Activity of Alexander Kolchak during the Civil War. Czechoslovak rising and coup of Kolchak. In Singapore and in China

Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich (November 16, 1874 - February 7, 1920) - Russian military and politician, academic oceanographer. Admiral (1918), a participant in the Russian-Japanese war, during World War I was commanded by the mine division of the Baltic Fleet (1915-1916), the Black Sea Fleet (1916-1917), the leader of the White Movement during the Civil War, the Supreme Ruler of Russia (1918-1920 ), the Supreme Commander of the Russian Army, one of the largest polar researchers of the late XIX - early XX centuries, a member of a number of Russian polar expeditions.

early years

Parents

The rhodes of Kolchak belonged to serving nobility, in different generations, his representatives were very often related to military affairs.

Father Vasily Ivanovich Kolchak 1837 - 1913, brought up in the Odessa Richelian gymnasium, knew French well and was a fan of French culture. In 1853, the Crimean War and V.I. began Kolchak entered the service in the sea artillery of the Black Sea Fleet in the younger officer. During the defense of Malakhov Kurgan distinguished himself and was awarded the soldier's St. George Cross. Being wounded during the defense of Sevastopol, received the rank of ensign. After the war, he graduated from the Mountain Institute in St. Petersburg. The further fate of Vasily Ivanovich was associated with the Obukhov Steel Plant. Up to the resignation, he served here the revenue of the maritime ministry, had a reputation as a person directly and extremely scrupulous. He was an artillery specialist, published a number of scientific work on steel production. After retirement in 1889 (with the assignment of the general title), she continued to work at the factory for another 15 years.

Olga Ilyinichna Mother Kolchak 1855 - 1894, nebus, originated from a merchant family. Olga Ilinichna had a calm and quiet character, was distinguished by a piety and sought to transfer it with all their forces and his children. Married at the beginning of the 1870s, Parents A. V. Kolchak settled near the Obukhov plant, in the village of Alexandrovsky, almost an urban feature. On November 4, 1874, they had a son Alexander. Boy baptized in the local Trinity Church. The shaved father of the newborn was his uncle, the younger brother of the Father.

Years of study

In 1885-1888, Alexander studied in the sixth of St. Petersburg classical gymnasium, where he graduated from three classes of eight. Alexander studied badly and when transferring to the 3rd grade, receiving a two-Russian tweet, three with a minus in Latin, the top three in mathematics, the top of the minus in German and the French language, almost was left "for the second year." On repeated oral exams in Russian and French, they corrected estimates for three with a minus and was translated into the 3rd grade.

In 1888, " own willing And at the request of the Father, Alexander entered the maritime school. With the transition from the gymnasium to the maritime school, the attitude to study at the young Alexander has changed: study for his beloved case for him became a meaningful occupation, a sense of responsibility appeared. In the walls of the Marine Cadet Corps, as since 1891 it became known as a school, the abilities and talents of Kolchak were manifested.

In 1890, Kolchak first reached the sea. On May 12, upon arrival in Kronstadt, Alexander, together with other younger Kadeti, was defined on the Bronnal Frigate "Prince Pozharsky".

In 1892, Alexander was produced in the younger Unter-Officers. When he moved to the Gardemary class, he was produced in Feldfeli - as the best on science and behavior, among the few on the course - and appointed a mentor to the younger company.

In the coming 1894, a graduation for a young officer, two more important events occurred in his life. For the fortieth year of life, a mother died after a long disease. In the same year, Emperor Nicholas II entered the throne, with whom Alexander Vasilyevich several times met several times and whose departure from the authorities later identified the end of the naval quacker's naval career.

At the end of the graduation school year, Martemarina passed a monthly complicated swimming on Corway "Skobeliev" and started delivery of final exams. On the seabed exam, the only out of release answered all fifteen asked questions. As for the rest of the exams, Kolchak, all of them also endured the "excellent", except for a mine case, which later became the subject of his pride in practice, which satisfactorily responded to four of the six questions.

By order of September 15, 1894, A. V. Kolchak, among all the released Gardemarynov, was produced in Michman.

Scientific work

Coming out from the sea corps to the 7th Fleet crew, in March 1895, Kolchak was appointed to occupy the navigational business in the Kronstadt Maritime Observatory, and a month later, he was determined by a rotational officer for the newest on the water. Rurik's armored cruiser. On May 5, Rurik came out of Kronstadt in foreign swimming through the southern seas to Vladivostok. In the campaign Kolchak was engaged in self-education, tried to explore Chinese. Here he is fucked by oceanography and hydrology of the Pacific Ocean; It was especially interested in the northern part of him - Bering and the Okhotsk Sea.

In 1897, Kolchak filed a report with a request to translate him to Korean's gunboat, which was sent at the time to the Commander Islands, where Kolchak planned to do research workHowever, instead, it was sent as a Vacted Teacher for a Sailing Cruiser "Cruiser", which was used to prepare Boatches and Unter-Officers.

On December 5, 1898, the cruiser went from Port Arthur to the location of the Baltic Fleet, on December 6, Kolchak was produced in Lieutenants. In this rank, because of the departure to the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Kolchak will stay for about 8 years (at that time the title of lieutenant was considered high - lieutenants commanded large courts).

Kolchak also wanted to explore Arctic expanses. For various reasons, the first two attempts turned out failure, but for the third time he was lucky: he fell into the polar expedition of Baron E. Tole.

In 1899, on the return from the swim in the frigate "Prince Pozharsky", Kolchak took together together and processed the results of his own observations on the currents of the Japanese and Yellow Seas and published in "Notes on Hydrography issued by the Main Hydrographic Office", its first scientific article "Observation over Surface temperatures and specific scales of seawater produced on Rurik cruisers and a cruiser from May 1897 to March 1899. "

In September 1899, Petropavlovsk was transferred to the battleship and went on it to the Far East. Kolchak decided to take part in the Anglo-Borsk War began in the fall of 1899. To this his pushing not only a romantic desire to help the booms, but also the desire to gain experience of modern war, Improve in your profession. But soon, when the ship stood in the Greek port of Piraeus, Kolchak delivered a telegram from the Academy of Sciences from E. V. Tolel with a proposal to take part in the Russian polar expedition on the schoon "Zarya" - the most expedition he himself, in which he sought to get in St. Petersburg . Toll, who needed three maritime officers, was interested in the scientific work of the young lieutenant in the magazine "Marine Collection".

At the end of the Russian-Japanese war, Alexander Vasilyevich took over the processing of materials of polar expeditions. From December 29, 1905 to May 1, 1906, Kolchak was addressed to the Academy of Sciences "to treat cartographic and hydrographic materials of the Russian Polar Expedition." It was a unique period in the life of Alexander Vasilyevich, when he led the life of a scientist and scientist.

In the Izvestia of the Academy of Sciences, the article of Kolchak "The Last Expedition on Bennett Island, equipped by the Academy of Sciences for the search for Baron Toleru" was published. In 1906, the main hydrographic office of the maritime ministry issued three cards that Kolchak prepared. The first two cards were compiled on the basis of collective shooting of participants in the expeditions and reflected the line of the western part of the coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, and the third card was prepared using the depths and filming done personally; She reflected the western coast of the boiler island with a Nerkey Cove.

In 1907, the transfer of Kolchak into Russian Labor Labor M. Knudsen "Table of Sea Water Freezing Points" table.

In 1909, Kolchak published his largest study - a monograph, summarizing his glaciological studies in the Arctic, - "Loda Kara and Siberian seas", but did not have time to publish another monograph dedicated to the cartographic work of the Toll Expedition. In the same year, Kolchak was departed in a new expedition, so the work on the preparation of the manuscript of Kolchak for the press and the publishing book was engaged in Birulya, in 1907 I published my book "From the life of birds of the polar coast of Siberia".

A. V. Kolchak laid the foundations of the exercise about marine ice. He discovered that "Arctic Ice Pak makes movement clockwise, and the" head "of this gigantic ellipse rests into the land of Franz Joseph, and the" tail "is located near the northern coast of Alaska."

Russian polar expedition

In early January 1900 Kolchak arrived in St. Petersburg. The head of the expedition suggested that it leads to hydrological work, as well as to perform the responsibilities of the second magnetologist.

Thard of June 8, 1900, travelers tried from the pier on the Neva and took the course to Kronstadt.

On August 5, the navigators have already held the course in the direction of the Taimyr Peninsula. With the approach to the Taimyr, it became impossible to sail in the open sea. The struggle with ice took exhaustive character. It was possible to move exclusively on the schoras, several times "Zarya" fell on the stranded or turned out to be locked in bay or fioard. There was a moment when they gathered to stop at the wintering, stood by 19 days in a row.

Tolly failed to fulfill its plan to get into the first navigation to the low-investigated eastern part of the Taimyr Peninsula, now he wanted not to waste time, to get there through the tundra, for which it was necessary to cross the Chelyuskin Peninsula. Four, on 2 seriously loaded narts gathered on the trip: Toll with Cayurus Rastorguev and Kolchak with a nose coaster.

Starting on October 10, October 15, Toll and Kolchak got to the Gafner Gulf. The high cliff laid a warehouse with provisions for the planned spring campaign from here deep into the peninsula.

On October 19, travelers returned to the base. Kolchak, who made the astronomical specification of a number of points on the road, managed to make significant clarifications and corrections to the old card, made following the results of the expedition of the Nansen 1893-1896.

On the next trip, on April 6, on the Chelyuskina Peninsula, we went to Sanya Toll and Kolchak. Cayuru has a nose, Kolchak - ferrifers. Toll and Kolchak with difficulty learned the place near the Gafner Gulf, where the warehouse was laid in the fall. Right over this place, next to the rock, was noticed a snowdrift with a height of 8 meters. Kolchak and Toll spent on the excavation of the warehouse for a whole week, however, the snow was lying and began to be solid, so the excavation had to throw and try to produce at least some research. The desires of travelers diverged: Kolchak as a geographer wanted to move along the coast and make it shooting, the toll was a geologist, and wanted to go deep into the peninsula. Rought in military discipline, Kolchak did not challenge the decision of the expedition chief, and the next 4 days researchers moved along the peninsula.

May 1 Toll made 11-hour march skiing. Toll with Kolchak had to pull the strap on a par with the remaining dogs. Although the tired Toll was ready to spend the night where he fell, Kolchak always managed to insist on finding a suitable place for overnight, although it had to go and go for this. On the way back, Toll and Kolchak managed not to notice and slip their warehouse. Throughout the 500-awesome path, Kolchak drove the route shooting.

Toll 20 days came into myself after the exhausting campaign. And the Kolchak is already on May 29 with Dr. Walter and Strishev, went on a trip to the warehouse, which they with a toll slipped on the way back. Upon returning from the Kolchak's warehouse, I made a detailed shooting of the "Dawn" raid, and Birulya is another part of the coastal strip.

Throughout the entire expedition, A. V. Kolchak, like the rest of the travelers, worked hard, conducted hydrographic, oceanographic work, measured depth, studied the state of the ice, walked on the boat, made observations on earthly magnetism. Repeated Kolchak performed both hiking on land, studying and studying the poorly used territories of various islands and mainland. As his colleagues testified, Kolchak did not take the same zeal for various types of work. What it seemed important to him caused his interest, the lieutenant did with great passion.

Kolchak's own work always did the best way. On the personal role of Kolchak in the expedition, the attestation is best, given to him by the Baron Tollya in the report of the President of the Academy of Sciences to the Grand Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich.

In 1901, he perpetuated by A. V. Kolchak, calling him one of the Outdoor Expedition of the Island in the Taimyr Gulf and Cape in the same area. At the same time, Kolchak himself, during its polar trips, called another island and Cape with the name of his bride - Sofia Fedorovna Omver - waiting for him in the capital. Cape Sofia retained its name and renames in Soviet times were not subjected.

On August 19, "Zarya" crossed the longitude of Cape Chelyuskin. Lieutenant Kolchak, taking a tool with him to determine latitude and longitude, jumped into the kayak. He followed both the toll, the boat with whom he hardly turned over the unexpectedly emerging walrus. On the banks of Kolchak made the measurement, a group photography was made against the background of the Guria constructed. By noon, the landing returned to the ship and, giving salute in honor of Chelyuskin, travelers went swimming. Kolchak and Zeberg, making calculations, identified the breadth and longitude of the cape, he turned out to be a little east of the present Cape Chelyuskin. The new cape called the name "Dawn". At one time, Nordencheld also missed: so appeared on the maps of Cape "Vega" west of Cape Chelyuskin. And "Zarya" now became the 4th vessel after "VEGI" with its auxiliary ship "Lena" and "Frama" Nansen, which had a northern point of Eurasia.

On September 10, the northeast wind blew, fine ice went on the water. The second wintering of the expedition began. Forces of the Expedition Around the Village House Soon, the house for magnetic studies, meteorological station and a bath.

