Heroes of the Russo-Turkish War 1877 1878 presentation. Presentation - Russian-Turkish wars. Fall of Plevna. Turning point in the war

Russian-Turkish war The course of the war San Stefano peace treaty Causes Reason Heroes

Forces of the parties Balkan Front Caucasian Front Martini rifle soldier (1800 steps) Cavalry Cast iron smoothbore guns TurksRussianTurkishRussian soldiers Henry rifle (1500 steps) Cavalry Cast iron smoothbore guns Soldier Snyder rifle (1300 steps) Cavalry Steel rifled guns Berdan soldier rifle (1300 steps) Cavalry Steel rifled guns

The course of the Russian-Turkish war Balkan front 1. The Russian army passed through Romania 2. The crossing of the Danube 3. The liberation of Tarnovo by General Gurko 4. The capture of the Shipka Pass 5. The capture of Nikopol instead of Plevna 6. The capture of Plevna by the Turks 7. Three unsuccessful assaults on Plevna 8. The Turks driven out of Plevna by Totleben 9. Gurko - the capture of Sofia - December Gurko - the capture of Adrianople - Jan Skobelev - the capture of San Stefano - January 18, 1878

Congress of Berlin (July 1878) Bulgaria is divided into 2 parts: Northern - a principality dependent on Turkey, Southern - an autonomous Turkish province of Eastern Rumelia. The territories of Serbia and Montenegro have been cut. Russia returned Bayazet fortress to Turkey. Austria - Bosnia and Herzegovina. England is the island of Cyprus.

November 28, 1887 in Moscow, in the park on the square near the Ilyinsky Gate, on the day of the 10th anniversary of the liberation of Plevna, a monument-chapel was opened. A modest inscription on it reads: “Grenadiers to their comrades who fell in the glorious battle near Plevna. In memory of the war with Turkey, y.

Russian-Turkish war Progress Progress of the war Summer 1877 capture of Nikopol, November 1877 capture of Plevna - a turning point in the war San Stefano peace treaty South of Bulgaria - autonomous, Ardagan, Batum, Kars - Russia Causes Turkish yoke over the Slavic peoples Reason Refusal to equalize the rights of Muslims and Christians Heroes of the Centuries Gurko Kridener Skobelev Loris-Melikov

Milagina Marina Vasilievna

MOU "Shestakovskaya OOSh"

Moscow region

Volokolamsky district

In the summer of 1785, unrest broke out in Bosnia and Herzegovina (brutally suppressed by the Turks).

In 1876, an uprising against the Ottoman yoke began in Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro declared war on Turkey.

Russia demanded that Turkey stop hostilities in Serbia and conclude a truce.

To keep Austria-Hungary from the war on the side of Turkey, Alexander II agreed to the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In 1877, the European powers demanded that the Turkish Sultan introduce reforms in order to improve the position of Christians in the Ottoman Empire. He refused, and then Russia in April 1877 declared war on Turkey.

Reasons for the war:

• The unresolved Eastern question, the cruelty of the Turks in the suppression of uprisings in the Balkans.
• Russia's desire to regain territories and influence in the East, lost as a result of the defeat in the Crimean War

Germany wanted to distract Russia with a war with Turkey in order to gain freedom in relation to France

England supported Turkey, which provoked a war

Austria hoped at the expense of Russia, without spending any effort, to acquire territories in the Balkans

The position of the Western powers

In general, the alignment of forces was in favor of Russia.

Besides:

• military reforms of the 70s. began to give positive results,
• the Russian army was better trained and armed, became more

combat-ready.

But, since the reforms have not yet been completed:

• there was no proper material support for the army,
• lacked the latest types of weapons,
• there were not enough commanders capable of waging modern warfare.

Summer 1877 - the beginning of hostilities

N. Dmitriev-Orenburgsky.

P. Sokolov.

Pontoon bridge over the Danube

P. Kovalevsky.

Episode from the Bulgarian war

From June to December 1877, General I.V. Gurko heroically defended Shipka from the many times superior enemy forces.

