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Rural settlements and rural population. Historical geography Rural settlements on different continents

17.11.2020

Any owner dreams of making his home memorable and beautiful. If the house is no longer new, it is not so easy. One of the possibilities is carved platbands. They will even turn an ordinary "box" into a masterpiece.

Material for platbands

Carved platbands are made mainly of coniferous wood. The best option is pine, it is normally cut, inexpensive, due to its high resin content, it is durable. In principle, you can use any other coniferous board, but it is better not to try with spruce: it is too fibrous, it cannot be cut even with the sharpest tool.

You can also make carved platbands from hardwood - linden (the softest), poplar, maple, oak, cherry, etc. But you need to know how to work with each species, get your hands on it, and there is no guarantee that something digestible will turn out, and hardwood is expensive. Therefore, window frames are often made of pine. You just need to pay attention to the quality characteristics.

Carved window trims - a way to make your home unique

If there is wood or a board that has lain for 3 years or more, you can use it: it is already definitely dry, only processing and calibration will be required. If there is no woodworking equipment at home (thicknesser and circular saw), an edged board will be needed. Wood of the first or highest grade is suitable for carved platbands. This means that there should be no knots, chips, or resin pockets on the board. Take wood from a chamber drying, with a moisture content of no more than 8-12%. This is not for sale in the markets, you need to look for it at sawmills and in hardware stores.

Why chamber drying? Because it is dried in a special chamber, rapidly removing moisture. At the same time, some of the boards crack, bend - these go to rejection, the rest are sold. If you make carved platbands from oven-dried wood, they will definitely not be crumpled and they will not crack.

Instruments

To make carved platbands with your own hands, you will need the following minimum set:

drill with a set of drills;
an electric jigsaw with a smooth start and a bunch of different wood saws;
chisels;
sandpaper with different grain sizes;
flap disc made of sandpaper for wood on a drill.

To reduce the time it will take to create carvings and sanding, it is better to have a router and sander.

One by one or in bulk?

Carved platbands usually consist of repeating elements. At least two vertical strips on each window are made the same. And since usually several windows are drawn up, many identical elements are required. If the platbands are going to be slotted, naturally there is a desire to cut out several pieces at the same time, folding the boards in a pile and somehow fixing them.

The desire is understandable, but difficult to realize, and the benefits over time are not as great as it seems. The first difficulty is that home craftsmen usually have jigsaws of not too high power. To cut through several planks, you have to move the file more slowly along the intended pattern. On straight lines the speed is still tolerable, on curves it is low. And, the smaller the bending radius, the slower you have to move the file. If you work with one board, there are no such problems. So, in terms of time, the gain, if there is, is quite small.

One more point. Even thick, good, expensive files are deflected with a large thickness of the workpiece. So, when cutting several boards at the same time, the quality of the cut on the bottom (or two) remains a big question.

The procedure for making a platband with a slotted thread

We transfer the desired drawing using a template to the board (where to get it, how to enlarge it, how to make a template, read below). If necessary, we correct, draw the details well. Next, we will describe the procedure step by step.

We remove the wood in the slots of the picture

Since the carving will be looked at from afar, some inaccuracies are not fatal, but it is still worth striving for the ideal.

Making a curly edge

Some platbands have a straight edge. Then we skip this stage. If the edge is curly, you will still have to work with a jigsaw.

If the cut is difficult, it may not be very attractive places. This is not scary, then we will process them where necessary - with chisels, the same jigsaw, emery. When you are satisfied with the result, you can move on.

Final revision

The owners of wooden houses probably know everything about how to handle wood. But, just in case, let's repeat the general rules again.

The choice of paints and varnishes is very wide. Any for outdoor work. But keep in mind that opaque paints will have to be renewed periodically - just like that once a year. This means removing old paint, priming, painting again. The situation is simpler with oils for wood - they do not give a film on the surface of the wood, but are absorbed into the fibers. It is also necessary to renew the coating, but just clean it from dust and cover it with a new layer. And the processing frequency is less. Cons of oil for wood - higher price, fewer flowers.