For a week, held in a campaign, Kolchak on the Balkycta River was observed an interesting phenomenon with which the soldiers of his Eastern Front will face in his famous "Ice campaign" in 1920. With extremely strong frost, the river places freeze to the bottom, after which the ice is cracking under the pressure, and water continues to flow on top of it until it froze again.

On the evening of May 23, Toll, Seeberg, Protodian and Gorokhov moved towards the island of Bennett on 3 narts, a little more than 2 months with themselves. The path took 2 months, and the end of the journey was already on the outcome.

On August 8, holding some necessary ships work, the remaining member of the expedition, went towards the island of Bennett. According to the memories of Katina Yartseva, the expedition was going to go strait between the Isles Belkov and Boiler. When the passage was closed, Matisen began to go up a boiler from the south, so that through the Blagoveshchensky Strait to pass to the cape high and pick up the boring. In a shallow strait, the ship was damaged, there was a flow. Mile 15 remained to high, but Matisen carefully and decided to try to bypass a new Siberia from the south side. The plan was able to fulfill, and by August 16, "Zarya" was in full swing to the north. However, on August 17, the ice made Matisen turn back, and try to re-enter from the West, now it is no longer between the boiler house and Belkovsky, but west of the second.

By August 23, the minimum coal rate remained at the "Zare", which spoke in his instruction Toll. Even if Matisen was able to approach Bennett, no coal was left for the return route. None of Matisen's attempts allowed to approach Bennett closer than 90 miles. Matisen could not turn to the south, without consulting with Kolchak. Alexander Vasilyevich, most likely, also did not see a different way out, at least afterwards he never criticized this decision and was not selected from him.

On August 30, Lena entered the Bay, the auxiliary steamer was entered into the Bay, that auxiliary ship, which turned the cape of Chelyuskin together with the "Vene". Fearing the ice station, the captain of the steamer gave an expedition to fees for only 3 days. Kolchak found a secluded quiet corner in the bay, where they took the "Zara". Brusnev remained in the village of Cossack and had to prepare deer for the Toll group, and in case he does not appear before February 1, go to a new Siberia and wait for it there.

In early December 1902, Kolchak got to the capital, where he was already engaged in the preparation of the expedition, the purpose of which was the salvation of the Toll group.

For the Russian polar expedition, Kolchak was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree. According to the results of the expedition in 1903, Alexander Vasilyevich was also elected a certificate member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.

Russian-Japanese war

Upon arrival in Yakutsk, Kolchak learned about the attack of the Japanese fleet to the Russian squadron on the Port Arthur Ride and about the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war. On January 28, 1904, he contacted Konstantinovich in the telegraph and asked for his translation from the Academy of Sciences to the Maritime Office. Having received permission, Kolchak petitioned the direction in Port Arthur.

Kolchak arrived in Port Arthur on March 18. The next day, the Lieutenant met with the commander of the Pacific Fleet Admiral S. O. Makarov and asked to appoint a fighting position - to the destroyer. However, Makarov looked at Kolchak, as a person who had passed the road when preparing an expedition to rescue E. V. Tolly, and decided to hold it, appointing on March 20 by the driver of the 1st grade "Askold". Admiral Makarov, whom Kolchak, despite the hidden conflict, considered his teacher, died on March 31 with an explosion on the Japanese mine of the squadron armadapole "Petropavlovsk".

Kolchak, most of all did not like monotonous and routine work, achieved his transfer to the Mind Cuprage "Amur". The translation took place on April 17th. Apparently, it was a temporary appointment, since after four days he was appointed commander for the Squaded Mission "Angry". The ship belonged to the second detachment of the destroyer who was inferior to the best ships of the first squad and therefore occupied on the routine work of entry into the harbor or accompaniment of trashing vessels. The appointment for such work was another disappointment for a young officer taking into battle.

Restless and in something even adventurous by the nature of Kolchak dreamed of raider operations on opponent communications. He who bored from the defense tactics, wanted to participate in the offensive, fights with the enemy face to face. Once at the delight of the colleague from the rapid movement of the vessel, the lieutenant sullenly replied "what is good? Now, if we walked so far, on the enemy, it would be good! "

On May 1, for the first time since the beginning of hostilities in the east, Kolchak had a chance to take part in a serious and dangerous task. On this day, the execution of the operation developed by the commander of the Mini Cuprage "Amur" by the captain of the 2nd rank of F. N. Ivanov. "Cupid" with 50 mines on board, without reaching 11 miles to the Golden Mountain, separated from the Japanese squadron, put a mine bank. "Angry" under the command of Kolchak, together with the "Smell", they went with trawls ahead of "Amur", clearing his way. The next day, having exploded to the placed mines, the Japanese armadasians IJN Hatsuse and IJN Yashima were killed, which was the loudest success of the first Pacific squadron for the entire campaign.

The first independent command of Kolchak by the martial carrot continued until October 18, with a near-month break for cure in the hospital from inflammation of the lungs. Nevertheless, Kolchak managed to make a military feet at sea. Having led their everyday routine work, Kolchak on her Milonosce tramped every day the external raid was on duty on the aisle in the bay, she fired the enemy, put mines. He chose a place to install the bank, but on the night of August 24, he was prevented by three Japanese destroyers. The officer showed perseverance, on the night of August 25, the "angry" again came out again in the sea, and Kolchak set 16 minutes in the place of 20½ miles from the harbor. After 3 months, on the night from November 29 to November 30, the mini embedded by Kolchak blew up and sank the Japanese cruiser IJN Takasago. This success was the second in value for Russian military sailors after the sinking of Japanese battleship IJN Hatsuse and IJN Yashima. Alexander Vasilyevich was very proud of this success, mentioned him in the autobiography of 1918 and at interrogation in Irkutsk in 1920.

The work on the Ministry of Internal Affairs was becoming time for this time, and Kolchak regretted that it was not in the thick of the events where the fate of Port Arthur was solved.

On October 18, at his own request, due to the state of health, Kolchak was translated into a land front, where the main events of the military campaign moved to this time.

Alexander Vasilyevich commanded the battery of various-caliber guns on the artillery position "Armed Sector of Rocky Mountains", the general command of which was carried out by the captain of the 2nd rank A. A. Khomenko. As part of the kolchak batteries, there were two small batteries of 47-millimeter guns, which arrived at remote targets a 120 mm tool, a battery of two 47-millimeter and two 37-millimeter guns. A later household of Kolchak was strengthened by two more old guns with a slight cruiser "Robber".

In the fifth hour, almost all Japanese and our batteries opened fire; Fixed 12-inch on the Kamirnena Redutu. After 10 minutes of crazy fire, merging into one solid hum and crackle, all surroundings were covered with a brown smoke, among which the lights of shots and explosion of shells are absolutely not visible, nothing could be disassembled; ... Among the fog cloud of black, brown and white colors rises, lights shine in the air and spherical shrapnel clubs; Correquency shots is impossible. The sun dull from the fog pancake went over the mountains, and the wild shooting began to serve. From my battery made about 121 shot on the trenches. A. V. Kolchak

During the siege of Port Arthur, Lieutenant Kolchak Völv records in which the experience of artillery shooting was systematized and collected a certificate of an unsuccessful attempt of a breakthrough of the Port Arthur squadron in Vladivostok, showing himself again as a scientist - an artilleryman and strategist.

By the time the port of Arthur Kolchak is seriously ill: injured to the articular rheumatism. December 22, he got into the hospital. In April, the hospital was evacuated by the Japanese in Nagasaki, and patients with officers were invited to be treated in Japan or return to Russia. All Russian officers preferred their homeland. On June 4, 1905, Alexander Vasilyevich arrived in St. Petersburg, but his illness again aggravated here, and the lieutenant came to the hospital again.

World War I

Pre-war service in the Baltic Fleet

On April 15, 1912, Kolchak was appointed commander of the Susurian destroyed destroyer. Alexander Vasilyevich went to the base of the mine division to Libava.

In May 1913, Kolchak was appointed to command the Border Guard Mission, which was used as an emission sentiment of Admiral Essen.

On June 25, after the Educational References of Mins in Finnish Schkers, Nikolai II was gathered on board the commander of the Kolchak "Border Guard", Minister I. K. Grigorovich, Essen. The sovereign was pleased with the state of teams and ships, Kolchak and other commander's commanders was announced by the "Incemic Monarch of Fale".

The headquarters of the fleet commander began to prepare paper for the production of Kolchak in the next rank. Certification, prepared on August 21, 1913 by the immediate head of Alexander Vasilyevich by the commander of the mine division by counter-admiral I. A. Shorre, characterized Kolchaka so:

On December 6, 1913, "For the difference in service", Alexander Vasilyevich was produced in the captains of the 1st rank and after 3 days he was already appointed executing the position of head of the Operational Department of the headquarters of the Marine Forces of the Baltic Fleet.

Since July 14, Kolchak began to execute the obligations of the flag-captain flag on the operational part in the headquarters. On this day, Kolchak was awarded by the French Order of the Honorary Legion - French President R. Poankar came to Russia.

As one of the closest assistants of the commander of the Baltic Fleet Kolchak focused on the preparatory measures to the rapidly approaching great war. The work of Kolchak was to inspect the detachments of the fleet, naval databases, thinking about protective measures, mining.

War in Baltic

On the evening of July 16, Admiral Essen headquarters received encryption from the General Staff on the mobilization of the Baltic Fleet from midnight on July 17. All night, a group of officers led by Kolchak was engaged in drawing up instructions for the fight.

Subsequently, in the interrogation in 1920, Kolchak will say:

The first two months of the war Kolchak fought in the post of flag-captain, developing operational tasks and plans, while always sought to take part in the very fight. Later was translated into Essen headquarters.

In this war, the struggle on the sea has become much more complicated and versatile rather than before, defensive measures were acquired, first of all, in the form of mine barriers. And it was the master of maintaining mine war, Kolchak manifested himself. Western Allies considered him the world's best mine-friendly specialist.

In August, the German cruiser SMS Magdeburg was captured in August near the Islands of Odenssholm. Among the trophies there was a German signaling book. Essen's headquarters learned from her headquarters that the Baltic Fleet is opposed by the rather small forces of the German fleet. As a result, the question was raised about the transition of the Baltic Fleet from a deaf defense to active actions.

In early September, the plan of active operations was approved, Kolchak went to defend him in the betting bet. Great Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich recognized the active operations of the Baltic fleet premature. Feeling a wary attitude rate to Essen, Kolchak was hard to experience his mission, "was extremely nervous and complained about excessive bureaucracy that prevented productive work."

In the fall of 1914, Essen, Headquarters decided to use the weakening of the vigilance from the Germans, confident in the passive tactics of Russian sea forces, and with the help of the continuous work of the Ministry of Users "to fill up all the German coast." Kolchak developed an operation on the mine blockade of German naval databases. The first mines were delivered in October 1914 near Memel, and on November 4, the German cruiser Friedrich Carl went to the bottom of this mine bank. In November, the bank was also delivered near the island Bornholm.

At the end of December 1914, near the island of Rügen and Stolpe's banks on the paths, which the German ships were made from Kiel, a production of mineral fields was carried out in which Captain Kolchak took an active part. Subsequently, SMS AUGSBURG and a light cruiser SMS Gazelle were injured on mines.

In February 1915, the captain of the 1st rank of A. V. Kolchak commanded the "special purpose semi-division" from the four dusties during the Minno-barrier operation in the Danzig Bay. There was a lot of ice in the sea, and during the operation, Kolchak had to apply their swimming experience in the Arctic. All destroyers successfully reached the place of production of the mine field. However, the cruiser of the cover "Rurik" appeared on the stones and got a hole. Kolchak led his ships further without covering cruisers. On February 1, 1915, Kolchak put up to 200 minutes and successfully returned his courts to the base. Subsequently, four cruisers were injured on mines (among them the cruiser "Bremen"), eight destroyers and 23 transport of Germany, and the commander of the German Baltic fleet, Prince Henry Prussian, had to dispose of ban german ships Going out to the sea until the time is found to combat Russian mines.

Kolchak was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree with swords. The name of Kolchak has gained fame and abroad: to teach him the tactics of the mine war, the British have shocked the group of their marine officers to Baltika.

In August 1915, the German fleet, moving towards active actions, attempted a breakthrough to the Riga Bay. It was stopped by the mining barriers: Losing several destroyers in Russian mines and damaging some cruisers, due to the threat of new losses, the Germans soon canceled their plans. This was then led to the breakdown of their land forces on Riga, as it was not supported by the sea fleet.

In early September 1915, due to the trauma, the counter-admiral P. L. Trukhachev temporarily freed the position of the head of the mine division, and she was confessed by Kolchak. By adopting a division on September 10, Kolchak began to establish connections with the land command. With the Commander of the 12th Army, General R. D. Radko-Dmitriev agreed by shared forces to prevent her German offensive along the coast. Kolchak Division had to reflect the large-scale German offensive and on the water, and on land.

