How to spell words in the Tatar language. So Russian or still Tatar

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  LIST OF WORDS borrowed from Tatar Russian. Here, for example, in letter A and B we have such
  DIAMOND
ukr diamond is the same, already in Afan. Nikit., See also Unbegaun 106. Eastern borrowing .; Wed tel., tat., Kazakh., Kirg., Kypch. almas - the same tour. elmas, which goes through the Arab. from the Greek ; see G. Mayer, Turk. St. 1, 36; Horn, IFAnz. 6, 49; Radlov 1, 438.

SCARLET
Such a Russian, it would seem, a word. But it came to Russian from Tatar, where al means \\ "bright red \\". By the way, it is curious that in Turkish we will find a related word - alew, which means \\ "flame \\".

\\ "bright red \\", dr.-Russian. al in the letters from the XIV century .; see Korsch 8, 647; Cut I, 20; ukr Aliy - the same. From the tour., Crimea.-Tat. al \\ "light pink \\", tat., Kypch., Kazakh., chagat., Uig. al \\ "scarlet \\" (Mi. TEl. 1, 244; EW 3; Radlov 1, 349 ff.).

BARN
dial also onbar, imbar and with the Arban metathesis; ukr barn, winbar, dr.-rusk. Anbar, Onbar, Domostr. K. (often); Wed also Srezn. II, 672 and III, Suppl. 4. Borrowing from tour., Kypch., Crimea.-Tat., Tat. ambar - the same, azerb., alt., kazakh. anbar; see Radlov 1, 243, 652; Mi. Tel. 1, 247, add. 2, 75. The word is also known in Arabic, where it comes from Persian. anbar = dr.-ind. sambhara-; see G. Mayer, Turk. St. 1, 63; Crelitz 6; Korsch, AfslPh 8, 648.
Vasmer’s Etymological Dictionary

WATERMELON
Borrowed from the Tatar, and goes back to the Persian Harbuz, literally meaning- \\ "donkey cucumber \\".
Krylov Etymological Dictionary
the fruit of \\ "Cucurbita citrullus \\", already in Domostr. Zab 157 ff .; Walk Kotova (about 1625), p. 96; ukr Garbuz \\ "pumpkin \\", from where Polish. harbuz (Bruckner 168). Borrowing through Kypch. arbuz, tur., Crimea.-tat. karpuz (Radlov 2, 213 ff.) from pers. arbuza, arbuza \\ "melon \\", strictly speaking, \\ "donkey cucumber \\", ex. to pers. er \\ "donkey \\", avest. ara and s.-pers. bucina \\ "cucumber \\"; see Horn 104 ff .; Hübschman 159; Mi. Tel. 1, 328; EW 122.
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

Arcane
ukr lasso \\ "halter, lasso \\", borrowing. from tat., Crimean-tat., Kazakh .; chagat. arkan \\ "thick rope, rope \\", Balkar. arqan \\ "lasso \\" (KSz 15, 202), tour. oran - the same; see Radlov 1, 288, 1061; Mi. Tel. 1, 249.
Vasmer’s Etymological Dictionary

ARTEL
Borrowing from the Turkic, where artil- \\ "the people behind \\"; from the art- \\ "back \\" and silt- \\ "people \\".
Krylov Etymological Dictionary
g. \\ "a partnership of artisans, workers \\", from IT. artieri (pl.) from artiere \\ "artisan \\"; see Korsch, AfslPh 9, 660. Unbelievable interpretation from the Türk. ortak \\ "society \\", contrary to Mi. Tel. 2, 137; see Conversion 1, 8. [A more plausible explanation from a Turk; Wed tob urtalay or tat.-ness. art silt \\ "the people behind \\", \\ "reserve \\"; see Dmitriev, Lexicogr. Sat III, 1958, 43. - T.]
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

ARSHIN
\\ "measure of length \\", from the XVI century., Domostr. Zab 199 and others; see shears I, 31. Türk. borrowing .: Wed tour., tat., kypch., tel., drum. arsyn \\ "arshin \\" chagat. arsun - the same; see Radlov 1, 332 ff .; Mi. EW 4; Tel. 1, 249.
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary
m. Tatarsk. running measure, four quarters (span), four inches (top of finger); one third of the fathom; the length of the entire arm from the shoulder; human free step; 21/3 Russian or English feet; 0.711 meters.
Explanatory Dictionary V.Dal

TUB
Old Russian borrowing from the Turkic languages, where the tub- \\ "pelvis, tub \\" goes back to the Persian badiya with the same meaning.
Krylov Etymological Dictionary
old Russian Badia, since 1499 (Serezn. I, 39). Borrowing through tat. badia, badia from pers. badye \\ "vessel for wine \\"; Wed dr.-pers. (Athen. 11, 27; Horn, Npers. Et. 36; Mi. TEl. 1, 252; EW 414).
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

GROCERY
\\ "dried fruit and other products, such as fish, caviar, cheese \\", hence the grocery store. Borrowing from arab., tour. bakkal \\ "vegetable dealer \\"; see Mi. Tel. 1, 254; Conversion 1, 12.
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary
This generic name for food products dates back to the Arabic source baql - \\ "herbs \\", \\ "vegetables \\". Turkish bakkal means \\ "seller, trader in food \\".
Krylov Etymological Dictionary

BALBES
Borrowing from Turkic languages ​​(in Kyrgyz, for example, bilbes- \\ "fool \\", and in Tatar bilmes- \\ "ignorant, ignorant \\").
Krylov Etymological Dictionary
from Kazakh. bilbes, cf. Tat., Tour. bilmas \\ "he does not know \\" (see belmes); see Korsch, AfslPh 9, 491; IORAS 8, 4, 27; Bernecker 1, 40; Mi. Tel. 1, 264.
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