Shipka Pass

Defense of Shipka

Alexey KIVSHENKO (1851-1895). Battle on Shipka

The Turkish command transferred here large forces from Montenegro. These selected units began the assault on the Shipka Pass. The defenders of Shipka repelled enemy attacks, when the cartridges ran out, the soldiers fought back with bayonets and stones.

Russian gunners on Shipka.

The Shipka positions remained in the hands of the Russians, but their way to the south was closed. Winter came. The mountains were bitterly cold. The blizzard knocked down. Deep snow covered the roads.

There was not enough food.

Everything is calm on Shipka

In the most difficult conditions, showing miracles of courage and endurance, the Russian troops defended the pass until January 1878. Only frozen they lost 9.5 thousand people.

Monument to Russian soldiers in Bulgaria

Freedom Monument on

Shipka Pass

silver medal for the Russian-Turkish war

Church of the Nativity on Shipka Pass

Initial successes were followed by failures. Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, after forcing the Danube, lost contact with the troops.

The commanders of the detachments began to act independently.

So, instead of Plevna, the detachment of the general

N.P. Kridener captured Nikopol, which was located 40 km from Plevna.

NIKOLAI DMITRIEV-ORENBURG

Surrender of the fortress Nikopol

The actions of the Russian troops near Plevna unfolded unsuccessfully.

The Turks managed to detain large Russian forces here.

Three times Russian troops stormed Plevna, while suffering huge losses, and each time unsuccessfully. Then the command decided to blockade Plevna: the city was completely surrounded, the supply of ammunition and food stopped.

It was not possible to escape from the encirclement of the Turkish army.

Capture of Plevna

At the end of November 1877, the 40,000-strong garrison of Plevna capitulated.

In January 1878, the main forces of the Russian army crossed the Balkan Mountains. The general offensive of the Russian troops began.

Taking by storm the fortifications of the Gorgokhotan Heights

1878 suggested:

• Russia received the cities of Kars, Ardagan, Bayazet, Batum in the Caucasus.
• Russia returned the south of Bessarabia and the mouth of the Danube.
• Turkey paid a large indemnity.
• A large Slavic state was created in the Balkans - Bulgaria with borders from the Danube to the Aegean Sea.
• Serbia, Montenegro and Romania received territorial increments and complete independence.
• Reforms were carried out to improve the position of Christians in Turkey.

Decisions of the Berlin Congress of 1878:

• Russia returned Bayazet to Turkey.
• Bulgaria was divided into three parts: Northern Bulgaria received limited independence; Eastern Rumelia - autonomy within Turkey, Macedonia remained part of Turkey
• Serbia and Montenegro received limited independence.
• Bosnia and Herzegovina was transferred to the control of Austria-Hungary.
• England occupied Turkey's Fr. Cyprus.

Award signs for the Russian-Turkish war of 1878-77

Despite the forced concessions to Russia, the Russian-Turkish (Balkan War) was of great importance:

• The authority of Russian military glory has been restored.
• Four Balkan states gained independence.
• The Bulgarian people created their own state.

And it happened thanks to a simple Russian soldier. Who showed stamina and courage in battles, amazing endurance in the most difficult conditions of a combat situation.

Victory in the war of 1877-78 was the largest military success of Russia in the second half of the XIX century.

Homework:

notes in a notebook

chronology of events

RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR 1877-1878

The course of the war

San Stefano

peace treaty

Causes Russian-Turkish war

• Liberation movement in Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria against the Ottoman yoke.
• Fight European countries for influencing Balkan politics.

Russia's goal

• Liberate the Slavic peoples

• On the initiative of A.M. Gorchakov Russia, Germany and Austria demanded from Turkey to equalize the rights of Christians with Muslims, but Turkey, encouraged by the support of England, refused.