Kolchak began to develop an argument in the German rear. As a result of the disembarkation, the observation clause of the enemy was eliminated, captured and trophies were captured. On October 6, a detachment of 22 officers and 514 lower ranks on two gunboats under the cover of 15 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Lincard "Glory" and the Orlitsa airports went on a campaign. Alex led by A. V. Kolchak personally. The ratio of losses was 40 people killed from the German side against 4 wounded with Russian. The Germans were forced to protect the coastline to take troops from the front and with anxiety to expect Russian maneuvers from the Gulf of Riga.

In mid-October, when snowfalls began and Kolchak divered the ships in the harbor of Rogockul on the Moonzund Archipelago, the Flagship Ministry of Communications came a telephone message "The enemy is tested, I ask the fleet to help. Melikov. " In the morning, approaching the coast, learned that the Russian parts were still held on Cape Ragotz, cut off by the Germans from the main group. Becoming on the barrel, the Ministry of Emergency "Siberian arrows" joined the headquarters of Melikov. The remaining Milubors Kolchak approached the shore, opened a short fire on the attacking German chains. On this day, the Russian troops defended their positions. In addition, Melikov asked for the help of Kolchak already in his counterattack. For an hour, the German position fell, was taken by the city of Cermende, and the Germans were hastily fled. On November 2, 1915, Nicholas II, according to the Radko-Dmitrieva, awarded Kolchka with the Order of St. George 4th degree. This award was granted to Alexander Vasilyevich for the command of the Mine Division.

The return of Kolchak to his former service - to the headquarters turned out to be a short: already in December, the reclocked Trukhachyov received a new appointment, and on December 19, Alexander Vasilyevich had already accepted the mine division again, and this time already as the current commander, on an ongoing basis. However, for the short hours of work at the headquarters, Captain Kolchak managed to make a very important thing: developed a plan of operation to mined Window, successfully implemented later.

Before the ice covered the Baltic Sea, Kolchak, barely having time to take a mine division, took a new minno-barrier event in the Window area. However, the plans prevented the explosion and semi-mass police "Zabijaka", who has canceled the operation. It was the first operation of Kolchak who did not succeed.

In addition to the performances of mine barriers, Kolchak often brought under the personal command to the sea of \u200b\u200ba group of ships for hunting for various enemy vessels, guard service. Failure ended one of these outputs when he died watchman "Window". However, failures were exceptions. As a rule, the skill manifested by the commander of the mine division, courage and resourcefulness caused admiration for his subordinates, received rapid spread in the fleet and in the capital.

Glory, which Kolchak saved, was deserved: by the end of 1915, the losses of the German fleet in the part of the warships were superior to similar Russians by 3.4 times; In terms of merchant ships - 5.2 times, and his personal role in this achievement is hardly possible to overestimate.

In the spring campaign of 1916, when the Germans led the attack on Riga, the role of Kolchakov cruisers "Admiral Makarov" and "Diana", as well as Lincard "Glory" consisted of shelling and preventing the adversary promotion.

With the adoption on August 23, 1915, Nikolai II of the title of the Supreme Commander in the rate attitude towards the fleet began to change for the better. It felt Kolchak. Soon it began to move and presenting it to the next military rank. On April 10, 1916, Alexander Vasilyevich was produced in counter-admirals.

In the counter-admiral rank of Kolchak fought on the Baltic with the transport of iron ore from Sweden to Germany. The first attack of transport courts Kolchak was unsuccessful, so the second campaign, on May 31, was planned to the smallest detail. With three policemen "Novik", "Oleg" and "Rurik" Alexander Vasilyevich, for 30 minutes, Skilled a number of transportation vessels, as well as all the convoirs who joined him in the battle. As a result of this operation, Germany suspended sea transportation from neutral Sweden. The last task of which Kolchak was engaged in the Baltic Fleet was associated with the development of a large landing operation in the German reel in the Gulf of Riga.

On June 28, 1916, the decree of the emperor Kolchak was produced in Vice Admirals and was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet, thus becoming the most young of the fleet commander of the warring powers.

War in the Black Sea

At the beginning of September 1916, Alexander Vasilyevich was in Sevastopol, having visited the road at the rate and receives secret instructions from his headquarters and headquarters. The meeting of Kolchak with Nikolai II in the bet has become the third and last. Kolchak spent one day at the rate on July 4, 1916. The Supreme Commander told the new Commander of the Black Sea Fleet about the situation at the fronts, transferred the content of military-political agreements with the allies about the immediate joining of Romania. In the rate of Kolchak, he was familiar with the decree on the award of His Order of St. Stanislav 1st degree.

According to spent on the Baltic methods after some time, the Bosphorus, the Turkish coast, which was then repeated, was then repeated, and almost generally deprived the opponent of active actions. 6 enemy submarines were injured on mines.

The first task set by the Kolchak Flota was to clean the sea from enemy warships and termination of enemy shipping at all. To achieve this goal, fulfilled only with complete blocking of the Bosphorus and Bulgarian ports, M. I. Smirnov began planning the operation of mining ports of the enemy. To combat submarines, Kolchak invited his comrade to the Black Sea Fleet of his comrade in the capital officer's circle of the captain of the 1st rank N. N. Schreiber, the inventor of a special small minor for submarines; There were also ordered networks for the outbrevel of submarines from ports.

Transportation for the needs of the Caucasian front began to be reasonable and sufficient security, and for the entire war, it was never broken by an opponent, and during the command, the Black Sea Fleet Kolchak was sweeping only one Russian steamer.

At the end of July, the Bosphor Mining Operation began. The operation of the "crab" submarine, putting 60 min in the sore throat itself. Then, by order of Kolchak, the entrance to the shed from the shore to the shore was mined. After that, Kolchak mined the exits from the Bulgarian ports of Varna, Zonguldak, which strongly struck the Turkish economy.

By the end of 1916, the Commander of the Black Sea Fleet implemented his task, firmly locked by German-Turkish fleet, including SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau, in Bosphorus, and weakening the voltage of the transport service of the Russian fleet.

At the same time, the Kolchak's service on the Black Sea Fleet was marked by a number of failures and losses that could not be. The most large loss was the death of October 7, 1916 of the flagship of the fleet of Lincher "Empress Maria".

Bosphorus operation

The marine bid and headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet have developed a simple and daring plan of the Bosphorus operation.

It was decided to put an unexpected and rapid blow to the center of the entire fortified district - Constantinople. The operation was planned by sailors for September 1916. It was assumed to combine the actions of the ground troops on the southern edge of the Romanian front with the actions of the fleet.

Since the end of 1916, a comprehensive practical preparation for the Bosphorus operation began: conducted training on landing of the landing, shooting from ships, intelligence campaigns of the Dumplings of the destroyer to the Bosphorus, comprehensively studied the coast, conducted an aerial photograph. A special landing Black Sea Sea Division was formed led by Colonel A. I. Verkhovsky, who was supervised by Kolchak personally.

On December 31, 1916, Kolchak gave an order to form the Black Sea Air Division, whose detachments were supposed to be deployed in accordance with the arrival of marine aircraft. On this day, Kolchak at the head of the detachment of three armor and two air transports took a walk towards the shores of Turkey, however, due to the strengthened unrest, the bombing of the coast of the enemy from the hydrosines had to be postponed.

M. Smirnov already wrote in emigration:

Events of 1917.

The events of February 1917 in the capital found the Vice Admiral Kolchak in Batum, where he went to a meeting with the Commander of the Caucasian Front of the Grand Prince Nikolai Nikolayevich to discuss the schedule of sea transport and the construction of the port in Trapezund. On February 28, Admiral received a telegram from the Maritime General Staff about Bunte in Petrograd and the capture of the city of rebels.

Kolchak to the latter remained faithful to the emperor and did not immediately recognize the temporary government. However, in the new conditions, he had to organize his work differently, in particular, to maintain discipline on the fleet. Permanent performances before sailors, flirting with committees made it possible for a long time to maintain the remnants of the order and prevent those tragic events that occurred at this time on the Baltic Fleet. However, due to the general collapse of the country, the situation could not not worsen.

On April 15, Admiral arrived in Petrograd on the challenge of Military Minister Guccov. The latter hoped to use Kolchak as head of the military coup and offered Alexander Vasilyevich to take over the command of the Baltic Fleet. However, the appointment of Kolchak to Baltic did not take place.

In Petrograd Kolchak took part in a government meeting, where he made a report on the strategic situation on the Black Sea. His report made a favorable impression. When we were talking about the Bosphorus operation, Alekseev decided to take advantage of the situation and finally bury the operation.

Kolchak participated in the meeting of the commander of fronts and armies at the headquarters of the Northern Front in Pskov. From there, Admiral made a heavy impression on the demoralization of troops on the front, brother with the Germans and their rags.

In Petrograd, Admiral was an eyewitness of armed soldiers' manifestations and believed that they needed to be suppressed by force. The refusal of the provisional government of Cornilov, the commander of the Metropolitan Military District, in the suppression of the armed demonstration of Kolchak considered a mistake, along with the refusal in this, if necessary, to act in the Fleet.

Returning from Petrograd, Kolchak took off the offensive position, trying to enter the all-Russian political scene. The efforts of the admiral to prevent anarchy, the collapse of the fleet gave fruit: Kolchak managed to raise the Spirit in the Black Sea Fleet. Under the impression of the speech of Kolchak, it was decided to send a delegation from the Black Sea Fleet to the front and to the Baltic fleet to raise the combat spirit and agitation for the preservation of the combat capability of the troops and the victorious completion of the war, "In order for the war actively with full strength."

Kolchak in the fight against the affected and collapse of the army and fleet was not limited to the exclusively support of patriotic gusts of the sailors themselves. The commander himself sought to actively influence the sailor mass.

With the departure of the delegation, the situation on the fleet deteriorated, people began to miss, meanwhile as anti-war campaign intensified. Because of the affected propaganda and agitation by the RSDLP (b), intensified after February 1917 in the army and fleet, the discipline began to fall.

Kolchak continued to regularly remove the fleet to the sea, as it allowed to distract people from revolutionary activity and pulled them up. The cruisers and the destroyers continued to be around the enemy coast, and submarines, regularly replacing, on duty near the Bosphorus.

After the departure of Kerensky, Skyatitsa and nonsense in the Black Sea Fleet began to enhance. On May 18, the Esmina Committee "Hot" demanded to write off the commander of the commander of the city of M. Messelágo "For excessive courage". Kolchak ordered to put the Ministry of Emergency to the reserve, and the merryman passed to another position. The dissatisfaction of the sailors caused the decision of the quoll to put on the repair of the Barny "Three Saint" and "Sinop" with the distribution of their excessively revolutionary commands for other ports. The growth of tension and left-extremist sentiments among Chernomorstsev contributed to the visit to the Sevastopol of the delegation of sailors of the Baltic Fleet, which consisted of Bolsheviks and equipped with a huge cargo of Bolshevik literature.

The last weeks of their command the fleet Kolchak no longer waited and did not receive any help from the government, trying to solve all the problems on his own. However, his attempts to restore the discipline met the opposition of the ordinary composition of the army and the fleet.

June 5, 1917 Revolutionized sailors decided that the officers were obliged to pass firearms and cold weapons. Kolchak took his Georgievskaya saber, received for Port Arthur, and threw it overboard, saying by sailors:

On June 6, Kolchak sent a telegram to the temporary government with a message about the Bunte's happened and that he could not more remain as the commander's post. Without waiting for an answer, he handed over the command of the counter-admiral V. K. Lukin.

Seeing that the situation comes out of control, and fearing the life of Kolchak, M. I. Smirnov on the direct wire caused A. D. Bubnova, who contacted the sea general estimation and asked to immediately report to the Minister about the need to call Kolchak and Smirnov for the rescue of them lives. The response telegram of the temporary government came on June 7: "The temporary government ... orders Admiral Kolchak and Captain Smirnov, who admitted a clear riot, immediately go to Petrograd for a personal report." Thus, Kolchak automatically fell under the investigation and was output from the military-political life of Russia. KERENSKY, I've already seen a rival in Kolkhak, used this chance to get rid of it.

Wandering

Russian naval mission as part of A. V. Kolchak, M. I. Smirnova, D. B. Collytsky, V. V. Beauar, I. E. Wuich, A. M. Mezentseva left the capital on July 27, 1917. Bergen's Norwegian city, Alexander Vasilyevich traveled under someone else's name - to hide his traces from German intelligence. From Bergen Mission proceeded to England.

In England

In England, Kolchak spent two weeks: he got acquainted with the naval aviation, submarines, the tactics of the anti-submarine struggle, visited the plants. With the English admirals, Alexander Vasilyevich had a good relationship, the Allies confestedly devoted to Kolchak to military plans.