Balda
Borrowing from Turkic languages ​​(for example, in Tatar bolt- \\ "ax, cleaver \\", baldak- \\ "saber handle, crutch \\"). This is how V. Dahl defines this word: a large, heavy knob; bump And in the Vologda dialect in the time of Dahl, the word meant dilda, a dummy, a dunce, a lanky and awkward fool. In Pushkin's \\ "The Tale of the Priest and his Worker Balda \\" Balda is a proper name.
Krylov Etymological Dictionary
1. \\ "lump; cudgel; sledgehammer; blockhead, fool \\"; 2. \\ "big ax \\" Chistopolsk. (Dal). In my opinion, borrowing. from dial. forms Türk. balta, tour. balta \\ "ax \\"; see Vasmer, RS 4, 166. Others produce from the tour. baldak \\ "ring, saber hilt \\" (Korsch, AfslPh 9, 487). But, perhaps, the first value. caused by the influence of the next word.
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

BALYK
(specially cooked back part of sturgeon fish). It is borrowed from Turkic languages. In the Tatar balyk it means \\ "fish \\", however, when borrowing, the value has narrowed.
Krylov Etymological Dictionary
\\ "salted and dried back part of sturgeon fish \\" (Chekhov and others.). Borrowing from tour., Crimea. -tat., Azer., Kypch., Kazakh., Kara. balyk \\ "fish \\" (Radlov 4, 1496), alt., tel., leb. palyk - the same (Radlov 4, 1166); see Mi. Tel. 1, 255; Korsch, AfslPh 9, 487.
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

DRUM
(Kotoshikhin 151) probably borrowed. from Turk., Wed. tat. daraban - the same (Radlov 3, 1627), from where from dial. t: pol., ukr. taraban, rum. darabana (Pictin 2, 505); see Mladenov 17. On the other hand, the source was also considered to be a tour., Crimea. Tat. balaban \\ "the big drum \\" (Radlov 4, 1494 ff.), which is explained from Pers .; see Mi. Tel., Ext. 1, 10; 2, 81; Korsch at Preobr. 1, 16. Doubts about this etymology were expressed by Zaleman from Melioransky, IORAS 10, 2, 76. Russian. the drummer, in his opinion, from * darabancy is the same.
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary
Old Russian borrowing from Turkic languages. For example, in the Tatar there is a daraban, and in the Turkish balaban.
Krylov Etymological Dictionary

MESS
\\ "a wide-bore earthen pot, \\" Don. (Mirtov), ​​borrowing. from the tour. bardak \\ "pot, glass \\"; see Mi. EW 7. [Turkey., Crimea. Tat., Kypch. bardak \\ "a jug of clay, glass, crystal \\"; see Radlov 4, 1486. ​​- Ed.]
Vasmer’s Etymological Dictionary
LEOPARD
I I. - predatory beast \\ "Felis pardus \\", witnessed around 1625 (Ch. Kotov 98). Borrowing from turk., khivinsk., dr.-Türk., uig. bars \\ "tiger, panther, lynx \\" (Radlov 4, 1158, 1457); Wed tour., tat. pars; see Mi. Tel. 2, 140; Korsch, AfslPh 9, 661. On the origin of the Türks. words see Bang, KSz 17, 133 and ff .; Sitzber. Preuss. Ak., 1931, p. 471. Here, in the opinion of Korsch (ibid.), Was also a \\ "hyena \\". Ii ii. \\ "sleigh cavity \\", dr.-Russian., since 1589 (Serezn. I, 43).
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

BADGER
borsuk is an animal \\ "Meles vulgaris \\". Borrowing from tour., Kazakh., Balkar., Karak. borsuk, tat. bursyk, barsyk, chagat. bursuk - the same; init meant \\ "gray \\" (Bang, KSz 17, 136 ff; Gombots 52; Mi. TEl. 2, 144). [Cm. even Tselnicker, Etymology, M., 1963, p. 120 ff. - T.]
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary
Borrowing from Turkic languages, where borsuk means \\ "gray \\". The name of this animal is given by the color of wool.
Krylov Etymological Dictionary

BARKHAN
\\ "sand hill in the Kazakh steppes \\", Orenb. (Dal). Borrowing from Kazakh. baran - the same; see Goryaev, ES 12; Conversion 1, 18. Cf. still kalm. baln \\ "high bank \\" (Ramstedt, KWb. 31). [Wed. Sib.-Turk. Paran \\ "walking, moving hill \\", Uig. ram - the same; see Dmitriev, Lexicogr. Sat, W, 1958, p. 44. - T.]
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary
BATRAC
Apparently, it is borrowing from the Tatar, where the servant has the same value tat. batrak.
Krylov Etymological Dictionary
Although Vasmer believes that most likely it is Russian. neoplasm from batyr, dial. \\ "contractor in artels of hookers \\"

FRINGE
bahram, witnessed in the Property List of Ivan IV 1583; see cut III, add. 8. Borrowing from tour., Crimea.-tat. marama \\ "veil for women \\" (Radlov 4, 1997 ff.), which comes from the Arab. mahrama; see Crelitz 39; Mi. Tel. 2, 121. According to Korsh (AfslPh 9, 654), the initial b — instead of m — developed back into Türk. Wed also basurman.
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

