That the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Orphoepic norms of the Russian language. Orphoepic standards are the utterances of oral speech. Variability of the orthoepic norm

Orphoepia A combination of all norms of pronunciation in the literary language, as well as a separate section of linguistics, which studies the functioning of these norms. Orphoepium as a section produces pronunciation recommendations different sounds, sound, grammatical forms, Words borrowed from other languages.

Oral speech is based on such concepts as pronunciation and emphasis. Very often they do not reflect on the letter in due measure, so it is important to know how to correctly pronounce words in the literary language, especially since developing very rapidly and more. It's no secret that in last years People began to read less and write and talk more and listen.

The main problem is that the existing orthoepic standards are often violated. What are these errors? Consider in more detail these errors and rules that will help them avoid.

Orphoepic norms The Russian literary language regulates sounds in various phonetic positions, with other sounds, in certain grammatical forms and separate words. A distinctive feature of pronunciation - uniformity. Orphoepic errors may negatively affect the perception of speech by listeners. They may distract the attention of the interlocutor from the essence of the conversation, cause misunderstanding and irritation. Corresponding to orthoepic standards pronunciation facilitates the process of communication and makes it more efficient.

Orphoepic normsdefines the phonetic language system. Each language is characterized by its phonetic laws regulating the pronunciation of sounds and the words they create.

The basis of the Russian literary language is Moscow adverb, however, in Russian orfoepia, the so-called "younger" and "senior" norms are distinguished. The first displays the distinctive features of modern pronunciation, the second draws attention to Staromoshkovsky orpheepic norms.

Basic rules of pronunciation

In Russian, only those vowels that are under stress are clearly pronounced: garden, cat, daughter. Those vowels that are in an unstressed position may lose clarity and clarity. This is the law of reduction. So, the vowel "O" at the beginning of the word without emphasis or in the estate syllables can be pronounced as "A": with (a) rock, in (a) Ron. IN unstressed syllables At the place of the letter "O" can pronounce a unclear sound, for example, as the first syllable in the word "head".

The vowel sound "and" is pronounced as "s" after the pretext, solid consonant or with a fusion pronunciation of two words. For example, "Pedaging Institute", "Laughter and Tears".

As for the pronunciation of consonants, it is guided by the laws of stunning and liketing. Before a deaf sound, the angry consonants are stunning, which is a characteristic feature of Russian speech. As an example, the word "pillar" can be brought, the last letter in which is stunned and pronounced as "P". There are very few words.

In many words, instead of sound "h", "sh" should be pronounced (the word "that"), and the letter "G" is read in the end as "B" (the words "of My", "Nobody" and others).

As mentioned above, the orthoepic norms deal with pronunciation usually such words obey the standards available in the language, and only sometimes they can have their own characteristics. One of the most common rules is to mitigate the consonants before "E". This is visible in such words as the "faculty", "cream", "shinel" and others. At the same time, in some words, pronunciation may vary ("Dean", "Terror", "Therapy").

Orphoepic norms- It is also the standards of staging, which is not fixed in Russian. This means that in different grammatical emphasis may differ ("Hand" - "Hand").

Remember proper speech - the key to success. It must be constantly improving and developing. It is better to look at the orthoepic dictionary better than to constantly make elementary and funny errors in pronunciation or stress. Speak beautiful!

Orphoepia is called the system of norms of proper pronunciation. Orphoepic standards are historically established and adopted in society rules for the pronunciation of words and grammatical forms of words. Orphoepic standards are no less important for the literary language than the norms of education of grammatical forms of words and proposals or spelling standards.

It is customary to distinguish between different orthoepic standards: "senior" and "younger", as well as the norms of high and neutral pronunciation styles.

For a senior norm, which distinguishes primarily the speech of the elderly people, is characterized by the pronunciation of Bulo [SN], soft [Ki], [Z`.] Er. The youngest sponge rate, observed in the speech of young people who own a literary language, allows the pronunciation of Bulo [CN], soft [K'ii], [star`].

High-style nors of pronunciation (Wed. Dimensional speech of the radio or television speaker, as well as the artist reading the solemn ODU), for example, pronunciation of unstressed sound [o] in borrowed words: P [O] this, with [o] No, nocturne. In neutral style, these and similar words are pronounced according to the general rule of replacement of the unstressed sound [o] sound [A]: P [A], with [a] No, n [A] CTURN.