IN USA

On August 16, the Russian Mission on the cruiser "Glonster" came out of Glasgow to the shores of the United States, where arrived on August 28, 1917. It turned out that the American fleet had never planned any Dardanelle operation. The main reason for the rings of Kolchak to America disappeared, and from that moment on, his mission was military-diplomatic. Kolchak stayed in the US for about two months, during which time met with Russian diplomats led by the Ambassador B. A. Bakhmetyev, the Maritime and Military Ministers and the US State Secretary. On October 16, Kolchak adopted American President V. Wilson.

Kolchak at the request of the Allied Colleagues worked in the American Maritime Academy, where he advised the students of the Academy in the mine case.

In San Francisco, already on the west coast of the United States, Kolchak received a telegram from Russia with a proposal to set his candidacy to the Constituent Assembly from the Cadet Party in the Black Sea Fall district, to which he answered consent, but his response telegram was late.12 of October Kolchak with officers went From San Francisco to Vladivostok on the Japanese steamer "Cario Maru".

In Japan

Two weeks, the steamer arrived in the Japanese port of Yokohama. Here Kollchak learned about the overthrow of the temporary government and the seizure of the Government by the Bolsheviks, about the beginning of the negotiations of the Lenin government with the German authorities in Brest about the separatic world, whose disorderly and the Kolchak could not imagine.

Kolchak now had to solve a heavy question, what to do next when the power was approved in Russia, which he did not recognize, considering the country's changed and obey in the collapse of the country.

In the current situation, he considered his return to Russia impossible and reported on his non-recognition of the Separate world to the Union British government. He also requested him to accept him "as you like and anywhere" to continue the war with Germany.

Soon Kolchak was summoned to the English embassy and reported that the UK would read his proposal. On December 30, 1917, Kolchak received a message about appointment to the Mesopotama front. In the first half of January 1918, Kolchak went from Japan through Shanghai to Singapore.

In Singapore and in China

In March 1918, arriving in Singapore, Kolchak received a secret order to urgently return to China to work in Manchuria and Siberia. The change in the decisions of the British was associated with the persistent applications of Russian diplomats and other political circles, who seen in the Admiral candidate in the leaders of the antibolevist movement. Alexander Vasilyevich returned to Shanghai, where he ended, did not have time to begin, his English service.

With the arrival of Kolchak to China, the period of its foreign wanders ended. Now Admiral was expected by the political and military struggle with the Bolshevik regime within Russia.

Supreme Ruler of Russia

Kolchak as a result of the November coup was the Supreme Ruler of Russia. In this position he tried to restore the law and the order of territories controlled by him. Kolchak conducted a number of administrative, military, financial and social reforms. Thus, measures were taken to restore industry, supplying peasants to agricultural machinery, the development of the Northern Sea Route. Moreover, from the end of 1918, Alexander Vasilyevich began to prepare the Eastern Front to the decisive spring offensive 1919. However, by this time and the Bolsheviks managed to tighten large forces. In view of a number of serious reasons, by the end of April, the onset of whites has exhaled, and then they fell to the most powerful counter. The retreat began, which was not able to stop.

As the situation deteriorates at the front, the discipline began to fall into troops, and the society and higher spheres were demoralized. Already by autumn it became clear that the white struggle in the East was lost. Without removing responsibility from the Supreme Ruler, we still note that in the current situation with him there was not almost anyone who was able to help solve systemic problems.

In January 1920, Kolchak was issued by Czechoslovakov in Irkutsk (which were no longer going to participate in civil war in Russia and tried to leave the country to the local Revolutionary Council as faster as possible. Before that, Alexander Vasilyevich refused to escape and save his life, saying: "I will share the fate of the army." On the night of February 7, he was shot on the orders of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Bolsheviks.

Awards

• Medal "In memory of the reign of Emperor Alexander III" (1896)
• Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree (December 6, 1903)
• Order of St. Anne 4th degree with the inscription "For courage" (October 11, 1904)
• Golden weapon "For courage" - a saber with the inscription "For the difference in affairs against the enemy under Port Arthur" (December 12, 1905)
• Order of St. Stanislav 2nd degree with swords (December 12, 1905)
• Big Golden Konstantinov Medal (January 30, 1906)
• Silver medal in Georgievskaya and Alexandrovskaya tape in memory of the Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905 (1906)
• Swords and bow to the Name Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree (March 19, 1907)
• Order of St. Anne 2nd degree (December 6, 1910)
• Medal "In memory of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the house of Romanov" (1913)
• French Order of the Honorary Legion of the Officer Cross (1914)
• Cross "For Port Arthur" (1914)
• Medal "In memory of the 200th anniversary of the sea battle at Ganguhe" (1915)
• Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree with swords (February 9, 1915)
• Order of St. George 4th degree (November 2, 1915)
• Order Bani (1915)
• Order of St. Stanislav 1st degree with swords (July 4, 1916)
• Order of St. Anne 1st degree with swords (January 1, 1917)
• Golden weapon - Cortor Union Army and Fleet officers (June 1917)
• Order of St. George 3rd degree (April 15, 1919)

Memory

Memorial boards in honor and memory of Kolchak are installed on the building of the Marine Corps, which graduated from Kolchak, in St. Petersburg (2002), on the station building in Irkutsk, in the courtyard of Nikolai Mirlijsky's chapel in Moscow (2007). On the facade of the building of the Museum of Local History (Moorish Castle, former building Russian Geographical Society) in Irkutsk, where Kolchak was reading a report on the Arctic Expedition of 1901, the honorary inscription in honor of Kumchak was restored after the revolution - next to the names of other scientists and researchers of Siberia. The name of Kolchak was carved on the monument to the heroes of the White Movement ("Gallipolian Obelisk") at the Paris Cemetery of St. Geneviev de Boua. In Irkutsk on the site of "restoration in the waters of the hangars" there is a cross.

The first widespread representative of the rhodes of Kolchak was the Crimean Tatar leader Ilia Kolchak-Pasha, the commandant of the Khotyn fortress, captured by Field Marshal H. A. Minich. After the end of the war, Kolchak-Pasha settled in Poland, and in 1794 his descendants moved to Russia.

Alexander Vasilyevich was born in the family of a representative of this kind of Vasily Ivanovich Kolchak (1837-1913) - headquarters of marine artillery, subsequently Major General for Admiralty. His first officer Chin V. I. Kolchak heard a heavy wound during the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War of 1853-1856: he was one of the seven surviving defenders of the stone tower on Malakhov Kurgan, which the French after the assault found among the corpses. After the war, he graduated from the Mountain Institute in St. Petersburg and until the resignation served as a driver of the maritime ministry in the Obukhovsky factory, having a reputation as a person direct and extremely scrupulous.

Alexander Vasilyevich himself was born on November 4, 1874 in the village of Alexandrovsky near St. Petersburg. The birth document of their first-primer son testifies:

"... In the metric 1874, the book by the Trinity Church of S. Alksandrovsky St. Petersburg County under No. 50 shows: Marine artillery at the headquarters-captain of Vasily Ivanov Kolchak and the legitimate wife of His Olga Ilyina, both Orthodox and early, son Alexander was born on November 4th, and baptized December 15, 1874. His reverers were: headquarters-captain Sea Alexander Ivanov Kolchak and the widow of the college secretary of Daria Filippovna Ivanova "[the source is not specified 35 days].

Study

Primary education The future admiral received at home, and then he studied in the 6th St. Petersburg classical gymnasium.

In 1894, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak graduated from the Marine Cadet Corps, and on August 6, 1894 he was appointed to the cruiser of the 1st rank "Rurik" as an assistant to the Watchman and November 15, 1894 was made in Chin Michman. On this cruiser, he left for the Far East. At the end of 1896, Kolchak was appointed to the cruiser of the 2nd grade "Cruiser" for the position of the Vacan Chief. For several years he went to the Pacific Ocean for several years, in 1899 he returned to Kronstadt. On December 6, 1898, he was produced in Lieutenants. In the campaigns, Kolchak not only performed his official duties, but also actively engaged in self-education. He also covered oceanography and hydrology. In 1899, he published an article "Observations on surface temperatures and specific seaside water scales, produced on Rurik cruisers and a cruiser since May 1897 to March 1898."

Toll Expedition

Upon arrival in Kronstadt, Kolchak went to Vice Admiral S. O. Makarov, who was preparing to swim on the icebreaker "Ermak" in the Arctic Ocean. Alexander Vasilyevich applied to accept him to the expedition, but received a refusal "on official circumstances." After that, for some time, entering the person's personnel of the Prince Pozharsky, Kolchak in September 1899 moved to the squadron armadapole Petropavlovsk and went to the Far East. However, during the parking lot in the Greek port of Pirae, he received an invitation from the Academy of Sciences from Baron E. V. Tolly to take part in the mentioned expedition. From Greece through Odessa in January 1900, Kolchak arrived in St. Petersburg. The head of the expedition proposed Alexander Vasilyevich to lead the hydrological work, and in addition to being the second magnetologist. All winter and spring 1900 Kolchak was preparing for the expedition.

On July 21, 1901, the expedition on the schoon "Zarya" moved along the Baltic, Northern and Norwegian seas to the shores of the Taimyr Peninsula, where the first wintering was coming. In October 1900, Kolchak participated in Toll's trip to the fjord of Gafner, and in April-May 1901 they traveled to Taimyr together. Throughout the expedition, the future admiral kept active scientific work. In 1901, E. V. Toltul perpetuated the name of A. V. Kolchak, calling him an Outdoor Expedition in the Kara Sea and Cape. According to the results of the expedition in 1906, he was elected a real member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.

Best days

In the spring of 1902, Toll decided to go to the north of the Novosibirsk islands along with the magnetologist F. G. Zeberg and two Cayurs. The remaining members of the expedition due to the lack of stock of the products were to go from the island of Bennett to the south, on the mainland, and in the future, return to St. Petersburg. Kolchak with his companions came to the mouth of Lena and through Yakutsk and Irkutsk arrived in the capital.

Upon arrival in St. Petersburg, Alexander Vasilyevich reported the Academy about the work done, and also reported on the enterprise Baron Tolly, from which neither the time nor later did not come. In January 1903, it was decided to organize an expedition, the purpose of which was to clarify the fate of the Toll expedition. The expedition took place from May 5 to December 7, 1903. It was 17 people on 12 nars harvested by 160 dogs. The path to the island of Benneta took three months, and was extremely heavy. On August 4, 1903, reaching the island of Bennet, the expedition found traces of tall stay and its satellites: expedition documents, collections, geodesic instruments and diary were found. It turned out that Toll arrived on the island in the summer of 1902, and headed to the south, having a supply of provisions only for 2-3 weeks. It became clear that the expedition of Toll died.

Spouse (Sophia Fedorovna Kolchak)

Sophia Fedorovna Kolchak (1876-1956) - Kolchak's wife Alexander Vasilyevich. Sophia Fedorovna was born in 1876 in Kamenets-Podolsk Podolsk province of the Russian Empire (now Khmelnitsky region of Ukraine).

Parents of Kolchak

Father is a valid secret advisor V.I. Kolchak. Olga Ilyinichna Kolchak, nee Kamenskaya, was a daughter of Major General, Director of the Forest Institute F. A. Kamensky, Sister of Sculptor F. F. Kamensky. Among the distant ancestors were the Baron of Minih (Brother of Feldmarshal, Elizabetan Welject) and General-Annef M. V. Berg (broken by Friedrich the Great in a seven-year war).

Education

The hereditary nobleman of the Podolsk province, Sophia Fedorovna was brought up in the Smolny Institute and was a very educated girl (knew seven languages, French and German knew perfection). It was a beautiful, volitional and independent in character.

Marriage

By agreement with Alexander Vasilyevich Kraphak, they had to get married after his first expedition. In honor of Sofia (at that time, the bride) was named a small island in the archipelago Litke and Cape on the island of Bennet. Waiting stretched for several years. They married March 5, 1904 in the Holylamampievsky Church in Irkutsk.

Children

Sophia Fedorovna gave birth to three children from Kohl:

the first girl (approx. 1905) did not live and the month;

the daughter of Margarita (1912-1914) was caught during the flight from the Germans from Libay and died.

Emigration

During the civil war, Sophia Fedorovna was waiting for her husband to the last in Sevastopol. In 1919, she managed to emigrate from there: the British allies provided it with money and provided the opportunity to go on a ship from Sevastopol to Constantza. Next, she moved to Bucharest, and then went to Paris. Rostislava brought there.

Despite the difficult financial situation, Sophia Fedorovna managed to give his son a good education. Rostislav Alexandrovich Kolchak finished the highest school of diplomatic and commercial sciences in Paris, served in the Algerian bank. He married Ekaterina delivers - the daughter of Admiral A.V. Delivery, killed by the Bolsheviks in Petrograd.

Sophia Fedorovna survived the German occupation of Paris and the captivity of the Son - officer of the French army.

