Parsing the word staircase. Sound and Alpha Word Analysis

  Sound parsing order

To parse words according to sound criteria, you will need to use approximately the same scheme that all teachers use when conducting literacy training. To parse a word correctly and successfully, you need:

The word chosen for sound analysis must be pronounced aloud and with the correct accent. Without understanding the sound of a word by ear, you cannot characterize its phonetic side. This pronunciation should be like a game, you do not need to pronounce each letter separately, so only your speech is distorted. Usually, children perceive such an exercise as game learning. The children are taught the ability to conduct sound synthesis, the pronunciation of the Russian language is better absorbed and literacy is taught. You need to record phonetic transcription. Making graphic sounds of words, it will be necessary to take into account some features of sound sounds. For example, the letters I, Yu, E, E do not have a separate sound. They are indicated by two sounds, but in weak positions the iotated sound disappears. Each of the words will need to be divided into the available number of syllables. Keep in mind that the number of syllables in a word will be equal to the number of vowels. Parsing should be done using phonetic transcription.After highlighting the syllables you will need to put emphasis. So it will be possible to determine the main in a weak and strong position. If the main one is in a strong position, it helps to ensure that the sound will be clearer and speech will be beautiful. All sounds will need to be described. The vowel can be stressed and unstressed, the consonant can be soft, voiced, hard or deaf. You will need to indicate the number of sounds and the number of letters. Their number is often not the same. For example, b and b are not made out by sounds, and such letters as I, Y, E, E are usually indicated by two sounds.

  Phonetic analysis

Children need to know that in order for speech to be beautiful, one needs to not only learn spelling and literacy, but also try to make phonetic syllabic analysis and sound synthesis. The language is quite complex and children best perceive the analysis of syllables, synthesis and all kinds of rules in the letter, if they are presented as an educational game.

Sounds A, O, Y, S, E indicate a solid consonant sound. When I study the language, speech and phonetic synthesis, children should understand that such a learning process is a kind of game where the language is first decomposed into its components and its synthesis occurs. Sounds L, M, H, P, Y - unpaired calls consonant sounds. X, C, H, U are soft consonants. B, C, D, D, F, H - paired voiced consonants, P, F, K, T, W, C - paired deaf consonants, F, W, C - solid, and H, U, Y - soft.

Phonetics and phonetic analysis

Written language consists of letters, and spoken language of sounds. Phonetics deals with the classification of the sound composition of a language. What can help a native speaker of the Russian language phonetic analysis? You do not need to go far for an example. As a rule, by pronunciation, you can immediately understand that your interlocutor is a foreigner or came from the outback. If a person distorts sounds in words, puts emphasis incorrectly, then he will be considered ignorant or illiterate, and such a dialect is vernacular. In today's highly developed society, this looks very comical.

So why feel like a mockery when it is so easy to learn how to pronounce letters and sounds correctly in words! If you are planning an acting career, choosing the profession of a media person, a journalist, an editor, a PR agent, or you have far-reaching plans for a leadership position, then correct speech and knowledge of rhetoric will thoroughly help you on your way to your cherished goal.

What does phonetics of a language study as a branch of linguistics?

Here's what the dictionaries say about it:

• Phonetics (from phone - phoneme) is an area of \u200b\u200blinguistics that studies voice speech (what we hear), as well as the norms, traditions and rules for pronunciation of sound units and the word forms formed by them.
• Phonetics - a section of linguistic science, studies the acoustic side of the human voice, varieties of combinations of sounds, intonation. During phonetic analysis of a word, patterns of fusion of sound units into syllables of the Russian language and their correct pronunciation are revealed.
• Phonetics of the language explores the properties of speech sounds, as well as the features of their formation in the articulation apparatus. Otherwise, if the child does not pronounce or incorrectly pronounce any sounds and letters in phrases, he will be led to a speech therapist. The latter teaches how to position the tongue, teeth, lips, palate (speech organs) and direct the exhalation in order to correctly pronounce the vowel or consonant.
• Russian phonetics - the scientific description of speech communication (acoustics and articulation). Explains the patterns of merging phonemes into the speech chain, their mutual influence, alternation, the specifics of pronunciation and change (depending on neighboring ones). To classify sounds (vowel-consonant; voiced-deaf; stressed-unstressed; hissing, sonorous, etc.) phonetic analysis is performed. On the basis of the rules of phonetics, literary norms of pronunciation are established (this section is called orthoepy) and emphasis.

Sounds in words or what is phonetics for?

To summarize. A phoneme is the starting unit in any language. There is no language in which there would be only one sound unit, for example: [o]. From it it would be possible to form such words: oo, oooh, oooo, oooooh and so on. As a result, it would become impossible to distinguish them from each other, even despite the different emphasis. Obviously, there should be a lot of phonemes in any language. Based on this, the purpose of sound is to distinguish words from each other.

The sound itself does not make sense, but in combination with other phonemes forms syllables and morphemes (the minimum significant parts of words: root, prefix, suffix, ending, etc.). Then they are combined into semantic units: words and sentences.

Imagine that you can use phonetic units as you like, in any sequence and combination. Then you would have constantly formed new unknown words to anyone, and colloquial speech would have lost meaning for others. In this case, the spoken language itself would lose its purpose as a means of communication. That is why word formation, pronunciation in the words of letters and phonemes obeys certain laws.