How to enlarge a template

Simple carved platbands can be made without templates. A few examples will be in the video - it shows how to outline, how to cut. But not everyone will be able to draw more or less complex patterns on their own. You need skill and talent. The easiest way is to find a diagram, print it in the right size, transfer it to cardboard and cut it out. This will create a pattern that you can trace.

The second way is to sketch from a photograph. Not all schemes can be found. Some, especially the old window frames, are nowhere to be found. If you have at least some drawing ability, you can sketch them.

Even such an ornament can be drawn ... if you have the skill

Questions may arise about how to increase the size of the found schema or template. There are three options:

Using any graphics editor. The simplest one - Paint - is in any computer running Windows (the "Image" tab, the "Resize image" line, select "centimeters" and put the desired length (height) in the box. The resulting file can be printed. If the printer is of a small format, it may be necessary to split into several pages, then glue them together and, according to the resulting picture, make a template.
Using a photocopy. Copier has a zoom function.
Taking graph paper, transfer the drawing to the desired scale. To do this, divide the original image into squares with a side of 0.5 or 1 cm (you can print it on a piece of paper in a cage). Then we transfer the lines to graph paper, increasing them in the desired proportion.

The first two methods are faster. But when scaling, the picture may turn out to be fuzzy and blurry. It can be corrected by hand, it can be drawn in some editor, for example, CorelDRAW. How to do this, see the video. Just an example of drawing a diagram for a thread.

Schemes, templates, patterns

The style is completely different ...

- The subject of historical geography
  - The subject of historical geography - page 2
- The history of the emergence and development of historical geography
- Geographic environment and development of society in the feudal era
  - Geographic environment and development of society in the feudal era - page 2
- Physico-geographical zoning Western Europe
  - Physico-geographical zoning of Western Europe - page 2
  - Physico-geographical zoning of Western Europe - page 3
  - Physico-geographical zoning of Western Europe - page 4
- Distinctive features of the physical geography of the Middle Ages
  - Distinctive features of medieval physical geography - page 2
  - Distinctive features of medieval physical geography - page 3
Population geography and political geography
- Ethnic map of medieval Europe
  - Ethnic map of medieval Europe - page 2
- Political Map Europe during the early Middle Ages
  - Political map of Europe during the early middle ages - page 2
  - Political map of Europe during the early middle ages - page 3
- Political geography of Western Europe during the period of advanced feudalism
  - Political geography of Western Europe in the period of developed feudalism - page 2
  - Political geography of Western Europe in the period of developed feudalism - page 3
- Social geography
  - Social geography - page 2
- Population size, composition and distribution
  - Population size, its composition and distribution - page 2
  - Population size, its composition and distribution - page 3
- Types of rural settlements
- Medieval cities of Western Europe
  - Medieval cities of Western Europe - page 2
  - Medieval cities of Western Europe - page 3
- Ecclesiastical geography of medieval Europe
- Some features of the geography of medieval culture
Economical geography
- The development of agriculture in the early and advanced Middle Ages
- Farming and land use systems
  - Crop and land use systems - page 2
- Features of the agrarian system of various countries of Western Europe
  - Features of the agrarian system of various countries of Western Europe - page 2
Geography of craft and trade
- Features of the placement of medieval handicraft production
- Woolen production
- Mining, metalworking shipbuilding
- Geography of handicrafts in individual countries of Western Europe
  - Geography of handicrafts in individual countries of Western Europe - page 2
- Medieval trade
- Mediterranean trade area
  - Mediterranean trade area - page 2
- Northern Region of European Trade
- Areas of coin systems
- Transport and communication routes
  - Transport and ways of communication - page 2
Geographical representations and discoveries of the early and advanced Middle Ages
- Geographical representations of the early Middle Ages
  - Geographical representations of the early middle ages - page 2
- Geographical representations and discoveries of the developed Middle Ages
- Early and advanced medieval cartography
Historical geography of Western Europe in the late Middle Ages (XVI - first half of the XVII century)
- Political Map
  - Political map - page 2
- Social geography
- Demographics of the Late Middle Ages
  - Demographics of the late middle ages - page 2
  - Demographics of the late middle ages - page 3
- Church geography
- Geography of agriculture
  - Geography of agriculture - page 2
- Industry geography
  - Industry geography - page 2
  - Geography of industry - page 3
- Late feudal trade
  - Trade of late feudalism - page 2
  - Late feudal trade - page 3
- Transport and communication routes
- Travels and discoveries of the XVI-XVII centuries.
  - Travels and discoveries of the XVI-XVII centuries. - page 2
  - Travels and discoveries of the XVI-XVII centuries. - page 3

