentration of the forces of Western Europe began, and in 1812 these forces - millions of people (counting those who transported and fed the army) moved from West to East, to the borders of Russia, to which in the same way since 1811 the year the forces of Russia were pulled together. On June 12, the forces of Western Europe crossed the borders of Russia, and a war began, that is, an event that was contrary to human reason and all human nature took place. Millions of people committed, against each other, such a countless number of atrocities, deceptions, treason, theft, forgery and the issuance of false banknotes, robberies, arson and murders, which for centuries will not be collected by the chronicle of all the courts of the world and for which, during this period of time, people those who committed them did not look at them as crimes. What caused this extraordinary event? What were the reasons for it? Historians say with naive confidence that the reasons for this event were the offense inflicted on the Duke of Oldenburg, non-compliance with the continental system, Napoleon's lust for power, Alexander's firmness, diplomatic mistakes, etc. Consequently, it was only worth Metternich, Rumyantsev or Talleyrand, between the exit and the reception, to try hard and write a more searching piece of paper or to Napoleon write to Alexander: Monsieur mon frere, je consens a rendre le duche au duc d "Oldenbourg, [My dear brother, I agree return the duchy to the Duke of Oldenburg.] - and there would be no war. It is clear that this was how things seemed to be to contemporaries. It is clear that it seemed to Napoleon that the cause of the war was the intrigues of England (as he said it on the island of St. Helena); it is clear that it seemed to the members of the English House that the cause of the war was Napoleon's lust for power; that it seemed to the Prince of Oldenburg that the cause of the war was the violence committed against him; that the merchants thought that the cause of the war was the continental system that ravaged Europe, that the old soldiers and generals thought that the main reason was the need to use them in business; the legitimists of that time that it was necessary to restore les bons principes [good principles], and the diplomats of that time that everything happened because the alliance of Russia with Austria in 1809 was not skillfully hidden from Napoleon and that the memorandum was awkwardly written for No. 178. It is clear that these and still countless, infinite number of reasons, the number of which depends on the countless difference of points of view, seemed to contemporaries; but for us - descendants, contemplating in all its scope the enormity of the event that took place and delving into its simple and terrible meaning, these reasons seem insufficient. It is incomprehensible to us that millions of Christians killed and tortured each other, because Napoleon was power-hungry, Alexander was firm, the policy of England was cunning and the Duke of Oldenburg was offended. It is impossible to understand what connection these circumstances have with the very fact of murder and violence; why, due to the fact that the duke was offended, thousands of people from the other end of Europe killed and ruined the people of the Smolensk and Moscow provinces and were killed by them. For us, descendants, - not historians, not carried away by the process of research and therefore contemplating an event with an undimmed common sense, its causes are presented in innumerable numbers. The more we delve into the search for reasons, the more they open up to us, and every single reason taken or a whole series of reasons seems to us equally fair in themselves, and equally false in their insignificance in comparison with the enormity of the event, and equally false in their invalidity ( without the participation of all other coinciding reasons) to produce the event that has occurred. The same reason as Napoleon's refusal to withdraw his troops across the Vistula and to give back the Duchy of Oldenburg, seems to us the desire or unwillingness of the first French corporal to enter the secondary service: for if he did not want to go into service and would not want another, the third , and the thousandth corporal and soldiers, so fewer people would have been in Napoleon's army, and there could not have been a war. If Napoleon had not been offended by the demand to retreat beyond the Vistula and had not ordered the troops to advance, there would have been no war; but if all the sergeants did not want to enter secondary service, there could be no war either. Also, there could be no war, if there were no intrigues of England, and there would be no Prince of Oldenburg and a feeling of insult in Alexander, and there would be no autocratic power in Russia, and there would be no French revolution and the ensuing dictatorship and empire, and all that that produced the French Revolution, and so on. Without one of these reasons, nothing could have happened. Therefore, all these reasons - billions of reasons - coincided in order to produce what was. And, therefore, nothing was the exclusive cause of the event, and the event had to happen only because it had to happen. Millions of people had to, renouncing their human feelings and their reason, go to the East from the West and kill their own kind, just as crowds of people went from East to West several centuries ago, killing their own kind. The actions of Napoleon and Alexander, on whose words depended, it seemed, whether the event would happen or not, were just as little arbitrary as the actions of every soldier who went on a campaign by lot or by recruitment. It could not be otherwise, because in order for the will of Napoleon and Alexander (those people on whom the event seemed to depend) to be fulfilled, the coincidence of countless circumstances was necessary, without one of which the event could not have happened. It was necessary that millions of people, in whose hands there was real power, the soldiers who fired, carried provisions and guns, it was necessary that they agree to fulfill this will of isolated and weak people and be led to this by countless complex, varied reasons. Fatalism in history is inevitable for explaining unreasonable phenomena (that is, those whose rationality we do not understand). The more we try to reasonably explain these phenomena in history, the more unreasonable and incomprehensible they become for us. Each person lives for himself, uses freedom to achieve his personal goals and feels with his whole being that he can now do or not do such an action; but as soon as he does it, this action, performed at a certain moment in time, becomes irreversible and becomes the property of history, in which it has not a free, but a predetermined meaning.

