What was the title of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin? Honorary titles and awards of Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich. Highest award for Labor, from the Peoples of Russia

Quite frankly, this is a very stupid and irrelevant myth. The fact is that Stalin did not suffer from a craving for awards when he was born. And this was well known to everyone. Why on earth would our snotty intelligentsia invent such stupidity - and the hell knows it! After all, Stalin is not Brezhnev, who suffered maniacally with an irresistible craving for various awards.

It appears that this was due to one circumstance. Our intelligentsia is very fond of "spanking" all of its disgusting features to the one against whom the authorities give the command "face". Here they ordered to thoroughly throw mud at Stalin - well, the intellectuals are trying in the sweat of their "faces" ... They invent all sorts of dirty things, just to please the authorities and snatch a fatter piece from it. Under Stalin, they could not do that. To curry favor with Stalin, the famous poet Osip Mandelstam, for example, scribbled over fifty laudatory poems about him. He even composed an ode. Did not help. Especially when the ode came along. With this, Mandelstam finally brought Stalin out of patience and was ordered to send him away from the capital, to Vladivostok (by the way, mind you, not for felling, but in the capital of the Soviet Far East). Stalin did not tolerate sycophants, or rather, hated them with fierce hatred. Because I believed that "An obliging bastard is worse than the enemy"... The same was the case with awards, especially military ones.

In its famous book “The whole life »Marshal Soviet Union Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky wrote: “Stalin firmly entered military history... His undoubted merit is that under his direct leadership as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, the Soviet Armed Forces withstood the defensive campaigns and brilliantly carried out all offensive operations. But he, as far as I could observe him, never spoke about his merits. And he had fewer awards than the commanders of the fronts and armies. "

What awards did Stalin have, who for more than 30 years was at the helm of power in the USSR? After all, the greats are not devoid of human weaknesses - they are also living people. In the paintings and photographs of many famous historical figures, both government, political and military, everyone is depicted with a huge number of various awards. Our marshals and generals, especially during the war, are literally hung from head to foot with all kinds of awards. Their ceremonial tunics weigh almost one and a half pounds. But on Stalin's tunic, only one modest star of the Hero of Socialist Labor always gleamed. He received it in 1939 along with the first Order of Lenin. It is interesting to note the following in this connection. Unlike Hitler, who in principle wore on his tunic only one of his two Iron Crosses, that is, a purely militaristic order, Stalin preferred to wear only the star of the Hero of Socialist Labor, thus clearly emphasizing the peaceful orientation of his activities as the head of state and party.

As for the awards, Stalin had 14 of them. His first award was the Order of the Red Banner, which he received at the initiative of Lenin and on the basis of the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 27, 1919 "for services on the fronts of the Civil War." The second Order of the Red Banner (at that time there was no division into military and labor), Stalin received in February 1930 - the Central Executive Committee of the USSR took into account the numerous petitions of a number of organizations, general meetings of workers, peasants and Red Army men and awarded Stalin "for services on the fronts of the socialist construction ". By the way, the wording is very remarkable - it turns out that both among the people and above everyone perfectly understood that the large-scale socialist transformations carried out under Stalin's leadership were, in essence, a war for the construction of socialism. They were hardly all wrong, for this was indeed a war. The resistance to these transformations was fierce. All in all, Stalin had three Orders of the Red Banner.

The Order of Suvorov, 1st degree, was awarded to Stalin by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on November 6, 1943 “for the correct leadership of the operations of the Red Army in Patriotic War against the German fascist invaders and the successes achieved ”. Pay attention to the date. By that time, it was already clear to the blind that a radical turning point in the war had already taken place a long time ago - great victories in Stalingrad battle and in the Battle of the Kursk Bulge were the clearest proof of this. By that time, the marshals and generals had already washed their well-deserved (and some undeserved) commander's and other orders and medals more than once, and Stalin received the commander's order only on November 6, 1943.

On June 20, 1944, the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council of Working People's Deputies, on behalf of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, presented Stalin in the Kremlin with the first medal - For the Defense of Moscow. The wording of the decree was as follows - "for the leadership of the heroic defense of Moscow and the organization of the defeat of German troops near Moscow." Again, pay attention to the date of awarding this medal - by that time, the military leaders who were awarded such a medal, who took part in the defense of Moscow and in the defeat of Nazi troops near Moscow, had sober up more than once after numerous libations about such an award. And Stalin just received it on June 20, 1944.

Incidentally, there is a notable incident associated with this medal at a lesser-known high-command banquet that took place prior to the famous Victory Banquet. According to the book “Fathers-Commanders. Stars on shoulder straps - stars on graves ”to the description of Yu. I. Mukhin, it was like this:

Marshal Zhukov was at the same table with the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, but not a word was said in his personal honor. It seemed strange to everyone present. Senior military leaders began to give him (that is, Zhukov. - A.M.) signal for a smoke break. Zhukov asked Stalin to take a break. The chief gave permission. He himself smoked a pipe at the table, and everyone went out into the smoking room. Here, the front commanders asked Marshal Zhukov to start a short performance so that they could continue the toast in honor of the first Marshal of Victory.