Types of rural settlements

There are dozens of options for the classification of rural settlements in medieval Western Europe. Of all their diversity, two main types of settlements can be distinguished - these are large compact (villages, villages, semi-agricultural towns) and small scattered (farms, settlements, separately located farm houses). Compact settlements and villages differ greatly from each other in their layouts; so, for example, distinguish between "nuclear", cumulus, linear and other types of villages.

In the first type, the “core” of the settlement is the square with the church, market, etc. located on it, from which streets and lanes depart in a radial direction. In a street village, the basis of the layout is usually several streets, intersecting with each other at different angles. Houses in such a village are located on both sides of the street and face each other.

In a linear village, houses are located on a single line — along a road, river, or some fold in the terrain — and often only along one side of the road; sometimes there could be several such streets in a village: for example, in mountainous areas, courtyards often consisted of two rows, one of which goes at the foot of the slope, the other parallel to it, but slightly higher. In a cumulus village, houses are randomly scattered and linked by alleys and driveways.

The options for small settlements are no less varied. Usually, settlements with 10-15 households (in Scandinavia - up to 4-6 households) are considered farms. However, these courtyards can either be concentrated around some center (square, street), or lie quite far from each other, being connected only by common pasture, plowing, management, etc. Even individual buildings require their own classification: after all, large , several floors of the farms of the flatlands are incomparable with the small huts of the mountain dwellers.

The many-sided picture of settlements of the medieval era has survived to this day: the overwhelming majority settlements the continent is believed to have originated before the 15th century. At the same time, certain patterns can be noticed in their occurrence. Thus, the system of open fields was most often combined with compact settlements. The Mediterranean economic system allowed for the existence of different types of settlements, but starting from the 15th century. in places of the greatest development of agrarian relations (Central Italy, Lombardy), individual farmhouses became dominant. Geographical factors also influenced the spread of this or that type of settlement: in the plains, as a rule, large villages prevailed, in the mountainous - small farms.

Finally, the decisive role in many cases was played by the historical features of the development of each area and, first of all, the nature of its settlement. For example, military colonization explains the predominance of large settlements in East Germany and in the central regions of the Iberian Peninsula. The development of the former forest, swamps, low-lying coastal territories led to the spread of small forms of settlements - farms, settlements, settlements with individual buildings. The character of the settlements was also influenced by the order inherent in the former population of this area (Celts, Slavs, etc.).

However, all these patterns were not always manifested; for example, in Friule, the relief of which represents the entire gamut of landscapes from the Alpine mountains to the lagoon lowland, the distribution of the types of settlements was the opposite of that indicated above: in the mountains there were compact multi-courtyard villages, on the plains - isolated houses. It should also be taken into account that the nature of the dominant type of settlement during the Middle Ages could change repeatedly. So, in England in the Celtic era, small settlements prevailed, but already the first wave of the Anglo-Saxon invasion led to an increase in the proportion of large villages, since the conquerors preferred to settle in large clan groups.

In general, in the early Middle Ages, compact villa communities in Central, South and East Anglia were predominant. Further resettlement of the population proceeded by branching off small settlements from large settlements; their number increased even more during the period of internal colonization. As a result, in many rural areas of the country by the 15th century. small scattered settlements became the dominant type of settlements. Later, as a result of fencing, many villages were abandoned and the number of small farms and individual farms increased even more.

In Germany, the Elbe was the border between the different types of settlements. To the west of it, cumulus villages, small irregular settlements, farmsteads and individual buildings, sometimes having a common center or, conversely, located around the arable massif, dominated. Small villages and hamlets were also common in the eastern lands (Lausitz, Brandenburg, Silesia, Czech territories); here their presence is often explained by the form of the previous Slavic settlements.

