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What is a feud? Feuds - wars of thrones in the Middle Ages. Historical Dictionary What is a Feud Definition by History

01.02.2021

), was carried out on the basis of a vassal of military, administrative or court service in favor of the lord. This type of land holding was practiced during the Middle Ages in Europe.

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When the seigneur transferred the right of ownership of the feud to the vassal, the seigneur did not lose a similar right with respect to the feud. As a result, one and the same fief was simultaneously owned by two or more persons.

Feudal property was of a conditional and estate character. Convention feudal property consisted in the fact that the right of the vassal to own, use and dispose of the feud remained with him only on condition that the vassal served in favor of the lord. If a vassal, for one reason or another, ceased to fulfill his obligations to the lord, the lord had the right to take the feud from the vassal and transfer it to another person, or keep the fief with him. Class feudal property consisted in the fact that only persons belonging to the noble (noble) estate possessed the right to own the feuds. Peasants and townspeople, even the rich, could not become the owners of the feud without first receiving the nobility.

The introduction of the vassal into the possession of the feud (infestation) was formalized by a symbolic act called investiture. From the 11th century, investiture began, as a rule, to accompany the conclusion of a vassal agreement on a par with the ceremony of homage and the vassal taking an oath of allegiance to the seigneur (foix).

A synonym for feud is the term linen(from ancient German. lehn- "gift"). Initially, the term "flax" meant the same as a benefit, that is, a conditional award for a period. Since the 12th century, flax has become a hereditary award of a large feudal lord to a smaller one, that is, it takes on the features of a feud. In the course of fief grants, a hierarchical system of feudal land tenure was finally formed in Western Europe.

Lennik- a person who is in fief dependence on the suzerain, the hereditary holder of the fief in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Commonwealth; owner of a feud in Western Europe. A vassal who is dependent on the lord.

With the development of commodity-money relations and the decline in the value of the feudal militia of knights, the obligations of the vassal in relation to the lord were transformed: instead of personal military service, the holder of the feud began to pay a certain monetary rent. In addition, the so-called money fiefs when the knights were provided not with land, but with money. This led to the withering away armored flax, that is, land holdings for personal military service to the lord.

In addition to land ownership, the feud could also represent any right - to collect road, pavement, ferry duties or ownership of property that fell on the land of the feudal lord ("What fell from the cart is lost", or things thrown ashore after shipwreck).

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An excerpt characterizing the Feud

Having chosen tiny Montsegur, which was the most magical castle in the Valley (as it stood at the "transition point" to other worlds), Magdalene and her daughter soon began to move there slowly. They began to settle in their new, still unfamiliar, House ...
And, finally, remembering Radomir's persistent desire, Magdalena gradually began to recruit her first students ... This was probably one of the easiest tasks, since every person on this wondrous piece of land was more or less gifted. And almost everyone was thirsty for knowledge. Therefore, very soon Magdalene already had several hundred very diligent disciples. Then this figure grew into a thousand ... And very soon the entire Valley of the Magicians was covered by her teachings. And she took as many people as possible in order to escape from her bitter thoughts, and was unspeakably glad that the Occitanians were eagerly reaching for Knowledge! She knew - Radomir would have been happy about this from the bottom of his heart ... and recruited even more applicants.
- Sorry, Sever, but how did the Magi agree with this ?! After all, they are so carefully guarding their Knowledge from everyone? How did Vladyka allow this? Magdalene taught everyone, didn't she choose only initiates?
- Vladyka never agreed with this, Isidora ... Magdalene and Radomir went against his will, revealing this knowledge to people. And I still don't know which of them was really right ...
- But you saw how eagerly the Occitan listened to this Knowledge! And the rest of Europe as well! - I exclaimed in surprise.
- Yes ... But I saw something else - how simply they were destroyed ... Which means that they were not ready for this.
- But when do you think people will be "ready"? .. - I was indignant. - Or will it never happen ?!
- It will happen, my friend ... I think. But only when people finally understand that they are able to protect this same Knowledge ... - then the North suddenly smiled like a child. - Magdalene and Radomir lived in the Future, you see ... They dreamed of a wonderful One World ... A world in which there would be one common Faith, one ruler, one speech ... And in spite of everything, they taught ... Resisting Magi ... Not obeying the Master ... And with all that, well understanding - even their distant great-grandchildren will probably not yet see this wonderful "single" world. They just fought ... for light. For knowledge. For the Earth. That was their Life ... And they lived it without betraying.
I again plunged into the past, in which this amazing and unique story still lived ...
There was only one sad cloud that cast a shadow on the brightening mood of Magdalene - Vesta suffered deeply from the loss of Radomir, and no "joys" could distract her from this. Having finally learned about what had happened, she completely closed her little heart from the world around her and experienced her loss alone, not allowing even her beloved mother, the bright Magdalene, to see her. So she wandered around for days restless, not knowing what to do with this terrible misfortune. There was also no brother with whom Vesta was used to sharing her joy and sorrows. Well, and she herself was too young to be able to cope with such a grief, an exorbitant burden that fell on her fragile child's shoulders. She wildly missed her beloved, the best dad in the world and could not understand in any way where did those cruel people who hated him and who killed him come from? There was nothing left at all that was associated with their warm and always joyful communication. And Vesta suffered deeply, like an adult ... She had only memory. And she wanted to return him alive! .. She was still too young to be content with memories! .. Yes, she remembered very well how, curled up in his strong arms, holding her breath, listened to the most amazing stories, catching every word, afraid to miss the most important ... And now her wounded heart demanded all this back! Dad was her fabulous idol ... Her, closed from the rest, a wonderful world in which only the two of them lived ... And now this world is gone. Evil people took him away, leaving only a deep wound that she herself could not heal. feudum, from ancient German. fe- "loyalty" and od- "possession") - land (less often - a fixed income or the right to receive income), the granting of a vassal by the seigneur in hereditary possession, use and disposal on the basis of the vassal performing military, administrative or court service in favor of the seigneur. This type of land holding was practiced during the Middle Ages in Europe.

