To be confident in one’s own right and to bring the light of knowledge and culture to the masses, one will have to begin with oneself — clean up the “flaws” of one’s own speech. Our editorial board decided first of all to take up the stress, and we got a kind of rating of 30 words, with which we often have “shock” difficulties. Here it is in alphabetical order and with a hint of the correct emphasis:

pamper, pamper

bartender

bochnoe

water, gas, garbage, oil, but:  electric wiring

agreement (and agreements)

jalousie

obviously

catalog

quarter

more beautiful

culinaria and culinary ( both options are equal)

marketing

workshops

accrued

newborn

security

facilitate

open

lOOP (loop   - relevant in everyday speech)

call, ring, ring

pullover

beet

dancer, Dancer

tvorog and tvorog ( both options are equal)

tyramis

trays

from here

shoe

phenomenon

to chuck

What is written with a pen ...

The cunning of all the rules and lists is that they do not linger in my head: I read it - I forgot it. There are several ways to keep useful information in memory, in our case words with proper accents.

# okay.  A difficult word for you to say out loud, clearly, several times (you can sing) and ... in front of witnesses. Let your friends or colleagues support you and join your shock flashmob with your problem words (“Venice is more beautiful than Paris, more beautiful, more beautiful, more beautiful than Paris”, “they call me, they call me”, “my boyfriend is barmen, barmen, barmen”. This is our psychology: what we do not alone, is better remembered.

# miraculous moment.For those who have developed imagination, the easiest way is to involve in the memorization of any information associations and images associated with it. Here, for example, is a wholesome vegetable, and it is sold by a ruddy grandmother Fökl. A great marketing expert knows everything about keeping a brand!

# graphomania.Remember how, at school, while learning a foreign language, we made up dialogues and stories with new words, selected rhymes for them, or came up with funny poems? The principle also works for the dear great and mighty, you just have to give free rein to your imagination! A lot of ready-made cribs go on the Internet, take note: “We ate long spirits - weren’t got any shorts”, “You don’t carry us curtains, we will hang jalousies” in the bell so that you could remember correctly! ”

And, of course, dictionaries and reference books will always help out: spelling, orthoepic dictionary (translated from ancient Greek “orthoepy” means correct pronunciation ”), a dictionary of stress. Online resources will not let you down: Gramotas.ru portals (be sure to check out the “Memories” section) and gramma.ru, Yandex. Dictionaries, orfogrammka.ru website, which, unlike print publications, are always at hand thanks to the ubiquitous Internet. Let's talk beautiful!

You can learn about orthoepy from dictionaries and reference books of the literary language. All the languages ​​of the world have certain lexical norms, which are an example of the correct use of words.

Science orthoepy

Orthoepy studies the laws and rules of pronunciation of words. It is very similar to spelling, which considers the laws of spelling words. The term “orthoepy” includes two Greek words: orthos - “right”, “right”, “straight” (direction) and epos - “speech”, “conversation”. Therefore, the question of what is orthoepy can be answered directly translated from the Greek language: the correct pronunciation.

Orthoepic Rules

Various deviations from the norms of use and pronunciation interfere with communication, distract the listener from the meaning of the spoken speech and greatly complicate the assimilation of the spoken text. Compliance with the norms of pronunciation of words is as important as adhering to the norms of spelling. The correctness of the pronunciation of a particular lexical unit will tell orthoepy. The rules of this science allow us to determine how to pronounce this or that word, and the area of ​​its lexical application. Indeed, in a world where oral speech is a means of broad communication, it must be impeccable from the point of view of the rules of orthoepy.

History of Russian Orthoepy

Russian orthoepy was formed in the middle of the 17th century. Then the rules for the pronunciation of certain words were approved, the norms for constructing phrases and sentences were laid. The center of the new literary language has become Moscow. On the basis of the North Russian dialects and southern dialects, Moscow pronunciation was formed, which is taken as the basis of the lexical norm. The science of how to pronounce this or that word correctly went from Moscow to the remote depths of Russia.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the new capital of Russia, the city of St. Petersburg, became the center of the country's political and cultural life. Gradually, the norms of pronunciation changed, and among the intelligentsia, the clear, letter-by-word pronunciation of words became the rule. But among the general population, Moscow pronunciation continued to be considered the norm.

Orthoepy studies such norms of pronunciation of the Russian language as stress, the rate of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, melody and intonation of colloquial speech.

Emphasis

The fact that such orthoepy can be considered on the rules of stress in Russian words. The question is not as simple as it may seem. In French, in most cases the emphasis is on the last syllable. In Russian, the stress is mobile, can fall on an arbitrary syllable, change its location depending on the gender and case of the given word. For example, the city, but the city, the train, but the train, the capital, but accepted.

Sometimes the wrong pronunciation is so ingrained in the spoken language that it takes a lot of effort to eradicate the error. For example, everywhere we hear ringing instead of ringing, agreement, instead of the correct contract. The word orthoepy insists on: catalog, necrologue, quarter instead of the established incorrect versions of these words.

Sometimes surprise helps to fix the stress. For example, in the mid-50s of the 20th century, the use of the word “youth” instead of the correct “youth” was widespread. The widely popular song “The Hymn of Democratic Youth” helped to correct the mistake. The song was created by the composer Novikov to the poetry of the poet Oshanin. In the chorus of the hymn were the words: "This song sings young." The common "youth" did not fit into the rhythm or the text of this musical work, so the incorrect pronunciation of the popular word was supplanted correctly.

Transcription

The spoken word can be written using transcription. This is the record of the audible words and sounds of the language. In the transcription, along with the usual letters, special ones are used, for example, the letter [æ] denotes an open stressed vowel, a cross between "a" and "e". This sound is not used in Russian, but it is often found when studying the languages ​​of the Germanic branch.

Nowadays, special dictionaries will help to put the correct stress in the word.

Pronunciation of individual sounds

Explain what is orthoepy, can be an example of the pronunciation of vowels in the words of the Russian language. For example, the norm in the Russian language is the reduction - the weakening of the articulation of vowels in some words. For example, in the word “box”, only the third sound “o” is clearly heard, and the first is pronounced muffled. The result is a sound that resembles both [o] and [a] at the same time.

If an unstressed [o] is at the beginning of a word, it is always pronounced as [a]. For example, in the words "fire", "window", "glasses" clearly in the first case is worn [a]. Shock [o] does not change its meaning: the words “cloud”, “island”, “very” are pronounced with a pronounced [o] in the beginning.

The sound of some consonants

In the existing rules of orthoepy it is said that the voiced consonants at the end of the spoken words sound like doubles to them deaf. For example, the word "oak" is pronounced as [dup], "eye" - [voice], "tooth" - [dip] and so on.