Zhukov began his toast speech something like this: "If they asked me when it was hardest for me during the whole war, then I would answer that in the fall and winter during the defense of Moscow, when the fate of the Soviet Union was practically decided."

Having listened silently to this tirade of Zhukov, Stalin suddenly interrupted him with the words: “Here you, Comrade Zhukov, remembered the defense of Moscow. It is true that it was a very difficult time. This was the first victorious battle of our army in the defense of the capital. And you know that many of its defenders, even generals who were wounded and distinguished themselves in battles, were not awarded awards and cannot receive them, since they became disabled! "

Zhukov replied to this reproach as follows: “Comrade Stalin, I, like you, have not received any awards for this battle either, although almost all employees of the General Staff have been awarded the Orders of Lenin (Shaposhnikov, Antonov, Vatutin, Shtemenko and others). I fully admit that I made a mistake in this matter, and we will correct it. "

Then Stalin hit the table with his fist so hard that the crystal leg of the tall wine glass broke off, and red wine spilled onto the tablecloth. The leader, interrupting Zhukov, said: "And at the same time you did not forget to reward your bl ... her." There was a deathly silence, during which Stalin got up, left the table and never returned.

The third medal of Stalin was "For the victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945", and the first was the medal "20 years of R.K.K.A."

On July 29, 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded Stalin the highest Soviet military leader's Order of Victory with the wording “for exceptional merits in organizing and conducting offensive operations The Red Army, which led to the largest defeat of the German army and a radical change in the situation on the front of the struggle against the German fascist invaders in favor of the Red Army. " The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded Stalin with the second Order of Victory on June 26, 1945 with the wording “for exceptional services in organizing all Armed Forces Of the Soviet Union and their skilful leadership in the Great Patriotic War, which ended in complete victory over Nazi Germany. " In the Soviet Union, only three people were twice awarded the Order of Victory - Marshals of the Soviet Union I. V. Stalin, A. M. Vasilevsky and G. K. Zhukov.

The day after being awarded the second Order of Victory, on June 27, 1945, Marshal of the Soviet Union Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin (second) and the Gold Star medal as “who led the Red Army in the difficult days of defending our Motherland and its capital Moscow, with exceptional courage and decisiveness led the fight against Nazi Germany. " On the bust by sculptor Yatsyno, Stalin is depicted in an open overcoat, and on the tunic there are two stars of the Hero - Socialist Labor and the Soviet Union, which in reality never happened. Stalin never wore the Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, not considering himself worthy of this title, since he believed that since he personally did not take part in hostilities at the front and did not perform any feats at the front, he had no right to such a title. By the way, having learned about this award, he expressed extremely sharp dissatisfaction with this and uttered a harsh word to the overly quick ones who arranged the publication of such a decree - "Sycophants".

Simultaneously with the assignment of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, on the written submission of the front commanders, Stalin was awarded the highest military rank- Generalissimo of the Soviet Union. By the way, along the way, they wanted to establish the Order of Stalin, but Joseph Vissarionovich was indignant to the depths of his soul with such toadying and categorically rejected such a proposal.

In 1949, in connection with his 70th birthday, Stalin was awarded the third Order of Lenin. This was the last award in his life.

Total 9 orders and 5 medals - 14 awards, among which not a single foreign one. Frankly speaking, in comparison with the many-pound "iconostases" of the same marshals and generals of Victory - it is extremely small. Well, and even when compared with the unforgettable Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, who possessed 120 awards, and comrade Stalin was completely deprived, as he himself ordered to call himself in response to attempts to address him "Comrade Generalissimo of the Soviet Union."

This is how Stalin "loved to reward himself." And of the available awards, he most of all appreciated the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. And he wore only this award. Because he was a creator!

Generalissimo is one of the oldest higher military ranks, presumably introduced in the 16th century. According to some historians, one of the first generalissimo was the famous Duke of the Papal States, Cesare Borgia. Until the 21st century, the rank of generalissimo was awarded to military rulers (mainly supreme, leaders of states) of dozens of countries around the world. The last time in 2012 was received by the late DPRK leader Kim Jong Il (posthumously). They were going to introduce the rank of generalissimo in the Russian self-proclaimed Ichkeria during the First Chechen Campaign (1994-1996), but it never came to that.

In different centuries, the highest military rank of Generalissimo was given by the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the state (as well as several states), the outstanding commander of the armies, mainly for the period of war.

Formally, in June 1945, at the collective petition of "representatives of the proletariat" and a note from the senior officers of the Red Army and the USSR Navy, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decided to confer this title on I.V. Stalin (it was previously legalized by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR).

Stalin's attitude to this initiative is eloquently indicated by Joseph Vissarionovich's mark in red pencil on a typewritten note with an officer's petition: "My archive I. St." (a digitized copy of the document is in the public domain). Although there is not a single evidence or document confirming that Stalin ever explicitly forbade calling himself a generalissimo.

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STROKE TO STALIN'S PORTRAIT

I want to write not even about a historical moment, but just about a hint at one moment in our history, which still remains unnoticed.

Beginning with Civil War in the USSR, awards were established "for battle and for labor." Stalin could not refuse to award them, since this would be disregard for state awards, although Stalin himself never wore orders, making an exception only for the star of the Hero of Socialist Labor, which since the moment he was awarded this title in 1939, from time to time appears on his chest. In total, before the war, he had three orders - the Order of Lenin and two Red Banners.