The system of modern norms of Russian literary pronunciations and the peculiarities of more than 63,000 words and their grammatical forms are reflected in the "Russian ORFOPIC Dictionary" Edited by R. A. Avanesov (the first edition was published in 1983, after which there was a number of reprints). Both for a schoolboy and a teacher also useful for a compact "dictionary of the difficulties of Russian pronunciation" M. L. Kalenchuk and R. F. Kashatkina (M., 1997), which presents 15,000 most common Russian words whose pronunciation may cause difficulties.

To master the norms of the right literary pronunciation, it is important to take into account four sections of orthoepia: orthoepium of consonant sounds; Orphoepium of vowel sounds; Orphoepium of individual grammatical forms; Orphoepium borrowed words.

Norms of Orphoepia. Orphoepic standards are also called literary utilities, as they serve a literary language, i.e. The language in which cultural people say and write. The literary language unites all speakers in Russian, it is needed to overcome the linguistic differences between them. And this means that he should have strict norms: not only lexical - the norms of consumption of words, not only grammatical, but also the norms of orthoepic. Differences in pronunciation, like other language differences, interfere with people when communicating, switching their attention from what is said about, as they say. Pronunciation standards are determined by the phonetic language system. In each language there are their phonetic laws for which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian shock sound [O] in an unstressed position changes to [A] (in [o] Du - in [A] yes, T [o] chit - t [a]); After soft consonants, shock vowels [o, a, e] are changed to the unstressed sound [and] (M [I] co-m [and] with [E] L - in [and] la, l [e] z - Vl [and] bob); At the end of words, ringing consonants change on the deaf (Du [b] of [p], moro [s] - moro [s]). The same change of calls on the deaf occurs before the deaf consonants (RU [B] IT - RU [P], to slide - how much [C] KO), and the deaf agree before the ringing changes are changing (ko [s] ... [T] IT - Molo [D] FB). The study of these laws is engaged in phonetics. Orphoepic standards determine the choice of pronounced options - if the phonetic system in this case allows several possibilities. Thus, in the words of foreign-speaking origin, in principle, the consonant in front of the letter E can be pronounced both firmly and gently, while the orthoepic rate sometimes requires solid pronunciation (for example, [DE] of Kada, [TE] MP), sometimes soft (for example [ "E] Clalary, [T" E] MPEMENT, MU [s "E] th). The phonetic system of the Russian language admits both a combination of [SN] and the combination of [h" n], cf. Bulo [h "H] Aya and Bulo [SN] Aya, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to say the horse [SHN] Oh, and not a horse [h" n] about. Orthoepius also includes the standards of the emphasis: correctly pronounced, and not the doctor, started, and not inverse, call, and not register, alphabet, not alfvit). At the heart of the Russian literary language, which means that the literary pronunciation is the Moscow Narest. So it was historically: it was Moscow who became a uniform of Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow adverb have formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state was not Moscow, but, let's say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be "Okane" (that is, we would now pronounce in [o] yes, and not in [a] yes), and If Ryazan became the capital - "Jaca" (that is, we would say in [l "a] su, and not in [l" and] s). Orphoepic rules warn the error in pronunciation, cut off the unacceptable options. Pronunciation options recognized by incorrect, non-leaturated, may appear under the influence of phonetics of other language systems - territorial dialects, urban spaciousness or nearby languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all speaking people in Russian have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia, "unfaith" and "ekay": they say in [o] yes, r [o] in [o] RIT, N [E] Su), in the south - "Akhaty" and "Jacket" (they say in [ ] Yes, H [I] Su), there are other phonetic differences. In a person who does not speak the literary language since childhood, and consciously developing a literary pronunciation, in speech can be met by utter features, characteristic of the local govor, which he learned in childhood. For example, the people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of sound [g] - they utter a ringing [x] (sound, in transcription indicated by the [G] sign). It is important to understand that this kind of pronunciation features are violation of the norms only in the system of the literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and comply with the phonetic laws of these dialects. Read more in the specified source

The term "Orphoepium" is used in the science of language in two values: 1) the set of standards of the literary language associated with the sound design of words: the norms of pronunciation of sounds, stress and intonation; 2) Science, which examines the variation of the spoken norms of the literary language and produces pronunciation of recommendations (ORFOPICAL RULES). Orphoepium provides the unity of sound design of the national language, which contributes to rapid and easy to communicate. The rules of orthoepia have their long history and add up as the norms of the language usually late when various forms of public speech are developing and the proportion of oral speech in society is increasing. Great importance In the development of literary pronunciation had the theater, which retained the norms of orthoepia in its purest form. Stage speech in many languages \u200b\u200bis the basis of orthoepic standards. The value of orthoepia increases with the development of sound movies, radio, television. The orthoepic standards of the Russian language have developed in their most important features in the first half of the XVII century as the norms of the Moscow dialect, who later began to acquire the nature of national norms. The norms of orthoepia finally developed in the second half of the XIX century and today are mainly preserved; Only some private rules have changed.