The phrases of the consonants “zh” and “lj” are pronounced as a double soft [zhzh], for example, we write come, say [priezhzhya], rattle - [rattle] and so on.

The exact pronunciation of a word can be found in special orthoepic dictionaries.

For example, Avanesov presented a rather serious work on orthoepy. Interestingly deeply developed editions of linguists Reznichenko, Abramov and others. Orthoepic dictionaries can be easily found on the Internet or in special sections of libraries.

Announcer of the Central Television of the USSR Valentina Leontyeva

Sound -   AND

The percussion sound [and] the utterance and on the spot and  at the beginning of the word after a pause, and in withep words after soft consonants: oriole - [and] Volga, isti on [and] stina, Imatra- [and] matra, line-  [l "and] niya, sands - dog [to" and], old - hundred [p "and] nny, Vilnius - [in"and] flaxus, Lima - [l "and] ma, Sirius  [with "and] Rhus.

At the beginning of the month names them, them, them,  according to the norms of orthoepy, pronouncedi   vowel [and], not a combination of [yi]: [yih], [yim], [yim "and] - like thiswas about accepted in Staromoskovsk pronunciation.

After consonants [w], [w], [c]   in place of the vowel and pronounce [s]: shin a - [shy] na, wider - [shy] p, sew- [shy], Shipka - [shy] pka,  Shi ller - [shy] ller, Grashi - gra [shy]; live - [OKs] th, liquid - [zh] dky, knives - but [zh], Zhizdra - [zh] sdr a, Zhitkovichi - [zhy] tkovichi, Zizka - [zh ]; zinc - [tsy] nk, figure - [tsy] fra, Tsilma- [tsy] lima, Tsiru-lis- [tsy] rulis.

In place of the vowel and  at the beginning e words are pronounced [s] if between him and the presh the word that ends in hard cola sleepy, there is no pause:st new - [s-s] by the star, above the hedge - by [d-s] in the city, in Innsbreuke   - [vs] nsbruke, above Ilmen-lake -on[ d-s llymen-lake, to Irving - [to-s] rving.

In cases where between you have at least a small pausela sleepy and  pronounced [i]: with idefix - with [and] defix, go towasp incasia - to [and] Diosyncrasia, in Iksha - in [and]to above, over Imatra, above [and] matra, with Ibsen with [and] bsen. Onthose levidienii and radio such a pause sometimesspo is cast by speakers before pronouncing namesate s who are not usedwith that Also, pause is used before proper nouns, hasch e whole foreign language to exactly beforeat s sound shape.

Sound -   S

[s] sounds in place s: you ig army-in [s] play, thoughts - m [s] s, starlings - starlings [s], onpysch enny - nap [s] schenny, ylych - [s] lych, bistritsa - b [s] stri ca, Vychegda - in [s] always, Nadym - above [s] m, Sys earlier - from [s] zran, Isakly - isakl [s].

Sound -   Have

Vowel [y] under the blow n pronounced on the spot at  and yu: street - [at] person, morning - [y] tro, lagoon - lag [y] on, scientific - on [y] chny, pola chim - sex [y] chim, Uglich - [y] glich, Kaluga - kal [y] ha, Naur y - on [y] ru; the young man - [yu] nga, the yurt - [yu] of the mouth, the dune - [d "y] on, the people - [l "y] di, sing - according to [yu] t, Yudino - [yu] dino, Dyu pere - [d "y] pere, Luther - [l" y] ter.

Orthoepy. Pronunciation of pre-vowel combinations

On the spot yi aa, ao, oa, oo  in the prestress syllables it is pronounced [aa]:

aa: for a lawyer - [for-a] dvokata, on alabaster - [na-a] le bastre, Chaadaev - [Cha] Daev, Zaalai Ridge- [Zha] Lai Ridge, Saarbr yukken - [saa] rbrücken, Shaartuz- [shaa] rtuz, forAn drey - [for-a] ndray, in Altai - [on-a] ltai.

Announcer for Central Television Victor Balashov

ao: baobab - [baa] bab, gaolian- [haa] lian, at the same time - [the bottom], to promise- [na] promise, on the ocean - [na-a] keane, Zaozerny - [za] grain, on Okinawa- na-kinave, for Onega- [for-a] negy.
In some rare onese na own saved letterneither such a combination of vowels: Aogashima Island - [ao] hasi ma, Macau City - [ao] Min, Baotou City - [ba o] tau, the river Taohe - [tao] he;

oa: coagulator- [kaa] gu leter, according to the academy - [pa-a] kademiya, to arbitr ajah - [yes-a] rbitrazha, about Azov - [pra-a] call, about Antarto tida - [pra-a] n-karctis, according to Alatau- [pa-a] latau.
In rare property namesnn s saved pronunciation. vowel combinations [oa]: gopo d Oaxaca- [oa] haka, the city of Moascar - [moa] skar;

oo: Imagine - [waa ] to dine, dine - [paa] bed, correlate - [sa a] carry, about fellow villagers - [great-a] dnoschechan, according to the Okaani and - [pa-a] keania, about Olekma - [great-a] leko, ppo   Ostrava - [pra-a] Strava.
Exception being ae t case when before a word starting with a vowel but  or aboutstabout yat alliances that, but: "I called her, but she did not hearha la ";" if you do not want, then it is notyd yET there. "In the unions, a sound is made [o].
In little useeh proper names possibleand znosh. in place oo  vowels [оо], for example, in the name Moonsund Islands - [Moo] Nsund Islands, the island of Moorea - Island [Moo] Pea.

In place ea  and   eo  in anticipationrny x syllables, according to the norms of orthoepy, is pronounced [la]:

ea: Neanderthal - [n "la] dissenting man, carelessly - [n "la] neatly, neappem itny - [n "la] petite, rehabilitate - [p" la] bilitipo vat, react - [p "yy] girat, Beatrice - [b" la] triche;
eo: geography - [g "la] graphy, le opard- [l "la] pard, Leonardo - [l" la] nardo, neolo gizm - [n "a] logism, Neonila - [n" a "nila, rheostat - [p" a] stat, Reomu p - [p "la] mur, theodolite - [t" la] topped, Theodosius - [f "la] dosii.

In place   her  in advanceus x syllables pronounced combination [yy], very close to soch etaniyu [ii]: unknown - [n "yy] known, indelible - [n" yy] h ironed, uninteresting - [n "yy] nteresny, inexhaustible- [n" yi] sacsy.

In place of vowels her  in anticipation of pH their syllables are pronounced [yu], also close to [ii]: herdi nodushno- [n "yy] dinodushno, unnaturally - [n" yi] stёconsistently.