Phonetics is a branch of the science of language that studies the laws that govern the combination and alternation of sound units. Phonetics of the Russian language analyzes sounding speech  and highlights:

• signs and differences of some phonemes from others;
• features of their pronunciation in combinations in syllables;
• and also sets the standards for pronunciation, placement of stresses and intonation in words and sentences.

These characteristics are displayed when parsing vowels and consonants. Now you know that all words are made up of sounds. Without them, people would simply not be able to communicate verbally and fully express their thoughts, emotions.

Phonetic parsing

Phonetic parsing

If you do not want to delve into the nuances of sound-letter analysis, use the automatic online analyzer. It will help you quickly parse a phrase by sounds online. To do this, enter the desired word in the search line without grammatical errors and press:

Please note that the correct definition of phonemes largely depends on the environment in the syllable and even on the context of the sentence. The program will automatically identify the sounds in the word and issue options. Choose from them suitable for your specific case. Sound letter analysis  Online will display:

• number of syllables;
• stressed and unstressed syllables;
• total number of sounds and letters;
• letter analysis of each vowel and consonant;
• phonetic characteristic  in transcription.

Some spelling-identical word forms differ in sound-letter analysis, because they can be homonyms, or vary in the position of stress when changing the number and case. Follow the context of your proposal. If you want to independently conduct phonetic analysis of words, learn how to identify sounds and phonetically characterize them, the following is a general outline.

Phonetic analysis "ladder":

Sound characteristics

Sound letter analysis of a word: how are sounds and letters different?

Before proceeding to the phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters  - these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is transmitted or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

The list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in all. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian language alphabet:

Total in the Russian alphabet is used:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: b (soft sign) and b (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.

Sounds in phrases you often pronounce differently than you write on the letter. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, “children's” - the letters “T” and “C” merge into one phoneme [c]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “U” in this case is pronounced [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sounding speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word is meant a characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called "sound-letter" analysis. So, during phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and syllabic structure  phrases combined by a common word stress.

Phonetic Transcription

For sound-alphabetical analysis, special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is spelled correctly:

• black -\u003e [h "oral"]
• apple -\u003e [yablaka]
• anchor -\u003e [yakar "]
• christmas tree -\u003e [yolka]
• the sun -\u003e [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Due to this, it is possible to correctly identify and distinguish a letter entry (spelling) and sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• phonetically parsed word enclosed by square brackets -;
• the soft consonant is indicated by the sign of transcription [’] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - stress;
• in complex word forms of several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] is used - gravis (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet U, I, E, E, B, and B are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is used - the sign of the longitude of the pronunciation of the sound.

The following are detailed rules for spelling, letter and phonetic and parsing with examples online, in accordance with the school-wide standards of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs of vowels and consonants.

How to make phonetic analysis of a word?

The following scheme will help you conduct a literal analysis:

• Write out the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Designate stressed syllable. (Stress using intensity (energy) in speech distinguishes a certain phoneme from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllabus in differs from the transfer rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In a transcription, disassemble a word by sound.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that the sounds in words are not always identical with the letters. The letters "b" and "b" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “u”, “i”, “and” can immediately indicate 2 sounds.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the description: vowel sound; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of the consonants indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, sonorous or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonorous-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

Phonetic parsing example

Here is a sample of phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’en′n’iye].
In this example, 4 vowels and 3 consonants.
There are only 4 syllables here: I-vle′-ni-e.
The stress falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous
  [and] - vowel, unstressed
in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound.
l [l ’] - acc., paired soft., unpaired. sound
е [э ′] - vowel, percussion
n [n ’] - agree, paired soft., unpaired. sound
and [and] vowel, unstressed
e [th] - acc., unpaired. soft., unpaired. sound
  [e] - vowel, unstressed
________________________
In total, the word phenomenon - 7 letters, 9 sounds
The first letter “I” and the last “E” stand for two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis on your own. The following is a classification of the sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound and letter analysis.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowels, in turn, are percussive and unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words is: hard - soft, sonorous - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels participate in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters when participating in word formation can indicate 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b ’] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h ’] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: a stream, a pack, a spoon, black, Chegevara, a boy, a rabbit, bird cherry, and a bee. Thanks to such a practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowels in the words of the Russian language

Vowel soundsunlike consonants, they are melodic, they freely flow out of the larynx, as if in a chant, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce a vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. Conversely, the louder you seek to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulation difference between these classes of phonemes.

Stress in any word form can only fall on a vowel, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels in Russian phonetics?

In Russian speech, less vowel phonemes are used than letters.

There are only six percussion sounds: [a], [and], [o], [e], [y], [s].
And we recall ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, y.
The vowels E, Ё, Я,,, не are not “pure” sounds in transcription   not used.Often during letter analysis of words, the accent falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: Characterization of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Percussion syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by expiratory force, extended sound duration and are pronounced undistorted. Because they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, sound analysis  syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to carry out.
The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retain its basic appearance is called   strong position.This position can only be taken percussion sound  and syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables abide   in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• The vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so distinctly.