When the seigneur transferred the right of ownership of the feud to the vassal, the seigneur did not lose the same right to own the same feud. As a result, one and the same fief was simultaneously owned by two or more persons.

Small feud

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Synonyms:

See what "Feod" is in other dictionaries:

- (cf. lat. Feudum, from feh od estate, from which the tax is paid, as opposed to allod; see this word). In the days of feudalism, an estate given for lease use; lonely possession. Dictionary foreign words included in the Russian ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

In the countries of medieval Western Europe, land ownership or a fixed income (in money or in kind), granted by the overlord to his vassal in hereditary possession under the condition of the latter performing feudal services in favor of the suzerain. ... ... Historical Dictionary

Fi, fief Dictionary of Russian synonyms. feud n., number of synonyms: 3 land (106) phi (9) ... Synonym dictionary

- (Late Latin feodum, feudum), fief (French fief), fi (English fee), flax (German Lehn) in Western Europe during the period of developed feudalism is one of the most common forms of land holding (rights to land). Noble (noble) holding ... ... Legal Dictionary

- (late lat. feodum) in medieval West. In Europe, lands (or fixed income), granted in the hereditary possession by the lord to his vassal, who is obliged for this to bear the military, court (participation in the lord's court, in the management of the lord and ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

In the medieval Western Europe land or a fixed income inherited by the seigneur to his vassal, who is obliged for this to bear the military, court (participation in the seigneurial court, and the administration of the seigneur, etc.) services, to make the payments established by custom.

Watch value Feud in other dictionaries

Feud- feuda, m. (From Old German fehu - property and od - possession) (history, sociol.). Land ownership of the feudal lord.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Feod M.- 1. Hereditary land ownership, granted by the lord to his vassal on the terms of service (in the era of feudalism in Western Europe).
Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary

Feud- (Late Latin feodum, feudum), fief (French fief), fi (English fee), flax (German Lehen) - in Western Europe in the Middle Ages - land
possession or fixed
income (in
money ........
Economic Dictionary

Feud- -a; m. [lat. feodum from Old German.] In Western Europe in the Middle Ages: hereditary land ownership, granted by the suzerain to his vassal under the condition of service (military, ........
Explanatory dictionary Kuznetsov

Feud- (Late Latin feodum, feudum), fief (French fief), fi (English fee), flax (German Lehn) -in the countries of Western Europe during the period of developed feudalism, one of the most common forms of land ... ..
Legal Dictionary

Feud- (late lat. Feodum) - in the medieval West. In Europe, land (or fixed income) granted in the hereditary possession of the lord to his vassal, who is obliged to bear ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Zhudro, Feod. Andr.- archaeologist, priest, lawyer. Gomelsk. hymn. 1912