During the war, he began to command all front-line operations and received five more awards - one Order of Lenin, two Orders of Victory, one Red Banner and the Order of Suvorov 1st degree (as for another Order of Lenin, I will say about it separately). That is, Stalin, like all marshals of the USSR, accepted the awards that were due to him, since he was obliged to accept them, and, most likely, agreed that he deserved them.

Marshal Tymoshenko, who was the People's Commissar (Minister) of Defense for a year and a half before the war, fought well during the war and was awarded six orders - one Order of Lenin, one Order of Victory, three Orders of Suvorov 1st degree and one Red Banner. That is, he was awarded even more orders than Stalin.

Marshal Voroshilov, from 1925 to early 1940 was the people's commissar of defense. During the war he was awarded three orders - one Order of Lenin, one Order of Suvorov 1st degree and one Red Banner.

The title of Hero of the Soviet Union began to be awarded to military leaders from the moment this award was established, Zhukov, for example, had this title for Khalkhin-Gol, Marshals Kulik and Timoshenko - for Finnish war, and General Stern for the leadership of the troops in Spain - for the fulfillment of his international duty. That is, the assignment of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union to the highest command personnel of the Red Army was already an established practice. Accordingly, during the Great Patriotic War, the assignment of this rank to senior military leaders was continued, but already in a dramatically increased number. Some were awarded this title twice (Marshals Rokossovsky, Zhukov), and at the end of the war and at the end of the war, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was generally awarded by chokh, and those who, in conscience, were supposed to be shot, were included in the lists of awarded generals.

However, marshals Tymoshenko and Voroshilov were not awarded this title either during the war or as a result. It turns out that Stalin, approving the lists submitted for the assignment of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, simply crossed out these generals, although throughout the war he agreed with the awarding of them with military orders. For example, Stalin presented Tymoshenko three times for awarding the highest military leader's order of Suvorov 1 degree (Zhukov has only two of them, Stalin has one), presented Timoshenko to be awarded the unique Order of Victory, that is, he believed that Tymoshenko deserved these orders. But he did not consider him a hero! Why??

Another moment. Not a single commissar (later a "member of the military council") became a Hero of the Soviet Union. Although such political workers as Khrushchev, Brezhnev and, especially, Mehlis, cannot be accused of cowardice. Commissar Poppel, who fought the remnants of his corps for 800 km in the rear of the Germans, wrote that such an order regarding the commissars had been received from the beginning of the war.

So why, in Stalin's understanding, the pre-war people's commissars and all commissars in general are not heroes?

I think this is the point.

By June 22, 1941, the Red Army had everything from the Soviet people to defeat the Germans - excellent human material (even Zhukov considered the main factor in the victory of the young Soviet soldier), quite modern weapons and equipment, and, most importantly, all this in quantities exceeding the weapons and equipment of the Germans. The Red Army had enough ammunition, fuel and equipment. But in 1941 she suffered a shameful defeat, gave it to the Germans vast territories USSR and almost 40% of the population. Was Stalin tormented by the question why ?? I think I tortured from the beginning of the war and the rest of my life. And I think that he saw the reason for these defeats in the abomination that the cadre command staff of the Red Army showed in the war - he saw massive meanness, betrayal, cowardice, inability to fight and contempt for the lives of soldiers. The cadre command staff of the Red Army preserved all this vileness and kept it intact from the tsarist officers, and at the beginning of the war, this tsarist officer's abomination in the Red Army remained unrooted.

Defense ministers and commissars were responsible for the quality of the army's cadre command personnel.

But why did Stalin never mention a word about this? Because it was impossible to talk about anything like this out loud during the war and immediately after it. Start talking about this general-officer meanness or even shoot for it during the war, and trust in the command staff will collapse, respectively, the army will not become, but even with the victory over the Germans and Japanese, the military threat to the USSR constantly persisted, in view of the superiority of the United States in the atomic weapons.

But what about Stalin himself? He's a leader, isn't it his fault in such a composition of the Red Army command? Yes, he was a leader, yes, he was responsible for everything. And, if I understand correctly, Stalin understood and accepted this guilt.

When, immediately after the end of the war with the Germans, all front commanders signed a collective petition to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet to confer the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on their commander-in-chief, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR granted this request - conferred this title on Stalin with the Golden Star and the Order of Lenin. But Stalin categorically refused to accept the signs of these awards, and for the first time they appeared only on the cushions near his coffin. (Later, the artists on his portraits began to paint on both a star and another Order of Lenin, but during his lifetime Stalin was not something that he did not wear, but did not receive). Stalin did not consider himself a Hero of the Soviet Union.

Here is such a touch to the portrait of Stalin.

I already wrote that I was on the transfer to the Liberal Democratic Party, and the organizers were in a hurry, so I took part not only in the discussion about the Malaysian Boeing 777, but also about Stalin. I give this record, perhaps it will be interesting to someone.

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (real surname Dzhugashvili) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet political, party, statesman, military leader. Joseph Stalin was awarded the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (1945). Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the leader Soviet state from the end of 1920 until his death on March 5, 1953.