In Russian, unchanged phonetic properties are retained by only one phoneme “U”: atto atr atfor, tablet at, ath atsmiling atfishing, - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly as [y]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subjected to qualitative reduction.
Attention: on the letter, the phoneme [y] may also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m ’ at´sl’i], key [cl ’ at´h ’] and so on.

Punching Vowel Sounds

The vowel phoneme [o] is found only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [to aboutt’ik] bell aboutl’ch’yk], milk [malak about], eight [in abouts’im ’], search [search aboutvaya], talk [g aboutvar], autumn [ aboutsyn'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced distinctly, is represented only by some foreign words: cocoa [kaka ” about], patio [pa "ty about], the radio [RA "di about], boa [b abouta "] and a number of service units, for example, union no.

The sound [o] in writing can be reflected in another letter "Ё" - [o]:  turn [t ’ aboutrn], bonfire [cas’t ’ aboutr].

Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the position under stress will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

You can make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after the accent is put in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for “mok-zamo” k and about changing phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya d about"ma].
• New homes [but butma "].

IN shockless position  the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain \u003d [g about"ry] - [g butra "];
• he is online \u003d [ about"n] - [ butnla yin]
• testimonial et eflax \u003d [sv’id ’ uh"t’ andl’n’itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables  are called reduction.  Quantitative when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change the phonetic characteristic depending on the position:

• primarily regarding stressed syllables;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and consonant.

So, different 1st degree of reduction. They are exposed to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• undisguised syllable at the very beginning;
• repeating vowels.

Note: To make sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined based not on the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to its left. In principle, it can be the only one pre-shocked: not here [n’iz’d’e’shn’s].

(undisguised syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable  → shock syllable (+2/3 shock syllable)

• vpe- re-di [fp’i r’idi];
• e-st-really-nno [ yis’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all stressed syllables with sound parsing  relate to the reduction of the 2nd degree. She is also called the "weak position of the second degree."

• to kiss [pa-tsy-la-va't ’];
• to simulate [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-wat ’];
• swallow [la´-st but-h’k but];
• kerosene [k’i-ra-s’i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also varies in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants., - this is outside the curriculum): to study [student’s: a], to become numb [atsyp'in'et’t '], hope [nad'e´zhda].
In a literal analysis, reduction in the vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable  (\u003d at the absolute end of the word):

• a cup but;
• goddesses i;
• with songs and;
• change but.

Sound letter analysis: iotated sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], - - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Y, Y, I is determined by their positional position.

In phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, w, i form 2 SOUNDS:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya]  in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of a word "Ё" and "Yu"  always:
  • - cringe yo´zhyts: a], Christmas tree [ yo´lach’s], hedgehog [ yo´zhik], capacity [ yo´mkast ’];
  • - jeweler [ yuw’Il’i´r], yula [ yula´], skirt [ yu´pca], Jupiter [ yup’i´t’ir], brisk [ yu´rcas’t ’];
• at the beginning of a word "E" and "I"  only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ ye´l ’], I drive [ ye´w: y], huntsman [ ye´g’ir ’], eunuch [ ye´out of breath];
  • - yacht [ ya´hta], anchor [ ya´car ’], yaki [ ya´ki], apple [ ya´blaka];
  • (* another phonetic transcription is used to perform a sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, see below);
• in position immediately after the vowel "Ё" and "Yu"  always. And here is “E” and “I” in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words.
  Online phonetic analysis and case studies:
  • - etc yemanik [pr’iyo´mnnik], p oot [payo´t], cl yuet [class’s yo’T];
  • - ayurveda [a yur’v’e´da], p oht [pa yu’T] melt [that’s yut] cabin [ka yu’Ta],
• after dividing solid "b"  sign "Ё" and "Yu"  - always,
  but "E" and "I"  only under stress or at the absolute end of a word:
  - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [hell yu"that’s]
• after dividing soft "b"  sign "Ё" and "Yu"  - always, and "E" and "I"  under stress or at the absolute end of a word:
  - interview [intyrv’’ yu´], trees [d’ir’e´v ’ ya], friends [friends ’ ya´] brothers [brother’t’’s ya], monkey [ab’iz ’ ya´on], blizzard [in ’ yu´ha] family [s’em ’ ya´]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are crucial. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. We continue the sound by letter analysis of the remaining iotated ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in words.

◊ Unstressed vowels  "E" and "I"  denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [Yi]:

• at the very beginning of the word:
  • - unity [ yid'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilovy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is'e´y ], Egypt [yig'i'p'it];
  • - January [ yinvar’s], core [yidro´], ulcerate [yiz’v’i´t ’], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo’n’iya], lamb [yign’o´nak];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ yewrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye]highest, European [ yewrap’e’yitz], Diocese [ye]partnership and etc.).
• immediately after the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • timely [swa yivr’e´m’ina], trains [pa yizda´], eat [pa yid’i´m] run over [on yif: a´t ’], Belgian [b’il’g’i´ yiq], students [student’s yis’a], sentences [pr’idlaje’n’i yimi’i] vanity [sou yithat´]
  • bark [la´ yit ’], pendulum [ma´ yitn’ik], hare [for´ yiq], belt [by yic] state [for yi“and’ t ’], I will show [right yiv’l’u´]
• after dividing solid "b"  or soft "b"  sign:
  - drunk [p ’ yin’i’t], express [of yiв’и´т ’], announcement [ab yi  vl’e´n’iye], edible [with yinice].