Feud- (Late Latin feodum, feudum, from Frankish fёhu-ôd - cattle as property; French fief (fief), English fee (fi), German Lehn (flax)) - in Western countries. Europe in the Middle Ages earth. possession or fixed ........
Soviet Historical Encyclopedia

Oblomievsky, Dm. Feud.- R. May 15, 1800, p. nobleman, Dr. med., life surgeon, † on the night of December 14. 1865, in
Big biographical encyclopedia

Odoevsky, Prince Vasil. Feud.- boyar butler. last 1682; † December 20, 1686, 1678, the man with the path was in charge of the Pharmaceutical Order; 1680-81 to manage the order of the Grand Palace; 1683 ex. Armory
Big biographical encyclopedia

Odoevsky, Prince Feod. Ivanov.- boyar; †
Big biographical encyclopedia

Ozersky, Andrey Feod.- count ac., prof. Khark. univ.
Big biographical encyclopedia

Olokhov, Feod. Alekseev.- general-leit., Artil. chief Kazan Military District; R. 1812 † 1 July 1877
Big biographical encyclopedia

Olsufiev, Feod. Yakovlevich- in service since 1757, general-m. and L.-GV. Izmail. shelf of seconds-major; † June 8, 1783.
Addition: Olsufiev, Theodor Yakovlev., Burial. June 8, 1783
Big biographical encyclopedia

Opochinin, Feod. Const.- Kam.-Junk., Chl. Imp. archaeologist. total .; genus. September 26, 1846, † 1882
Big biographical encyclopedia

Opochinin, Feod. Peter.- etc. t. C., Direct. Department. diff. tax and fees, chief-gofmeister, member of the State. advice; genus. 1779, † 20 Dec.
Big biographical encyclopedia

Orlov, Count (later Prince) Alexey Feod.- gene. from kaval., adjut. general., ambassador in Paris, chairman. Gosud. council, p. October 8, 1787 † 9 May
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Orlov, Count Feod. Grieg.- General-in-chief, was formerly ob.-prosecutor., Senate., Deputy. Com. New Ulozh. 1767; R. 8 feb. 1741, † 17 May 1796
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Orlov, Grig. Feud.- in service since 1751, tit. owls. and a teacher in Smoln. monast.
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Ortenberg, Yves. Feud.- general-leith; R. 1793, † 27 Dec. 1866 g.
Supplement: Ortenberg, Ivan Fed., Author of the book. "Notes on the war in Germany, in 1813", St. Petersburg. 1855 g.
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Osipovsky, Timofey Feod.- Art. Sov., prof. Kharkov, univ., Chairman. Common Sciences Imp. khark. univ., doct. philosopher., writer and translation .; R. 22 jan. 1766 † June 12, 1832
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Ostolopov, Nikol. Feud.- Art. Sov., writer, vice-lip. in Vologda; R. 1782 † March 1833
Supplement: Ostolopov, Nikolai Fedorovich, in 1827 was the director of theaters.
Big biographical encyclopedia

Otsolig, Feod. Martyn.- vice direct. Medical department; secrets. Sov., until 1863 (?) (1864
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It was the form of land tenure that made him give it this name.

Until the IX century. the normal form of ownership was allod, complete ownership, without any tax, with an unconditional right of alienation. But since then, as the owners distributed their lands in the form of holdings to the peasants and in the form of feuds to the knights, there were three ways of ownership: allod; feud, enjoyment on condition of noble service; and keeping (in the form of census, vilenage and servage), use subject to payment of duties. On the basis of customary law of the Middle Ages, these possessions became hereditary, and three types of inheritance appeared. These forms of ownership can be combined, subordinating one to the other: three different owners own the same land as censor, fief and allod, not counting the hereditary clerk, who also has immutable rights. In this sense, the expressions "allod", "feud", "census" are inaccurate, one should say: possession "in the form of an allod", "in the form of a feud", "in the form of censorship."

Homage. Medieval miniature

But the position of the owner was ultimately attached to his plot, so that every land received an invariable quality, which is transferred to every new owner. Now these lands are already called censors, vilenazhs, feuds, allods, and since only a nobleman can own a feud, they began to distinguish between noble and non-noble lands. Non-noble land is made up of the holdings of the peasants; noble land is a spare part (indominicata) operated by the noble owner of a feud or allod. A nobleman, acquiring a census, can no longer convert it to noble land; the peasant, owning the feud (when customary law allows him to do so), no longer deprives him of the quality of noble land.