Concent

Sophia Fedorovna died in the hospital of Ljusimo in Italy in 1956. He was buried on the main cemetery of Russian abroad - Saint-Geneviev de Bois.

Russian-Japanese war

In December 1903, the 29-year-old lieutenant Kolchak, exhausted by the Polar Expedition, went on the way back to St. Petersburg, where I was going to get married with his bride Sophia Omver. Not far from Irkutsk, he found the news about the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war. He caused his father and the bride with a telegram in Siberia and immediately after the wedding deposited in Port Arthur.

The commander of the Pacific Escader Admiral S. O. Makarov suggested that he serve on the Petropavlovsk battleship, from January to April 1904, which was the flagma squadron. Kolchak refused and asked for appointments to the high-speed cruiser "Askold", which soon saved his life. A few days later, Petropavlovsk exploded on Mine and rapidly sank, having carried out more than 600 sailors and officers to the bottom of more than 600 sailors and officers, including Makarov himself and the famous Batalist artist V. V. Vereshchagin. Soon after that, Kolchak achieved a transfer to the Montarosphere "Angry". Commanded the Esminets. By the end of the siege, Port Arthur had to command the coastal artillery battery, since the hardest rheumatism is a consequence of two polar expeditions - forced him to leave the warship. The wound followed by this, the passage of Port Arthur and the Japanese captivity, in which Kolchak spent 4 months. Upon return, he was awarded by Georgievsky weapon - a golden saber with the inscription "For courage".

Revival of the Russian Fleet.

Freed from captivity, Kolchak received rank captain of the second rank. The main task of a group of marine officers and admirals, in which Kolchak entered, was the development of plans for the further development of the Russian naval fleet.

In 1906, marine general headquarters was created (including on the initiative of Kolchak), which took the direct combat training of the fleet. Alexander Vasilyevich was the head of his department, was engaged in developments on the reorganization of the Navy, he performed in the State Duma as an expert on naval issues. Then a shipbuilding program was compiled. For additional allocations, officers and admirals actively lobbied their program in the Duma. The construction of new vessels moved slowly - 6 (out of 8) battleships, about 10 cruisers and several dozen destroyers and submarines entered into operation only in 1915-1916, in the midst of the First World War, and some of the ships embarked at that time were completed In the 1930s.

Given the significant numerical advantage of the potential opponent, the Marine General Status has developed a new plan for the protection of St. Petersburg and the Finnish Gulf - in the threat of an attack, all ships of the Baltic fleet on the agreed signal were to go out into the sea and put 8 lines of mine bar in the mouth of the Finnish bay.

Captain Kolchak took part in the design of special icebreaking vessels "Taimyr" and "Vaigach", in the spring of 1909. In the spring of 1910, these vessels arrived in Vladivostok, then they went to the cartographic expedition to Bering Strait and Dezhnev's Cape, returning back to autumn Vladivostok. Kolchak in this expedition commanded the Vaigach icebreaker. In 1908 he moved to work in the Marine Academy. In 1909, Kolchak published his largest study - a monograph, summarizing his glaciological studies in the Arctic, "Loda Kara and Siberian seas" (notes of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Ser. 8. Fiz.-Mat. Deposit. SPb., 1909 T.26, No. 1.).

Participated in the development of the expedition project to explore the Northern Sea Route. In 1909-1910. The expedition, as part of which Kolchak commanded the ship, made the transition from the Baltic Sea to Vladivostok, and then swimming towards the Maysee Dezhnev.

Since 1910, in the Sea General Staff, he was developing a shipbuilding program of Russia.

In 1912, Kolchak goes to serve on the Baltic fleet to the post of flag-captain on the operational part of the headquarters of the fleet commander. In December 1913, he was produced in the captains of the 1st rank.

World War I

To protect the capital from a possible attack of the German fleet, an Mine Division on the personal order of the Essen Admiral on the night of July 18, 1914 put up a mining barrier in the waters of the Finnish Bay, without waiting for the permission of the Maritime Minister and Nicholas II.

In the fall of 1914, with the personal participation of Kolchak, an operation on the mine blockade of German naval databases was developed. In 1914-1915 The destroyers and cruisers, including the command of Kolchak, put Mina in Kiel, Danziga (Gdansk), Pillau (modern Baltiysk), Windows and even at Bornholm Island. As a result, 4 German cruisers were undergraduated on these mine fields (2 of them were sank - "Friedrich Karl" and "Bremen" (according to other data, SKE E-9), 8 destroyers and 11 transports.

At the same time, an attempt to intercept the German convoy, who transported Ruda from Sweden, in which Kolchak was directly involved, ended in failure.

In addition to the successful production of mines, organized an attack on the caravans of German commercial ships. From September 1915, he commanded the mine division, then by the sea forces in the Gulf of Riga.

In April 1916, he was produced in counter-admirals.

In July 1916, by order of the Russian Emperor Nikolai II, Alexander Vasilyevich was produced in Vice Admirals and was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet.

After the oath to the temporary government

After the February Revolution, 1917 Kolchak first on the Black Sea Fleet swore at the faithful to the temporary government. In the spring of 1917, the rate began to prepare an argument operation for capturing Constantinople, but due to the decomposition of the army and the fleet this thought had to be left (in many ways - in connection with the active Bolshevik camps). Thanks to gratitude from the Military Minister of Guccov for fast intelligent actions, by which he contributed to the preservation of order on the Black Sea Fleet.

However, due to the affected propaganda and agitation, penetrated after February 1917 into the army and fleet under the guise of the cover of the speech, and the army, and the fleet began to move towards their collapse. On April 25, 1917, Alexander Vasilyevich spoke at the meeting of officers with the report " armed Forces and relationships with allies. " In addition, Kolchak noted: we are standing before the collapse and the destruction of our armed force, [for] the old forms of discipline collapsed, and the new newly created.

Kolchak demanded to stop home-grown reforms based on "the merge of ignorance", and adopt the forms of discipline and the organization of internal life already adopted by the Allies. On April 29, 1917, a delegation of about 300 sailors and Sevastopol workers were left with the sanctions from Sevastopol with the aim of influencing the Baltic Fleet and Army, "" In order for the war actively with full strength. "

In June 1917, the Sevastopol Council decided to disarm the officers suspected of counter-revolution, including the colcker, his Georgievsky weapon - a golden saber's Golden Sable. Admiral pretended to throw the blade overboard with the words: "Newspapers do not want us to have a weapon, so let them go to the sea." On the same day, Alexander Vasilyevich passed the Council of Admiral V. K. Lukin. After three weeks, the divers raised a saber from the bottom and handed the inscription to Kolchak, engraving the inscription on the blades: "Knight of honor to Admiral Kolchak from the Union of Army and Fleet officers." At this time, Kolchak, on a par with the General Staff, General from infanteria L. G. Kornilov, was considered as a potential candidate for military dictators. It is for this reason that in August A. F. Kerensky caused Admiral to Petrograd, where he had dismissed him, after which he was headed by the US Fleet command to advise American specialists about the experience of using Russian seafarers of mine weapons on the Baltic and Black Seas In the First World War.

In San Francisco, Kolchak was offered to stay in the United States, promising to him the Department of Mine Business in the best naval college and a rich life in the cottage on the ocean. Kolchak answered with refusal and went back to Russia.

Defeat and death

January 4, 1920 in Nizhneudinsk Admiral A. V. Kolchak signed his last decree, which announced his intention to convey the powers of the "Supreme All-Russian power" by A. I. Denikin. In now on, before receiving the instructions from A. I. Denikin, "All the fullness of military and civil authority throughout the Russian eastern outskirts" was provided with Lieutenant-General G. M. Semenov.

On January 5, 1920, a coup took place in Irkutsk, the city was captured by the ECERO-Menshevik political center. On January 15, A. V. Kolchak, who left Nizhneudinsk in Czechoslovak Echelon, in a car under the flags of Great Britain, France, USA, Japan and Czechoslovakia, arrived at the suburbs of Irkutsk. Czechoslovak command at the request of the Socialist Political Center, with the sanctions of the French general Jeanne, transferred to Kolkka to his representatives. On January 21, the politicalcenter passed power in Irkutsk Bolshevik Revo. From January 21 to February 6, 1920, Kolchak's interrogations of the Emergency Investigation Commission were conducted.

On the night of March 6-7, 1920 Admiral A. V. Kolchak and Chairman of the Council of Ministers Russian government V. N. Pepliaev were shot on the banks of the Ushakovka River, according to the decree of the Irkutsk Military Revolutionary Committee. The ruling of the Irkutsk Military Revolutionary Committee on the execution of the Supreme Ruler of Admiral Kolchak and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Pepelyeva Council was signed by Shiryamov, Chairman of the Committee and its members A. Svoskarev, M. Leenson and Otradnaya.

According to the official version, it was done from the fear that the part of General Kappel breaking to Irkutsk are the goal of freeing the quoll. According to the most common version of the execution, it happened on the banks of the Ushakovka River near the Znamensky female monastery. According to the legend, sitting on ice in anticipation of the execution, Admiral sang Romance "Gori, Gori, My Star ..." There is a version that Kolchak himself commanded his execution. After the execution of the body of the killed were dropped into the hole.

Grave Kolchak

Recently, previously unknown documents were discovered in the Irkutsk region regarding the execution and subsequent burial of Admiral Kolchak. Documents with a vulture "Secret" were found during the work on the performance of the Irkutsk City Theater "Star Admiral" on the play of the former employee of the state security bodies of Sergei Ostrumov. According to the found documents, in the spring of 1920, near the Innokentyevskaya station (on the banks of the hangary, 20 km below Irkutsk), local residents discovered the corpse in Admiral uniform made by the bank of the Angara. Arrival representatives of the investigating authorities made an inquiry and identified the body of the shot admiral of Kolchak. Subsequently, investigators and local residents secretly buried the admiral in Christian custom. The investigators were drawn up a card on which Kolchak's grave was marked with a cross. Currently, all documents found are on the examination.

Based on these documents, the Irkutsk historic I. I. Kozlov was established by the estimated arrangement of the grave of Kolchak.

According to other data, Kolchak's grave is located in the Irkutsk Znamensky monastery.

Real Russian officer
Artyom 22.10.2009 07:37:52

and the patriot of your homeland! Yes, there were people at the time, not the fact that the current cattle!

Sometime Russia is aimed at least what happened in 1917 ...
*** 11.04.2010 11:58:18

Every time I think about millions of worried lives, I stroke me tears. It doesn't even represent a society what happened to the Russian people !!! As a result of the whole (1917-1987), Russian Genofond was almost destroyed. I am not a nationalist, but I think that the people on their land have the right to life and faith, on the temples and monuments, on their non-prescribed history. There are enough words to explain it all. Now it is no longer a secret for anyone who has been leading from a moral and ethical point of view (by the way, Jugashvili is the only one in the history of Russia commander-in-chief, never visited the front line). United The oath is people with the concept of the highest honor and dignity. Walking has possessed the highest mind, was in battles, successions, born in such a glorious family (not a couple of Lenin), he understood everything perfectly. And I pretended to death for the homeland of rich and dietary life in the USA. I could just write memoirs.
Boys, boys, future men, read more, learn to respect women, educate yourself, you have anyone will learn. Do not become those who, in a drunken Ugar, Razhlu and mocked weak, tormented and tortured women and adolescents, calmly looked at blood and tears, could live in dirt and dishonor. The symbol raised real heroes. Take them and learn to love your homeland and be grateful.
The eternal memory of the slave of God Alexander! Forgive us unreasonable for everything ...

One of the most interesting and ambiguous figures in the history of Russia XX century is A. V. Kolchak. Admiral, Flotodets, traveler, Oceanographer and writer. Until now, this historical personality is of interest among historians, writers and directors. Admiral Kolchak, whose biography interesting facts and events, represents great interest to contemporaries. Based on its biographical data, books are created, scripts are written for theatrical frames. Admiral Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich is a hero of documentary films and feature films. It is impossible until the end to assess the significance of this person in the history of the Russian people.

The first steps of young cadet

A. V. Kolchak, Admiral of the Russian Empire, appeared on the white light on November 4, 1874 in St. Petersburg. The Kolchak family comes from the ancient noble family. Father - Vasily Ivanovich Kolchak, Major General of Marine Artillery, Mother - Olga Ilyinichna Posokhov, Don Cossack. The family of the future Admiral of the Russian Empire was deeply religious. In his children's memories, Admiral Kolchak, Alexander Vasilyevich, noted: "I am Orthodox, I received my parents under the guidance of my parents to primary school." After studying three years (1885-1888) in the St. Petersburg classical male gymnasium, young Alexander Kolchak enters the maritime school. It was there A. V. Kolchak, Admiral Russian fleetFor the first time knows the naval sciences, which in the future will become the case of his life. Study in the Maritime School discovered the outstanding abilities and talent A.V. Kolchak to the marine case.