Side forces

Caucasian

Balkan

55,000 soldiers

snyder gun

(1300 steps)

Cavalry 4,000

Steel

rifled

guns

250,000 soldiers

Berdan's gun

(1300 steps)

Cavalry 8,000

Steel

rifled

guns

338,000 soldiers

shotgun martini

(1800 steps)

Cavalry 6,000

Cast iron

smoothbore

guns

70,000 soldiers

gun henry

(1500 steps)

Cavalry 2000

Cast iron

smoothbore

guns

The course of the Russian-Turkish war

Alexander II signed the manifesto

about the beginning of the war with Turkey

The course of the Russian-Turkish war Balkan front

• The Russian army passed through Romania
• Crossing the Danube
• Liberation of Tarnovo by General Gurko
• Capture of the Shipka Pass
• Capture of Nikopol instead of Plevna
• Capture of Plevna by the Turks
• Three unsuccessful assaults on Plevna
• Turks driven out of Plevna by Totleben
• Gurko - capture of Sofia - December 1877
• Gurko - the capture of Adrianople - Jan 1878
• Skobelev - the capture of San Stefano - January 18, 1878

The course of the Russian-Turkish war Caucasian Front

Loris-Melikov occupied the fortresses

• bayazet
• Ardagan

• Serbia, Montenegro, Romania - independence.
• Bulgaria is an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire.
• Russia received Southern Bessarabia, the Caucasian cities of Ardagan, Kars, Bayazet, Batum.

Berlin Congress (July 1878)

• Bulgaria is divided into 2 parts:

The north is a principality dependent on Turkey, the south is the autonomous Turkish province of Eastern Rumelia.

• The territories of Serbia and Montenegro have been cut.
• Russia returned Bayazet fortress to Turkey.
• Austria - Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• England is the island of Cyprus.

Heroes Balkan front

Kridener N.P.

Stoletov N. G.

Skobelev M. D.

Gurko N.V.

Heroes Russian-Turkish war of 1877 - 1878 Caucasian Front

Occasion

Rejection of the equation

Muslims and Christians

Heroes

Stoletov

Kridener

Skobelev

Loris-Melikov

Causes

Turkish yoke

over Slavic

peoples

Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878

move wars

capture of Nikopol

November 1877

the capture of Plevna -

turning point in the war

San Stefano

peace treaty

The south of Bulgaria is autonomous,

Ardagan, Batum,

slide 1

Chikatuev Malik 8"B"

slide 2

The Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 (Turkish name: 93 Harbi, 93 war) is a war between the Russian Empire and its allied Balkan states on the one hand, and the Ottoman Empire on the other. It was caused by the rise of national consciousness in the Balkans. The cruelty with which the April Uprising was crushed in Bulgaria aroused sympathy for the position of the Christians of the Ottoman Empire in Europe and especially in Russia. Attempts to improve the position of Christians by peaceful means were frustrated by the stubborn unwillingness of the Turks to make concessions to Europe, and in April 1877 Russia declared war on Turkey. In the course of the ensuing hostilities, the Russian army managed, using the passivity of the Turks, to successfully cross the Danube, capture the Shipka Pass and, after a five-month siege, force Osman Pasha's best Turkish army to surrender at Plevna. The subsequent raid through the Balkans, during which the Russian army defeated the last Turkish units blocking the road to Constantinople, led to the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from the war. At the Berlin Congress held in the summer of 1878, the Berlin Treaty was signed, which fixed the return of the southern part of Bessarabia to Russia and the annexation of Kars, Ardagan and Batum. The statehood of Bulgaria was restored (it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1396) as a vassal Principality of Bulgaria; the territories of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania increased, and the Turkish Bosnia and Herzegovina was occupied by Austria-Hungary.
Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878

slide 3

"The capture of the Grivitsky redoubt near Plevna" (1885)