Allod can be turned into a fief by the owner; the feud can no longer be made an allod. Therefore, allods are encountered less and less. Finally, in the 13th century, especially in northern France, they become so rare that allod is viewed as an exceptional and implausible form of ownership. He is sometimes called franc alleu(free allod), and they say that he is innocent of anyone and depends only on God; but its existence is believed only when formal proofs are presented, because everyone is sure that every land is either a feud or a holding: "Nulle terre sans seigneur" (There is no land without a seigneur). English lawyers say that there is only one owner - the king.

There are many more allods left in the south of France. When in 1273 English king carried out a census of his Duchy of Guyenne, many nobles declared that they were innocent of anyone, or even that they were not obliged to answer the questions of the duke.

Feudal Inheritance

Land is passed on through two opposite inheritance systems. According to the ancient system, common to Roman law and Germanic customs, property is divided equally among children without distinction of gender. This rule continues to apply in the feudal era to allods, both noble and non-noble, and applies to all non-noble lands (burdened with duties that the heir - whoever he is - can bear); they only distinguish - in the case when there are no children - hereditary land, it, as the property of the surname, must return to the line from which it comes, and acquired, the owner can dispose of it at will. This is customary law.

On the contrary, in the inheritance of the feuds, the right of heirs runs counter to the right of the lord. According to strict logic, the feud should be indivisible and be in the possession of an heir capable of service: he passes entirely to the elder and always to the man; the right of seniority and the exclusion of women are the hallmarks of feudal law. But the principle - more or less, depending on which country - receded before the general custom: the younger were allowed to share the feudal inheritance with the older (this is called parage), daughters - to inherit in the absence of sons. Only the eldest received a larger share, and men had an advantage over female heiresses of the same degree.

In addition, there are many other secondary feudal rights where (as is usually the case) there are several degrees of vassals.

The extremely inaccurate language of the Middle Ages sometimes applies the concept of allod to feuds, when it wants to indicate that they are hereditary or that they are subject to minor duties.

When the seigneur was transferred to the vassal of the right of ownership of the feud, the seigneur did not lose a similar right with respect to the feud. As a result, one and the same fief was simultaneously owned by two or more persons.

Small feud

The feud was land received by the actual owner (possessor of dominium utile) from the full owner (possessor of dominnium directum) for perpetual use under the condition that the first (vassalus, homo, feodatus) in favor of the second (senior, dominus) services of a special kind, considered honorary or noble. Thus the feud was different from the benefice, which is only for life; from the allod, which is not imposed with duties; from the census, which, being a common allotment (terre roturière), owes tax and corvee.

Sometimes the term fief (fief) was also applied to other types of property or, rather, income items, namely: 1) an administrative position (fief-office); 2) regalia, or monopoly; 3) taxes and financial rights in general; 4) salaries, rents, pensions (fief-argent), if they were given into private hands on the basis of a feudal treaty. This expansion of the concept of "feud" testifies to the constant seizure of more and more new economic spheres; but the feuds of the latter categories were a partial, derivative phenomenon, and the fundamental concept of "fief-terre" always remained predominant.

In the feud, there was a tendency towards heredity, which characterized the allod; he was associated with military service as a benefit; it can even be compared to the possession of the lower classes, because, like the latter, it was not legally the property of the owner, but only a "tenure"; the smaller and weaker the feud was, the more it merged with the peasant allotment in other respects.

The word feodum appears in sources already at the beginning of the Χ century. It is used synonymously with the term beneficium, at first occasionally, then in parallel, finally, towards the end of the 11th century. completely displaces the latter. Therefore, it can be assumed that the feud grew out of the benefice as the next phase of the land evolution. In this era of the last Carolingians and the first Capetian, those modifications were outlined that created the nature of the feud and its legal differences from the benefit: life gradually passed into heredity due to the desire of the owners to consolidate their position against the tyranny of the tycoons-princes and lords; the rights and obligations between the grantor (or patron) and the granted (or pledged) were formulated gradually in a more specific agreement; with the receipt of land from the lord (or with the preservation of it under his tutelage), the transfer of a certain amount of political powers (functions of sovereignty) to the owner of the feud began.

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