SHOE
often starting from the 16th century, the Inventory of Property of Ivan IV, 1582; Domostr. Zab 186 ff. and etc.; see cut I, 46; III, add. eight; Korsch, AfslPh 9, 488, 513; ukr shoe. Borrowing from tour., chagat. basmak \\ "shoe, sole \\"; see Mi. EW 8, 415; Korsch, ibid; Bernecker 1, 45.
Vasmer’s Etymological Dictionary
Bezmen
According to Dal, it is a hand-held scale with unequal lever and a movable reference point, borrowed from the Turkic languages, where luck "matters" is important. Turkic luck has received sounding bezmen under the influence of folk etymology: in the popular consciousness, it was comprehended, like bezmen- \\ "without changing \\".
Krylov Etymological Dictionary

SAFE
in the expression of wearing a hat on one side. Usually compared with Polish. na bakier \\ "okay, turn around \\", Ukrainian, blr. on bakir - the same; see Bernecker 1, 39 ff .; Mi. EW 6. The Polish word Karlovich (25) and Bruckner (12) explain as the word sea jargon from it. Back (Backbord) and kehr` - led. incl. from kehren \\ "turn \\"; similarly Matsenauer, LF 7, 5 and Ilinsky, RFV 62, 235. However, the origin from German does not explain the deviations of the Russian. forms. This form cannot occur also from Türk., Chagat. bogri, bogru \\ "curve \\" (contrary to Maceneruer, ibid; against see Berneker, ibid) or from the tour. bekri \\ "drunkard \\" (Mi. TEI., Ex. 2, 84)
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

GOLDEN EAGLE
This name is a bird of prey borrowed from the Tatar, where Birkut- \\ "eagle \\".
Krylov Etymological Dictionary
the largest eagle \\ "Aquila chrysaetus \\", ukr. golden eagle, polish. berkut, birkut - the same. According to Bruckner (21), Polish. the word comes from east. fame. and witnessed from the XVII century. Source Russian words: Turk., chagat. borkut \\ "golden eagle; eagle \\" (Kunosh), eastern-Türk., Kazakh. burkut, tat. birkut, tel. Morkut, Murkut, Mong. burgud; Wed Radlov 4, 1891, 2132, 2222; Ramstedt, KWb. 67; Mi. TEI. 1, 269, add. 1, 15; Räsänen, Tat. L. 56.
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

TURQUOISE
earlier beryuza, gram. 1509, in addition, the Inventory of Property of Ivan IV, 1582 (Serezn. I, 88; III, Ext. 14). Borrowing through the tour. piruza - the same, firuza from pers. piroze, avest. * paitiraocah-; see Mi. Tel. 2, 143; Horn, Npers. Et. 78 ff .; Lokoch 49.
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary
g. Tatarsk. a precious, opaque blue stone from Central Asia (Badakhshan);
Explanatory Dictionary V.Dal

BOGATYR
ukr rich, dr.-rusk. bogatyr (Ipatievsk. and others.), Polish. bohater, bohatyr, old bohaterz (in grams). Secondarily formed Ukrainian. bagatyr, blr. Bagatyr \\ "rich, rich \\" from the rich; see Brandt, RFV 21, 210. Borrowing. from dr.-Türk. * baatur (whence and Hung. bator \\ "bold \\"), Danube-Bulg. , tour., chagat. batur \\ "bold, warlord \\" shor. paattyr \\ "hero \\" Mong. bagatur, kalm. batr; see Gombots 41; Ramstedt, KWb. 38; Bernecker 1, 66; Marquart, Chronol. 40; Bang, KSz 18, 119; Mi. Tel. 1, 254, add. nineteen; 2, 80. Explanation East. words from ir. * baapura- (Lokoch 15) is very doubtful.
Vasmer’s Etymological Dictionary

BRAGA
should be preferred Turk. etymology rusk. words according to which it is borrowed. (via * braga) from souv praGa \\ "squeeze \\", init. \\ "liquid beer, home brew \\"; Wed tat., tob. boza \\ "half beer, buza \\"; see Toivonen, Mel. Mikkola 310 et seq .; Tomashek, Zschr. f. osterr. Gymn., 1875, 527; Räsänen, FUF 29, 195. All other explanations must be rejected, as, for example, a rapprochement with the other ind. bhrjjati \\ "roasts \\", Greek. lat frigo \\ "fry, dry \\", dr.-Prussian. au-birgo \\ "cuisme \\" (Peter, BB 21, 208; Uhlenbeck, Aind. Wb. 205), the assumption of borrowing. from Wed-in. brueje, him. Bruhe \\ "broth, chowder \\" (Mi. EW 20; Matzenauer 20), from it. Bragel \\ "cool porridge \\" (Karlovich 63), from Westphalsk. braie (Melich, FUFAnz. H, 100), and also from Swiss. bragebagare (Scheldt, LST. 11; v. See Elquist 95).
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

BULL
\\ "unfolded bull \\", 2. \\ "lever, scrap \\", Ukr. Scare, where Polish. buhaj \\ "bull \\", also bugaj; see Brückner 47. Borrowing. from Turk: Wed. tour. bua \\ "bull \\" chagat. boa, dr.-Türk., Uig. buka; see Gombots 46; Mi. Tel. 1, 267; Korsch, Sat. Potanin 540. Russian. the scarecrow also had a meaning. \\ "the upper dress is on a fur lining \\" (Duh. Gram. Ivan Kalita 1327 - 1328; Serezn. I, 189). Probably identically mentioned bull \\ "bull \\".
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

BULAT
\\ "steel grade, steel blade \\", Ukrainian. damask steel Russian damask, starting from Zadonshchina (Afan. Nikit. 15). Borrowing from the North.-Turk. bulat, kypch. bolat, azerb. polat, alt., tel., leb. polot. The source is a pers. pulad \\ "steel \\"; see Mi. EW 24; Tel. 2, 144; Bernecker 1, 100; Conversion 1, 52.
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