slide 4

Article 9 of the Paris Peace Treaty concluded as a result of Crimean War, obligated the Ottoman Empire to grant Christians equal rights with Muslims. The matter did not progress further than the publication of the corresponding firman (decree) of the Sultan. In particular, in the courts the evidence of non-Muslims (“dhimmi”) against Muslims was not accepted, which effectively deprived Christians of the right to judicial protection from religious persecution.
Oppression of Christians in the Ottoman Empire

slide 5

In the summer of 1875, an anti-Turkish uprising began in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the main reason for which was the exorbitant taxes imposed by the financially bankrupt Ottoman government. Despite some tax cuts, the uprising continued throughout 1875 and eventually sparked the April Uprising in Bulgaria in the spring of 1876. During the suppression of the Bulgarian uprising, Turkish troops committed massacres of civilians, more than 30 thousand people died; in particular, irregular units, the bashi-bazouks, raged. A propaganda campaign was launched against the pro-Turkish line of the British government, Disraeli, by a number of journalists and publications, accusing the latter of ignoring the cruelties of Turkish irregulars; a special role was played by the materials of the American journalist, married to a Russian citizen, Januarius McGahan, published in the opposition Daily News (English). In July - August 1876, Disraeli was forced to repeatedly defend the government's policy on the Eastern Question in the House of Commons, as well as to justify the false reports of the British ambassador in Constantinople, Henry Elliot (eng. Henry Elliot). On August 11 of the same year, during his last debate in the lower house (the next day he was elevated to the peerage), he found himself in complete isolation, being subjected to severe criticism from representatives of both parties.
Immediate causes of the war

slide 6

april uprising

Slide 7

On April 12 (24), 1877, Russia declared war on Turkey: after the parade of troops in Chisinau, at a solemn prayer service, Bishop Pavel (Lebedev) of Chisinau and Khotinsky read the Manifesto of Alexander II declaring war on Turkey. Only a one-campaign war enabled Russia to avoid European intervention. According to reports from a military agent in England, to train an expeditionary army of 50-60 thousand people. London needed 13-14 weeks, and the preparation of the Constantinople position - another 8-10 weeks. In addition, the army had to be transferred by sea, skirting Europe. In none of the Russian-Turkish wars did the time factor play such a significant role. Turkey pinned its hopes on a successful defense. The plan for the war against Turkey was drawn up as early as October 1876 by General N. N. Obruchev. By March 1877, the project was corrected by the Emperor himself, the Minister of War, Commander-in-Chief, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich Sr., his assistant of headquarters, General A. A. Nepokoichitsky, assistant chief of staff, Major General K. V. Levitsky. In May 1877, Russian troops entered the territory of Romania. The troops of Romania, speaking on the side of Russia, began to act actively only in August.
Russia's entry into the war

Slide 8

The balance of forces of opponents was developing in favor of Russia, military reforms began to give their positive results. In the Balkans, in early June, Russian troops (about 185 thousand people) under the command of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (the Elder) concentrated on the left bank of the Danube, with their main forces in the Zimnitsa region. The forces of the Turkish army under the command of Abdul-Kerim-Nadir Pasha were about 200 thousand people, of which about half were garrisons of fortresses, which left 100 thousand for the operational army. In the Caucasus, the Russian Caucasian army under the command of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich had about 150 thousand people with 372 guns, the Turkish army of Mukhtar Pasha - about 70 thousand people with 200 guns. In terms of combat training, the Russian army was superior to the enemy, but inferior to him in terms of weapons (Turkish troops were armed with the latest British and American rifles). Active Support Russian army the peoples of the Balkans and Transcaucasia strengthened the morale of the Russian troops, which included the Bulgarian, Armenian and Georgian militia. Serbian, Romanian and Montenegrin troops also contributed to the victory over the Turkish army. The Turkish fleet completely dominated the Black Sea. Russia, having achieved the right to Black Sea Fleet only in 1871, did not have time to restore it by the beginning of the war.
The course of the war