The future Admiral Kolchak, a brief biography of which testifies that the main passion of travel and sea adventures are its passion. It was in 1890 that sixteen-year-old teenager young cadet for the first time went to maritime expanses. It happened on board the armored frigate "Prince Pozharsky". Educational diving lasted about three months. During this time, the younger Cadet Alexander Kolchak received the first skills and practical knowledge of the marine business. In the future, during training in the Marine Cadet Corps, A. V. Kolchak repeatedly went on campaigns. His teaching vessels were Rurik and Cruiser. Thanks to the training campaign, A. V. Kolchak began to be subject to oceanography and hydrology, as well as navigation maps of underwater trends off the coast of Korea.

Polar studies

At the end of the maritime school, the young lieutenant Alexander Kolchak submits a report on the maritime service in the Pacific Ocean. The petition was approved, and he was directed to one of the sea garrisons of the Pacific Fleet. In 1900, Admiral Kolchak, whose biography is closely related to the scientific research of the Arctic Ocean, is sent to the first polar expedition. October 10, 1900, at the invitation of the famous traveler Baron Eduard Tolly, the scientific group moved. The purpose of the expedition was to establish the geographical coordinates of the mysterious island of the land of Sannikov. In February 1901, Kolchak made a big report about the Great Northern Expedition.

In 1902, on a wooden whaling schoon "Zarya" Kolchak and Toll again moved to northern swimming. In the summer of the same year, four polarists, led by the head of the expedition, Eduard Tollevel left Schuun and went on dog sledding to explore the Arctic coast. Nobody returned back. Long searches for missing expedition results did not bring. The entire crew of the schooner "Zarya" was forced to return to large land. After some time, A. V. Kolchak submits a petition to the Russian Academy of Sciences on the re-expedition to the northern islands. The main goal of the campaign was to find members of the team E. Tall. As a result of the search, traces of the missing group were discovered. However, there were no live members of the team. For participation in the rescue expedition, A. V. Kolchak was noted by the imperial order of the 4th degree. According to the results of the work of the research polar group, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak was elected a valid member of the Russian Geographical Society.

Military conflict with Japan (1904-1905)

With the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war, A. V. Kolchak asks him to translate it from the Scientific Academy to the Maritime Military Office. Having received approval, he goes to serve in Port Arthur to Admiral S. O. Makarov, A. V. Kolchak appointed by the commander of the darty "angry". Six months, the future Admiral mergedly fought for Port Arthur. However, despite the heroic confrontation, the fortress fell. The soldiers of the Russian army capitulated. In one of the battles, Kolchak gets injured and falls into the Japanese hospital. Thanks to the American military mediators, Alexander Kolchak and other officers of the Russian army were returned to their homeland. For manifested heroism and courage, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak was awarded the nominal golden saber and a silver medal "in the memory of the Russian-Japanese war."

Continued scientific activity

After a six-month vacation, Kolchak again proceeds to research work. The main topic of his scientific papers was the processing of materials of polar expeditions. Scientific works on oceanology and the history of polar studies helped a young scientist to win honor and respect in a scientific environment. In 1907, his translation of labor Martin Knudsen "Table of maritime water points" was published. In 1909, the author's monograph "Loda Karosky and the Siberian Seas" was published. The value of the works of A. V. Kolchak was that he first laid the doctrine of marine ice. The Russian geographical society highly appreciated the scientific activity of the scientist, handing him the highest award "Golden Konstantinovskaya Medal". A. V. Kolchak became the youngest of the polar researchers who are awarded this high award. All predecessors were foreigners, and only he became the first in Russia with the holder of a high sign of distinction.

Revival of the Russian Fleet.

Loss in the Russian-Japanese war was very hard for Russian officer. Did not exception and A.V. Kolchak, Admiral in spirit and explorer by calling. Continuing to study the causes of the defeat of the Russian army, Kolchak is developing a plan for the creation of the Maritime General Staff. In his scientific report, he expresses his considerations about the causes of military defeat in the war, which fleet is needed by Russia, and also points to the disadvantages in the defensive ability of ships. The speech of the speaker in the State Duma does not find proper approval, and leaves the service at the Sea General Staff A. V. Kolchak (Admiral). Biography and photo of that time confirm his transition to teaching work in the Marine Academy. Despite the lack of academic education, the leadership of the Academy invited him to lecture on the theme of the joint actions of the Army and the Fleet. In April 1908, A. V. Kolchak was assigned to the military rank of captain of the 2nd rank. Five years later, in 1913, he was produced in Chin Captain of the 1st Rank.

Participation of A. V. Kolchak in the First World War

From September 1915, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak is headed by the Mine Division of the Baltic Fleet. The location of the dislocation was the port of the city of Revel (now Tallinn). The main task of the division was the development of mine barrage and their installation. In addition, the commander personally conducted sea raids to eliminate the enemy vessels. This caused admiration for ordinary sailors, as well as the officer of the Division. The courage and the resource of the commander received wide appreciation in the fleet, and it came to the capital. On April 10, 1916, A.V. Kolchak was produced in Chin counter-admiral of the Russian fleet. And in June 1916, by decree of the emperor Nikolai II, Kolchak was awarded the title of Vice-Admiral, and he was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet. Thus, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak, Admiral of the Russian Fleet, becomes the youngest of Flotovodians.

The arrival of the energetic and competent commander was adopted with great respect. From the first days of the work, Kolchak has established a hard discipline and changed the fleet command guide. The main strategic task is to clean the sea from enemy warships. To perform this task, the blockage of ports of Bulgaria and the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Bosphorus Strait was proposed. The operation began to mined enemy coastlines. The vessel of Admiral Kolchak could often be seen when performing combat and tactical tasks. The fleet commander personally controlled the situation on the sea. The special operation to mined the Bosphorus Strait with the application of a rapid strike in Constantinople received approval from Nicholas II. However, muster military operation did not happen, all the plans broke February Revolution.

Revolutionary rebellion of 1917

The events of the February coup of 1917 caught Kolchak in Batumi. It was in this Georgian city of Admiral who held a meeting with the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, the commander of the Caucasian Front. The agenda was the discussion of the maritime transport schedule and the construction of the seaport in Trapezund (Turkey). Having received a secret team from the General Staff about a military coup in Petrograd, Admiral urgently returns to Sevastopol. Upon returning to the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral A. V. Kolchak gives an order on the termination of the telegraph and postal connection of the Crimea with other regions of the Russian Empire. Thereby prevents the spread of rumors and panic sentiment on the fleet. All telegrams came only to the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet.

Unlike the situation on the Baltic Fleet, the position on the Black Sea was under the control of the admiral. A. V. Kolchak has long kept the Black Sea flotilla from the revolutionary collapse. However, political events did not pass by. In June 1917, by the decision of the Sevastopol council, Admiral Kolchak was removed from the leadership of the Black Sea Fleet. During the disarmament of Kolchak, before the construction of his subordinates, he breaks a premium golden saber and says: "The sea awarded me, I will return the award by the sea."

Russian admiral

Sophia Fedorovna Kolchak (Omirova), the wife of the Great Flotoder, was a hereditary nobility. Sophia was born in 1876 in Kamenets-Podolsk. Father Fedor Vasilyevich Omirov, the secret adviser to His Imperial Majesty, Mother - Daria Fedorovna Kamenskaya, originated from the genus Major General V.F. Kamensky. Sophia Fedorovna received upbringing at the Smolny Institute of Noble Maiden. Beautiful, volitional woman who knew several foreign languagesShe was very independent by nature.

Wedding with Alexander Vasilyevich occurred in the Holyhallapievskaya Church of Irkutsk on March 5, 1904. After the wedding, the young spouse leaves his wife and goes to the existing army on the protection of Port Arthur. S.F. Kolchak together with Schomork goes to St. Petersburg. All the life of Sophia Fedorovna kept loyalty and devotion to her legal spouse. She invariably began with letters to him: "Dear and my beloved, Sasha". And finished: "Sonya loving you." The touching letters of his wife Admiral Kolchak Coast until the last days. Permanent separations were not allowed to see spouses. Military service obliges debt pins.

And yet, the rare moments of joyful meetings did not go around the face of loving spouses. Sophia Fedorovna gave birth to three children. Tatiana's first daughter was born in 1908, however, without living and the month, the child died. Son Rostislav was born on March 9, 1910 (died in 1965). The third child in the family was Margarita (1912-1914). When shooting from the Germans from Libay (Liepaja, Latvia), the girl was cold and soon died. Kolchak's wife lived for some time in Gatchina, then in Libava. When shelling the city, the Kolchak family was forced to leave their refuge. Having gathered his things, Sophia moves to her husband in Helsingfors, where at that time there was a staff residence of the Baltic Fleet.

It was in this city that Sophia became acquainted with Anna Timeva - the last love of Admiral. Then there was a move to Sevastopol. The whole period of the Civil War was waiting for her husband. In 1919, Sophia Kolchak, together with his son emigrates. British allies help them get to Constanta, then there was Bucharest and Paris. Having experienced a heavy material situation in emigration, Sophia Kolchak was able to give a decent education to his son. Rostislav Alexandrovich Kolchak graduated from the highest diplomatic school and worked for some time in the Algerian banking system. In 1939, the son of Kolchak comes to the serve in the French army and soon falls into German captivity.

Sophia Kolchak will survive the German occupation of Paris. The death of the admiral wife will come in the Hospital of Luzzymo (France) in 1956. S.F. Kolchak buried at the Cemetery of Russian Emigrants in Paris. In 1965, Rostislav Alexandrovich Kolchak dies. The last refuge of the wife and son of Admiral will be the French tomb in St. Geneva de Boua.

Last love of the Russian admiral

Anna Vasilyevna Timirev - daughter of an outstanding Russian conductor and musician V. I. Safonova. Anna was born in Kislovodsk in 1893. Admiral Kolchak and Anna Timireva met in 1915 in Helsingfors. Her first husband is Sergey Nikolaevich Timirev. The story of love with Admiral Kolchak still causes admiration and respect for this Russian woman. Love and devotion forced her to go to the voluntary arrest after her beloved. Endless arrests and links could not destroy tender feelings, she loved her admiral to the end of life. Having survived the shooting of Admiral Kolchak in 1920, Anna Timireva was still in exile for many years. Only in 1960 she was rehabilitated, lived in the capital. Anna Vasilyevna died January 31, 1975.

Foreign trips

Upon returning to Petrograd in 1917, Admiral Kolchak (his photo is presented in our article) receives an official invitation from the American diplomatic mission. Foreign partners, knowing his extensive experience in mine entertainment, ask the Provisional Government to send A. V. Kolchak as a military expert to combat submarines. A.F. Kerensky gives his consent to his departure. Soon Admiral Kolchak goes to England and then to America. There he spent military counseling, and also took an active part in the training and training maneuvers of the US Navy.

Nevertheless, Kolchak believed that his foreign voyage failed, and decided to return to Russia. Being in San Francisco Admiral receives a government telegram on the proposal to run into the constituent assembly. I saved and broke all the plans of Kolchak. The news of the revolutionary uprising takes it in the Japanese port of Yokohama. Temporary stop lasts until the fall of 1918.

Events of the Civil War in the fate of A. V. Kolchak

After a long overseas wandering, A. V. Kolchak on September 20, 1918 returns to Russian land in Vladivostok. In this city, Kolchak studied the situation of military affairs and the revolutionary mood of the inhabitants of the Eastern countries. At this time, the Russian public is more referred to him with a proposal to lead the fight against the Bolsheviks. On October 13, 1918, Kolchak arrives in Omsk to establish a general command of voluntary armies in the east of the country. After some time in the city there is a military capture of power. A. V. Kolchak - Admiral, Supreme Ruler of Russia. It is this position that Russian officers entrusted Alexander Vasilyevich.

Kolchak's army numbered more than 150 thousand people. The coming to power of Admiral Kolchak was inspired by the entire Eastern region of the country, which hosted on the establishment of a rigid dictatorship and order. A strong managerial vertical and the correct organization of the state was established. The main goal of the new military education was to connect to the army of A. I. Denikin and a campaign to Moscow. During the reign of Kolchak, a number of orders, decrees and appointments were issued. A. V. Kolchak One of the first in Russia began investigating the death of the royal family. A premium system of Tsarist Russia was restored. At the disposal of the army of Kolchak was a huge gold stock of the country, which was exported from Moscow to Kazan for the purpose of further movement to England and Canada. For this money, Admiral Kolchak (photos of which can be seen above) provided its arms with arms and outfit.

Combat path and admiral arrest

Since its very time of the existence of the Eastern Front, Kolchak and his combat comrades carried out several successful combat attacks (Perm, Kazan and Simbirsk Operation). However, the numerical superiority of the Red Army did not make a grand capture of the Western Lights of Russia. An important factor was the betrayal of the allies.