Childhood and the education of Joseph Stalin

According to the official version, Joseph Stalin was born on December 9 (21), 1879 in the city of Gori, Tiflis province. According to unofficial data, Joseph Vissarionovich was born on December 6 (18), 1878.

Stalin's father - Vissarion Dzhugashvili- was a shoemaker. He earned little. He drank often.

Stalin's mother - Ekaterina Georgievna(nee - Geladze) loved her son very much. She dreamed that Joseph Stalin would become a priest. In 1888, Joseph was immediately admitted to the second preparatory class at the Gori Orthodox Theological School, and in September 1889, Joseph Dzhugashvili entered the first class of the school, where he received his education. Joseph Vissarionovich studied very well. He graduated from college in 1894 and his graduation certificate had almost all excellent marks.

Then Joseph Stalin continued his education, in September 1894 Dzhugashvili entered the Orthodox Tiflis Theological Seminary. But it was during this period that the young Iosif Dzhugashvili had Marxist friends. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin began to attend meetings of underground groups of revolutionaries expelled by the tsarist government to Transcaucasia.

According to Wikipedia, an English historian Simon Sebag-Montefiore wrote: “Stalin was an extremely gifted student who received high marks in all subjects: mathematics, theology, Greek, Russian. Stalin liked poetry, and in his youth he himself wrote poetry in Georgian, which attracted the attention of connoisseurs. " In his opinion, Stalin had outstanding intellectual abilities: for example, could read Plato in original. When Stalin came to power, the historian continues, he always wrote his speeches and articles in a clear and often refined style. The English historian claimed that the myth of the ignorant Stalin was spread Leon Trotsky and his supporters.

In 1931, a German writer Emil Ludwig in an interview he asked Stalin: “What prompted you to be in opposition? Could it be parental abuse? " Stalin replied: “No. My parents treated me quite well. Another thing is the theological seminary, where I studied then. Out of protest against the humiliating regime and the Jesuit methods that were available in the seminary, I was ready to become and really became a revolutionary, a supporter of Marxism ... ”. At the same time, Joseph Vissarionovich did not begin to talk about his drunken father, who beat him, and his wife.

Communicating with new friends, Joseph Stalin was systematically engaged in self-education, and then revolutionary affairs. In 1898, young Dzhugashvili joined the first Georgian Social Democratic organization. Joseph Vissarionovich immediately showed himself as a convincing speaker. Therefore, he was instructed to conduct propaganda in workers' circles.

Revolutionary career

In 1899, Joseph Dzhugashvili left the seminary, and in 1901 the young man became a de facto professional revolutionary and went into an illegal position. He worked under the party nicknames "Koba", "David", "Stalin". Joseph Vissarionovich took part in the so-called "exs", that is, in attacks on banks to replenish the party's fund. Joseph Stalin became a member of the Tiflis and Batumi committees of the RSDLP. He was eventually arrested.

From 1902 and over the next eleven years, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was arrested 8 times. Seven times the young revolutionary was in exile, but each time he managed to escape (except for exile in 1913). In exile, as Stalin's associates noted, in particular, Mikhail Sverdlov, he was aloof, even arrogant.

In the intervals between arrests, Iosif Vissarionovich was engaged in great revolutionary work. Stalin organized the Baku strike in 1904, after which a collective agreement was concluded between the strikers and industrialists. In 1905 on 1st conference RSDLP in Tammerfors (Finland) Joseph Stalin first met personally V. I. Lenin... Then Stalin took part as a delegate from Tiflis in the IV and V congresses (1907) in Stockholm and London.

In 1912, at the plenum of the Baku RSDLP, Stalin was introduced in absentia to the Central Committee and to the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.

Noticing Iosif Vissarionovich's literary ability, he was entrusted with organizing the publication of the newspapers Pravda and Zvezda. In 1913, Stalin's article "Marxism and the National Question" was published in Vienna. From that moment on, Joseph Dzhugashvili in revolutionary circles began to be considered a specialist on the national question. In the same year, in February, Iosif Vissarionovich was arrested and exiled to the Turukhansk region. He was released only after February revolution... Stalin returned to Petrograd and entered the Bureau of the Central Committee, and then, together with Lev Kamenev headed the editorial office of the newspaper "Pravda".

Since Vladimir Lenin was abroad, Stalin, along with other revolutionaries of Petrograd, received Active participation in preparing and conducting October revolution.

Wikipedia reports that due to the forced departure of Lenin underground, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, as his follower and like-minded person, spoke at the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b) (July-August 1917) with a report of the Central Committee. At a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) on August 5, Joseph Stalin was elected a member of the narrow composition of the Central Committee. In August-September, Iosif Dzhugashvili mainly conducted organizational and journalistic work, published his articles in the newspapers Pravda and Soldatskaya Pravda.

On the night of October 16, at an expanded meeting of the Central Committee, he spoke out against the position of L. B. Kamenev and G. E. Zinovieva who voted against the decision to revolt. Joseph Stalin was elected a member of the Military Revolutionary Center, which became a member of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (VRK).