Name history

According to the most widespread opinion, the original name of the square - "Kalanchevskaya" - after the palace Alexey Mikhailovich with a wooden tower - "watchtower". Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed "Komsomolskaya" in 1933 year in honor of the Komsomol members - the builders of the subway (the first stage of the first line passed under the square Moscow metro) as a gift for the 15th anniversary Komsomol... In everyday life, it is known as the "Square of three stations" or simply "Three stations". V 2003 year some newspapers published a message about the renaming of the square in "Square of three stations". In reality, however, there was no such renaming; the square retained the name "Komsomolskaya Square".

The history of the square

Kalanchevskoe field in the 17th-18th centuries

In the 17th century, on the site of the present square, there were meadows and swamps known as the Kalanchevskoye field. On the southern side, that is, the side of the modern Kazansky railway station, there was a swamp, along which the Olkhovets stream flowed. From the east, between the present Yaroslavsky railway station and Verkhnyaya Krasnoselskaya street, the field was bounded by a large pond, created thanks to the dam on Olkhovets and known since 1423 as Velikiy, and later as Krasny. It was equal in size to the Moscow Kremlin (23 hectares).

To the south, a river flowed out of the pond Chechera, across which a wooden bridge was thrown. Passed across the bridge Stromynskaya road(per village Stromyn and further into Suzdal), along the line of the western part of Komsomolskaya square, Krasnoprudnaya street and further streets Stromynki... On the northern side of the pond (according to other sources, on the site of Bolshaya Spasskaya Street), Aleksey Mikhailovich built a traveling palace for himself, as it is considered with a wooden tower (in Tatar, “tower”), from where the field in front of the palace was named Kalanchevsky. On the opposite side of the pond from the field was the palace Krasnoye Selo, which eventually became a large craft settlement.

In the west, the field reached the middle of the current Bolshaya Spasskaya Street (named after the Church of the Savior, which stood at the edge of the field). Subsequently, at the end of the 17th century, on the western bank of the pond - from the side of Nikolaevsky (Leningradsky) and Yaroslavsky railway stations (on the land of coachmen of the Pereyaslavskaya Sloboda), a new field artillery yard was built - a plant and a warehouse of cannons and cannonballs with a shooting range. It consisted of a number of wooden buildings spread over an area of ​​20 hectares and surrounded by a stone wall. Thanks to this, the field remained undeveloped.

The Krasnoe Selo went down in the history of the Time of Troubles: on June 1, 1605, the messengers of False Dmitry I, Gavrila Pushkin and Naum Pleshcheev, appeared there, and their appearance became the impetus for an uprising that spread to Moscow and put an end to the Godunov dynasty.

Peter I liked to arrange holidays with cannon firing and fireworks on the Red Pond: in honor of the capture of Azov (1697) and in honor of peace with Turkey (1699), and in honor of peace with Sweden (1722). Academician I. Ye. Zabelin in his article "The Antiquities of Moscow and Their Study" (1867) believes that (contrary to the now widespread opinion) it was precisely from the festivities in honor of the capture of Azov that the field got its name, since two towers were built on it - "watchtowers" , copies of the Azov, which were exponentially stormed by Russian soldiers.

Under Catherine II, this territory administratively became part of Moscow.

Kalanchevskaya square in the XIX - early XX century

The artillery yard burned down and exploded in 1812, and the explosion shook the entire eastern part of Moscow. In 1849, on the site of the Artillery Yard and to the west, the architect K.A.Ton was built railway station(from 1856 - Nikolaevsky, later Leningradsky). To the west of the station there is a large (at that time) building, into which the customs house was transferred from Pyatnitskaya Street in the 1860s. On the opposite side of the square there were forest rows (a reminder of what is the current Lesnoryadsky lane). In 1862, a small Yaroslavsky railway station, in 1907, replaced by a modern, in the style modern with elements of Old Russian architecture (architect F.O.Shekhtel).

With the construction of the Ryazan (now Kazan) railway, the construction of the station on the site of the forest rows began: in 1860 the swamp was drained, the Olkhovets river was enclosed in a pipe, and the forest rows were removed; the building itself Ryazan (Kazan) railway station was built in the years 1862-1864. In 1911-1926, this building was replaced by a modern one designed by A. V. Shchusev.

At the end of the 19th century, the Chechora River was enclosed in a pipe, and Krasnoprudnaya Street ran across it on the site of a wooden bridge and further to the east. Then, in 1901-1910, the Red Pond itself was filled up, and timber warehouses were arranged in its place.

In December 1905, vigilantes, mainly from railway workers, occupied the Yaroslavsky and Kazansky railway stations, but could not take Nikolaevsky, because, due to its key strategic importance, it was defended by a strong government unit with guns and machine guns. Having barricaded the approaches to the square from the Red Gate and Krasnoprudnaya Street in order to isolate the garrison of the station, the vigilantes attacked government troops at the station for five days. On December 15, the Semyonovsky Guards regiment arrived at the station from St. Petersburg, after which the situation of the vigilantes became hopeless; some of them retreated to Presnya, some were taken out from the Kazan station by a machinist A. V. Ukhtomsky, soon however, was shot by a punitive expedition at the station Lyubertsy.