In place of vowel combinations ai  and oi  before you arny syllables are pronounced [y]:

ai: Haitian - [gyi] Tyanin, Cainite - [K i] nit, the greatest - [ny] greater, Zailiyskyi   Alatau - [zy] Lira Ala Tau;
oi: to avoid - [v-and] zbeban no, finish the game - [dy] grati, by name - [pi]little by little.
In foreign names sobst vents possible pronunciation. combinations without reduction nemoat th vowel: Kainda- [kai] nda, Thailand - [thai] lbut nd, Paisiello - [shares] ziello, Koirala - [koi] ral.

In place of vowels ay  and oU  in anticipationr these words are pronounced [yy]:

ay: guardhouse - [gv] ptwahta, to ay chukonos - [ku] chukonos, Zaunguz plateau - [dju] nguzck a plateau, on Uelene - [n-y] elene;
oU: Fellow practitioner - [Szu] heni to, hit - [pu] dit, in the morning - [pu] tru, Kounrad paradisehe   - [kyu] Nradsky district, across Uganda - [п-у] ganda, about Ulenshp igela - [pr-y] Lenspiegel.

Pronunciation of sounds ay  and oU  built inech is in the little-known borrowed theme nah own: Bounagar - [bau] Nagar, Vaupes- [inay ] dog, Gaurishankar - [gau] ryshankar, daubikhe - [dow] bikhe, DoU years-yar - [dou] years-yar, lourival - [low] rival, "roushanf ekr "- [Row] Shanfekr," Toufik "- [Tou] fik.

In place   yo  and   yo  in advance in syllables, according to the rules of Russian orthoepy, it is pronounced [ya]:
yo: veil - [voa] liri, dualism - [dua] lyism, kuafer - [kubut] fer punch - [pua] nson, uanstep - [va] nstep, artists' [va] rtisthat in, Boileau - [Bois] Lo, Vouadil - [Woa] Dil, Guantanamo - [Gua] Ntanamo, Poitiers - [Pua] Taje, Tuapse - [Tua] Pse, Huang He - [Hua] Nhe.

yo: duodenal - [dua] donal, near the fire - [y-a] hnya, at the obelisk - [y-a] belisk, Muostakh - [mua] stakh, at Ovid - [y-a] vidiya.Sometimes in place yo  maybe aboutout oenie [uo]: louravetlana - [luo] ravetlana, "Kuotidiano" - [kuo] tidiano.

Also read - norms

Questions of proper literary pronunciation are studied by a special linguistic discipline.   - orthoepy  (from Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepic rules and recommendations have always been in the center of attention of Russian philologists, as well as representatives of those professions whose activity is directly related to public speaking to an audience: government and public figures, lecturers, announcers, commentators, journalists, artists, translators, teachers of Russian and foreign languages, preachers, lawyers. But in recent years there has been a marked increase in interest in the problems of the culture of oral speech among the most diverse strata of society. This is facilitated by social and economic changes in our country, the democratization of all aspects of life. The practice of broadcasting parliamentary debates and hearings, live speeches: public figures, leaders of parties and movements, political observers, specialists in various fields of science and culture, has become widespread.

Possession of the norms of literary pronunciation, the ability to expressively and correctly formulate the voiced speech is gradually recognized by many as an urgent social need.

Historically, the development and formation of the rules of Russian orthoepy turned out so that the basis of literary pronunciation is based on the Moscow pronunciation, to which some variants of Petersburg pronunciation were subsequently “stratified”.

Deviation from the norms and recommendations of Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of an insufficient speech and general culture, which reduces the authority of the speaker and disperses the attention of the listeners. Regional features of pronunciation, incorrect emphasis, “reduced” everyday intonation, ill-considered pausing distract from the correct, adequate perception of public speaking.

Erroneous pronunciation through radio and television is “replicated” to a huge audience, voluntarily or unwittingly absorbed and fixed, thereby eroding the idea of ​​correctness and purity of speech that is necessary for every cultural person. In addition, there are certain negative socio-psychological consequences of abusive pronunciation, which tends to spread (especially in the conditions of round-the-clock broadcasting). Since, in the bulk, the listener first of all pays attention to the content side of the information, the sound side of speech is not controlled by him, but fixed at a subconscious level. In these cases, everything that contradicts the established tradition of Russian sounding speech: a violation of the intonation pattern of the phrase and text as a whole, unjustified logical stress that does not correspond to the natural “flow” of speech pause, causes the listener to have an intuitive feeling of protest, create a feeling of anxiety, psychological discomfort.

The work on one's own pronunciation, on raising the pronunciation culture, requires from a person certain knowledge in the field of orthoepy. Since pronunciation is largely the automated side of speech, a person “hears” himself worse than others, controls his pronunciation insufficiently or not at all controls, is not critical in assessing his own pronunciation, painfully perceives remarks in this area. The rules and recommendations on orthoepy, reflected in the manuals, dictionaries and reference books, seem to him to be too categorical, differing from the usual speech practice, and common orthoepic errors, on the contrary, are quite harmless.

Therefore, for successful mastering the orthoepic norm or deepening of knowledge in Russian literary pronunciation, it is necessary from the point of view of methodological recommendations:

¦ learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

¦ learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

¦ listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which is owned by radio and television announcers, masters of the artistic word;

¦ consciously compare your pronunciation with the model, analyze your mistakes and omissions;

¦ correct them by constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The study of the rules and recommendations of literary pronunciation should begin with the distinction and awareness of the two main styles of pronunciation: completerecommended for public speaking and incomplete  (colloquially), which is common in everyday life communication. Full style is characterized primarily by compliance with the basic requirements of the orthoepic norm, clarity and clarity of pronunciation, correct placement of word and logical stress, moderate tempo, correct pausing, neutral intonation pattern of the phrase and speech as a whole. With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is an excessive reduction of vowels, loss of consonants, unclear pronouncing of individual sounds and combinations, excessive emphasis on words (including official words), confused tempo of speech, unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are permissible, then they should be avoided in a public speech.

§ 235. Pronunciation of vowel sounds.

The main feature of Russian literary pronunciation in the field of vowels is their different sound  in stressed and unstressed syllables with the same spelling. In unstressed syllables, vowels are exposed reductions. There are two types of reduction - quantitative  (when longitude and sound power decrease) and quality  (when the sound itself changes in an unstressed position). Vowels in the 1st prestitched syllable are less reduced, more - in all other syllables. Vowels [a], [o], [e]   subjected to unstressed syllables both quantitative and qualitative reduction; vowels [and], [s], [y]   they do not change in unstressed syllables of their quality, but partially lose their duration.

1. Vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable:

a) after hard consonants in place about   and but [but]: in [a] yes ?, n [a] ha ?, M [a] squa ?, with [a] dy ?, s [a] more? ; after hard sizzling well   and sh   in place but   and about   also pronounced weakened sound [but]: well [a] ra ?, Well [a] ngler, sh [a] gi ?, sh [a] fyor .

Note 1. After a hard sizzling well, sh   and after c   sound is pronounced before soft consonants [s]   with vozuka [e] denoted conditionally [s uh ] : well [s uh ] go? to sozh [s uh ] treatment? Well [s uh ] ke? t in the plural form of the word horse: the horses uh ] de? y, losh [s uh ] d? m   and so on ... in the form of the oblique cases of numerals on   - dtsat: twenty [s] uh ty?, thirty [s] uh ty?   etc.; in rare cases, the sound [s uh ]   pronounced on the spot but   in position before hard consonants: rzh [s uh ]Noah. Well [s uh ] media? n .

Note 2.  Unaccented [about]   pronounced in unions but   and what , and also allowed in some foreign words, for example: b [o] a ?, b [o] m nd. rococo?. F [o] re? C .

Note 3.  Preservation about   in unstressed syllables is a feature of regional pronunciation, therefore the pronunciation M [o] squa ?, n [o] ku? Pka, n [o] is, in [o] zi tt. railway station not correct;

b) after a hard sizzling w, w   and c   in place e   pronounced reduced sound type [s]   with vozuka [e] denoted conditionally [s uh ]: Well [s uh ] on ?, w [s uh ] pta? t, q [s uh lu ;

c) after soft consonants in place of letters i   and e as well as after soft sizzling h   and u   in place but   pronounced weakened sound [and]   with vozuka [e] denoted conditionally [and uh ] : m [and uh ] h? nd, P [and uh ] back? n, m [and uh ] sti ?, h [and uh ] sy ?, u [and uh ] di as well as in the plural forms of the word area: area [and uh ] de? th, area [and uh ] d? m   etc.;

d) in place i   and e   a sound is made at the beginning of a word [and]   with vozuka [e] denoted by [and uh ]   in combination with the preceding [y]: [yi uh ] zda ?, [yi uh ] nta? ry, [yi uh ] yko ?.

Note.  Preservation [but]   in the unstressed syllable after soft consonants is a feature of regional pronunciation, therefore the pronunciation [v'a] for? t, bi? on, h [a] sy ?, [ya] ytso?, [ya] see? does not meet the norm.

2. Vowels in other unstressed syllables:

a) in the absolute beginning of the word in place of the letters but   and about   always pronounced weakened sound [a]: [a] rbu? s: [a] cno?, [a] vtomobili, [a] declination;

b) after hard consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st pre-stressed one, in place but   and about   pronounced reduced sound, medium sound between [but]   and [s] [ъ]: r [ъ] catch ?, to [ъ] rand? sh, I? bl [ъ] to [ъ] ;

c) after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st pre-stressed one, in place and I   and e   pronounced reduced, medium in sound between [and]   and [e] short in duration denoted conditionally [l]: [p'] tacho? k, [l'] soru? b, you? [n'] su, h [b] fishing? k .

3. Vowel and at the beginning of the root after the prefix or preposition,  ending in solid consonants pronounced [s] : from the institute - and [PS] institute with Igor - [sy] heartbroken ; saving in this position [and]   and softening a consonant before it is a regional feature of pronunciation and not correct.

4. Percussive vowel sounds in place. e   and yo . Difficulties arise in the pronunciation of a series of words due to the lack of distinction in the printed text of the letters e   and yo , since for their designation only the letter is used e   (except textbooks for younger students  and foreign students). This situation leads to a distortion not only of the graphic, but also of the phonetic appearance of the word; it causes frequent pronouncing errors. Therefore, it is recommended to remember two rows of words:

a) with a letter e in which place it sounds [e]: scam, spineless, bluff, being, black ice, golovadka, grenadier, dumb, life, foreign, procession   (but godfather ), fishing line, non-being, puzzled, unappreciated, guardianship, sedentary (sedentary), successor, assignee, shadowing, modern, barbed, barley  and etc.;

b) with a letter yo in whose place it sounds [about]: hopeless bucket engraver bile   (permissible bile ), bilious   (permissible gall ), mocker, traveling salesman, priest   (but priest ), maneuvers, mercenary, convicted, brought in, translated, reduced, sturgeon, funeral, lying, brought, brought, scabrous, meticulous, belty, brute, tesh, fur (coarse), lye  and etc.

In some pairs of words, a different meaning is accompanied by a different sound of the shock vowel. [about]   or [e]: expired (term) - expired (in blood), announced (shouts as announced) - announced (decree), perfect (singing) - perfect (opening).

§ 236. Pronunciation of certain consonants.

1.   Consonant [g]   in literary pronunciation, explosive, instant sound, with stunning pronounced as [to]: dream [to], bere [to] . Speaking in his place "Ukrainian" g conventionally denoted [h] , does not meet the norm: [h] hoo? t, sapo [h] and? . The exception is the word the God at the end of which sounds [x] .

2.   Instead h   in words of course, boring, scrambled eggs, fiddling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, laundry, rag, rag in female patronyms ending in   - Ichna (Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, Ilinichna   etc.) and also in words what, so, nothing   pronounced [w] .

3.   In words man defector   in place of the combination gf , in the form of a comparative degree of adverbs tougher   (and louder ) in place stch , as well as on-site combinations hello   and sch   pronounced [u]: loader, customer, cutter, subscriber, sandstone, happy, happiness, invoice, electronic counting, counter, cost accounting, count  and etc.

4.   When several consonants are clustered in some combinations, one of them is not pronounced:

a) in combination stn not pronounced [t]: student? [s'n '] ik, ve? [s'] nickname, what? [sn] th, me? [sn] th, iz? [sn] th, not n? i? ro [sn] s ;

b) in combination zdn not pronounced [g]: by? [zn] o, great? [zn] ik, nae? [zn] ik but in the word abyss it is recommended to leave a weak sound [d] ;

c) in combination stl not pronounced [t]: happy [s’l ’] and вый вый,, dependent? [s’ ’], own, co-we [s’l’], ; in words bony   and send [t] persists;

d) in combination stl not pronounced [t] ; this produces a double consonant [ss]: maxed? [ss] cue, tour? [ss] cue, rasi? [ss] cue .

5.   In some words when consonant sounds stk, zdk, ntk, ndk   loss is not allowed [t]: sister-in-law, trip, agenda, typist, bulky, lab technician, student, patient, Irish, tartanbut: fabric shotla [nk] and .