During this period, Joseph Stalin often spoke in debates at city conferences, at which they reported on the current situation, participated in anti-war propaganda. Joseph Stalin was elected a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and a member of the Bureau of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee from the Bolshevik faction. He supported Lenin's views more and more. On October 10, 1917, at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), Joseph Vissarionovich voted in favor of a resolution on an armed uprising.

After the October Revolution, Joseph Stalin directly took part in the development of a plan for the defeat of the troops advancing on Petrograd. A.F. Kerensky and P.N. Krasnova... And then, together with Vladimir Lenin, he signed a decision of the Council of People's Commissars banning the publication of "all newspapers closed by the Military Revolutionary Committee."

Civil War

When the civil war broke out, Stalin was appointed chairman of the Military Council of the North Caucasus Military District (June-September 1918). Later, Joseph Stalin was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern Front, then a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and a representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense (from late 1918 to May 1919, as well as from May 1920 to April 1922).

As the doctor of military and historical sciences wrote Makhmut Gareev During the Civil War, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin gained vast experience in the military-political leadership of large masses of troops on many fronts (defense of Tsaritsyn, Petrograd, on the fronts against Denikin, Wrangel, White Poles).

Stalin - the path to power

English writer Charles Snow also characterized the educational level of Stalin quite highly: “One of the many curious circumstances related to Stalin: he was much more educated in the literary sense than any of the contemporary statesmen. Compared to him Lloyd George and Churchill- wonderfully well-read people. As, however, and Roosevelt».

Apparently due to his abilities, Joseph Stalin was elected to the Politburo and the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), as well as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). Initially, this position meant only leadership of the party apparatus, and Lenin, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, continued to be perceived by everyone as the leader of the party and government.

After Lenin's death, by the end of the 1920s, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin defeated the opposition and became the head of Soviet Russia. From that moment on, Stalin took up state affairs. He decisively began to speed up industrialization and the complete collectivization of agriculture.

Hunger and progress

1929 Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin declared the year of "great turning point". Joseph Vissarionovich was going to turn agrarian Russia in a developed industrial state. He called the strategic objectives of the state industrialization, collectivization and the cultural revolution. The course of the "great turning point" was carried out by violent methods that cost millions of human lives. But thanks to the enthusiasm of the population, the country has achieved a lot. Hydroelectric power plants and factories were built, and the first metro lines appeared in Moscow. At the same time, people were dying of hunger.

In 1932, a number of regions of the USSR (Ukraine, the Volga region, Kuban, Belarus, the Southern Urals, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan) were struck by famine. According to a number of historians, the famine of 1932-1933 was artificial, the state had the ability to reduce its scale and consequences.

Stalin's general line destroyed the rural worker. Innocent people suffered along with the fists. Rural population was forced to go in search of work in the city. The situation was critical. And then Joseph Stalin made a statement about "excesses on the ground", and already before the war in the village the situation improved.

In the same years, Joseph Stalin decisively dealt with the opposition. As you know, the so-called "congress of victors", the 17th congress of the CPSU (b) (1934), for the first time stated that the resolution of the 10th congress had been fulfilled, and there were no more oppositions in the party.

Joseph Stalin and the Great Patriotic War

Before World War II, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, focusing on the situation that arose in Europe, decided to move closer to Germany. Thus, the leader of Soviet Russia, realizing that a war with Hitler was inevitable, wanted to postpone the military conflict for some time in order to complete the rearmament of the army and completely switch to new types of military equipment.

Based on the pact Molotov-Ribbentrop, The USSR reached agreements on the delimitation of spheres of influence, and after the outbreak of World War II annexed the territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, the Baltic States, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.

But World War II began on September 1, 1939, when Hitler invaded Poland. Since September 1939, Poland, France, Great Britain and its dominions (Anglo-Polish military alliance 1939 and Franco-Polish alliance 1921) were at war with Germany.

In June 1941, Hitler's treacherous attack on the USSR took place. In this difficult war, the country led by Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces) suffered serious material and bitter human losses.

During 1941, the USSR, the USA and China joined the anti-Hitler coalition. As of January 1942, the coalition consisted of 26 states: the Big Four (USA, Great Britain, USSR, China), British dominions (Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa), countries of Central and Latin America, the Caribbean, as well as governments in expulsion of occupied European countries. The number of coalition members increased during the war.

The Soviet Union under the leadership of Stalin made a decisive contribution to the victory over Nazism, which contributed to the expansion of the influence of the USSR in Eastern Europe and East Asia, as well as the formation of the world socialist system.

V post-war years Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin contributed to the creation of a powerful military-industrial complex in the country and the transformation of the USSR into one of the two world superpowers with nuclear weapons and co-founded the UN, which is a permanent member of the UN Security Council with a veto.

Deportations and repressions in the USSR

In the USSR, many peoples were subjected to total deportation, among them: Koreans, Germans, Ingrian Finns, Karachais, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Crimean Tatars and Meskhetian Turks. Seven of them - Germans, Karachais, Kalmyks, Ingush, Chechens, Balkars and Crimean Tatars - lost their national autonomies as well.

Historians agree that Stalinist repressions in the Red Army caused serious damage to the country's defense and, among other factors, led to significant losses of Soviet troops in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.