Basically, East Germany is an area dominated by large villages of the street or linear type, as well as smaller settlements that have grown up in forest clearing sites or in mountainous areas, but have the same orderly nature.

In the north and north-east of France, large villages were the overwhelming type; here the line between a small town and such a village was not large. In the rest of the country (Massif Central, Maine, Poitou, Brittany, the eastern part of the Ile-de-France), small settlements and farms dominated. In Aquitaine, the Toulouse region, Languedoc, since the time of developed feudalism, the picture has become somewhat different: centuries-old wars have brought about a different type of settlements - bastids, fortified centers built according to a certain plan; the inhabitants of the former settlements began to flock to them.

The landscape of Spanish settlements also changed as the Reconquista progressed. For a long time, the north and north-west of the peninsula was a territory occupied by small farms and buildings scattered one by one, but by the beginning of the Reconquista in the lands bordering with the Arabs of Leon and Old Castile, there was a process of enlargement of settlements. On the conquered lands of New Castile, the dominant type of settlements became rare, but large-sized villages or, in the north of the region, small farms, grouped around a fortified castle. Similar large villages dominated Portugal south of the Tagus; however, to the north of it, farmsteads remained the most widespread type of settlement.

The picture of Italian settlements is no less varied. Most of the south of the peninsula was occupied by large villages, in places mixed with small settlements and farms; only in Apulia and Calabria scattered small farms dominated. Large villages and semi-agricultural towns also dominated southern Central Italy. In the northern part of Lazio, the Marche, Tuscany, Emilia, a large part of Lombardy, Veneto and Piedmont, the most common type of settlement were small villages, farms and individual farms - podere.

The presence of a dominant type of settlements in each of the regions of the continent did not at all deny the existence of settlements of a different type in it. As a rule, in almost every locality there were both large village centers and small settlements, or even individual houses - farms. We are talking only about the predominant type of settlement that determines the face of a given territory.

Each natural zone has its own types of rural settlements and their distribution over the territory. In addition, dwellings differ in different natural conditions... Highly urbanized rural settlements are being formed near the cities.

Rice. 2. Hut in the zone of mixed forests ()

The best conditions for farming are in natural zones of steppes, forest-steppes, deciduous forests and subtropics. It is within these natural areas most of the rural residents of Russia live.

There are 150 thousand rural settlements in Russia. But over time, the number of rural settlements and rural residents in Russia is decreasing. This is due to the development of industry, restructuring of the economy, the absence of schools, hospitals and other socially important institutions in rural areas, and often poor and difficult living conditions.

The main types of rural settlements in Russia:

Village (fig. 3)
Stanitsa
Village
Khutor
Nomadic settlements, etc.

Rice. 3. A village in the Kaluga region ()

Types of rural settlements by population:

Small (up to 100 people)
Medium (from 100 to 1000 people)
Large (over 1000 people)

Residents of rural settlements are employed in agriculture, forestry, and industry. Rural settlements are used for recreation of both rural residents and tired townspeople (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Rest in the village ()

Buranovo

Buranovo is a village in Udmurtia. It was from this village that the Buranovskie Babushki collective took the honorable 2nd place at Eurovision in 2012 (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. "Buranovskie grandmothers" at Eurovision ()

John Kopiski

John Kopiski is a successful entrepreneur who came to Russia and became a farmer.

Elk farm

Elk farms - farms for raising elk at home (in the countryside).

Lykovs

The Lykovs are a family that lived without urban and modern amenities in the taiga.

Bibliography

The main

Geography of Russia: Textbook. for 8-9 cl. general education. institutions / Ed. A.I. Alekseeva: In 2 books. Book. 1: Nature and people. 8 cl. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2009 .-- 320 p.
Geography of Russia. Nature. 8th grade: textbook. for general education. institutions / I.I. Barinov. - M .: Bustard; Moscow textbooks, 2011 .-- 303 p.
Geography. 8th grade: atlas. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, DIK, 2013 .-- 48 p.
Geography. Russia. Nature and people. 8th grade: Atlas - 7th ed., Revision. - M .: Bustard; DIK Publishing House, 2010 - 56 p.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