The linguistic has such concepts as literary and spoken language. The language on which intelligent people with a high level of education are communicated and writing is called literary. Artwork works, articles in newspapers and magazines are written on it, lead television and radio resources. The basis of the language is orthoepium and its norms. After all, orfoepia translates from Greek as "Right (Orthos) Speech (EPOS)." Comprehension of the foundations of oratory art is also impossible without knowledge of literary norms.

What is orphoepium?

Unfortunately, today most people have no concept about orthoepia. Many have accustomed to talking on a dialect, which is common in the region of their stay, a porch word, putting the emphasis is not at all where necessary. In conversation, you can easily determine the position of a person in society. The one who is familiar with what is studying orphoepium will never pronounce [Document], instead of the correct [document]. - The first goal for who wants to become a respected business man.

Objectives and tasks of orthoepia

The object and tasks of orthoepia are impeccable pronunciation of sounds and learning how to put emphasis. There are quite a few cases when vowels and consonants in colloquial speech are changing with deaf on bezing, and vice versa. For example, Music [E] is pronounced, and Music [E] should say, or a computer with a soft [t] instead of solid.

There are many cases of incorrect stress. All this distorts speech, makes her sound ugly.

It is most characteristic of the older people, which grew and brought up in the period when intelligent, educated people were rejected by society, and in fashion there was a slightly endured spoken language.

The rules of pronunciation of orthoepia are designed to correct the situation and help all modern people (and not just writers and teachers) speak beautiful language. And do not allow mistakes in pronunciation. The main task of this science is to train every person not only to vote sounds, but also to correctly emphasize in the adjectives, verbs and other parts of speech.

IN modern worldWhen the labor market is in the labor market, competent people are most in demand, with an impeccable spoken speech. Only a person who correctly puts emphasis in words and clearly utters sounds, can become a successful businessman, a politician or make a career at any other field. Therefore, orpheepia, as a section of linguistics, today is becoming increasingly important.

Rules and norms of orthoepia

Errors in pronunciation are especially noticeable in the speeches of prominent political figures and some other celebrities, when they are conscious or by ignorance, say words with improper. But errors can be easily avoided if you look into the rules of the Russian language orphoepia or the usual spelling dictionary.

The multifaceted Russian language allows you to establish orthoepic standards that allow various options for the pronunciation of consonant sounds in front of the letter [E]. But at the same time one of the options is considered preferable, and the other is marked in the dictionaries as permissible.

The main rules of orthoepia and the orthoepic standards of the Russian language are developed by philologists, and before we endow one or another pronunciation variant, they carefully study its prevalence, communication with the cultural heritage of past generations and compliance with linguistics laws.

Orthoepy. Pronunciation styles

1. Literary style. They are owned by ordinary educated people familiar with the rules of pronunciation.

2. Style bookFor which the pronunciation of phrases and sounds is characteristic. Recently is used only for performances in scientific circles.

3. Convere-spacious. Such pronunciation is typical for most people in an ordinary informal setting.

Norms of pronunciation are divided into several sections. This is done for more easily mastering the literary language.

Ophoepia sections:

• pronunciation of vowels;
• pronunciation of consonant sounds;
• pronunciation of specific grammatical words;
• pronunciation of borrowed words.

Phonetics and Orphoepia

The vocabulary of the Russian language contains a huge number of information about strokes in words and their pronunciation. Therefore, without special knowledge, it is difficult to figure out all phonetic laws.

The norms of pronunciation depend on the phonetic laws operating in the Russian language. Phonetics and orphoepium are closely related to each other.

They study the sound of speech. And distinguishes them that phonetics can allow several options for pronunciation of sounds, and the Russian language orphoepium defines the correct version of their pronountering according to the standards.

Orthoepy. Examples

1. According to phonetic laws in borrowed words, the consonant sound in front of the letter [E] can be uttered softly, and firmly. Orphoepic standards are installed, in what specific words it is necessary to use a solid consonant sound when pronunciation, and in which - soft. For example, in words [Temp] or [decade], solid [T] - T [e] MP, D [E] KADA should be uttered. And in the words [Museum], [temperament], [Declaration] The consonant sound before E is soft (MUZ [E], T [E] MPERAMENT, D [E] Clalaration).