6.   Hard consonants before soft consonants can soften:

but) necessarily softenedi n   before soft s   and with: ne? [n’s ’] iya, protégé [n’z’] ia, recruitment [n’z ’] ia, face? ;

b) in combinations tv, dv   may soften t   and d: thursday, Tver, hard [t’v ’] and [tv’]; door, two, move [d'y] and [dv ’] ;

c) in combinations star   and st.   may soften s   and with: beast to ring [z'v ’]   and [star ’]; light, candle, witness, saint [s]   and [sv ’] as well as in the word snake [z’m ’]   and [zm ’] ;

d) n   before soft t   and d softens: ba [n't '] ik, vi [n't'] ik, zo [n't '] ik, ve [n't'] il, and [n't '] ichny, ko [n't '] Text, Remo [n't'] iirov, ba [n'd '] it, and [n'd'] ia, type [n'd '] ia, zo [n'd'] irovat, and [n'd] ivid, ka [n'd '] idat, blo [n'd'] in.

§ 237. Pronunciation of separate grammatical forms.

Some grammatical forms of verbs, nouns, adjectives are characterized by special rules for the pronunciation of sounds in suffixes and endings.

1. In verbs with particle  - Xia   in indefinite form and in the third person singular and plural at the junction of the end and the particle is pronounced [u]: meet, meet - meet [tts], check in, check in - check [tts], check in - check in [tts], say goodbye - forgiveness [tts].

In the form of an imperative mood at the place of combination   - tsya   two sound soft sound [t’s’]: check out - mark? [t’s'], meet –– wind? [t’s’] .

2.   In the endings of the genitive case of the masculine and neuter forms of adjectives, numerals, pronouns   th /-him   in place g   pronounced [c]: big house (lake) - big? [w], blue flag (sea) - si? not [w] . The same rule applies to words. today - this [in] o? day, total - ito [in] o? .

Note.  In the surnames ending in   - ago (Schembinago, Zhivago ), pronounced sound [g] .

3. Graphic abbreviations  occurring in the text for example surname initials as well as abbreviations l (liter), m (meter), kg (kilogram), hectare (hectare), pb (“mailbox”), etc. (so on), s (page)   and etc. in reading "deciphered", i.e. "unwrapped" in full words. Graphic abbreviations exist only in written language only for visual perception, and their literal reading is perceived either as a speech error, or as irony, relevant only in special situations.

§ 238. Features of the pronunciation of Russian names and middle names

The combination of name and patronymic is used in various situations both in written and oral speech: in official decrees on awards, appointments, in orders, lists, for example, on personnel records, composition of production and training groups, in business and private correspondence, in circulation to the interlocutor, in the representation and naming of third parties.

In the setting of official, business communication between people, especially in the work of a teacher, translator, editor, lawyer, businessman, employee of state or commercial structures, there is a need to apply by name and patronymic. Many Russian names and patronymic names have pronunciation that are desirable to take into account in a given communication situation. So, when meeting a person, when you first imagine a person, a distinct, clear, close to the spelling is recommended.

In all other cases, incomplete, contracted forms of pronunciation of names and patronymic names that have historically been established in the practice of literary speech are permissible.

1.   - nd (Vasily, Anatoly, Arkady, Grigory, Yury, Evgeny, Valery, Gennady ), end in combinations   - Evich, - Evna   with the preceding separation s: Vasil evich, Vasil evna; Grigor evich, Grigor evna . When pronouncing female middle names, these combinations are clearly preserved: Vasil evna, Anatole evna, Grigor evna   and so on. In the male middle names, full and coupled options are allowed: Vasi? [L'j'v '] ich and Vasi [l'ich], Anato? [L'j'v'] ich and Anato? [L'ich], Grigo? [P'j'v '] ich and Grigo? [P' ich]   etc.

2.   Patronyms formed from male names on   - her   and   - ah (Alexey, Andrey, Korney, Matvey, Sergey, Nikolay ) end in combinations   - Eevich, - Eevna, - Aevich, - Aevna: Alekseevich, Alekseevna, Nikolaevich, Nikolaevna . In their pronunciation, the literary norm allows for both complete and coupled variants: Alexeyevich   and Alex? [And] h, Alexeva? Evna   and Alec [s’e?] Vna; Sergeyevich   and Sergey? [And] h, Sergeevna   and Ser [g’e?]; Korne? Evich   and Root? [And] h, Korne? Yevna   and Cor [n’e?] Vna; Nicholas? Evich   and Nikola? [And] h, Nikolaevna   and Nikola? [Int] and   etc.

3.   Male patronymic, ending in an unstressed combination   - Ovich , can be pronounced both in full and in contracted form: Anto? New   and Anto? N [s] h, Aleksandrovich   and Alexa? Ndr [s] h , Willow? Novice and Iva? N [s] h etc. In female patronymic names ending in a shock-free combination   - ram The full pronunciation is recommended: Alexander ram,  Boris ram,  Kirill ram,  Victor ram,  Oleg ram   etc.

4.   If the middle name starts on and (Ivanovich, Ignatievich, Isaevich ), then in a pronouncement with a name ending in a hard consonant, and goes into [s]: Pavel Ivanovich - Pavel [s] Vanovich, Alexander Isaevich - Alexander [S] Saevich .

5.   Normally not pronounced ov n   and m: Willow? [N:] on, Anto? [N:] a, Efi? [Mn] a, Maxi? [Mn] a .

6.   Not pronounced unstressed   - s   in female patronymic names ending in at: Vyachesla? [Int] a, Stanisla? [Ext] a .

§ 239. Pronunciation of borrowed words.

Part of the borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language has some orthoepic features that are fixed by the literary norm.

1.   In some words of foreign origin at the place of unstressed about   pronounced sound [o]: ada? zhio, boa ?, bom? nd, bonto? n, kaka? o, rado, three? o . In addition, it is possible stylistic fluctuations in the text of high style; keeping unstressed [about]   in words of foreign language of origin - one of the means of attracting attention to them, the means of their allocation. Word pronunciation nocturne, sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, creed, foyer   and others with unstressed [about]   optional. Foreign language names Maurice Thorez, Chopin, Voltaire, Roden, Daudet, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Zola, Honore de Balzac, Sacramento   and others also keep unstressed [about]   as a variant of literary pronunciation.

In some borrowed words in literary pronunciation after the vowels and at the beginning of the word sounds quite distinctly unstressed [e]: duelist, muezzin, poetic, aegis, evolution, exaltation, exotic, equivalent, eclecticism, economics, screen, expansion, expert, experiment, exhibit, ecstasy, excess, element, elite, embargo, emigrant, emission, emir, energy, enthusiasm , encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, epilogue, epoch, effect, effective  and etc.

