How to read English letters. English letters. Pronunciation and transcription of English letters. The rules of reading letters. Rules for reading consonants in English.

The most common, frequent words of modern English — as for animals, family members, numbers, common subjects, emotions, and everyday everyday activities — are saved from Anglo-Saxon. Some examples include a goat, a wife, a mother, one, a house, love, a cook and a walk.

Of the 100 words used most often in English, everything can be traced back to the origins of Anglo-Saxon origin. As a result, Norman French was imposed on the British aborigines for almost 400 years. Norman French and Old English gradually merged, uniting by the end of the 15th century into what is now known as average English. From the Norman French, we received thousands of terms for legal concepts, social and moral ideals and artistic values.

Although the Normans spoke Norman French, their cultural class wrote in both their native language and Latin, languages ​​that were closely related to the Indo-European language family. The Latin Dictionary has become the language of scholarship, commerce and official discourse.

During the Renaissance, which was a time of renewed interest in classical Roman and Greek culture and language, the growth of scientific disciplines made it necessary to name many discoveries. What does all this merging, stratification and borrowing mean a system of writing English? The short answer is that it has become more complex: as explained below, the pronunciation of some of the most ancient Anglo-Saxon words differs from their spelling, and both Norman French and Greek introduced some new spellings.

Today, most of our regular sound symbol matches come from the Anglo-Saxon language layer. Ironically, most of our irregular spellings also come from Anglo-Saxon. Because the spelling of a word usually changes much more slowly than its pronunciation, some of our oldest and most common words retain spellings that represent how they were spoken eight or ten centuries ago.

However, during and after the Renaissance, English adopted words from many other languages ​​- and their spelling was also adopted. For the most part, these adoptions added words to English, but unlike the earlier changes, in which spelling patterns were applied, they did not affect the spelling patterns already established.

Many layers of English make spells difficult to learn, but they also provide a rich vocabulary: English has roughly twice the number of words that would seem to be comparable languages ​​such as German, Spanish, and French. As can be seen from the lists below, the layers of languages ​​that have merged with modern English have left us many words to express our ideas.

The meaning of the word and part of the speech can determine their spelling.

Fortunately, the evolution of the English language and, in particular, how scholars learned from Latin roots and Greek basic words, led to many families of words with related meanings and similar spellings, so whole groups of words in modern English can be studied along with the relative by ease. This brings us to the following principle. English words are recorded according to their sounds and their meaningful parts. In contrast, languages ​​such as Spanish and Finnish, for example, use single, consistent letters and letter combinations for sounds; they largely adhere to phonological representation.

Once you know the sound letters, you can read and write in Spanish or Finnish. This may seem different to a fighting caster, but it is expensive: if you meet a new word, its spelling will not give you specific clues as to its meaning. In contrast, in English, if you know what to look for, you can find clues about the meaning of an unknown word. And the last two also share the morpheme in, that is, no. However, the colloquial sounds of words vary considerably.

Rules for reading consonant s

A purely phonetic, sound-obedient spelling of an incredulous may be aimless, but then the meaningful relationship between a reliable and an incredulous will be hidden. With written English, readers who know Latin morphemes in and can get the direct meaning of the word. Here are some additional examples: anxiety, anxiety; Definition; definition; Healing, health; Wild, desert; And the rite, ritual. The spelling of morphemes is constant, but the pronunciation of morphemes is changing. We looked at two major sources of difficulty in English: the imposition of different languages ​​as the English language progresses and an emphasis on meaning instead of sounds.

Now it's time to skip the three principles that make English spelling more predictable than you think. These principles provide the basis for understanding those seemingly endless lists of rules that have given English writing its poor reputation.

Rules for reading English: vowels

These sound symbol relationships are known to linguists as phoneme-grapheme correspondences. A phoneme is the smallest speech sound that distinguishes words. The words beet, bit, bite, bet, bat, bite, but, bought, boat, boot and fight, all differ from each other by one phoneme - vowel sound. A grapheme is a combination of letters or letters that conjure a phoneme. Although many programs and phonology assessments speak of “written-sound” correspondences, the display system between sounds and symbols in English is more precisely conceptualized in the opposite way — like a map between phonemes and graphemes. 5 In English, we have only 26 letters for work — but we have about 40 phonemes and more than 250 graphemes.

The following lists provide some examples of the diversity of graphemes that can be used to write a single sound. The idea of ​​learning 250 graphemes may seem overwhelming at first, but the spread of learning across several classes makes the task manageable for teachers and students.

Since speech in English can be written in so many ways, how do we know when to use a specific spelling? For those of us who cannot simply “absorb” the correct spelling, since we basically have to practice recognizing and writing the groups of words that share this pattern. “Rules” are often predictable sequences of letters that can be learned through a combination of learning patterns and memorization. The following two principles provide a framework that simplifies the study of patterns.

The writing of some sounds is determined by the established conventions of sequences of letters and patterns. When dictionaries were first written and distributed, the rules for writing should have been standardized. Scientists such as Samuel Johnson and Noah Webster have worked to keep up the day and make the language more regular.

To understand why this is necessary, you will need to learn another example of the previous principle. Similar conventions have been designed to help people pronounce words correctly. In each pair, the first word has a short vowel sound that is “protected” from a long vowel sound by a double consonant.