Geography. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin - M .: Rosmen-Press, 2006 .-- 624 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam

Thematic control. Geography. The nature of Russia. 8th grade: tutorial... - Moscow: Intellect-Center, 2010 .-- 144 p.
Tests in the geography of Russia: grades 8-9: k textbooks, ed. V.P. Dronova “Geography of Russia. 8-9 grades: textbook. for general education. institutions "/ V.I. Evdokimov. - M .: Publishing house "Examination", 2009. - 109 p.
Getting ready for the GIA. Geography. 8th grade. Final testing in the format of an exam. / Author-comp. T.V. Abramov. - Yaroslavl: LLC "Academy of Development", 2011. - 64 p.
Tests. Geography. 6-10 cells: Study guide/ A.A. Letyagin. - M .: OOO "Agency" KRPA "Olymp": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.

Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements ().
Russian Geographical Society ().
Geografia.ru ().
federal Service state statistics ().

Homework

Clause 57.

What are the main types of rural settlements.

Population of settlements (i.e., their size by the number of inhabitants) is associated with the production functions of the settlement, with the form of settlement, with the history of the given settlement. When classifying settlements according to their population in statistical records, all of them are distributed into a greater or lesser number of groups, from the smallest (1-5 inhabitants) to the largest (10 thousand inhabitants or more), following the general principles of statistical groupings. From a typological point of view, it is important to single out such population sizes, which are associated with significant qualitative features of settlements.

So, a special type - one-yard, single, detached housing - represents the majority of settlements with a population of less than 10 people. Small settlements with up to 100 residents, as well as isolated residential areas, are most dependent on the nearest larger settlements in terms of serving their population. Only selectively (in one small village for a whole territorial group of them) can some elements of public services be created (an elementary school, a medical center, a red corner, a reading room or a club, a village store - all of the smallest sizes).

With a size of 200-500 inhabitants, each settlement can have a similar minimum set of service institutions, but equally small in size, providing the population with relatively limited opportunities for cultural and everyday services. An agricultural settlement of this size, in organizational terms, can be the base of a certain production unit (a collective farm brigade, a branch, or a large farm of a state farm).

With the size of a rural settlement of 3-5 thousand inhabitants, the most favorable opportunities are created to provide the urban 1st level of improvement and cultural and consumer services with the construction of large standard schools, houses of culture, medical institutions, a specialized trade network, etc. In terms of production, such settlements are recognized as optimal as centers of large farms in conditions that allow for a significant concentration of labor and production facilities.

Functional types of rural settlements. People are engaged in different types of activities, and settlements play different roles in the territorial organization of social production. These differences are taken into account in the first place in the functional typology.

In the population of settlements, several groups can be distinguished: 1) employed in agriculture; 2) those employed in forestry; 3) employed in external transport; 4) employed in industry; 5) combining occupations in agriculture and industry in the same settlement (in different seasons of the year); 6) employed in institutions (economic, administrative, cultural, medical, trade), to a large extent serving other villages of the region; 7) employed in various institutions, mainly serving the "temporary" population arriving in a given place for rest, treatment.

Let's consider the most common functional types of rural settlements.

Among agricultural settlements, two main functional types are the central settlements of collective and state farms.

As a rule, this is the largest settlement on a collective farm or state farm, housing a significant part of its population (sometimes the entire population) and the main production buildings, as well as the largest public buildings on a collective farm or state farm - a club, a school, etc. The central settlement is usually built and developed at a faster pace than the rest of the kolkhoz settlements or branch settlements on the sovkhoz.

Other types of settlements common on collective farms are brigade settlements of field-crop and complex brigades, "branches" of brigade settlements, undifferentiated "ordinary" settlements, and various specialized settlements.

Brigade villages are the most numerous in modern collective farm settlement. Collective farm members living in such a settlement form a production team (sometimes several teams in large settlements). A certain economic territory is assigned to the brigade, adjacent to this village, it has its own production facilities (the utility yard of the brigade), and all this constitutes a section, an organizational unit of the collective farm.