2.   In oral public speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing in borrowed words a hard or soft consonant in front of a letter e for example in words pace, pool, museum   etc. In most of these cases, a soft consonant is pronounced: academy, pool, beret, beige, brunet, bill, monogram, debut, motto, recitation, declaration, dispatch, incident, compliment, competent, correct, museum, patent, pate, Odessa, tenor, term, plywood, overcoat; word pace   pronounced with hard t .

In other words before e   pronounced hard consonant: adept, auto-de-fe, business, western, child prodigy, riding breeches, dumbbell, grotesque, neckline, delta, dandy, derby, de facto, de jure, dispensary, identical, boarding school, international, intern, karate, karate, cafe, muffler, codeine, code, computer, tuple, cottage, bracket, marten, billionaire, model, modern, morse, hotel, orchestra, pathetic, polonaise, purse, poetess, summary, rating, reputation, superman  other. Some of these words are known to us for at least 150 years, but do not reveal a tendency to soften the consonant.

In borrowed words starting with the prefix de- before vowels des , as well as in the first part of compound words beginning with neo- , with a general tendency to mitigate, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard d   and n , eg: devaluation, deideologization, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, misinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neo-globalism, neo-colonialism, neorealism, neo-fascism.

Hard pronouncing consonants before e  recommended in foreign native names: Bella, Bizet, Voltaire: Descartes, Daudet, Jaures, Carmen, Mary, Pasteur, Rodin, Flaubert, Chopin, Apollinaire, Fernandel [de?], Carter, Ionesco, Minelli, Vanessa Redgrave, Stallone  and etc.

In borrowed words with two (or more) e   Often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other retains its hardness before e: strap [rete], ge? nezis [gene], relay [relay], genetics [gene], cafeteria [fete], pince-nez [ne; ne], renome [re; me], secretary [ce; re; te], ethnogenesis [gene]  and etc.

In comparatively few words of foreign language in origin, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of the consonant before e , for example: with the standard pronunciation of a hard consonant before e   in words businessman [ne; me] annexation [ne]   allowable pronunciation with a soft consonant; in words dean, claim   soft pronunciation is the norm, but firm [de]   and [te] ; in a word session   Hard and soft pronunciation options are equal. Non-normative is the mitigation of consonants before e   in the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in the words laser computer , as well as in the colloquial pronunciation of words business, sandwich, intense, interval .

Stylistic fluctuations in the pronunciation of hard and soft consonant before e  are also observed in some foreign proper nouns: Bertha, The Decameron, Reagan. Major, Kramer, Gregory Peck   and etc.

3.   Solid [w]   pronounced in words parachute brochure . In a word jury   pronounced soft hissing [f ’] . The names are also pronounced. Julien, Jules .

Liii. FEATURES OF RUSSIAN IMPACT

§ 240. Russian word stress.

Word stress is characterized in Russian different places  (can stand on any syllable and any part of the word: but? voices, science, training, bourgeois? i   etc.) and mobility (in different grammatical forms of the word can move from one syllable to another: head? came, took ?; laugh, dare?   etc.).

Prepositions, conjunctions and particles usually do not have an independent stress on themselves and are adjacent to independent parts of speech: beyond the city? was not ?, ot? t, would come, sit down? . In some cases, the emphasis goes to the preposition: by? d mount, on? floor, for? night . Thus, independent and service words have one word stress, making up a single sounding phonetic word.

Note.  A small number of service parts of speech have a weak stress, do not change the quality of the “shock” vowel. These are alliances. but, as if, exactly, then ... then , some prepositions that do not violate the semantic connection with adverbs ( along, opposite, except, near, between   and so on) particle well .

Difficult words, as well as words with prefixes anti-, inter-, about-, counter-, super-, super-, ex-   and others may have, in addition to the main, secondary  (or secondary) stress, conventionally denoted by the sign of the gravis ( ‘ ). But among complex words there are many one-hit ones: predvozhenny, independent, car, on, dormitory   etc. Collateral stress  usually in order is the first (closer to the beginning of the word), and the main  - the second (closer to the end of the word): a cruel offense, a pitfall, a tractor, a buildup, a construction, a plane, an impermeable roof, a roof, a horn, a box me, the local government, the subblock, the vice-president, e-ks-champio  and etc.

The correct choice of the place of stress in a word is of great importance in the work on the culture of oral speech. The following are examples of the most common erroneous stress. These can be either single words or some grammatical forms of words:

1) Common Names:

agent, agronomia, alphabet, t, apo? krif, apostro? f, arena, asymmetry? i, spoil (x), barmen, divineness, blagost, sideways , bravado, ragblade, gross, e, valom, vali t, creed, superiority, monk, hell, nez, citizenship, grotto, primitive, e, gave? y-la? ma, defi? c, dia, dispute, diopter, I, dispatcher, dock, woo, spiritual, curtain, blinds, mouth, dependency, sign, iz? sk, and konopis, iconography, seed, from ancient times, to disappear, catalog, katarsis, kauchu, to the storeroom, to me, to klob, to kolo, to ks, to kl Sewing, cream, ny, kukhonny, marketing, masterfully essi? I mimicry? I, many hours? e, musoroprovo? d, nama? renie, Terraced House? extensibility, nedrema? Goes  (eye), not? netsky, unbeaten, unspeakably? not, non-regulated?   (relations), oil pipeline, newborn, provision, discouragement, thread, ease, encouragement, education, woman, single-sided, transparent, light, light, household  (on the manuscript) recall?   (deputy) otku, moan, despair, paralyzing, rattling, pi ht, plateau, repeated, younger, anticipating, telling, coercing, acquiring, seizing, sanitation in, concentration, media, stol, p, stat, tus, stat, t, value, taboo, there are women, customs, trades, tantso, women, totem, grass “Just, deepen”, Ukrainian, N, to think, simplify, fax, mile, fairy, rime, pheno  (phenomenon), needles, chloe, pko, moves, secrecy, price, me, christian, chassis, design, experiment, language, language   (norm), language   (sausage).