Slide 9

Alexander II
Abdul Hamid II
VS

Slide 10

On April 17, Bayazet was occupied by the Cossacks of the Tergukasov detachment without a fight. On May 5, Ardagan was taken by Russian troops. On June 6, the Bayazet citadel, occupied by a Russian garrison of 1,600 people, was besieged by Faik Pasha's troops (25 thousand people). The siege (called the Bayazet seat) continued until June 28, when it was lifted by the returning detachment of Tergukasov. During the siege, the garrison lost 10 officers and 276 lower ranks killed and wounded. After that, Bayazet was abandoned by the Russian troops. The offensive of the Primorsky detachment developed extremely slowly, and after the landing of the Turks near Sukhum, General Oklobzhio was forced to send part of the forces under the command of General Alkhazov to help General Kravchenko, because of this, military operations in the Batumi direction until the end of the war took a protracted positional character. In July-August, there was a long period of inactivity in Transcaucasia, caused by the fact that both sides were waiting for the arrival of reinforcements. On September 20, upon the arrival of the 1st Grenadier Division, Russian troops went on the offensive near Kars; by October 3, the army of Mukhtar opposing them (25-30 thousand people) was defeated in the battle of Avliyar-Aladzhin and retreated to Kars. On October 13, Russian units (Lazarev's detachment) went to Kars and began siege work. On October 23, Mukhtar's army was again defeated near Erzerum, which was also besieged by Russian troops from the next day. On November 6, after a three-week siege, Kars was taken by Russian troops. Thereafter important event Erzerum appeared to be the main goal of the actions, where the remnants of the enemy army were hiding. But here the allies of the Turks were the onset of cold and the extreme difficulty of delivering all kinds of supplies along mountain roads. In the troops standing in front of the fortress, disease and mortality reached terrifying proportions. As a result, by January 21, 1878, when a truce was signed, Erzerum could not be taken.
Actions in the Caucasus

slide 11

slide 12

Peace negotiations began after the victory at Sheinov, but were greatly delayed due to the intervention of England. Finally, on January 19, 1878, preliminary peace conditions were signed in Adrianople, and an armistice was concluded with the definition of demarcation lines for both warring parties. However, the basic terms of peace turned out to be inconsistent with the claims of the Romanians and Serbs, and most importantly, they aroused strong fears in England and Austria. The British government demanded new loans from Parliament to mobilize the army. In addition, on February 1, the squadron of Admiral Gornb entered the Dardanelles. In response to this, the Russian commander-in-chief moved troops to the demarcation line the very next day. The statement of the Russian government that, in view of the actions of England, it was planned to occupy Constantinople, prompted the British to be compliant, and on February 4 an agreement followed, according to which Hornby's squadron was to withdraw 100 km from Constantinople, and the Russians were obliged to return to their demarcation line. On February 19 (O.S.), 1878, after another 2 weeks of diplomatic maneuvering, the provisional San Stefano Peace Treaty with Turkey was finally signed.
Conclusion of a peace treaty

slide 13

Russia returned the southern part of Bessarabia, lost after the Crimean War, and annexed the Kars region, inhabited by Armenians and Georgians. Great Britain occupied Cyprus; according to an agreement with the Ottoman Empire dated June 4, 1878, in exchange for this, she undertook to protect Turkey from further Russian advances in the Transcaucasus. The occupation of Cyprus was to last as long as Kars and Batumi remained in Russian hands. The borders established as a result of the war remained in force until the Balkan wars of 1912-1913, with some changes: Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia merged into a single principality in 1885; In 1908, Bulgaria declared itself a kingdom independent of Turkey, and Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had previously occupied. The war marked the gradual withdrawal of Great Britain from confrontation in relations with Russia. After the fall of the Suez Canal to British control in 1875, the British desire to prevent further weakening of Turkey at all costs began to wane. English policy switched to defense English interests in Egypt, which was occupied by Britain in 1882 and remained a British protectorate until 1922. The British advance in Egypt did not directly affect the interests of Russia, and, accordingly, the tension in relations between the two countries gradually weakened. The transition to a military alliance became possible after the conclusion in 1907 of a compromise on Central Asia, formalized by the Anglo-Russian Treaty of August 31, 1907. From this date, the emergence of the Entente is counted - the Anglo-French-Russian coalition opposing the German-led alliance of the Central Powers. The opposition of these blocs led to the First World War of 1914-1918.
The results of the war

Slide 14

The end
The end
The end
The end
The end
The end

slide 1

Lesson No. 32 Grade 8 History of Russia XIX century

Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78

slide 2

Lesson plan.