STORM
\\ "drill \\", dr.-Russian. Burav, Kupch. grams Kirillovsk. mon 1568 (Serezn. III, Suppl. 27) and drillo, gram. 1579; see Korsch, AfslPh 9, 494. This word is etymologically different from consonant bur. While the latter has impeccable germ. etymology, while explaining the word aura in a similar way, unexpected difficulties arise. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the attempts of Goryaev (ES 33 et seq.) And Preobr. (1, 53) to associate a drill with Swiss. borr \\ "drill \\"; D.v.-n. boron \\ "drill \\"; see already Mi. EW 417. On the contrary, Korsch (AfslPh 9, 494; Bull. Ac. Sc. De St. Petersbourg, 1907, p. 767) tried to explain this word from tat. burau \\ "drill \\" from the Türk. bur- \\ "drill \\", bura-, buray-; see also Bernecker 1, 102. Cf. still feeling pra \\ "drill \\", which Paasonen (Cs. Sz. 100) compares with tat. buru \\ "drill \\". However, tat. burau is not a completely reliable form; some scholars tend to see borrowing in it. from rus (Räsänen, Tat. L. 56; Mi. TEI. 1, 269), but the existence of the native Turkic. the names of \\ "drill \\" from k. bur- \\ "drill, twirl \\" undoubtedly. Wed Kazakh., tour. buru, tel., alt. puru karach. buru (Prele, KSz 10, 95). Mong. * burgagu, kalm. * buru borrowing. from the Türk. (Ramstedt, KWb. 62). Of course, you need to reject the idea of ​​kinship between aura and lat. forare \\ "drill \\", d.-v.-n. boron - the same, contrary to Peter (BB 21, 211).
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

BURAN
This word was probably borrowed from the Tatar, where the storm is formed from the drill (\\ "twist, twist, twirl \\"). Note that the word<<буря>\u003e has a completely different origin and is in no way connected with the noun buran.
Krylov Etymological Dictionary
\\ "hurricane wind with blizzard, \\" borane - the same. Borrowing from Turk: Wed. tour. buran \\ "twirling, drilling, piercing \\", tour., tat. buran \\ "blizzard, blizzard \\", East-Turk., Kazakh. boran, sag., coib. poran, tur., chagat. boraan, buraan \\ "whirlwind, strong storm, flood, wave \\" (Kunosh 31; Radlov 4, 1270, 1662 and then., 1818); Wed Mong. Borugan, Kalm. boran; see Ramstedt, KWb. 51; Räsänen, Tat. L. 54; Conversion 1, 53. Communication with the storm has only the character of the people. etymology.
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

Burda
yaroslav. Cauldron .; borrowing from tat. burda \\ "muddy drink, a mixture of different liquids \\", according to Mikloschich (Mi. TEl., Suppl. 18), Preobbr. (1, 53), Acad. Sl. (1, 293). Do not mix with folk. Burda \\ "red wine \\", \\ "Bordeaux \\", reduced. Gogol's cloth box, which comes from Bordeaux - the same, from French. Bordeaux; see Savinov, RFV 21, 28. Hence, the Burdova "burgundy, burgundy" (ryazan. and others; RFB 28, 51).
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary
This word is a borrowing from the Tatar, where the Burda - \\ "muddy drink, a mixture \\" is formed from the same basis as<<буран>\u003e - apparently, the drink was prepared by unwinding, spinning it in a vessel so that the components mixed together.
Krylov Etymological Dictionary

Turkey
\\ "leather water bag, wine \\", kavk., Donsk. (Mirtov). Also as a curse word (ibid.), Polish. burdziuk \\ "goatskin skin jacket \\" (V. Pototsky). The source is Azerbaijan. burduk \\ "fur for wine \\" (Radlov 4, 1832); see, also, Preobr. 1, 53, Acad. Sl. 1, 294. Bruckner's explanation is hardly correct (49) Polish. burdziuk from Turk. bardak \\ "jug \\".
Vasmer's Etymological Russian Dictionary

BAZ
g. \\ "Persian or Bukhara cotton fabric \\", starting with B. Godunov (1589); see shears I, 224. Borrowing. from the tour. (arab.) bazz, azerb. baz; see Korsch, AfslPh 9, 490; Mi. Tel. 1, 263, add. 1, 14; EW 415; Hübschman 392. This word has also penetrated into Mong. bos, kalm. bos; see Ramstedt, KWb. 56. From the Semitic also occurred Greek. . It is hardly correct assumption of borrowing. Russian words from English baize \\ "baize \\", cf.-niderl. baeysch, which, through Art. -fr. baie are built to lat. badius \\ "chestnut (color) \\", contrary to Conv. 1, 60.
Vasmer’s Etymological Dictionary

Let's pay attention to one fact, at first glance, mundane: in the Russian language, which is now used both in Russia and in the neighboring countries of Eurasia - the former Soviet republics - as a language of interethnic communication, there are a lot of words borrowed from the Tatar language. And it is not at all difficult for a person who knows Tatar at a sufficient level to find similar words in Tatar. This fact in itself already speaks of the significant role of the Tatars in the history of the Fatherland, unfortunately, hitherto silenced in the official history of Russia.

Tatar words have been preserved in the Russian language since the times when the Tatar language, as we learn from this book, was the language of interethnic communication in the territories of Russia and many other countries of Eurasia. We also learn that the Tatars actively participated in the state and material-cultural life of our Fatherland, both long before the mythical “Mongol-Tatar conquests” and after them.