2. According to the laws of phonetics, the combination of [CN] in some words can be pronounced as it is written, and can be replaced by a combination of [SCH] (KONE [CN] Oh, Kone [SCH] O). And the norms of orthoepia require to be pronounced - [Ceremony].

3. The norms of orthoepia require to pronounce [Call], and not [Call], [Kitchen], and not [Kitchen], [Alphabet], and not [Alphabet].

The correct, literary pronunciation, knowledge of the norms and rules of orthoepia is the indicator of the cultural level of a person. Knowledge of orthoepia standards and regular help you and in your personal life and work.

Orphoepium (from Greek. Orthos. - "Right" and epos. - "Speech") - these are the historically established norms of the Russian literary pronunciation of individual sounds and sounding in the stream of oral speech.

The spoken features of the Russian literary language mainly developed by the middle of the XVII century. On the basis of the spoken language of the city of Moscow. Of course, since then certain changes have occurred, but the main features have been preserved to our days as an orthoepic rate. Consider some of them.

1. In the Russian literary language in an unstressed position, the sound [o] is not pronounced. In his place after solid consonants at the beginning of the word and the first estate syllable, it is pronounced [A], so words are equally pronounced p aboutry and p butry ", st butroziviland art aboutrozivil, although they are written in different ways.

2. After soft consonants on the site of vowels, which are denoted by letters e, E, I (i.e., on the site of sounds [e], [o], [a]), a sound close to [and] is usually pronounced in an unstressed position, for example: carries, blind, spring. Therefore, the same (with sound, close to [and]) is pronounced, for example, words invoice itest - invoice e.test, approx e.ringer - approx andringer.

3. Paired ringing consonants denoted by letters b, in, g, d, z, z, become deaf (stunning) at the end of the word and in front of pair of deaf consonants denoted by letters p, F, K, T, W, C: crubble g. ([to]), bro inb ([f "]), Gara j. ([Sh]), insir ([F]), ok z.ka ([from]), by d.cried ([T]).

Paired deaf consonants before paired ringing consonants become ringlets (spin): about t.brisks ([d]) pro fromfB ([s "]).

4. In some combinations of consonants (STN, ZDN And some others) there is a loss of sound, although the letter is written: POS. d.niy, Chu inupdate themselves.

5. Combination cN other cNoh, T. cNb., ve cNabout et al. But in some words a combination cNpronounced [SN]: horse cNoh, Nar. cNoh, Prachka cNaya, Yai cNitsa, Squore cNiR, empty cNyy, nikiti cNbut and others. In some words, a double pronunciation is allowed ([CN] and [SN]): bulo cNaya, Slio cNyi, ya cNw. cNeva.

6. Combination ThUsually pronounced according to writing: me. tha, N. thround, P. thand, u thand et al. But in the Union what and pronoun what,and also in derivatives from them, the words pronounced [pcs]: thabout, thform thoh thoh, thabout.

7. In foreign language words, double consonants are often found; In some words, they pronounce as double (V. nN.a, T. nN.a, ma. sSa, G. mM.but), in others as single (but kkuraidcompromising ss but kkmoul GR mM.).

8. In many foreign language words, consonants before e. Pronounced firmly: swing thoser ([TE]), ka fe ([PE]), absentee me. ([ME]), Shoe debP([DE]) thosezIS ([TE]). But in many borrowed words agree before e. Pronounce soft: aKA demia, P. resSA, Shi notl, comp ress thosermometer.

9. In return verbs, the end is written - tsya or he (laugh, laughs), And pronounced the same - [ka].

10. At the beginning of some words are written sch., and pronounce [Shch "]: sch.asta sch.this is.

Orphoepic standards also concern the setting of proper stress in words. It is necessary to memorize words with the right stress, and in case it difficulties to contact the "Orphoepic Dictionary".

Attention!

NTA, Balova's apartment, Ba "NTU, BA" RZHA, VERYUSE "Denia, turn on" T, gas pipelovo "d, dispensary" R, depending on the bottom, zerry "to log, call" T, and "Zdavna, Industry" I rolled "g, quart" l, kilome "TR, Koku" sh, beautiful "eee," ny, neccolo "g, ensure, make it easier to" settle, Osva "to dominate, Pauer" R, Primirov ", Introduction to "diet, rzhen" to log, "Dianess, Siro" you, stole "r, then" mouths, move "to hover, Christians" H, the owner "Eva, Tsyga" N, Che "Rush, Rachva"

It should be borne in mind that in some verbs of the past time, in brief adjectives and communities in the forms of female, emphasis falls on the end: i took - the sconium "Lee - took," on "Nyal -na" nyali - hired, "on" Chal - on "Chali - Beginnings", but Klal "Li-Kl" La; Rough - GRU "Bo - Groj" would - Grub ", Rights - PRA" PRA "YOU - RIGHTS"; When "nyat - with" nyato - with "nits - adopted", about "Dan - about" Dano - Pro "Dana - Sold" and Pro "Dana.