Note: For the St. Petersburg phonological school, "ekan" is characteristic, and for the Moscow "Ikan". Previously, iotated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “yo”. With the change of capitals, performing parsingadhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. Such a pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” is sounded differently under stress and without stress: fair [ ya´mark], but the egg [ yiegg´].

Important:

The letter "And" after soft sign  “B” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in a sound-literal analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions).
Let's draw a sample of sound-letter online parsing:
- nightingales [salav ’ yi´], on chicken legs [on chicken yi ’x "but´shah], rabbit [kro´l’ich’ yi], no family [s’im’ yi´], judges [su´d ’ yi], draws [n’ich ’ yi´], streams [ruch ’ yi´], foxes [fox’s yi].

But:
Vowel "ABOUT"  after the soft sign B  transcribed as an apostrophe of softness [’]   previous consonant and [ABOUT], although when pronouncing a phoneme, you can hear the iotation: broth [bul’o´n], pavil bn [pav’il’o´n], likewise: revered bn, champagne bn, tires bn, company bn, medal bn, battle bn gil btina pocket bla min bm and others.

Phonetic analysis of words when the vowels "Yu" "E" "ё" "I" form 1 SOUND

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

• sound units “Ё” “Yu” “E”  are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c.
  Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o]
  • e - [e]
  • u - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sound: yellow [w aboutsilk], silk [w aboutlx], whole [q e´baked], the recipe [r’its e´pt.], pearls [w e´mch’uk], six [w e´art ’], hornet [w e´rshen ’], parachute [parachute yt];
• Letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E”  and "AND"  indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’] . An exception is only for: [g], [w], [q].
  In such cases in shock position  they form one vowel:
  • yo - [o]:  trip [put ’ aboutfka] light [l ’ abouthk’ii], honey agaric [up ’ aboutnak], actor [act ’ aboutp], child [r’ib ’ aboutnak];
  • e - [e]:  seal [t’ul ’ e´n ’], mirror [s’ e´grinned] smarter [smarter ’ e´ye], conveyor [canv ’ e´yir];
  • i - [a]:  kittens [cat ’ butta] softly [m ’ buthka], oath [cl ’ buttwa], took [take ’ butl], mattress [t’u f ’ butk], swan [l’ib ’ butzh];
  • y - [y]:  beak [cl ’ yf] people [l ’ yd’am], gateway [w’ ys] tulle [t ’ yl ’], suit [cas’t’ ym].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel is transcribed as [e] without a previous apostrophe of softness: hotel [at e´l’’, shoulder strap [br’it e´l’ka], test [t e´st], tennis [t e´n: is], cafe [cafe e´], mashed potatoes [p’ur e´], amber [ambergris] e´], delta [d e´l’ta], tender [t e´nder], masterpiece [shad e´bp], tablet [tablet e´t].
• Attention! After the soft consonants in pre-stressed syllables  vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into sound [and]  (excl. for [q], [g], [w]).
  Examples of phonetic parsing with similar phonemes:
  - s erno [s ’ andрно´], з eblah [s ’ andml’a´], in egray [in ’ andc’], sound enit [z’v ’ andn’i´t], l esleep [l ’ andsleepy], m eheifer [m ’ andt’e´l’its], p ero [p ’ andro´], pri esla [pr’in ’ andslah], in ito [in ’ andzat’’s], l igat [l ’ andha’t ’], p igrater [n ’ andt’o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

Consonants in Russian are an absolute majority. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow meets obstacles. They are formed by the organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or voicing occurs in the voice.

How many consonants in Russian?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters.  However, performing a sound-literal analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds  more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft   and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: banan - btree
  • [in] - [in ’]: inheight - injun
  • [g] - [g ’]: gorod - gduke
  • [d] - [d ’]: dacha - ddolphin
  • [h] - [h ’]: sout - sether
  • [to] - [to ’]: toonfeta - tothe baby carrier
  • [l] - [l ’]: lodka - lyuks
  • [m] - [m ’]: magia - mdreams
  • [n] - [n ’]: nyovy - nhectare
  • [n] - [n ’]: palma phedgehog
  • [p] - [p ’]: romashka - rpoison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: fromovenir - fromyurprise
  • [t] - [t ’]: tuchka - tyulpan
  • [f] - [f ’]: flag - feural
  • [x] - [x ’]: xorek - xthe seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [w], [q], [w]  - always solid ( welltake it cikl we wb);
  • [h ’], [u’]  and [th ’]  - always soft (up to hka cha ue yours th).
• Sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’]  in our language are called hissing.

Consonant may be voiced - deaf, and sleepy and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of articulation organs.

• Sleepy (l, m, n, r, y) are the most voiced phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lev rbut th, nabout lb.
• If during the pronunciation of the word during the parsing sound both voice and noise are formed - it means a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): sbut inabout d, bliu dabout, welland sny.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (n, s, t, etc.), the vocal cords do not strain, only noise is produced: stabout pCbut, fand shkbut, toabout styum cirk, for wto eat.