Among those repressed in these years were three of the five marshals of the Soviet Union, 20 commanders of the 1st and 2nd rank, 5 flagships of the 1st and 2nd rank fleets, 6 flagships of the 1st rank, 69 corps corps, 153 divisional commanders, 247 brigade commanders.

During the war, the aggressive anti-religious campaign and mass closings of churches were stopped. Stalin became a supporter of the comprehensive expansion of the jurisdiction of the ROC.

After the victory in 1945, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin proclaimed a toast "To the Russian people!"

July 24, 1945 in Potsdam Truman told Joseph Stalin that the United States "now has weapons of extraordinary destructive power." According to Churchill's recollections, Stalin smiled, but did not become interested in the details. From this Churchill concluded that Stalin did not understand anything and was not in the know. But he was wrong.

On the same evening, Stalin ordered Molotov to speak with Kurchatov on the acceleration of work on the atomic project. On August 20, 1945, to manage the atomic project, the GKO created a Special Committee with emergency powers, headed by L.P. Beria... An executive body was created under the Special Committee - the First Main Directorate under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (PSU). Stalin's directive obliged the PGU to ensure the creation of atomic bombs, uranium and plutonium, in 1948.

Personal life of Joseph Stalin

On the night of July 16, 1906, in the Tiflis Church of St. David, Joseph Dzhugashvili married Ekaterina Svanidze... From this marriage in 1907, Stalin's first son, Yakov, was born. At the end of the same year, Stalin's wife died of typhus.

In the spring of 1918, Stalin married a second time. The daughter of a Russian revolutionary became his wife S. Ya. Alliluyeva — Nadezhda Alliluyeva.

On March 24, 1921, a son, Vasily, was born to Joseph Stalin and Nadezhda Alliluyeva in Moscow. Stalin also adopted Artyom Sergeeva after the death of his close friend - a revolutionary Fyodor Andreevich Sergeev.

In February 1926, their daughter Svetlana was born.

Stalin's grandson Evgeny Dzhugashvili was born in 1936. For 25 years he worked as a senior lecturer in the history of wars and military art at the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. K.E. Voroshilov... He played the role of I.V. Stalin in the film of the Soviet Georgian director D.K. Abashidze"Jacob, son of Stalin" (1990). A citizen of Russia and Georgia, he lived in Moscow and Tbilisi. He died in 2016.

Hobbies of Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was very fond of reading. As Simon Sebag-Montefiore wrote: “... Stalin's library consisted of 20,000 volumes, he spent many hours every day reading books, making notes on their margins and keeping a catalog. At the same time, Stalin's tastes for reading were eclectic: Maupassant, Wilde, Gogol, Goethe, Zola... Stalin was an erudite man - he quoted the Bible, works Bismarck, works Chekhov, admired Dostoevsky considering him a subtle psychologist. "

The death of Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin died in his official residence - Blizhnyaya Dacha, where he permanently lived in the post-war period. On March 1, 1953, one of the guards found Joseph Stalin lying on the floor of a small dining room. On the morning of March 2, doctors arrived at Blizhnyaya Dacha and diagnosed paralysis of the right side of the body. On March 5, at 9.50 pm, Stalin died. According to the medical report, the death was caused by a cerebral hemorrhage.

In the necropolis near the Kremlin wall, a memorial cemetery on Red Square, and in the wall itself there are urns with the ashes of state, party and military leaders of the USSR, participants in the October Revolution of 1917. To the right of the Mausoleum without cremation, in the coffin and in the grave are buried especially prominent party leaders and the government, including in 1961, the body of Joseph Stalin was transferred there from the Mausoleum.

Assessment of the activities of Joseph Stalin

They will argue about the activities of Joseph Stalin for a long time. Stalin's supporters believe that he left behind a strong party, a country with an advanced social and political system. Made the USSR a power of world significance.

Opponents of Joseph Vissarionovich believe that Stalin's rule was characterized by the presence of an autocratic regime of personal power, the dominance of authoritarian-bureaucratic methods of government, excessive strengthening of the repressive functions of the state, the merging of party and state bodies, strict state control over all aspects of society, violation of fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. deportations of peoples, mass death of people as a result of the famine of 1931-1933 and rampant repression.

In the obituary for the death of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, The Manchester Guardian of March 6, 1953 wrote: “The essence of Stalin's historical achievements is that he accepted Russia with a plow, and left it with nuclear reactors. He raised Russia to the level of the second industrial power in the world. This was not the result of purely material progress and organization. Such achievements would not have been possible without an all-encompassing cultural revolution, during which the entire population attended school and studied very hard. "

After Stalin's death, public opinion about him was largely formed in accordance with the position of the officials of the USSR and Russia. After the XX Congress of the CPSU, Soviet historians assessed Stalin taking into account the position of the ideological organs of the USSR.

Nevertheless, geographical objects in many countries of the world are named after Stalin.

The Foundation's report Carnegie(2013) notes that if in 1989 Stalin's "rating" in the list of the greatest historical figures was minimal - 12% (Vladimir Lenin - 72%, Peter I - 38%, Alexander Pushkin - 25%), then in 2012 Stalin was in first place with 49%. According to a public opinion poll conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation on February 18-19, 2006, 47% of Russians believed that Stalin's role in history was generally positive, 29% - negative. During the survey of viewers (May 7 - December 28, 2008), organized by the TV channel "Russia" in order to choose the most appreciated, noticeable and symbolic person Russian history, Stalin occupied a leading position by a wide margin. As a result, Stalin took third place, losing about 1% of the vote to the first two historical figures.