Tempecistry often have an emphasis on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: invested, asking, the bay, taking, writing, having exhausted (it is impossible: exhausted), starting, raising, agreed, watering, putting, revealing, betraying, making it Arriving, accepting, selling, damning, strait, putting, spooking, creating.

Learn how to pronounce this or another word can be in "School orthoepic dictionary Russian Language "P. A. Redeanta and V. V. Lenojoye, as well as in the book R. I. Avanesov" Russian Literary Pronunciation ", in the orthoepic dictionary I.L. Reznichenko.

Orphoepic standards (pronunciation of consonant sounds, stress).

Although I looked up

In academic dictionary.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

Really, best tool Successfully cope with the task A1 (orthoepic norms) - to constantly look into the dictionaries, where the correct pronunciation of words is indicated. Look at the page with correct stresses for several hundred words.

In no case When performing a task not worth it rely on on the own experience! Most words of an orphepic minimum in everyday speech we pronounce wrong!

Orphoepium - a set of rules defining the utterances of our speech and providing uniform and mandatory for all competent native speakers the sound of all linguistic units in accordance with the peculiarities of the language phonetic system, as well as the uniformly pronouncement of language units in accordance with the pronunciation standards historically . Orphoepic norm - this is the only possible or preferred option proponunciation the words.

Rule.

I. Accents in the initial form of verbs.

1. In the verbs, ending with the shock, the suffix is \u200b\u200bmost often

	For example: bleed ease encourage exacerbate lend fruit put sway deepen aggravate	But: procure glue angry inquire warm decorate anticipate advised pepper
	2. In the verbs, the emphasis is most often falling on-and-.
	For example: ballotting block copy privatize design export discuss inform dose	BUT: label promote normalize corrugated seal bombard
Remember!
	conjugate rusted, rusted (both options are correct) cough disgust mold petition crap

II. Accents in the forms of verbs of the present and future time, communities (on -ch / Yusch,-in-mail, -Sh, -nn \\ YAN) and the leaders are preserved the same as in the initial form of the verb.

In the communations formed from the verbs with the help of suffix -t-, emphasis Falls on the first syllable.

folded,

bent,

started

adopted.

III. Strokes in the forms of past verbs.

In the forms of female emphasis Falls to end-and. In the forms of the male, middle kind and in the plural - to the first syllable.

Exceptions:klala, Krala, sent, lived.

IV. Accents in nouns.

1. In the forms of the nominative case of a plural shock is ending -A unstable - So, so you should remember:

airports

cakes

elevators

bows

cranes

lecturers

scarves.

2. In the forms of the major case of the plural, the end of the end is most often unstable, and ending-and - shock.

agent

alphabet

hyphen

dispenser

document

jalousie

catalog

obituary

quarter

parter.

apostrophe

percent

cement

expert

fetish

BUT:

forzatz, facsimile.

4. In many derivative words strengthening Valid words:

religion - to confess

arrangement, contract - negotiate

intention - Mera

provision - provide

aristocracy - Aristocrat

sign - Banner

metallurgy - Metallurg

5. Remember the pronunciation of the following words:

citizenship

winterer

korya

flint

skijna

Defense

beet

a statue

stolar

chain

Spark

shoe.

V. Adcharation.

The emphasis falls on the prefix in the words:

during,

ahead of

dimly

Isxtari.

Vi. Adjective names.

Remember the orthoepic standards of the following adjectives names:

lady

more beautiful, beautiful

mosaic

wholesale

plum

pear

kitchen

salmon

ukrainian

envy.

Help the task.

What word is the letter denoting a shock vowel sound?

2) Run

4) (good) news

Option number 1.

Option skijna- noun, the sound of which should be remembered. Correct pronunciation option - skijna.

Options number 2.3.

Words shared and understood - the forms of the female race of the last time of verbs, where the emphasis should fall on the end, so in the form understood The emphasis is allocated incorrectly. Verb ruffle is an exception, and the emphasis falls on the basis - saved

Option number 4.

news -noun in the form of R.P. MN.ch., ending-and is shock.