Note:  In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: bow (b, p, d, t) - gap (w, w, s, s) and method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m), labial -tooth (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, s, s, c, f, w, w, w, h, n, l, p), middle lingual (s), posterolinguistic (f, d, x). The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic word analysis, try to press your hands to your ears and pronounce a phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound under investigation is a voiced consonant; if noise is heard, it is deaf.

Hint: For associative remember the phrases:
“Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this proposal contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding soft-hardness pairs).

“Stepka, do you want to eat some shchets?” “Fie!” - similarly, these remarks contain a set of all deaf consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound as well as the vowel is subject to change. The same letter can phonetically denote different sound, depending on the position taken. In the stream of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional Stun / Sounding

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voiced is in effect. The voiced pairing consonant is replaced by a voiceless:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but well  [but w], a dream g  [s’n’e´ to], ohoro d  [agaro´ t], Clu b  [club’ p];
• before deaf consonants: forget-me-not dkand [n’isabu´ tka] about bhwoo [a phwat’i’t ’], tueornik [ ftо’рн’ик], labor bkand [labor pCbut].
• making a sound letter analysis online, you will notice that the deaf pair consonant facing the voiced (except [y '], [c] - [c'], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its sonorous pair: surrender [hld], mowing [kaz'ba], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adhada´t]].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant is not combined with a subsequent sonorous noisy, except for the sounds [in] - [in ’]: tobroken cream. In this case, the transcription of both phonemes [h] and [c] is equally acceptable.

When analyzing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by a phoneme [c].

According to the rules of sound-literal analysis at the endings of the “th”, “th” names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [in]: red [red], blue [s'i’n'iva] , white [be'lav], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom.

If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant formation: separate [hell: ’il’i´t’] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced to the sounds [d’d ’], nsmart [b’i w:smart].

When analyzing the composition of a number of words in the sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common sign of the two consonants changing side by side: the combination of “GK” sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'oh'h'k'iy], soft [m'ah’h ' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• The softening of paired solid consonants occurs before “b”;
• the softness of the consonant in the syllable on the letter will help determine the subsequent vowel (e, e, u, u, i);
• [u ’], [h’] and [y]  only soft by default;
• the sound is always softened [n]  before soft consonants “Z”, “C”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr’ite n’z’Ia], review [r’icee n’z’Ia], pension [pe n’s ’ia] ve [n’z ’]spruce, face [n’z ’]oia, ka [n’d ’]go ba [n’d ’]um and [n’d ’]ivid blo [n’d ’]in, stipe [n’d ’]oi, ba [n’t ’]ik, wi [n’t ’]ik, zo [n’t ’]ik, ve [n’t ’]il [n’t ’]egg, to [n’t ’]text, remo [n’t ’]iterate
• the letters "H", "K", "P" during phonetic analysis of the composition can be softened before soft sounds [h ’], [u’]: lFik [staka’n’ch’ik], laughs nscik [sm’e’n’sh’ik], by lFik [po’n’ch’ik], kame nscik [kam’e’n’sh’ik], boulevard rschina [bul’va’r’sh’ina], more rsch  [borscht'];
• often the sounds [h], [s], [p], [n] before the soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: styenka [s’t’en′ka], women know  [zhiz’n ’], healthyhere [z’d’es ’];
• to correctly perform the sound alphabetical analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [p] in front of soft tooth and labia, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note:  the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, in literal analysis, in square brackets, a dash is placed opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes of paired voiced-deaf before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter analysis

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-deaf: [d]  or [ws]  before the sizzling (w, w, u, h) phonetically replaced by the sizzling consonant.

• Parse analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: welcome zhı [pr’iye´ lJyi], in nevent [va shh´ ’’ ’], and zhelta [and´ lJelta], squhang out [ lJa´l’itz: a].

Phenomenon when two different letters  pronounced as one, is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing a sound-alphanumeric analysis of a word, you should designate one of the repeating sounds in transcription with the symbol of longitude [:].

• Hissing letters “Szh” - “zzh”pronounced double solid consonant [w:], but "Ss" - "zs"  - as [w:]: squeezed, stitch, no tire, fit.
• Combinations "Zh", LJ  inside the root during spelling analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [w:]: I drive, squealing, later, reins, yeast, burning.
• Combinations Midnight, "Sp"  at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefixes are pronounced as a long soft [u ’:]: score [ u ’:ot], the scribe, the customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place Midnight, "Sp"  transcribed as [щ’ч ’]: no number [b’e sh ’h’isla´], with something [ sh’h ’emta].
• With sound letter parsing "Tch", Dh  at the junction of morphemes is defined as double soft [h ’:]: pilot [l’o´ h ’:hk], molo dcik [little´ h ’:ik] about tem [a h ’:from].