On January 15, 1920, Kolchak is arrested and sent to the Irkutsk prison. A few days later, the emergency commission began a procedure for investigative measures to interrogate the admiral. A. V. Kolchak, Admiral (Interrogation Protocols indicate this), during investigative events held very worthy. Investigators of the CC noted that admiral answered all questions to all and clearly, while not giving any named his colleagues. The arrest of Kolchak lasted until February 6, until the remnants of his army came to Irkutsk. In 1920, on the banks of the Ushakovka River, Admiral was shot and dropped into the hole. So finished his path the great son of his debris.

According to the events of hostilities in the East of Russia, from the fall of 1918 to the end of 1919, the book "Eastern Front of Admiral Kolchak" was written, the author - S. V. Volkov.

True and fiction

To date, the fate of this person has not fully studied. A. V. Kolchak - Admiral, unknown facts from the life and death of which still cause interest in historians and people who are not indifferent to this person. One thing to say quite definitely: the life of the admiral is a vivid example of courage, heroism and high responsibility in front of their homeland.

Alexander Vasilyevich

Battles and victories

Military and politician, the leader of the White Movement in Russia - the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral (1918), Russian Oceanographer, one of the largest polar researchers in the late XIX - early XX centuries, a valid member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (1906) .

The hero of the Russian-Japanese and First World War, the leader of the white movement, one of the most vibrant, controversial and tragic figures of the Russian history of the beginning of the 20th century.

Kolchak we know how the Supreme Ruler of Russia in the years of the Civil War, man, unsuccessfully tried to become the most dictator, which will lead the white armies to the victory. Depending on political views, some love and praise it, others consider with a lover enemy. But if it were not for a fratricidal civil war, who would have remained in our memory Kolchak? Then we would see the hero of several wars with the enemy "external", a famous polar explorer and, possibly, even a military philosopher and theorist.

A.V. Kolchak. Omsk, 1919

Alexander Vasilyevich was born in the family of hereditary military. He began studying in the 6th Petersburg gymnasium in the 6th St. Petersburg (where among his classmates was, by the way, the future head of IGPU V.Menzhinsky), but soon he was now on his own will, he entered the maritime school (the marine cadet corps). Here he showed very extensive abilities to study, prospective, primarily in mathematics and geography. It was released in the rank of Michman in 1894, while in progress turned out to be the second in the issue, and only because he himself refused the championship in favor of Filippov's friend, considering it more capable. Ironically, During the exams, the only "four" Kolchak received a mineral case in which he would distinguish between the Russian-Japanese and First World War.

After graduation, Alexander Vasilyevich served on various ships on the Pacific and Baltic Fleets, was produced in Chin Lieutenant. However, the young and energetic officer sought more. The end of the XIX century was marked by an increased interest in the geographical discoveries that had to show the civilized world the last unexplored corners of our planet. And here the public focus turned out to be riveted to the polar studies. It is not surprising that ardent and talented A.V. Kolchak also wanted to explore the Arctic expanses. For various reasons, the first two attempts turned into failure, but for the third time he was lucky: he fell into the polar expedition of Baron E. Tole, who became interested in a young lieutenant, having familiarized himself with his articles in the Sea Collection. Helped a special application of the President of the Imperial Academy of Sciences Vl. kn. Konstantin Konstantinovich. During the expedition (1900-1902), Kolchak led the hydraulic work, having collected a number of more valuable information about the coastal areas of the Northern Icean Ocean. In 1902, Baron Tol, together with a small group, decided to separate from the main expedition and independently find the legendary land of Sannikova, as well as explore the island of Bennett. During this risky campaign, the Tole group disappeared. In 1903, Kolchak headed the rescue expedition, which was able to establish the actual death of comrades (the corpses themselves were not found), and in addition, to explore the islands of the Novosibirsk Group. According to the results of Kolchak was awarded higher reward Russian geographical society is the Golden Konstantinov medal.

The completion of the expedition coincided with the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war. Kolchak, being, above all, a maritious officer, imbued with debt before the Fatherland, filed a petition for sending to the front. However, upon arrival at the Theater of Military Action in Port Arthur, it was disappointed: Admiral S.O. Makarov refused to give him the command of the Missionary Ministry. It is not known for certain than this decision was motivated: whether he wanted the lieutenant to resist after the polar expeditions, whether she believed premature to appoint him to a combat position (especially in military conditions!) After a four-year lack of a fleet, whether he wanted to dinner temperament Rule Lieutenant. As a result, Kolchak became aimed boss on the cruiser "Askold", and only after the tragic death of the admiral was able to translate into a Mine Cuprage "Amur", and after four days he received a squadrous destroyer "Angry". So Kolchak became one of the participants of the legendary defense of the fortress of Port Arthur, which became a glorious page in the history of Russia.

The main task was to scratch the external raid. At the beginning of May, Kolchak took part in the formulation of mine barrage in the immediate vicinity of the Japanese fleet: the result was two Japanese battleships. On mines put on them at the end of November, a Japanese cruiser was undermined, which was the loud success of the Russian fleet on Pacific Ocean During the war years. In general, the young lieutenant has established himself as a brave and initiative commander, having distinguished from many colleagues. True, then his excessive impulsiveness was also manifested: during short-term outbreaks of anger, he was not painful.

In mid-October, for the health of Kolchak was transferred to the land front and accepted the command of a 75-mm artillery battery. Up until the speed of the fortress, he was directly on the front line, leading an artillery duel with an enemy. For merit and manifested courage, Kolchak, following the results of the campaign, was awarded by St. George weapon.

After returning from a short captivity, Alexander Vasilyevich, with his head, plunged into military and scientific activities. So, he became a member of the informal circle of young sea officers who sought to correct the flaws of the Russian fleet, identified during the years of the Russian-Japanese war, and contribute to its update. In 1906, based on this mug, a marine general headquarters was formed, in which Kolchak took the position of head of the operational part. At this time, he often acted as a military expert in the State Duma, convincing deputies (remaining deaf to the needs of the fleet) as necessary to allocate the required financing.

As Admiral Pilkin recalled:

He spoke very well, always with great knowledge of the case, always thinking what he said, and always feeling what I thought ... I didn't write my speeches, the image and thoughts were born in the process of His speech, and therefore he never repeated.

Unfortunately, in early 1908, in view of the serious conflict between the Maritime Department and the State Duma, the required allocations failed.

At the same time, Alexander Vasiliev was engaged in science. At first, he processed the materials of polar expeditions, then made special hydrographic maps, and in 1909 the fundamental work of the "Ice of Kara and Siberian seas" was published, which laid the foundations of study sea ice. It is curious that she was reprinted in 1928 by the American geographical society in the collection, which included the works of the 30 most prominent world polarists.

In May 1908, Kolchak left the Marine General Staff in order to become a participant in the next polar expedition, but at the end of 1909 (when the ships were already in Vladivostok) he was withdrawn back to the capital to the Naval Office for the previous position.

Here, Alexander Vasilyevich was engaged in the development of shipbuilding programs, wrote a number of general theoretical works, in which, in particular, was expressed for the development of all types of ships, but he proposed to pay attention to the linear fleet first. He wrote about the need to strengthen the Baltic fleet due to the concerns of a serious conflict with Germany. And in 1912, the book "General Staff Service" was published for domestic use, which analyzed the relevant experience of other countries.

At the same time, the views of A.V. Kolchak to the philosophy of war. They were formed under the influence of the ideas of the German Feldmarshal Moltke-senior, as well as Japanese, Chinese and Buddhist philosophical teachings. Judging by the certificates, the whole world was presented through the prism of the Metaphor of War, under which he understood first of all the natural ("natural") phenomenon for human society, the sad necessity, which must be taken with honor and dignity: "War is one of the unchanging manifestations of public life in the broad sense of this concept. Submitting, as such, the laws and norms that manage the consciousness, life and development of society, the war is one of the most frequent forms of human activity, in which the agents of destruction and destruction are intertwined and merged with agents of creativity and development, with progress, culture and civilization. " .

The war gives me the power to treat everything "good and calmly", I believe that it is above all what is happening, it is above the personality and own interests, it lies a debt and commitment to the homeland, in it all the hopes for the future, finally, in it the only one moral satisfaction.

Note that such ideas about the global historical process (as about eternal War between nations, ideas, values), which is managed by objective patterns, were widespread in intellectual circles of both Russia and Europe, and therefore the obstacles of the colcker were generally not different from them, although they had a certain specificity associated with his military service and selfless patriotism.

In 1912, he was transferred to the commander to the Squaded Mission "Ussurian", and in May 1913 he was appointed to command the police officer "Border Guard". In December, its production was held in the captains of the 1st rank, as well as the translation to the headquarters of the Baltic Fleet to the position of headquarters of operational management. The commander was then an outstanding Russian admiral N.O. Essen, who favored him. In the summer of 1914, shortly before the beginning of the war, Kolchak becomes the flag-captain on the operational part. In this position he met the first world war.

It was Kolchak that becomes an ideological inspirer and an active participant in the development of almost all plans and operations of the Baltic Fleet at this time. As Admiral Timirev recalled: "A.V. Kolchak, who had an amazing ability to draw up the most unexpected and always witty, and sometimes ingenious operations of operations," did not recognize any boss, except Essen, to whom he always reported directly. " Senior Lieutenant G.K. Graf, who served on the cruiser Novik, when Kolchak commanded the mine division, left the following description of his commander: "A small growth, thin, slender, with flexible and accurate movements. Face with sharp, clear, thinly carved profile; proud, with a porridge, nose; solid shared chin; thin lips; The eyes are flashing, then swelling under heavy centuries. All his appearance is the personification of strength, mind, nobility and determination. Nothing fake, invented, insincere; Everything is natural and simple. It has something, causing eyes and hearts; From the very first look, it has to himself and inspires charm and faith. "

Given the superiority of the German fleet over our Baltic, not surprisingly, Kolchak, and Essen focused on making mine war. If the first months of the Baltic fleet was in passive defense, then since the autumn, ideas about the need to move to more decisive actions, in particular, to the production of mine barrage are directly from the German shores. Alexander Vasilyevich became one of those officers who actively defended these views, and in the future it was he who developed the relevant operations. In October, the first mines appeared near the Naval Baza Memel, and in November - from about. Bornholm. And at the end of 1914, the on the eve of the new year (according to the old style) was undertaken by the daring operation of mines in the Danking Bay. Although A.V. Kolchak was its initiator and ideological inspirer, the direct command was entrusted with the counter-admiral V.A. Kanin. Note that in these events, Alexander Vasilyevich played a key role: not reaching 50 miles to the destination, Kanin received an alarming report that the enemy is in close proximity, and therefore decided to stop performing the operation. According to eyewitness testimonies, it was Kolchak insisted on the need to bring the case to the end. In February, Alexander Vasilyevich commanded a special purpose semi-trivision (4 Docontarm), who settled mines in the Dankig Bay, on which 4 cruisers were injured, 8 minorities and 23 transport.

We also note the art, with what mine barriers were arranged directly from our shores: they allowed to reliably protect the capital, as well as the coast of the Finnish bay from the opponent's attack. Moreover, in August 1915, it was mine-booms that prevented the German fleet to break into the Riga Bay, which became one of the reasons for the breakdown of Germanic plans for the capture of Riga.

By mid-1915, Alexander Vasilyevich began his staff work, he sought directly into battle, and in particular, she showed a desire to become a commander of the mine division, which happened in September 1915 due to the illness of her commander Admiral Trukhachev.

At that time, the Russian land forces of the Northern Front led active fighting in the Baltic States, and therefore the main goal of Kchachak was to promote the right flank of our front in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Gulf of Riga. So, on September 12, the Linear ship "Glory" was sent to the Cape Ragotox with the aim of shelling the enemy position. During the blind artillery battle, the ship's commander was killed, which was immediately arrived by A.V. Kolchak and entered into command. As the officer of "Glory" K.I. Mazurenko recalled: "Under his leadership" Glory ", approaching again to the shore, but not knewing, opens fire on shooting batteries, which are now clearly visible from Mars, quickly shoots them , throws a hail of shells and destroys. We revenged the enemy for the death of our valiant commander and other warriors. During this operation, we underwent an insertive attack of airplanes. "

In the future, the mine division took a number of other activities to assist land parts from the sea. So, on September 23, the enemy positions of the m. Scharden, and on October 9, A.V. Kolchak undertook a bold operation on landing of the landing (two marine companies, a cavalry squadron and a subversive party) on the coast of the Gulf of Riga in order to promote the aries of the Northern Front. The landing was landed at the village of Domysnes, while the enemy did not even notice the activity of Russians. This area was patrolled by small landscape detachments, which turned out to be quickly swept, losing 1 officer and 42 soldiers killed, 7 people were captured. The losses of the landing were only four serious sailors. As the senior lieutenant G.K.Graf recalled: "Now, which is not said, and there is a brilliant victory. Its value, however, only moral, but still it is a victory and trouble with the enemy. "

The active support of the land parts has influenced the position of the 12th Army of Rado-Dmitriev under Riga, moreover, thanks to Kolchak, the defense of the Gulf of Riga. For all these feats, he was awarded the Order St. George 4th Art. Served under the head of Kolchak Officer N. G. Fomin recalled this as follows: "The fleet remained at an anchor, when a telephone message was adopted from the Supreme Commission rate of the Supreme Command:" It is transferred by the command of the emperor's sovereign: the captain of 1 rank of Kolchak. I was pleased to learn from the reports of Comandarm XII on the brilliant support provided by the army by ships under your command, who led to the victory of our troops and the seizure of the important positions of the enemy. I have long been aware of the valiant of your service and many exploits ... Award you St. George 4th degree. Nikolai. Imagine worthy of award. "

Of course there were separate failures. For example, at the end of December, an operation for the production of mines in Memonie and Libava was broken, because One of the Ministry of Foreign Ministry itself blew up on Mine. However, in general, we must highly appreciate the activities of Kolchak as a commander of the Mine Division.