When Nikita Khrushchev at the XX Congress he debunked the personality cult of Stalin, after at one meeting in the Kremlin, he said:

- The chief of the General Staff is present here Sokolovsky, he will confirm that Stalin did not understand military matters. Am I correct? “Not at all, Nikita Sergeevich,” the marshal answered clearly. He was dismissed from his post.

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov also confirmed: "We are not worth Stalin and the little finger!"

Joseph Stalin on the news these days

The figure of Joseph Stalin continues to play huge role in the political life of the country, films about Stalin are made, with which scandals are associated, Joseph Vissarionovich is discussed by politicians and ordinary people.

Every now and then there are scandals with banners or commemorative signs Stalin. The online publication Svobodnaya Pressa-Yug, that a banner with a portrait of Joseph Stalin in the uniform of a generalissimo and the inscription: "We remember, we are proud!", Which was posted on April 29, 2015 in the center of Stavropol, caused a scandal. In May 2015, the monument to Joseph Stalin, erected in Lipetsk on the eve of the 70th anniversary of Victory by local communists, was doused with pink paint. In the same year, a banner with the image of Stalin was displayed in the center of Moscow.

V Chelyabinsk region issued coins with Stalin and Zhukov. An initiative group of residents of the closed city of Ozersk of the Chelyabinsk region appealed to the administration settlement with a request to erect a monument to Joseph Stalin for the 70th anniversary of the Victory.

In 2015, a monument dedicated to the participants of the 1945 Yalta Conference was unveiled in Yalta. The composition repeats the famous photograph taken at the end of the conference, in which Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt are sitting side by side. In the autumn of the same year, a monument to Joseph Stalin was unveiled at the entrance to the Zvenigovsky meat processing plant in the Shelanger village of the Mari El Republic.

Svobodnaya Pressa reported that in the opinion of the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko Joseph Stalin was one of those who unleashed the Second world war.

In 2016 Vladimir Zhirinovsky got into the news with a proposal to move all burials from Red Square in the capital to Mytischi near Moscow. The LDPR leader mentioned that a few days ago people brought flowers to the grave of the "bloody dictator" Stalin in honor of the anniversary of his death. Although the country, according to him, still cannot recover after his rule.

Joseph Stalin is often mentioned in the campaign of presidential candidates in Russia in the 2018 elections. So the candidate Ksenia Sobchak in the fall of 2017, she called Stalin "an executioner and a criminal", accusing him of "full-scale genocide of the Russian people."

The Communist Party replied to this that scientific progress is associated with the name of Stalin, hundreds of new research institutes, hundreds of new educational institutions, elimination of illiteracy, cultural breakthrough, industrialization.

Stalin herself outstanding personality in the history of mankind.

Scandal with the film "Death of Stalin"

On January 23, Svobodnaya Pressa reported that the Ministry of Culture had revoked the rental certificate from the satirical comedy Death of Stalin by the British director Armando Iannucci... The film was also sent for additional legal expertise, the news reported.

According to the head of the department Vladimir Medinsky, many people of the older generation, and not only, will perceive it as an insulting mockery of the entire Soviet past, of the country that defeated fascism, of Soviet army and over common people. Medinsky assures that the withdrawal of the rental license is not connected with censorship issues, but with moral issues.

The film, which was scheduled to be released on January 25, tells the story of the struggle for power after the death of the Soviet leader. The main roles in the picture were played Jason Isaacs, Olga Kurilenko, Steve Buscemi and Rupert Friend.

The director of the feature film Death of Stalin, Armando Iannucci, told reporters that he still hopes that his work will be released in Russia.

Press Secretary of the President of Russia Dmitry Peskov refused to consider the situation with the withdrawal of the rental certificate of the film "Death of Stalin" a few days before the start of its showing in cinemas as a manifestation of censorship.

Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Iosif Vissarionovich - Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Moscow.

Born on December 6 (18), 1878 (the official date for a long time was considered December 9 (21), 1879) in the city of Gori, Gori district, Tiflis province (now - the Shida-Kartli region, Georgia) in the family of a handicraft shoemaker. In 1894 he graduated from the Gori Theological School and entered the Tifliss (now Tbilisi) Orthodox seminary, from which he was expelled in 1899 for revolutionary activity, went into an illegal position, became a professional revolutionary. Member of the RSDLP / VKP (b) / KPSS since 1898.

During the period of underground revolutionary activity, he was repeatedly arrested and exiled.

At the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets on October 26 (November 8) 1917 I.V. Stalin was elected to the first Soviet government as People's Commissar for Nationalities (1917-1922); at the same time in 1919-1922 he headed the People's Commissariat of State Control of the RSFSR, reorganized in 1920 into the People's Commissariat of the Workers 'and Peasants' Inspection (RKI).

During the Civil War and foreign military intervention of 1918-1920, I.V. Stalin carried out a number of important assignments of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the Soviet government: he was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council (RVS) of the Republic, one of the organizers of the defense of Petrograd, a member of the PBC of the Southern, Western, Southwestern Fronts, a representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense.