In many words, fluctuations in stress setting are observed: equal options - gi? nsovy   and denim, zai? Nedy   and frosty, combo? yner   and combine operator, metallurgy   and metallurgy, propolis   and propolis, a loop?   and a loop, face?   and birth? tsa, rust   and rust, sa? zhen   and soot, cottage cheese   and cottage cheese, fa? nza   and fanza? ; with normative stress voustovsky   permissible augusto? at birch bark   permissible birch bark? at shell   permissible shell at wary   permissible adjusted ; with normative stress industry - outdated industry at sweep? - outdated slow at ra? course - outdated cancer? pc ;

2) Proper names:

Aygi ?, E? Clearly, Aze? F, A? Be, Co? Ba, Eli? N Peli? N, Zakhode? R, Peresres de Coue? Lier, Steinounbeck, Ce? Linder, Rua? Li A Mundsen, Balmo nt, Vorontso va Da Shkova, Kapitsa, Sergiy Rahonezhsky, Serafi m Saroshevsky, Salvado Dirali, Jeremiah I, Picasso? Zosi mom. Alexi? S, Ignatius Loyo? La, Archpriest Avwaku? M, Julia? N Tu? Vim, Sokol? V-Mikito? C, Sa? Yudis, An? Dyar, Balashi? Ha, Great? Kiy? Steug, Kıji, Radezh, Mount Nádnaya, Stavropolsky Krai, Ganno Vier, Tetya Mine and Apoco Lipsis, Kali Gula, Young, X, Karnegi Hall, Comedy? Frances? S. Metro Liten-O? Feather, Myanmar ?, Nicara? Gua, Peru ?, Quebec, C, days?, Massach? Sets, Missouri, Foro? S, Sri Lanka

In some proper names, the variable stress is permissible: New tone   (but traditionally: Newto? N ), Démbrandt   (but traditionally: Rembra? Ndt ), Lee? Nkoln   (but traditionally: Link? ), De? View Ko? Perfield   (but traditionally: Davi? D Copperfy? Ice ).

Note.  In cases where one proper name refers to two (or more) persons, objects, concepts, it is necessary to clarify the specific meaning of a given word and, using encyclopedic dictionaries, find out the correct stress. For example, George Washingtonthe first president of the United Statesbut traditionally Washington  - the capital of USA, Macbe? T   - the character of Shakespeare’s tragedy of the same name, but in the title of the Leskov story "Lady Ma? Kbet  Mtsensk District ».

§ 241. Emphasis in separate grammatical forms.

The mobility of Russian stress, that is, its transfer from one syllable to another in various grammatical forms of a single phonetic word, causes a number of difficulties in the pronunciation of these forms.

1.   Shifting emphasis on prepositions on, for, under, on, from, without   possible if the sentence after the noun has no words explaining it:

1) in combination with the preposition behind

“On the other side, behind” , eg: atgo for? river, for? mountain; lay for? cheek for? an ear; lay hands on? back for? head;

"during" do for? year for? day for? night for? winter; pay for? year for? day   etc.;

2) in combination with the preposition on   (with accusative case) in the meaning of:

"In direction, above smth" , eg: fall (sit down, lie down) on? the floor, climb on? uphill, something got on? hand on? nose, load the load on? back, put something on? head on? legs, on? arms;

“Indication of the point of contact with the support” , eg: lie down on? back, fall on? back, on? hands on? head up? legs, on? hands on? head;

"In the calculation for the specified period"   (with units of time), for example: stock up (stretch, enough) for? year, on? day, on? night, on? winter, take a loan for? year   etc.;

“Indication of measure of difference” , eg: on? a year older than a day earlier, on? head taller   etc.;

3) in combination with the preposition by   (with dative case) - with the meaning of this preposition "On the surface, within"   (on motion), for example: walk on? floor by? field by? yard, walk on? the forest, fly by? sky, swim by? sea ​​crumble on? floor by? the forest.

For other values ​​of these prepositions, the transfer may not occur, for example:

but) to accept something for the head, for the river, for the boot, for the winter, he is valued for the head, for the hands, the reward for the head, I fear for hair, for go?

b) pay attention to the hands, to the feet, to the feet, to the floor, to the day, despite the fact, to whom, to the north, the land tax;

at) longing for the sea, for no, boo, judged by the court ?, for his? s, each got by the sex.

There is usually no transfer of stress,  if in a phrase a noun is followed by a word or words explaining it (subordinate to it or related to it by a writing link), for example:

but) for the Ural River, for two years, for a year of hard work, for the duty of his duty, holding his comrade's hand, taking hold of his father's shoulders;

b) on the mountain? ru Yaman-Tau, put the load on the back? well, the porter, put his hat on the head of his neighbor, older than a year and two months;

at) in the yard? hotels, according to sleep and ice of the Gulf of Finland, according to the Laptev Sea.

2. Stress in the form of adjectives.

1) the emphasis goes to the end in the short form of the feminine: loud, loud, loud, mko, loud, mmy, loud; do? debt, debt ?, do? lgo, do? lie, up? more; bad, bad, bad, bad, bad; hard, heavy, hard, heavy; is right  (no full form) right ?, right? in, right? you;

2) the emphasis goes to the ending in the short form of the feminine gender and to the suffix of a comparative degree: glory, glory, glorious, glory, glory, glory, glory; whole, whole, whole, whole, whole, whole, whole, whole; happy, happy, happy, happy, happy, happy; post, wall, fast, post, post, post; young, young, young, young, but young; young;

3) the emphasis goes to the ending in the short form of the feminine gender and the plural (as an equal option), as well as to the suffix of a comparative degree: the poor, the poor, the poor, the poor, the poor, the poor; Blend, Blend, Pale, Bleed, Blend, Pale; important, important, important, important, important, important; The faithful, the faithful, the faithful, the faithful, the faithful, the true; free  (free) , it is flax, it is free ?, it is utterly, it is flax, it is free, erect, direct, slender, slender ?, it is direct, erect, eroded?

4) moving stress  accompanied by alternation yo   and e: far, far, far?, far?   and far, far?   and far, yes? more; cheap, cheap, cheap ?, cheap, cheap, cheap? left; tough, tough, tough ?, tough, tough, tough; easy, easy, easy? easy? easy? easy? dark, dark, dark ?, dark ?, dark ?, dark? e; clear, rosary, clear?  and clear, clear .