1. Balkan crisis. 2. The beginning of the war. 3. Fighting in the summer of 1877. 4. The fall of Plevna. 5. Results of the war. 6. Significance and reasons for victory.

slide 3

Lesson assignment.

What are the reasons for the military successes and diplomatic failures of Russia during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878?

slide 4

In the summer of 1875, an uprising broke out in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1876, an uprising began in Bulgaria. Serbia and Montenegro came to her aid, but these performances were brutally suppressed by the Turks. The Russian public supported the struggle of the Slavs. Russia, Germany and Austria demanded reforms for Christians, but Ottoman Empire refused. In October 1876, Russia, supported by Austria, gave the Turks an ultimatum.

1. Balkan crisis.

Russian octopus. An English caricature of Russian foreign policy.

slide 5

On April 12, 1877, Alexander II declared war. The balance of forces was in favor of Russia, but the military reform was not completed and the army lacked the latest weapons and senior commanders. The emperor's brother, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, deprived of military talents, was appointed commander-in-chief in the area of ​​​​combat operations.

2. The beginning of the war.

Nikolai Nikolaevich. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army.

slide 6

Combat map.

In the summer of 1877, the Russian army entered the territory of Romania and crossed the Danube River. The Bulgarians enthusiastically greeted the liberators. General N. Stoletov began to form the Bulgarian militia. General I. Gurko occupied Tarnovo and on July 5 captured the Shipka pass. But after forcing the Danube, Niko-lai Nikolaevich lost command of the troops.

3. Fighting in the summer of 1877

Slide 7

While the Russian command was figuring out the location of their troops, the Turks unexpectedly hit Plevna and occupied the city, creating a threat to the rear of the Russian army. The Turks tried to recapture Shipka, but failed. But the attempts of the Russians to capture Plevna did not lead to anything. All 3 assaults failed.

V. Vereshchagin. Picket in the Balkans

Slide 8

By order of the Minister of War D. Milyutin, the army proceeded to the siege of the city. The Turks, not prepared for the siege, capitulated in November 1877 - this was a turning point in the hostilities. General Gurko, crossing the Balkans, occupied Sofia, and Skobelev, bypassing the Turks, broke through from Shipka and occupied Andrianopol. On January 18, 1878, the Russians occupied San Stefano, a suburb of Istanbul.

4. The fall of Plevna.

Under Plevna Lithography of the 19th century.

Slide 9

Fearing intervention in the war of European states, Alexander II stopped the offensive. 18.2. 1878. A peace treaty was signed in San Stefano. Russia received Bessarabia, Batum, Ardagan, Kars, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, who were in vassal dependence on Turkey, became independent. Bulgaria gained autonomy.

5. Results of the war.

V. Vereshchagin. Defeated memorial service for the dead.

Slide 10

But at the request of the European countries in the summer of 1878, at the Berlin Congress, the results of the war were revised. Northern Bulgaria became a vassal of Turkey, and the southern one remained autonomy. The possessions of Serbia and Montenegro were reduced. Austria received Bosnia and Herzegovina. And the island of Cyprus went to England.

Balkans after the Berlin Congress.

slide 11

The war in the Balkans ended almost 400 years of national struggle of the Balkan peoples. Russia restored its military prestige and gained great prestige among the Balkan population. The victory was won thanks to the heroism of the soldiers, the support of the local population and the Russian public. It became possible thanks to the military reform carried out in the country.

6. Significance and reasons for victory.

Monument to the fallen near Plevna in Moscow.