As many historians and linguists recognize, a number of Tatar words entered the Russian language long before the Mongol-Tatar invasionbut their real influx began in the Odin era and continued in the 15th and 17th centuries (26). Moreover, the words borrowed from the Tatar language concerned mainly relations in management and finance, trade, communications, transport, construction and military affairs. Many words have come to the Russian language from the Tatar language clothing, hats and shoes, household utensils, food and drink, precious stones, metals, crops, construction terms(38).

For example, the words of the modern Russian language altyn, money(money), coffersborrowed from the Tatar language, they say that “the monetary system of Russia was part of the Tatar (Golden Horde) monetary system” (59). Moreover, as already recognized by some independent researchers, initially the circulation of money and the very concept of “money” came to Russia from the “Tatar world”. At the same time, the Horde system of monetary relations was maintained in large areas of modern Russia up to the XVII – XVIII centuries. See more about this in the book The Great Horde: Friends, Enemies, and Heirs (36).

It should be said that in the Russian language there are traces of the activity of the Tatars in the judicial-legal system of Russia. For example, up to the 17th century, judges in Russia were called “jarks”. (G.V. Vernadsky) -from the Old Tatar word "iraguchi", which means "judge". Until now, the Russian language has the word "canon" - from the Tatar eve- “law, norm, rule”. This remained from those times when the right of the Tatar Great Horde prevailed in the territories of modern Russia, and many other countries of Eurasia (for more details see Chapter 8). Moreover, the Horde legal system acted on the expanses of our Fatherland much longer than it is interpreted in the pro-Western course of history, which we inherited from the times of the Romanovs. For example, information reached us that in “Russian society a positive view of Tatar Pravda” persisted until the 17th century ( D.N. Peskov). This and many other little-known facts from the true history of our Fatherland can be found in more detail in the book “In the footsteps of the black legend” (38).

As you can see, the presence of Tatar words in Russian speaks of the direct participation of the ancient Tatar people in the formation and development of material and spiritual culture in the territories of modern Russia, and in the good half of Eurasia - the one that “until the 18th century was called Tataria” ( L.N. Gumilev).

Here it is also necessary to note this: with the coming to power in Russia of the pro-Western kings of the Romanovs in the XVII century and with the establishment of the Roman-German yoke, the Russian state pursued a consistent policy rattling. The Tatars Romanov state in every possible way tried to “subtract”, and the Tatar language was gradually supplanted from the state and public life of the country. For these purposes, the official history was also rewritten in such a way that the Tatars were mentioned in it as little as possible, and, if possible, only as negative characters. But, as we can see, although the ideologues of the pro-Western rulers of Russia rewrote the history of our Fatherland, trying to remove everything positive about Tatars from it, but the Tatar words that are still preserved in the Russian language indicate that the role of the Tatar people in the history of Russia and in whole Eurasia was completely different than it is described in the pro-Western course of history. And later in this book we will find out a lot of interesting things about the true history of the Tatars and about who, why, and exactly how he tried, and to this day he is trying to hide it from us.

Let us give an example of some of the Tatar words that still exist in modern Russian.

For example, in the field of public administration, finance and trade, the following Tatar words came into Russian: Altyn ( derived from it - pyatialtynnik), diamond, arshin ( measure of length), barn ( warehouse, storage of goods), bazaar, trunk, bezmen ( libra, boyar, money, pood ( weight measure), pledge, treasury, treasurer, caravan, map, kiosk, kibitka, shop, stamp, customs, goods, pit ( station on the communication routes for the transport of mail, people and valuable goods), driver ( carrier), label, etc.

Many Tatar words came to the Russian language in the field of architecture and construction. For example: arch, log, casemate, tower, brick, dome, Kremlin, kuren, maidan ( square), pile, attic, etc.

It is worth saying that also many Tatar terms related to military service and organization of troops, are still preserved in Russian, for example: guard, horsetail ( brush on the banner), esaul, cossack, quiver, raid, saberulan hooray(battle cry), checkercore, etc.

In general, Tatar words in the Russian language are related to the most diverse, and moreover the most important areas of material and spiritual culture. Here are some more examples: watermelon, lasso, armyak, chieftain. Bathhousebalyk drum, ram, mess, leopard, batrac, bashlyk, belyash, bogatyr, gully, damask, boer, snowstorm, burka, calico. Sofa, arc, yarmulka. Raisin, donkey. Heel, Adam's apple, cauldron, scribbles, pencil, karga, brown, kirdyk, kisey, kissel, brush, hard labor, caftan, kvass, kvashnya, brick book, carpet, sausage, kolymaga, head of cabbage, koshma, fist, dried apricots, quince. Horse. Malahai, lighthouse. Knob, whip. Otara, hearth. Oven, biscuit, cake. Barn, sundress, earring, chest, sealing wax, antimony, tinsel (tinsel). Taz, cockroach, cart, terem, braid, comradeinterpreter ( translator), brake, sheepskin coat, fog, mattress, prison. Urca, apricot, iron. Wick. Chan, roan, cheburek, coinage, cheprak, turn, the palace, leapfrog, chubuk, cast iron, closet, chump. Gang, hut, Shamdal, trousers, tent, barbecue, pants. Skirt. Label, jasper and many more, many other words.

We give translations of some words.

Diamond: from the Tatar expression " almas tash"-" a stone that does not take ", that is very hard.

Altyn: in Tatar means "gold", "gold".

Arch: from Tatar " arch"(Has different meanings:" back, arch, camp ").

Ataman: from Tatar words " ata"(Father) and" mun"(Similar). Literally, "like a father, instead of a father, like a father, dad."