Brigade villages of complex brigades are distinguished by the fact that they have a wider "set" of production functions and economic independence, serving, in addition to field lands, also farms, sometimes gardens, subsidiary enterprises, etc., located on the territory of a given production site of the collective farm. Often these are the former central settlements of small collective farms, which subsequently merged in the order of enlargement, retaining a number of industrial facilities and public buildings.

Along with this, there are several types of highly specialized kolkhoz settlements, usually small in size. Of these, the most common are near-farm settlements with those livestock farms that are located according to local conditions (mainly due to the need to bring them closer to natural fodder lands and fields requiring manure fertilization) remote from existing settlements. Their sizes are limited by the size of farms permissible for economic reasons and also depend on the degree of mechanization of labor operations in animal husbandry.

The main types of settlements of state farms, in addition to the central settlements (central farmstead), are the settlements of branches and farms. In terms of their position in the economy, they are similar to the brigade and farm villages of collective farms. A significant part of the state farm settlements were built anew, according to the plan, in full accordance with the projects of the organization of the economy, therefore, such settlements have a very clearly expressed functional type, a homogeneous composition of the population, consisting of workers and employees of this enterprise. In those state farms that were created on the basis of some lagging collective farms and have not yet managed to carry out the necessary restructuring of settlement on their territory, one can find state farm settlements - analogs of settlements and branch settlements that are not differentiated in their position in the economy (constituting only a part of branch of the state farm).

A special functional type is made up of permanent specialized settlements of workers and employees at separately located procurement points (especially for the procurement of livestock, which is kept and fattened at such a point before completing batches for shipment to meat processing plants). They are usually very small.

Seasonally inhabited settlements - "second dwellings", used by part of the workers on collective and state farms for temporary stay in areas of the economic territory remote from the main settlements, are of great variety in their functional types. They always have some kind of industrial buildings and a place to sleep, sometimes devices for domestic and cultural services, functioning temporarily, during the period of use of this item.

The most common are agricultural field camps and livestock centers on seasonal pastures, differing in seasons and duration of use. Along with them, in different districts there are hayfields, horticultural mills, points of receipt and delivery of agricultural products, etc.

Field camps of collective farms and state farms with a short period of use (sowing, harvesting, sometimes caring for crops and preparing land for sowing) accommodate a fairly large population (a field crew or a significant part of it, up to 60-100 people) and in its modern form represent a group of houses -dormitories with a dining room, shower room, red corner, first-aid post, trade stall, etc., with sheds for storing equipment and fertilizers; in their most primitive form, they represent a group of light buildings, adapted for temporary lodging, eating and storing necessary property. They are common in areas where agriculture is carried out on vast tracts of arable land with a sparse network of permanent settlements.

Seasonal livestock centers are especially common in areas of desert-pasture and mountain livestock, where their number is many times greater than the number of permanent settlements. Their types and variants are extremely diverse, most often they consist of 1-2 residential buildings near wells, livestock buildings or corrals. There are also more complex forms, up to entire seasonal settlements with schools, medical centers, shops, which play the role of temporary centers for laboring livestock breeders in remote, intensively used pasture areas.

Non-agricultural settlements in rural areas are represented by very different types associated with the implementation of various national economic functions. Among non-agricultural rural settlements, the following functional types, or groups of types, are distinguished.

1. Settlements of industrial enterprises, in terms of their size, do not meet the "census" established for urban settlements. In terms of the degree of their ties with agriculture, various small workers' settlements in rural areas constitute a certain "typological series" - from completely "autonomous" (for example, mining enterprises, individual textile and other factories with their settlements) to closely connected with it (settlements at starch, vegetable drying, wine, dairy and other factories; villages of local enterprises for the production of building materials).

2. Settlements on the routes of communication. Most of them are connected with railway transport - from one-yard “residential points” of trackmen, scattered on the lines, to sidings and small stations. A smaller number of them serve waterways (estates of beacons, carriers, villages at sluices, pier, etc.), small airports, highways (villages on road sections, gas stations, etc.). V last years settlements appear that serve gas and product pipelines, their pumping stations, as well as long-distance power transmission lines.