In the winter of 1916, when the Baltic fleet clad ice was in ports, there was an active re-equipment of many ships. So, to the opening of navigation in view of the installation of new more powerful artillery guns of the cruiser of the mine division was twice as much as.

With the opening of navigation, the active activity of the Baltic Fleet was resumed. In particular, at the end of May, the Mining Division made a "lightning flight" on German commercial vessels off the coast of Sweden. The operation was led by Trukhachev, and Kolchak commanded three squadded destroyers. As a result, enemy steamers were scattered, one of the escorting vessels is surrounded. In the future, historians presented claims to Kolchak that he did not take advantage of the surprise, giving a preventive shot and thus allowing the enemy to leave. However, as Alexander Vasilyevich himself recognized: "I mean the possibility of a meeting with the Swedish courts ... I decided to sacrifice the advantage of the suddenness of the attack and call any act of the arrivals that would give me the right to consider these vessels."

In June 1916 A.V. Kolchak was produced in Vice Admirals and appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet. As I recalled G.K.Graf: "Of course, it was very hard to part with him, since the whole division loved him very much, bowing to his colossal energy, mind and courage." At a meeting with the Supreme Commander Nicholas II and his head of Staff, General M.V. Alekseev was obtained instructions: In the spring of 1917, an arrangement operation should be made to seize the Bosphorus Strait and the Turkish capital of Istanbul.

A.V. Kolchak on the Black Sea Fleet

The adoption of the Kolchak command the Black Sea Fleet coincided with the receipt of the news that the most powerful German cruiser "Breslau" came out in the Black Sea. Kolchak personally headed the operation on his capture, however, unfortunately, it ended unsuccessfully. You can, of course, speak, about the mistakes of Alexander Vasilyevich himself, can also be indicated that he has not yet had time to get comfortable with the ships given to it, but it is important to emphasize one thing: personal readiness to go into battle and striving for the most active actions.

The main task of Kolchak saw in the need to stop enemy activity on the Black Sea. To do this, at the end of July 1916, he took an operation to mined the Bosphorus Strait, thereby having deprived the opponent's ability to actively act on the Black Sea. Moreover, to maintain mine barriers in close proximity, a special detachment was constantly on duty. At the same time, the Black Sea Fleet was engaged in the conventionation of our transport ships: for all time the enemy managed to sink only one vessel.

The end of 1916 passed in planning a bold operation to seize Istanbul and Straits. Unfortunately, the February Revolution and the Wakkhanalia began after it, these plans argued.

Kolchak to the latter remained faithful to the emperor and did not immediately recognize the temporary government. However, in the new conditions, he had to organize his work differently, in particular, to maintain discipline on the fleet. Permanent performances before sailors, flirting with committees made it possible for a long time to maintain the remnants of the order and prevent those tragic events that occurred at this time on the Baltic Fleet. However, due to the general collapse of the country, the situation could not not worsen. On June 5, the revolutionary sailors decided that officers are obliged to pass firearms and cold weapons.

Kolchak took his Georgievskaya saber, received for Port Arthur, and threw it overboard, saying by sailors:

Japanese, our enemies - and they left me a weapon. It will not get it!

He soon passed the command (in the established conditions - nominal) and went to Petrograd.

Of course, the volitional officer, the Germanist Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak could not like increasingly left -est politicians in the capital, and therefore he was shipped actually into the political link: became a naval consultant in the American fleet.

Symbols of the Supreme Ruler of Russia

Abroad Kolchak spent more than a year. During this time, the October Revolution occurred, a voluntary army was created in the south of Russia, and a number of governments were formed in the east, which in September 1918 created a directory. At this time, A.V. Kolchak and returned to Russia. It should be understood that the positions of the directory were very weak: its softness, politicism and inconsistency was displeased, officers and wide business circles, who spent the "strong hand". Kolchak as a result of the November coup was the Supreme Ruler of Russia.

In this position he tried to restore the law and the order of territories controlled by him. Kolchak conducted a number of administrative, military, financial and social reforms. Thus, measures were taken to restore industry, supplying peasants to agricultural machinery, the development of the Northern Sea Route. Moreover, from the end of 1918, Alexander Vasilyevich began to prepare the Eastern Front to the decisive spring offensive 1919. However, by this time and the Bolsheviks managed to tighten large forces. In view of a number of serious reasons, by the end of April, the onset of whites has exhaled, and then they fell to the most powerful counter. The retreat began, which was not able to stop.

As the situation deteriorates at the front, the discipline began to fall into troops, and the society and higher spheres were demoralized. Already by autumn it became clear that the white struggle in the East was lost. Without removing responsibility from the Supreme Ruler, we still note that in the current situation with him there was not almost anyone who was able to help solve systemic problems.

In January 1920, Kolchak was issued by Czechoslovakov in Irkutsk (which were no longer going to participate in civil war in Russia and tried to leave the country to the local Revolutionary Council as faster as possible. Before that, Alexander Vasilyevich refused to escape and save lives, saying: "I will divide the fate of the army". On the night of February 7, he was shot on the orders of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Bolsheviks.

General A. Knox (English representative at Kolchak):

I admit that with all my heart a sympathy Kolchak, more courageous and sincerely patriotic than anyone else in Siberia. His difficult mission is almost impossible because of the Egoism of the Japanese, the vanity of the French and indifference of the rest of the Allies.

Pakhalyuk K., Head of the Internet Project "Heroes of the First World War", Member of the Russian Association of Historians of the First World War

Literature

Kruchinin A.S. Admiral Kolchak. Life, feat, memory. M., 2011.

Cherkashin N.A. Admiral Kolchak. The dictator is involved. M.: Veva, 2005

Count G.K. On Novika. Baltic fleet in war and revolution. St. Petersburg, 1997

Mazurenko K.I. On "Glory" in the Gulf of Riga // Marine Notes. New York, 1946. T.4. № 2., 3/4

the Internet

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It took place from the family of Staroduban princes.
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Llest prince Wittgenstein Peter Christianovich

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The greatest commander and diplomat !!! Crashing the head of the "first European Union" !!!

Romodanovsky Grigory Grigorievich

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Baklanov Yakov Petrovich

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Denikin Anton Ivanovich

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Bennigsen Leonty Leontievich

The Russian general who did not speak Russian as an amazing way, who was the glory of the Russian weapons of the early 19th century.

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Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich

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General, hero of the Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878. Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878, marked the liberation of the Balkan peoples from the centuries-old Ottoman rule nominated a number of talented military leaders. Among them should be called MD Skobelev, M.I. Dragomirova, N.G. Tabletova, F.F. Radetsky, p.p. Kartseva et al. Among these famous names there is another one - Joseph Vladimirovich Gurko, whose name is associated with the victory under the whip, the heroic transition through the Winter Balkans and victories off the coast of the Maritz River.

Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak was born in 1874. His father was the hero of the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. At 18, the young man entered the Sea Cadet Corps, where he studied for six years.

In the Cadet Corps Kolchak came from the usual St. Petersburg gymnasium. He was fond of accurate sciences, loved something to make something. At the end of the Cadet Corps in 1894, was produced in Michman.

In the period from 1895 to 1899, he traveled three times in the world travels, in which he studied scientific work, studied oceanography, cards and coast of Korea, hydrology, tried to teach Chinese and was preparing for a South polar expedition.

In 1900, he took part in the Expedition of Baron E. Tall. In 1902 he went to search for the remaining wintering in the north of the Expedition of Baron. Surveying the estimated path of the expedition on a wooden kitty "Zarya", he managed to find the last parking lot of the Baron and determine that the expedition died. For participation in the search expedition, Kolchak received the Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree.

Soon the Russian-Japanese war began. Alexander asked him to send him to the fighting area. As long as the question was resolved on the translation to the front, Kolchak managed to marry Sofary Fedorovna Omver. Soon he is sent to the front, to the port - Arthur, under the command of Admiral Makarov.

In the port of Arthur, he served on the cruiser "Askold", then he moved to the Mine Cuprage "Amur", and eventually began to command the Doconian "angry". A Japanese cruiser was injured on the mine in Kolchak. Soon he seriously fell ill and moved to the land service. Alexander Vasilyevich commanded the battery of marine guns. After passing the fortress, he was captured to the Japanese, returned to his homeland through America.

For the courage and courage, manifested in the defense of the fortress, was awarded the Order of St. Anne and the Order of St. Stanislav. After returning to St. Petersburg, Kolchak was recorded in a disabled and sent to be treated in the Caucasus. Until the mid-1906 he was engaged in his expeditionary materials, complemented them, edited, put in order. Compiled by the book "Ice of Kara and Siberian seas", published in 1909. For his works was awarded the highest award of the imperial Russian geographical society - a large gold medal.

In January 1906, Kolchak became one of the founders of the officer's marine mug of St. Petersburg. The circle has developed a program for creating a maritime general staff. This body was supposed to be engaged in the preparation of the fleet to war. As a result, such an organ was created in April 1906. Kolchak became one of his members.

Alexander Vasilyevich performed perfectly in the first years of the First World War. Petersburg fenced from the sea shelling and landing of the German landing, placing 6 thousand min in the Gulf of Finland. In 1915, she personally developed an emergency mining operation. Thanks to him, the losses of the German fleet at times exceeded our. In 1916, he receives the rank of admiral, and becomes the youngest fleet in the history of the Russian fleet. On June 26, Alexander Vasilyevich is appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet, conducts a number of successful combat operations against Turkey, fully dominates the Black Sea. Develops a plan for the capture of Constantinople, everything is ready for execution, but the revolution was killed ...

Kolchak, like all officers, was dissatisfied with the order of "democratization of the army" and actively expresses their opinion. Admiral remove from command and he returns to Petrograd. He goes to the United States, as an expert on a mine case, where the Americans helped himself, and they suggested to stay. Before Alexander Vasilyevich, a difficult question arises, personal happiness or self-sacrifice and suffering in the name of Russia.

A Russian public has repeatedly applied to him with a proposal to lead the struggle against the Bolsheviks, he does a difficult choice in favor of Russia. Admiral comes to Omsk, where the fate of the military minister was harvested in the Social Government. After some time, the officerhood commits a coup, and Alexander Kolchak is proclaimed by the Supreme Ruler of Russia.

The army of Kolchak numbered about 150 thousand people. Admiral restored the laws of the Russian Empire in Siberia. To date, there are no documents confirming the fact of the "White Terror" against workers and peasants, which Soviet historians and propagandists say so. Cases at the front at first they walked well. The front moved, and even planned jointly with Denikin campaign to Moscow. However, Kolchak, like the last emperor of Russia, Nicholas II, faced human vice and lowness. There were betrayal, cowardice and deception.

Alexander Vasilyevich was not a puppet of the Entente, and the allies in the end betrayed Admiral. He more than once was offered help from "out of", the Finns wanted to introduce 100 thousand thousands of Russia, in exchange for part of Karelia, but he said that "Russia does not trade" and refused the deal. The position of the white armies in Siberia worsened, the rear was spawned, the red was pulled into the front about 500 thousand people. In addition to all this, the patient epidemic of typhoids began, and the white army was becoming harder and harder.

Kappel was the only hope for salvation, but due to certain circumstances, Vladimir Oskarovich did not commit a miracle. Soon the red were already not far from Omsk, the rate is evacuated to Irkutsk. Admiral stopped at one of the stations, the Czechoslovak buildings were betrayed, which in exchange for free travel to Vladivostok issued Admiral Bolsheviks. Kolchak was arrested and on February 7, 1920 he was shot along with his minister of Pepliad.

Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak is a worthy Son of his fatherland. Its fate is as tragic as the fate of other white traffic figures. He died for the idea, for the Russian people. Home Life Tragedy - Love. Kolchak was a family man, but I met Anna Vasilyevna Timeriaev, to which he wrapped in great love, and which was with him until the very end. With the first wife he divorced. The son of Kolchak from the first marriage fought during the Second World War in the French fleet.