In October 1917, the stations were in the hands of the Red Guards, thanks to which reinforcements from Petrograd were able to arrive in Moscow.

In 1933-1934. a metro was laid on the square in an open way. In 1933, Kalanchevskaya Square was renamed into Komsomolskaya Square. A pavilion of the Komsomolskaya station was erected between the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky railway stations, which was replaced in 1952 with a new one, common for Komsomolskaya and the newly built Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya.

The skyscraper was completed in the same year hotel "Leningradskaya", completing the ensemble of the square as it existed at the beginning of the 21st century.

The architectural ensemble of the square

Komsomolskaya Square has a shape close to a rectangle elongated from west to east, and is one of the prevailing in its architectural design. It is separated from Kalanchevskaya Street by a high embankment Alekseevskaya connecting line... Although the Leningradskaya hotel is located on the other side of the overpass, it faces the square with its main facade and is its dominant feature. From the north, the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky railway stations face the square. In the south, the whole block is occupied by the Kazansky railway station. From the east, the area turns into Krasnoprudnaya street... Overlook Komsomolskaya Square Ryazan passage(between the Kazansky railway station and the Alekseevskaya connecting line) and Passage of Komsomolskaya Square(between the building of the customs administration and the Leningradsky railway station).

Central Customs Office

The object of cultural heritage of federal significance (a monument of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation - “The ensemble of the square, XIX-XX centuries. - The building of the Moscow customs of the XIX century. " Built in 1850-1853. Architect K. A. Ton.

Leningrad Station

55 ° 46'34 "s. NS. 37 ° 39′19 ″ in. etc. HGI AMOL

Lobby of Komsomolskaya metro stations

55 ° 46'35 ″ s. NS. 37 ° 39'22 ″ in. etc. HGI AMOL

The combined lobby of metro stations " Komsomolskaya » Sokolnicheskaya line and " Komsomolskaya » Circular line located between the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky railway stations.

It is a large two-storey building of a cruciform shape with two six-column porticoes from the side of Komsomolskaya Square and with an exit to the platforms of the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky stations from the opposite side. Since November, the entrance through the front doors of the pavilion is closed and is through an underground passage under Komsomolskaya Square. The inner vault of the lobby protrudes outward with a large gray dome. This dome is crowned with a high spire with a five-pointed star. The star depicts hammer and sickle.

Yaroslavsky railway station

55 ° 46'36 ″ s. NS. 37 ° 39'26 ″ in. etc. HGI AMOL

Kazan Station

55 ° 46'28 "s. NS. 37 ° 39'22 ″ in. etc. HGI AMOL

The first building of the station, which was then called Ryazansky, was wooden and opened in 1862. In 1864, a stone station building was built (the author of the project of the original station building - architect M. Yu. Levestam. The building was rebuilt many times, and when the Moscow-Kazan railway opened in 1893, and the passenger traffic increased greatly, the construction of a new station building was required , which can accommodate a larger number of passengers.However, it was only in 1910 that the board of the joint-stock company of the Moscow-Kazan Railway decided to construct a new building.According to the terms of the announced tender, its participants had to design a “gateway to the East”, which should symbolize communication Europe and Asia. The new building was built in 1913-1940 according to the project A. V. Shchuseva.

Kazansky railway station - a complex composition with elements pseudo-Russian style and modern, in which symmetry is deliberately broken and in which different-sized masses of architectural volumes are connected to each other. The architect, wishing to reconcile the building with the two already built ones and at the same time give it individuality, presented buildings elongated in a line with rooms of various functions in the form of volumes of different height, width and rhythm with peaked roofs, a clock turret and a high angular tiered tower over the base in the form of an arched passage.

Central House of Culture of Railway Workers

Built in 1925-1926 by the architect A. V. Shchuseva, with the participation of an engineer G.G. Carlsen... Originally bore the name October Revolution Club

Department store "Moskovsky"

55 ° 46'33 "s. NS. 37 ° 39'36 "in. etc. HGI AMOL

Built in 1979-1983 by architects A. Rochegova, O. Gridasova, E. Eliseeva, E. Kosinova.

Square on Komsomolskaya Square

HGI AMOL

Monument to P. Melnikov

55 ° 46'29 "s. NS. 37 ° 39'15 "in. etc. HGI AMOL

On August 1, 2003, a monument was unveiled in the center of the square Pavel Petrovich Melnikov- the first Minister of Railways of the Russian Empire, one of the authors of the project railway St. Petersburg - Moscow... The monument was made according to the project of Salavat Shcherbakov at the expense of the Ministry of Railways of Russia.

Hotel "Leningradskaya"

55 ° 46′26 ″ s. NS. 37 ° 39'06 ″ in. etc. HG