Bathhouse: clarify the origin of this word in more detail. "There are in the modern Tatar language two ancient words that, in combination, meant in ancient times a bathhouse ( it is a bath« in black» which were the first baths in the history of mankind): boo- “steam” and n- "Den", "container, den". Accordingly, the bath “in black” in Tatar was called buan- “container, steam lair, steam room”; stress on the first syllable. A Russian-speaking person will perceive and pronounce (repeat) this word approximately as “boene”, but even if “bath” says, it will also sound pretty close to the original. And so with all the above, and not only, the words that have come to the Russian language from the Tatar language, and not from the Khalkha-Mongolian or another, supposedly more "civilized" language, and, naturally, not just from the abstract "Turkic" ( 38).

Drum: Old Tatar word literally means "beater".

Ram: from Tatar burәn("Lamb, lamb").

Mess: from Tatar berdk(“Mess, fornication, vagrancy,” and, of course, “mess”).

Burka: from Tatar bark("Veil, cape").

Boyarin: from Old Tatar boerin- "controlling". In modern Tatar language the word has been preserved boer("Command, order").

Money(money): from Old Tatar tәңkә(pronounced like this: “tenge”), one of the meanings is “coin”, “ruble” (monetary unit). In the "Mongol-Tatar Empire" - the Great Tataria - the Tatar word "tenge" also meant precisely the monetary unit; This is explained in detail and in detail in the book “In the footsteps of the black legend” (38).

Esaul: from Old Tatar izauyl, after simplified to "yasaul." Literally means: “looking, observing, fixing (recording), making decisions on the situation according to the established rules.” Position in the Horde troops, similar to the duty officer of the modern armies. Later preserved from the Russian Cossacks as an officer rank corresponding to the army captain.

Cossack: from the Tatar word kachak. The word and now has, among others, the meaning of “covertly” (acting), “scout”, “crouching”. In many dialects of the Tatar language, the letter “ch” sounds (pronounced) close to “s”, “c” or “z”. But in principle, the alternation of letters (sounds) “h” and “h” is also observed in the modern, “official” Tatar language: for example, in the words shyand chyң- both words mean in the translation into Russian "ringing". Later, in the Tatar language, the word “Cossack” began to basically mean “serving”, “soldier” and stuck to the Tatars from the military class of the ordinary, junior and middle commanding staff (38, p. 219).

It should be said that the Horde troops, formed on the principle of "people-army", were also the beginning of the Russian Cossack troops, and already called them that way - "Cossacks" (26). Cossacks were mobile troops in the Horde army, intended to act with a sudden raid after a close encounter with the enemy, forcing him off guard - like the special forces units of modern armies (38, p. 218-219).

Treasury treasurer: from Tatar hәzinә- “the storehouse of valuables, money, treasury”.

BUT " treasurer"- from the Tatar word hell("The one who manages the depository of valuables, money").

Casemate: a room in a fortress shaft, in a wall or under a wall, intended to shelter defendants, ammunition, etc., from a shelling of personnel. It is worth mentioning that the explanation of Western European origin of the word “casemate”, like many other similar words (see below), is quite strongly “promoted”.

Caravanand guard:"Caravan" is formed from the Tatar karau- “watch, watch, guard”, like the word “guard” ( caraval). In the Tatar language the word " guard"And today means (as in Russian)" division, a group of people guarding the relevant object. "

And the word " caravan» ( karavyn, Karauyn) means in Tatar “that which protects, protects”. It is necessary to clarify: in the modern Tatar "official" literary language, an arabized version of the word "caravan" is used, which is spelled " kәrvan". That is, changed “a” to “ә” (reads approximately as “e”) after “k” and “c” to “w” due to the mass distribution among the Tatars of the Arabic script and literature from about the XIV century. Whereas in the Russian language (writing) this word has been preserved even more similar to its original sounding in the Tatar language. I will note that in the closely related Tatar modern Uygur language this word also retained basically the original sound and is written karvan("Carvan"). And this word is pronounced, as well as in colloquial Tatar (despite the "Arabized spelling"), almost the same as in Russian - "karavyn" (37, p. 215).

Pencil:and now in Tatar means "blacking (drawing) stone."

Map: from the Tatar word carats- literally means “gives the opportunity to see, consider” (terrain, setting). Hence the German Karte- it was from the Horde (Russian and Tatar) that word, together with the skills to use the card, and was once taken over by the Germans. But with the Roman-German yoke - like many, many others - both the word and these skills were declared “Western achievements adopted by backward Eastern Europeans and Asians from cultural Western Europeans”.

Fuss:in Old Tatar, literally means "indiscriminate (continuous) rabies" (crowds, elements, etc.).

Maidan:in the Tatar language and today this word means "square".

Lighthouse:from the Tatar phrase may Yak. Literally means: "constantly flush (burn) oil (oil)."

Customs:from Tatar tamga("sign"); in this case - a sign, a mark that the duty is paid, and the goods under the protection of a particular state in whose territory is located or follows its territory. The one who put the sign - in Tatar was called tamgachi. "Pass the customs procedure (customs officer)" in the Old Tatar will be " tugakny үtәrgә". Hence “tamhakn” (“tamhak”) - in the sense of the place where the said procedure takes place. Due to the fact that “g” and “h” are pronounced in Tatar softly, in Russian this word has acquired the form “customs”.

Talker:tatar word tymachmach(from " telem ah"-" Explain language, speech "). It should be said that this word is almost not used in modern Tatar (the borrowed eastern word is used instead tәrҗeәnәn). But in Russian this word, as we see, is even better preserved (37, p. 215). And there are many such words, thrown out of the Tatar language by the “linguists” of the Romanov and Soviet times.

Brake:from Old Tatar tormas(literally means " otherwise it will not stop, it will not rise") - so called pads used to brake the cart, protecting it from rolling when lifting, and also used during steep descent.