Cheat sheet for assimilation of consonants at the place of education:

• mid → [u ’:]: happiness [ u ’:a´s’t’ye], sandstone [p’i u ’:a´n’ik], peddler [different’s u ’:hk], paving, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• ss → [u ’:]: carver [r’e´ u ’:ik], loader [gru´ u ’:ik], narrator [rask´ u ’:ik];
• rs → [u ’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe ” u ’:ik], man [mu u ’:and ’];
• sch → [u ’:]: freckled [v’isnu ′ u ’:ity];
• stch → [u ’:]: tougher [jo´ u ’:e], whip, tool;
• hello → [u ’:]: the buster [abye´ u ’:ik], furrowed [baro´ u ’:ity];
• ss → [u ’:]: split [ra u ’:ip’i’t ’], generous [ra u ’:edr’ils’a];
• thorough → [h’sh ’]: split off [a ch’sh ’ip’i’t ’], snap [a ch’sh ’o'lk’ivat ’], in vain [ ch’sh ’etna], carefully [ ch’sh ’at’el’na];
• tch → [h ’:]: report [a h ’:ot], homeland [a h ’:izna], ciliated [r’is’n’i’ ′ h ’:ith];
• dh → [h ’:]: underline [pa h ’:orc’ivat ’], stepdaughter [pa h ’:ir’itsa];
• squ → [w:]: compress [ well:а’т ’];
• zh → [w:]: get rid of [and well:y’t ’], ignition [ro´ well:yk], leave [yui well:а’т ’];
• ss → [w:]: who brought [pr’in’o ′ w:hey] embroidered w:yy];
• zh → [w:]: lower [n’i w:yy]
• thu → [PC], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-letter analysis, we write [PC]: so that [ pCoh], nothing [n’e ′ for pCa] something [ pCo n’ibut ’], something;
• thu → [ch’t]  in other cases of parsing: a dreamer [m’i ch’ta’t’il ’], mail [by´ ch’ta] preference [pr’itpa ch’t’E´n’iye] and the like;
• mon → [shn]  in exception words: of course [kan’e´ shna ′], boring [bored shna ′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifle, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc .;
• mon → [ch’n]  - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [skaza ch’nth], cottage [yes´ ch’n], strawberry [z’im’l’in’i’´ ch’n], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc .;
• ! railway → at the place of the letter combination "Railway"  dual pronunciation and transcription permissible [u ’]  or [PC']  in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonants, one or another sound may be lost. As a result of this, the spelling of words contains letters without sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, an unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in transcription. The number of sounds in similar phonetic words  will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T"  - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: me stn’[m’e´ cnreed], reed [tra s’n’And’ k]. By analogy, you can perform phonetic analysis of words le stnegg stnwow stnoh glad stnoh, gru stnteaching stnik, ve stnik, nena stnvehemently stnth and others;
  • st → [sl]: happy stwillow [u ’: a cl’And’ ’’, stivchik, owl stwillow stwillow (exception words: bony and send, the letter "T" is pronounced in them);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigabyte ntskyi [g’iga´ nsk’] Ag ntskpresidium ntsks;
  • sts → [from:]: sha stsfrom [she from:oht] stsi [take from:a], fuck stsi [cl’a´ from:but];
  • sts → [from:]: turi stscue [tour’i´ from:k’ii], maximized stscue [max’mal’i´ from:k’i], race stscue [race’i´ from:k’ii] be stseeller, propaganda stscue expression stscue, indian stscue, career stscue;
  • ntg → [ng]: re ntgen [r’e ng’’ ’];
  • “-This”, “-this” → [q:]  in verb endings: smile go  [smile´ q:and we go  [we q:a], see tsya{!LANG-6c9521cd926b59fd3c9403d14a1eb81a!} tsya{!LANG-a4f079b437f799e89eba4d11ea620ba8!} go{!LANG-6254240187832d0cdad5d1c6f9eb95be!} go{!LANG-cade51e6fdc0eff6fcdc1c87a6228b73!} tsya;