After the end of the Civil War, he took part in the party's struggle for the restoration of the national economy, for the implementation of the new economic policy, for the strengthening of the alliance of the working class with the peasantry.

After the death of V.I. Lenin, since January 1924 I.V. Stalin participated in the development and implementation of the policy of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), plans for economic and cultural development, measures to strengthen the country's defense capability and conduct the foreign policy course of the party and the Soviet state.

By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 20, 1939, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the award of the Order of Lenin for exceptional services in organizing the Bolshevik Party, creating the Soviet state, building a socialist society in the USSR and strengthening friendship between the peoples of the Soviet Union. After May 22, 1940 was established gold medal"Hammer and Sickle", I.V. Stalin was awarded this distinction for No. 1.

On May 6, 1941, Stalin assumed the duties of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (since 1946 - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR). Since the beginning of the war, he has been Chairman of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar of Defense and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Forces of the USSR.

On the second day of the war, June 23, 1941, I.V. Stalin became part of the Headquarters of the High Command, and on June 30, 1941, he headed the formed emergency body of wartime - the State Defense Committee (GKO). Since July 10, 1941 I.V. Stalin began to lead the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, from July 19, 1941 he held the post of People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, and on August 8, 1941 he was appointed Supreme Commander Armed Forces of the USSR. In the hands of I.V. Stalin concentrated all the fullness of state, party and military power. March 6, 1943 I.V. Stalin was awarded the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union.

By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 26, 1945 to the Marshal of the Soviet Union Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich, who led the Red Army in hard days defending our Motherland and its capital Moscow, who led the struggle against Hitlerite Germany with exceptional courage and decisiveness, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.

June 27, 1945 I.V. Stalin was awarded the highest military rank - Generalissimo of the Soviet Union.

As head of the Soviet government, I.V. Stalin took part in the Tehran (from November 28, 1943 to December 1, 1943), Crimean (from February 4 to 11, 1945) and Potsdam (from July 17 to August 2, 1945) conferences of the leaders of the three powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain ...

In the post-war period, he continued to hold the post of People's Commissar of Defense (from 03/15/1946 - Minister of the Armed Forces) until March 3, 1947. The posts of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the party and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (from 03/15/1946 - the Council of Ministers) of the USSR held until his death.

I.V. Stalin died on March 5, 1953 at the Blizhnyaya dacha in the Kuntsevsky district of the Moscow region (now part of Moscow). Buried in Moscow on Red Square. From March 9, 1953 to October 31, 1961, the sarcophagus with the body of I.V. Stalin was located next to the sarcophagus of V.I. Lenin in the Mausoleum. On the night of October 31 to November 1, 1961, by decision of the XXII Congress of the CPSU, the remains of I.V. Stalin were buried next to the Mausoleum.

Bust of I.V. Stalin was installed in the Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War on Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow. The exposition of the Central Museum of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has a stand dedicated to I.V. Stalin. In the year of the 60th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people over Nazi Germany, the monuments to I.V. Stalin installed in the cities of Mirny (Yakutia), Digora (North Ossetia). The name of I.V. Stalin in 1933-1956 wore Military Academy armored and mechanized troops of the Red Army.

Museums dedicated to the life and work of I.V. Stalin, were previously opened and are currently operating in Narym (Tomsk region), Solvychegodsk (Arkhangelsk region), Rzhev (Tver region), Gori (Georgia).

I.V. Stalin was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1919-1952), the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU in (1952-1953), a member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern (1925-1943), a member of the Central Executive Committee (from 1917), the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (from 1922), a deputy Council of the USSR of the 1-3th convocations.

He was awarded 3 Orders of Lenin (12/20/1939; 06/26/1945; 12/20/1949), 2 Orders of Victory (07/29/1944; 06/26/1945), 3 Orders of the Red Banner (11/27/1919; 12/13/1930; 06/04/1944) , Order of Suvorov 1st degree (11/06/1943), medals "XX years of the Red Army" (1938), "For the defense of Moscow" (06/20/1944, "For the victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945." (1945 ), "For the victory over Japan" (1945), "In commemoration of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" (1947), the Order of the Red Star of the 1st degree of the Bukhara People's Socialist Republic(08/18/1922). Awarded with foreign awards: the Order of the Tuva Arat Republic (1943); the title of Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic with the presentation of the Order of Sukhe-Bator and the Medal "Gold Star" (12/17/1949), the Order of Sukhe-Bator (1945), the medal of the MPR "For Victory over Japan" (1945), the medal "25 years of the Mongolian People's Revolution "(1946); Czechoslovak orders of the White Lion 1st degree(1945), White Lion "For Victory" 1st degree (1945), 2 Military crosses of 1939 (1943; 1945).

Compositions:
Works, vol. 1-13, M., 1949-51 ;
Questions of Leninism, 11th ed., M., 1952;
About the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, 5th ed., M., 1950. - (M .: "Kraft +", 2002.);
Marxism and questions of linguistics, M., 1950;
Economic problems of socialism in the USSR, M., 1952.

The original version of the biography was compiled by N.V. Ufarkin

Sources of