Hooray: the word “hurray” in the Tatar language still retains the following meanings: “surround, circumvent” and “mow, wali, crush”. This is an ancient Tatar word that has come down to us unchanged from the Horde, and perhaps from earlier times. This is understandable: a battle cry is a much more stable phenomenon than even a toponym; you cannot change it by any order or command. The warriors shouted at him during the most tense moments of his life - in battle, in the moment of a decisive attack, at the moment of the greatest danger, when it was still unclear whether you would remain alive and safe in battle or not. So this cry has remained forever with us. Moreover, the cry with the meaning - for those who understand this: it was also intended to confuse the enemy thoroughly, especially with superior numbers.

It should be said that the word “hurray” has been preserved in the modern Tatar language - it is an imperative form of the verb “urarga” - “bypass, surround, wind, confuse” (36, p. 183).

Label: in the Old Tatar language it was quite close in meaning to the word "tamga", but there is a difference - the meaning is broader. The label also meant patronage and protection, but gave the right to certain actions under the auspices and protection of the state. For example, for the supply (transport) of a large consignment of goods or for a particular activity. It is formed from the Old Tatar words “Yar” - “protection”, “patronage”, “decision on patronage”. The word "label" literally means the material expression (instance, sign, symbol) of the corresponding decision.

Yusupova Alfia Shavketovna

head Department of Translation Theory and Speech Communication, Doctor of Philology, Professor Kazan Federal University, Kazan

tatar language, Russian borrowings, functioning, dictionaries

The development of a language depends on many factors — on a specific historical context, on political, ideological, and religious conditions.

In recent years, the attention of linguists has been increasingly attracted by the problems of the relationship between language and culture, their complementary role in modern society, and the connection of language with the social, spiritual and cultural context of time.

Each specific cultural community is characterized by a national identity reflected in the mentality of the people and the peculiarities of the language. Being in a foreign language environment, a native speaker of a particular language begins to see the world not only from the point of view suggested by his native language, but also shrinks with the conceptualization of the world, which is characteristic of the culture surrounding him.

Among the most important circumstances affecting the development of a language is the interaction of languages. This is especially evident in cases where ethnic groups - carriers of one or another language - live in close and constant contact with each other. Ethnic groups living within a common or adjacent political, economic space are objectively forced to learn and perceive each other’s languages.

The decisive role is played by the fact that the units borrowed from another language are not universal and reflect the specificity of the vision of the world inherent in the respective culture. Borrowing foreign words depends on the influence of the culture of one nation on the culture of another, on the social characteristics of the word usage, on the lack of an equivalent borrowed word or concept in the native language.

For the Tatar language, the lexical material created in the context of the development of a different culture, a different “language element”, which reflects the peculiarities of the perception of the world by the foreign environment and the contacts of the Tatar language with this environment, is also important. Special significance in this belonged to the Russian language.

Of course, at the same time over the centuries, the Russian language not only helped bring together the most diverse peoples belonging to different language families, but also enriched themselves, incorporating the linguistic units of the languages ​​of the peoples that were part of a common state.

In the conditions of Russia, especially since the XVI century. The Russian language was especially closely associated with the Tatar language.

Words of Russian origin penetrated the Tatar language under certain socio-economic conditions. Trade and economic and other ties between the Tatars and the Russians began in ancient times. These ties are further strengthened after joining in the XVI century. Kazan Khanate to the Russian state. Russians and Tatars lived on the same territory, they are united by common concerns and problems. In the process of such a general development, words related to different areas of life, to the sphere of power, court, and military affairs penetrated the Tatar language as borrowed vocabulary.

Naturally, the time of penetration of Russian and Western European borrowings into various thematic groups of vocabulary was different. One of the first in the Tatar language used Russian administrative terms. "From the moment when the Volga regions, noted A.M. Selishchev, became part of the Russian state, the peoples of the Volga region experienced a significant impact of the Russian element, the effect coming from the Russian administration and from the Russian population that appeared here."

The position of Russian borrowings in the Tatar language becomes so stable that these words find their place in bilingual dictionaries.

Bilingual dictionaries are evidence of the interaction and interaction of two ethnic groups. Any bilingual dictionary, as a rule, reflects the life of two peoples and contains words and phrases that played a significant role in the history of these peoples. In each language, along with the primordial words there is a certain number of borrowed words. As you know, the easier the language learns the vocabulary of another language, the more it is replenished due to the inclusion in it of everything valuable that is contained in other languages, so this

As a result of the work done, the following conclusions were obtained:

1. The largest group of borrowings is the words of everyday importance, which are divided into several subgroups: dishes, furniture, tools, agriculture, etc. For example: battalion, onar, samovar, brownie, tray, mich, ashlia, eskemey , kuashnya, tyralkya, uzym, burazna, ryashyatka, lacon, kelyat, bitch, aven, pumala, bitch, kamyt, lachynka, salam, essert, sazhin, mizh, arysh, arc, dilyanka, kurma, yarminka. These words penetrated the Tatar language through colloquial speech and are subject to the law of synharmonism.

2. Significant place is occupied by the words related to science, education, training: program, professor, study, holidays, influenza, stylus, siper, figure, title, notebook, school, school, pen, history, teacher, fluor, holidays , professor, library, Kalindar, compass, magnifier, pen of steel pen - pen, philasuphia, professor. These words are mainly contained in the dictionaries of N. Ostroumov and A. Voskresensky. Obviously, having recorded these terms related to the educational process and science in their dictionaries, the authors ignored their Arabic-Persian equivalents, which were used in the Tatar language.