  • {!LANG-217d874e79361ef9b3f42cac283f4e37!} [c]{!LANG-7c2ee6334a04412bb391a6c3e8baf964!} {!LANG-51c210839b7e3c3cc033fb762fb27618!}{!LANG-3771b3fb67687d3bbc6d2b4be847932c!} c{!LANG-12fd43bb5fb73a3db4a0916641b89aa6!} {!LANG-51c210839b7e3c3cc033fb762fb27618!}{!LANG-20223e903d8839782343f2dca9472d7a!} c{!LANG-054063c4908ea96673490ca5ee16c4f0!}
  • {!LANG-217d874e79361ef9b3f42cac283f4e37!} {!LANG-ca130f5c569aa328e32cf6965d079ec2!}{!LANG-6d2c98b9e1efc3c605b7a6bad7cf4336!} {!LANG-51c210839b7e3c3cc033fb762fb27618!}{!LANG-215e009ef762a1a9b9e11dd1c6c4035d!} q:{!LANG-84b41f5d0aa3bab821f3b93de21fbb97!} {!LANG-51c210839b7e3c3cc033fb762fb27618!}{!LANG-aeb23d9cb60610f026669d51778d7e65!} {!LANG-4f808dc246f43f666b3738025a1426a1!}{!LANG-cf4928923bbb35b3afafab29a58df1a7!}
  • {!LANG-2f0c4800eaf7f222daf74ddd0bc06df7!} [q:]{!LANG-a425379ef95065fcc14d84c88807d72f!} {!LANG-856f48180b83485e7d1b747e28d89c19!}{!LANG-8429b3c295dbceb127e0ca556ba4c763!} q:{!LANG-7d63eae1adf951ec90d6add538a37d1c!} {!LANG-856f48180b83485e7d1b747e28d89c19!}{!LANG-bbd68b1cd53aac9761ba3c2ecddce54d!} q:{!LANG-5537f82f9473b7c28c4aedfd5f1eb30b!} {!LANG-856f48180b83485e7d1b747e28d89c19!}{!LANG-ea682864e02ab7b3f2904dbf03ed99ea!} q:{!LANG-f930c2ba33b30a6dbbf7d4a0733a0ca3!}
• {!LANG-613636906c4f5cf9421672351c022097!}{!LANG-0c2ca840707e8f2653394ff4af35cac5!}
  • {!LANG-1d3f08f0b3ae71b52330fe26ae72137b!} {!LANG-7f1ea4f9cfe82b4b93053dcf7f3a4032!}{!LANG-7e2524260bf4b9246a07eac3f9fb0eb3!} {!LANG-b75f433f5644377d95f3e869474664bb!}{!LANG-59767c78ee706273cbe658b10dcb5b18!} {!LANG-5a3db8503991ec627dc5c0d8757bae0f!}{!LANG-2efbd6bcc7ef4b0b46485d81397a3ce7!} {!LANG-b75f433f5644377d95f3e869474664bb!}{!LANG-b8fb02e5991e334d5d01e54e97773264!} {!LANG-ea10c8454d447bfbc7dac44565270ea5!}{!LANG-9b5ed5789fca0c56ee812223b1ecbef2!} {!LANG-b75f433f5644377d95f3e869474664bb!}{!LANG-e457e6b4cbccab68110b690dbb3b4f31!} {!LANG-cc297c07195dc80f5bf7f1bab4d4eb38!}{!LANG-de053895b2d4af3b05c3bde2935486c9!} {!LANG-b75f433f5644377d95f3e869474664bb!}{!LANG-18e347f65cbe05b1773fc0c6ad571c1c!} {!LANG-ea10c8454d447bfbc7dac44565270ea5!}{!LANG-004c8c5db69485426d9d76255537ee92!}
  • {!LANG-aa95dab479d824e645857030eaa5de4e!} {!LANG-f4ab3e7c78885bde8b05c8c354bf522b!}{!LANG-3caa145afa8e53357b1f7db988db4da9!} {!LANG-5d6accf87543c2a40d1cae85b0eed447!}{!LANG-fe38d17e28548018f99e44fe6d520543!} {!LANG-1913729e76b996eaa2631fd5aa017a49!}{!LANG-a0b173d9b7d0993c26f3e1c0ebcd92e1!} {!LANG-5d6accf87543c2a40d1cae85b0eed447!}{!LANG-239ad8528053f601950593301f80acf4!} {!LANG-1913729e76b996eaa2631fd5aa017a49!}{!LANG-2dccdd17772b2c84737533e8f8d82859!}
  • {!LANG-6678fbf3539abee4ab09edd486789eac!} [nsk]{!LANG-b0f2d1b9fc704157ac56708095e0daa5!} {!LANG-0d557c2c31db1dfd54e3bbd9156d0a58!}{!LANG-a20070b7268e181af772303b242f290a!} nsk{!LANG-33974cd418cb8586080bd8e7d8f7777f!} {!LANG-0d557c2c31db1dfd54e3bbd9156d0a58!}{!LANG-222d756b40f98408c723b26cccea6b6b!} nsk{!LANG-01236e07fa33e0538c381092866bb980!} {!LANG-0d557c2c31db1dfd54e3bbd9156d0a58!}{!LANG-f17009c00ef8e9952a758f1e1cd5ac90!} nsk{!LANG-3a2ba169369f73d3e4ce49a7b1801cc4!}
  • {!LANG-79ec7dcfeef5372226ccb4c37e259529!} {!LANG-08738dcc98ffd83097e5eaecad22df31!}{!LANG-6fcbcc9e0ea39c3bf780a4c4e57470ce!} {!LANG-7d769b255bbdc793aceebf4d15630d2b!}{!LANG-128e27d41fc2437618693008e6e95451!} {!LANG-df249f950e344053789439a568458a69!}{!LANG-85fb391adda4a9a79fc624e389b515dc!}