3. Villages of builders with new buildings. Most of them, for a limited period of their existence, belong to "rural" settlements, constituting a special, specific type of inhabited places (more precisely, a group of types, since along with crowded workers' settlements there are also single "barracks" - dormitories on lines under construction, gatehouses and hostels at warehouses and bases, etc.). Upon the fulfillment of their functions, they either disappear or are absorbed by the urban settlement that arises at a new industrial point, and sometimes they turn into a rural non-agricultural settlement of another type (industrial, transport settlement - see above).

4. Timber industry and forest protection villages. Timber industrial settlements are located, as a rule, on the routes of timber transportation and very often on floatable routes, at the points of exit of logging roads to floatable routes6. Their main types are: a) villages of forest areas, where teams of lumberjacks live; b) villages of logging stations, uniting several sites; c) the center of the timber industry - the central settlement for a specific local system of forest settlements; d) intermediate settlements on the timber export routes (floating, transshipment); e) villages at the exit of the forest to the main roads (usually these are already mixed-type settlements, combined with a pristanskiy or station village); f) settlements on the main roads - roadstead, near the zapane, etc. Settlements of type "a" (often others) usually have a limited period of existence (until the depletion of forest resources in a given place); when designing logging, it is determined at 10-15 years. But the same settlements are quickly emerging elsewhere. The settlements of the forestry and forest protection services (cordons, forest guards) are smaller in size, but more durable.

5. Fishing and hunting and fishing villages. A large state-owned fishing industry, as a rule, creates large urban-type settlements with ports, fish factories, refrigerators, etc. But there are many fishing collective farms and fishing brigades in agricultural collective farms with their villages on the shores of moraines and lakes, on rivers and river channels, in deltas, etc. There are also small specialized villages - "rear bases" of commercial hunting in northern collective farms , villages - supply bases for reindeer herding brigades, etc.

6. Settlements of scientific stations, permanent (at observatories, meteorological stations, etc.) or temporary (bases of exploration parties, expeditions).

7. Settlements of health and education institutions are of different types: a) camps for staff at rural schools and hospitals located at some distance from the villages; b) out-of-town hospitals, homes for the disabled, sanatoriums that form whole villages with their own facilities; c) orphanages, forest boarding schools located in the middle of nature, in the countryside; d) villages of rest houses, suburban sports and tourist centers. Most of these functional types are characterized by a predominance (or a significant proportion) of a temporary, "variable" population.

Along with the permanent ones, there are also seasonal settlements of this kind - at tourist bases for winter or summer use, mountaineering camps, at summer pioneer camps.

8. Dacha villages are the second housing of a part of the urban population in the summer. In fact, this is a special type of seasonal inhabited settlements that differ from the previous group (tourist camps, rest houses, etc.) in that, like most modern agricultural settlements, they consist of individual cells - single-family houses, estates. Collective farm villages, which are used simultaneously as dachas (renting out rooms for the summer) or resort ones, do not belong to this type, as well as "bedroom villages", the population of which works in the city.

9. Out-of-town residential settlements of workers and employees (“bedroom” villages in rural areas). This specific type of settlement is widespread in the near suburban area of large cities, forming a kind of "residential branches" of the city. They historically arose in the process of urbanization in all countries of the world with big cities, in the presence of convenient and fast transport links with the city as a place of work for their residents. They are often large in size, constituting a special kind of satellites in a large city and greatly increasing the daily passenger traffic between it and its suburban area. This type of settlements is distinguished by the fact that the common function of “dwelling place” for all settlements is here and the only one.

Agrarian-industrial settlements in rural areas should be divided into two fundamentally different groups: in some cases, work in industry and work in agriculture are carried out by different persons living in a given settlement, in other cases, the work of the same persons is used at different times (the main seasonally) in various industries. The existing types of agro-industrial settlements belong to the first group. The second form of combining various branches of production in rural settlements is just beginning to develop (being very progressive and promising) and still exists in the initial stages in settlements of individual large collective and state farms that have their own production enterprises.

Among the agrarian-industrial settlements of the first group, representing a combination of an agricultural settlement and an industrial settlement, several types stand out depending on the nature of industrial production and its ties with agriculture.