3. The dictionaries have also reflected words related to military topics: Pulyn, prisoner, hard labor, bayonet, army, army, cap, overcoat, drushka,: captured - Pulin Tesh, Pristul, regiment (soldier) - Pully, bullet - pool, reward - reward, infirmary - infirmary, camp - camp, hard labor - hard labor, arrest - ristan, cap, cap - cartus, saldat, yanaral. They entered the Tatar language in their phonetic and semantic form.

4. The words for plants are also varied. It is interesting that these plants are used in food: salute, aflisun, lemon, sage, dulya, kerәn, upunka, cedar, kabestya, meat, arysh - rye.

5. The words denoting the types of clothing have penetrated into the Tatar language: heellops, gilts, sarapan, kyaush, plis, quintet, calico, matter.

6. Words denoting a profession, rank, sphere of activity were also borrowed from the Russian language: peasant, monk, liquor, doctor, painter, footman, headman, philosopher, manufacturer, conductor, patriot, cupis, apicun, piscer, patriot, peasant, passenger, conductor, factory owner, punished, stanauai, stanui, zastarash, hstarshina, boyars, urys, aghlychan, inspector, gorbiyan, liqueur, postman - post office chubucha, librarian, hysterical.

The process of Europeanization of Tatar life and culture put forward the task of bringing the lexical composition of the language in line with the new ideas and concepts adopted by the majority of Tatar society. This need was met by the Russian borrowings of the listed thematic groups.

Most of the borrowings entered the Russian language from different European languages. Among the words there are lexical units that are of Greek, German, Polish, French origin: a) Greek: izbis - lime, monastery, church, azure, lemon, lantern, guard - bed, library, history, hard labor, cedar, sail; b) German: Birstak - workbench, spire, cabinet - cupboard, lot, casserole, garris-eaves, eshlyapya - hat, professor, griel - pencil, cabinet, infirmary, camp, army, galosh; c) French: patriot, caprice, lava, magnifying glass, program, medal, envelope. In addition, there are borrowings from the Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Old Scandinavian languages.

I would like to highlight the words that entered the Tatar language from the Polish language: kitchen  - kitchen, patyr  - apartment, frame  - frame, jarminka  - fair, vacation  - holidays, card -  map, kalindar -  the calendar, pharmacy  - pharmacy, post office  - post office, address  - address, metric -  miterka yakut  - yacht guitar  - guitar, blew  - Dula, painter  - painter, opikun  - guardian factory owner  - manufacturer, inspector  - inspector mil  - mile sage  - sage, shtik  - bayonet, poole  - bullet, gubirna  - province, will forget  - factory,   karita  - carriage.

In the modern Tatar language, a part of Russian borrowings, which were recorded among the Tatar words in the bilingual dictionaries of the XIX century, is no longer used or has changed its meaning, some of them are preserved in the dialects of the Tatar language.

Russian borrowings, recorded in the Tatar-Russian and Russian-Tatar dictionaries of the XIX century, are the result of a long historical interaction of languages ​​and cultures. Many borrowings are subject to the phonetic laws of the Tatar language, and some have not changed. A part of borrowing adapted to the system of the Tatar language so that their foreign language origin is not felt by the speakers of the Tatar language and is revealed only with the help of etymological analysis.

The considered material can be used in the classroom in the Russian language, in the study of the etymology of its vocabulary. It is important to acquaint pupils with borrowed vocabulary during classes, at elective Russian language courses. To do this, they should learn as much as possible about other languages ​​contacting Russian, about their mutual influence. At the same time, the teacher should show that, as a Russian, had a great impact on the development of the lexical system of the Tatar and other Turkic languages ​​of Russia.

Bibliography:

1. Abdullin I. А. To the question of chronologicalization of Russian and Western European borrowings in the Tatar language // Bilingualism: typology and functioning. - Kazan, 1990. p. 21-32

2. Budagov L. Comparative dictionary of Turkish – Tatar dialects, with the inclusion of the most common Arabic and Persian words and with translation into Russian - SPb .: Type. AN, 1869. 1 t. - 810 p .; SPb .: Type. AH, 1871. 2 t. - 415 s.

3. Voskresensky A. The Russian – Tatar dictionary with a preface about the pronunciation and etymological changes of the Tatar words by A. Voskresensky - Kazan, 1894. - 374 p.

4. I. Giganov. Indigenous words, the most necessary notes for teaching the Tatar language, collected in Tobolsk main school by the teacher of the Tatar language, St. Sophia Cathedral by the priest Iosif Giganov and the Yurt mullahs testified - SPb., 1801 - 75 p.

5. Gabdelgaziz S. Translation of the Tatar language into Russian or dictionary - Kazan, 1893. - 72 p.

6. S. Kuklyashev. A dictionary for the Tatar reader: Kazan, 1859.-106 p.

7. A brief Tatar-Russian dictionary with the addition of some Slavic words with a Tatar translation - Kazan, 1880. - 55 p .; 1882. - 55 s .; 1886. - 96 s .; 1888. - 96 B., 1891. - 96 p.

8. Put up K. Tatar-Russian dictionary - Kazan, 1878. - 120 p.

9. Ostroumov N. The First Experience of the Dictionary of the People’s Tatar Language after the Reprimand of the Baptized Tatars of the Kazan Gubernia - Kazan, 1876. - 145

10. Ostroumov N. The Tatar-Russian Dictionary - Kazan, 1892. - 246 p.

11. Troyan A. The dictionary of the Tatar language and some Arab and Persian utterances used in it, compiled by the works and care of the teacher of the Tatar language in Kazan, the seminary of the priest Alec. Trojan. T. 1, T. 2 - Kazan, 1833. - 629 p., 1835. - 340 p.

12. Yunusov M. The Tatar-Russian Dictionary of the Most Common Words and Expressions - Kazan, 1900. - 115 p.