  • {!LANG-65ecd65915ae322ce285e37ff448adff!} {!LANG-3939a6327be26d6ed3847fd270b5d981!}{!LANG-b0f2d1b9fc704157ac56708095e0daa5!} {!LANG-c0586bbbcd209d1889d194692f61ce95!}{!LANG-6d22eb726fbef544d94539110080af30!} {!LANG-d7270d6be02493dd6b85b0acd0d8ad0b!}{!LANG-2de1e7e00ae347900c43348dab2b06d1!}
  • {!LANG-e114600692b5f095203766b4483abfef!} {!LANG-7445a51d301fee3d2574c25d2cf7b572!}{!LANG-d27d1f4a4c6a1a2db0cf4292018d22b5!} {!LANG-78cc088ee43c105e8e075fd479a68c4b!}{!LANG-b6b4b7e6c488370b3f82bbaeb6a2bf69!} {!LANG-d0d7a161a698b2cc6c5916a10e056dd6!}{!LANG-42bf28c88c8d799ffbe3aed17c527ff4!} {!LANG-78cc088ee43c105e8e075fd479a68c4b!}{!LANG-311a2f8763fe751ddc206745b511bb1e!} {!LANG-d0d7a161a698b2cc6c5916a10e056dd6!}{!LANG-da99f71761488c548a67c7110bf4eaa7!}
  • {!LANG-8f6c4ad53731ddf3c4f58f9accda8d93!} {!LANG-3949b34ea9469109bc158c95e36db6f8!}{!LANG-d27d1f4a4c6a1a2db0cf4292018d22b5!} {!LANG-5d396737f0903fd01f26ed99b6633d08!}{!LANG-c3dbe4448303cffa74dd4165ce74310b!} {!LANG-b71d7f4ae6b5d15533aa42c3a040ada6!}{!LANG-441ee59871d5aa3cbf2615d10c04d147!}
  • {!LANG-dbbc813483e741c8fa89873c1cfeab1d!} [q:]{!LANG-02b05cac5832baca6c2bfd79cdb34543!} {!LANG-24a7ac96c2b1f6f5c7407e9ff3773257!}{!LANG-fae2e6eccfdd3cda424f24d46bd7a136!} q:{!LANG-0490c1b9a736e16593a2cd2ea36b0863!} {!LANG-24a7ac96c2b1f6f5c7407e9ff3773257!}{!LANG-dc1a8d3af5fa04cdc55029538e3c120c!} q:{!LANG-8c56596d9957185242138d2dd969c6ac!}
  • {!LANG-1e623a73c983178352ecdc8421e5f575!} [c]{!LANG-771f4b197f872df90c5f84ae4aafc7e5!} {!LANG-75f411585acc9b73ede8dfa72f5b5d30!}{!LANG-ff43fbbd05b94bef3bd40754119ecae2!} c{!LANG-af0a77acd595aef688dc1fd3d5af641f!} {!LANG-75f411585acc9b73ede8dfa72f5b5d30!}{!LANG-491b9440227a2c7057c8a156588588ed!} c{!LANG-ba8a38dacdfb699529b9ecb3ffb17d18!} {!LANG-75f411585acc9b73ede8dfa72f5b5d30!}{!LANG-aa00634fefeb7e77520349258a560b73!} c{!LANG-450686a561399ad65f3ad035d845b86d!} {!LANG-75f411585acc9b73ede8dfa72f5b5d30!}{!LANG-d91735847dcd7d0a1f3c4dc9fb92d5e8!} c{!LANG-ac777ec95c6d03c97828a2fcb154bcfe!}
• {!LANG-daadc1c37fc7ed4918aec2963f7fc12d!}  - in combinations:
  • {!LANG-f3c1ecae8308dfefeed4710dff6ea979!} {!LANG-3939a6327be26d6ed3847fd270b5d981!}{!LANG-97d234ed3bc0375c8bed56ea90582e4b!} {!LANG-aee1d18d183287586107281e07eb02bb!}{!LANG-a7a43da35acc0a8bb262f0ece0b07263!} {!LANG-d7270d6be02493dd6b85b0acd0d8ad0b!}{!LANG-219f6d13525d4d45fe5a86c759cc258a!} {!LANG-aee1d18d183287586107281e07eb02bb!}{!LANG-47e49c724b15f90da56f514de3814a3e!}
• {!LANG-33916b3871fc56a7e271d94fedec5da7!}  - in combinations:
  • {!LANG-806da7cc60af31cf5a0fc7902510a4f9!} {!LANG-94a2fb7a7de557ab5286ea2732907bb0!}{!LANG-730794687bb35ef83b6f23cacb4bd9a7!} {!LANG-f3a33f4856bb043d9e36340ed923171c!}{!LANG-f468d5f3e9bf065238a31520d2b95a43!} {!LANG-12fec1e5be324cd580376570bcfbcf5b!}{!LANG-cd65f8dda0d8601b67c068b952d06110!} {!LANG-f3a33f4856bb043d9e36340ed923171c!}{!LANG-cd210aefb58158886eab5f03eba08d53!} {!LANG-12fec1e5be324cd580376570bcfbcf5b!}{!LANG-7e63bfbb78390f7f40c04a6a6a457b34!} {!LANG-f3a33f4856bb043d9e36340ed923171c!}{!LANG-6445d131c580560faed8c5ace9f68954!} {!LANG-12fec1e5be324cd580376570bcfbcf5b!}{!LANG-845e0f09d81e2afceb82d252689012a4!} {!LANG-f3a33f4856bb043d9e36340ed923171c!}{!LANG-d4a645e6a4bebfbc69c81d1928cd8c1e!} {!LANG-12fec1e5be324cd580376570bcfbcf5b!}{!LANG-72314a0e3581cd19452db5a0e5c62614!} {!LANG-f3a33f4856bb043d9e36340ed923171c!}{!LANG-1fe46886e2f860bcc209e018e21ba406!} {!LANG-12fec1e5be324cd580376570bcfbcf5b!}{!LANG-0fb3df9e07540279ce6e08c39633daaf!}

Note:{!LANG-c844f55e61b31c6612f61cb59852ca23!}

• {!LANG-13312638ca199fd9c971a9adc376cdcf!}
• {!LANG-e220bb05c67bd4faff9d45c09d35c064!}

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