One of the types is characterized by the development in an agricultural settlement of industrial processing of local agricultural products (sugar, butter, butter, vegetable canning, starch and other factories). Another type is formed by a combination of agricultural and timber industry enterprises (and the former often turn into an auxiliary “food shop” of the timber industry enterprise). The third type is created with the development in an agricultural settlement of industries serving local needs, working in whole or in part on local raw materials. The fourth type is made up of settlements, where, along with agriculture, small enterprises of non-local importance have arisen, using local subsoil resources. The fifth type can be attributed to the common combination of an agricultural village and a village of a small industrial enterprise that is not associated with the use of local raw materials and the local market (such are, for example, many metalworking and textile industries that have historically developed in rural settlements that were previously centers of the corresponding handicraft industries).

The history of the emergence and development of historical geography

Geographic environment and development of society in the feudal era

Geographic environment and development of society in the feudal era - page 2

Physico-geographical zoning of Western Europe

Physico-geographical zoning of Western Europe - page 2
Physico-geographical zoning of Western Europe - page 3
Physico-geographical zoning of Western Europe - page 4

Distinctive features of the physical geography of the Middle Ages

Distinctive features of medieval physical geography - page 2
Distinctive features of medieval physical geography - page 3

Population geography and political geography

Ethnic map of medieval Europe
- Ethnic map of medieval Europe - page 2
Political map of Europe during the early Middle Ages
- Political map of Europe during the early middle ages - page 2
- Political map of Europe during the early middle ages - page 3
Political geography of Western Europe during the period of advanced feudalism
- Political geography of Western Europe in the period of developed feudalism - page 2
- Political geography of Western Europe in the period of developed feudalism - page 3
Social geography
- Social geography - page 2
Population size, composition and distribution
- Population size, its composition and distribution - page 2
- Population size, its composition and distribution - page 3
Types of rural settlements
Medieval cities of Western Europe
- Medieval cities of Western Europe - page 2
- Medieval cities of Western Europe - page 3
Ecclesiastical geography of medieval Europe
Some features of the geography of medieval culture

Economical geography

The development of agriculture in the early and advanced Middle Ages
Farming and land use systems
- Crop and land use systems - page 2
Features of the agrarian system of various countries of Western Europe
- Features of the agrarian system of various countries of Western Europe - page 2

Geography of craft and trade

Features of the placement of medieval handicraft production
Woolen production
Mining, metalworking shipbuilding
Geography of handicrafts in individual countries of Western Europe
- Geography of handicrafts in individual countries of Western Europe - page 2
Medieval trade
Mediterranean trade area
- Mediterranean trade area - page 2
Northern Region of European Trade
Areas of coin systems
Transport and communication routes
- Transport and ways of communication - page 2

Geographical representations and discoveries of the early and advanced Middle Ages

Geographical representations of the early Middle Ages
- Geographical representations of the early middle ages - page 2
Geographical representations and discoveries of the developed Middle Ages
Early and advanced medieval cartography

Historical geography of Western Europe in the late Middle Ages (XVI - first half of the XVII century)

Political Map
- Political map - page 2
Social geography
Demographics of the Late Middle Ages
- Demographics of the late middle ages - page 2
- Demographics of the late middle ages - page 3
Church geography
Geography of agriculture
- Geography of agriculture - page 2
Industry geography
- Industry geography - page 2
- Geography of industry - page 3
Late feudal trade
- Trade of late feudalism - page 2
- Late feudal trade - page 3
Transport and communication routes
Travels and discoveries of the XVI-XVII centuries.
- Travels and discoveries of the XVI-XVII centuries. - page 2
- Travels and discoveries of the XVI-XVII centuries. - page 3

Types of rural settlements

The many-sided picture of settlements of the medieval era has survived to this day: the overwhelming majority of settlements on the continent are believed to have arisen before the 15th century. At the same time, certain patterns can be noticed in their occurrence. Thus, the system of open fields was most often combined with compact settlements. The Mediterranean economic system allowed for the existence of different types of settlements, but starting from the 15th century. in places of the greatest development of agrarian relations (Central Italy, Lombardy), individual farmhouses became dominant. Geographical factors also influenced the spread of this or that type of settlement: in the plains, as a rule, large villages prevailed, in the mountainous - small farms.

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