3. Difficulties in putting stress in verb forms  (indefinite form, personal forms, participles, gerdens):

1) verbs ending in   - irovat   with an accent in an indefinite form on the last syllable: bombardment, bombardier, bombardment; engraving, engraving, engraving; make-up, make-up, make-up, bath; reward, reward, reward; formed, formed, formed; costume, costume, armored, armored  (armor), booked, booked; corrugated ?, corrugated? y, corrugated; bath; grouped, grouped, grouped; seals, seals, seals, baths;

2) verbs with root call for: she called ?, called, lo, called?, called, but they called; called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called; called, l called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called;

3) verbs with root to rub: rubbed, rubbed, rubbed, rubbed? in   and permissible rubbed, rubbed ; the same pattern of stress in verb forms get lost ;

4) verbs lock up: for? Per, locked ?, For? Perlo, For? Purley, For? First, Locked? In   and permissible for? pershe, for? first, for? perth, locked ?, for? perto, for? perth; o? toper, unlocked ?, about? deeply, about? topped, about, opened, opened  and permissible otpershi ?, about? tperty, about? tpert, unlocked ?, about? tperto, about? tperty . The same stress pattern on the verb die except form dead where the stress falls on the root vowel;

5) verbs take off, take, understand, take, accept, take, take, take, take   and verb to begin : with nyal, removed ?, removed? removed, removed, removed? in (shi), removed, removed, removed ?, removed? that, removed? you; busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy;{!LANG-ba268b21bb80f45b8700cc9f04b3b3c2!} {!LANG-b2de2e500b334f53ae05d89d2b6373da!}   and {!LANG-b4dde0a1b7cbaf0f2757ed2dcca41d95!}{!LANG-67d477b2c63b1ea9de5082b68bea33fa!}  and permissible {!LANG-c5eb847659e5634c66a997821b95167e!}   and permissible {!LANG-e283924333d6753c06197ac75a7bd7b4!}   and permissible {!LANG-f2160cbe2d2a92782a436c40137ff8b0!}   and permissible {!LANG-0bc63c7e5ee559ea9c3e3cd906fdc7de!}   and permissible {!LANG-92c79ca6695a635e1af82d8fbed17f85!}   and permissible {!LANG-09e5d8e72ed5fc1f57f91ca7fa4f50fc!};

{!LANG-80012aa0893cad27b6a64928d1440959!} {!LANG-5207ce8ce07cad45782fca3cbdd639cf!}: {!LANG-c4f076d6a5586cae8c951bafb2494bea!} {!LANG-539e056776e0b60dea787c2780c8993f!} {!LANG-8d7f4ff57bf705b1b8d8370da9dd42e5!} ;

{!LANG-3aae90de368a3decc27ec5f3a1430165!} {!LANG-769ada52b125e5955acc01bc76de560b!} ({!LANG-43216a20042552ce7e0d1218e767c99a!} {!LANG-7e92209d9747b02bd4d7c8aaa28abc56!} {!LANG-5de819e5d1c6a81ec7e26a4c39a20049!} {!LANG-03f29451324eee203fbc5c9adde269b2!} {!LANG-5cdea24fdee21c60afefaae7592565f4!}  and permissible {!LANG-b5a4c60608ebc1fb515765179cf2f601!}{!LANG-76a3a5380f1f2931281008bca5c3073a!} {!LANG-82519a455fa8ac24f87ca4974debc37f!} {!LANG-b36d23e6b4f06e4a30bc856332f4a7bf!} ; p{!LANG-08c6d8ed4ee38275f09f333296a85f79!}   and permissible {!LANG-ca20cdfa803b6f3ad6e8a931024c1120!}   and permissible {!LANG-104a0a7da57a39ee95df3276377adbc0!}   and permissible {!LANG-a2d7a2c5f65c33b8a14261b015a5d1aa!}   and permissible {!LANG-2a38edee5a3d3df170000ffefc86091e!}  and permissible {!LANG-b928df7a6324fba40a62a7e988157ec3!} .

{!LANG-e0a7f123222ae4068e4b6e35ad4c155c!}

{!LANG-a8ad93336f4f492bdf05867c87ea0b19!}

{!LANG-4a52b8b97ebdbeb410ce2d1f2ad9154d!}

{!LANG-4bfd4f2655b5e3b7d6673df834c328c3!}{!LANG-3fe2a0d9fb9d566523b3c86f47f3ddb9!}

{!LANG-0d9d4f114dcf41d013db56f0e3708d02!} {!LANG-7cbfb9193be8a241b17fbdebb67de717!}{!LANG-ca193184d7d8b82200621637bddfb2d9!} {!LANG-c3eda4dfe1305e22b4ece248527c5fa7!} {!LANG-39257bddda4acc252f46ca463aac0298!} 1) {!LANG-3b85a04748e6f78191408deb00cae53e!} ; 2) {!LANG-768b1165378995eac84a0d54576697f0!} {!LANG-c16d615ec8572cb8872b5801752d3c83!} 1) {!LANG-80f7ae29961059681c7139f75d3fba4b!} ; 2) {!LANG-b8d449bec2b32b68cf350e317016cf26!} .

2. {!LANG-bb2bb22355f8a68ebe5e27b2030ec0b8!} {!LANG-40cf11805fa1a807f055428173d23d14!} {!LANG-fa66dedc8b1d8d46301156bb41128e86!} {!LANG-dd50a822717f01a93d813491bf3e5119!} {!LANG-b05a44e49552ea17cefdbc4be681cf38!} {!LANG-ac1bedc5066446809a380149d863b429!} {!LANG-19bd5e547ac495fd411cb6a60fe41d6c!}

3. {!LANG-6494ff0a536286b4944532a70201b394!} {!LANG-70f1c13e7367244c434c57a34093da99!}{!LANG-1e9bee3efd3a149355694d1087100a61!} {!LANG-e8e9a3a908f7d011f8ca40701eda156a!}

Note.{!LANG-519d7df565ec7b8d5c5c2a32ec7020ea!} {!LANG-805cb07b5672d7b382732cadd8c331f5!}

{!LANG-939c704863ae851f25371c4f8d9fbe32!}

{!LANG-5e10655e889292b0cc55763c4bcce0d5!} {!LANG-e44ba4d0f72f52e1640b519fd0fff492!} {!LANG-5ef497166db7fc81a8de7bd8b724c970!}

{!LANG-db5bf8fcbabf2e2e45dd6978802e8a51!} {!LANG-f26a0112c7d724bd75e4f1bb3e2acce3!}{!LANG-ee6f2f63b4941de8962c50772c32f62a!}

{!LANG-499de442e51d52f8106b0dabd1365326!} and {!LANG-32c7fef3ab92fe2bd88dfee78b0da4b7!} {!LANG-f1b15402b68e41fd68fded3a311466a9!}and {!LANG-d9ee32298de0343a23287c7c2c0ecde8!} {!LANG-ab65bad4f4c930bd0ef54a1bee342710!}

{!LANG-a770333cd199b436d4345f9edb6f89ab!}{!LANG-65a6f88d760a8233c4a57db230c67a56!}

{!LANG-69fdc17777b456d42bb1515aba8e3127!} {!LANG-bae1321ed6ebe870d945c1b634089eca!}{!LANG-7d62b0f179a9e236a458b6bdd6043d79!} {!LANG-62f2fafee07ccd9f249a9ed10bf16d17!} (¦ {!LANG-02f319dcbb2a174c74121d4c1f181e44!}

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