Nature is inextricably linked with man, in different areas it affects people in different ways, their habits, taste preferences, and lifestyle features. You can examine the natural conditions of Russia in the lesson " Natural conditions and resources of Russia ”. During the lesson, you will learn how natural conditions differ from natural resources, what you need to consider when characterizing natural conditions, and also, study the classification of natural resources.

Topic: Natural conditions and resources

Lesson: Natural Conditions and Resources of Russia

1. Natural conditions

Nature is inextricably linked with man. The peculiarities of nature in different parts of the planet affect the habits of people, customs, characteristics, taste preferences even form the appearance of people.

Considering natural conditions, we will keep in mind the features geographic location, relief and geological structure, climate, inland waters and seas, soil, vegetation and animal world. (see fig. 1)

Rice. 1. Natural conditions

These natural conditions do not directly participate in economic activity, but they affect all components of human life. In other words, we can say that natural conditions- this is the environment in which a person lives, and to which he is forced to adapt.

2. Influence of natural conditions on human economic activity

And as we have already said, natural conditions affect many areas of the human economy. Such branches of human activity as agriculture, forestry and water management depend on natural conditions. Let's see how different natural conditions of two specific territories of our country affect economic activity. Take, for example, the Astrakhan and Arkhangelsk regions. (see fig. 2)

Rice. 2. Astrakhan and Arkhangelsk regions on the map of Russia

We remember that when characterizing natural conditions, it is necessary to take into account the various components of natural conditions.

The Arkhangelsk Region is located in the northeast of the East European Plain and is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean. The northernmost point of Cape Fligeli is located within the Arkhangelsk region. The Astrakhan region is also located within the Russian Plain, but in the south, and is washed by the waters of the Caspian Sea. The relief of both territories is flat, but in the Arkhangelsk region it is more complex and diverse. The Astrakhan region lies on the Caspian lowland - the lowest territory of our country. The climate of the Arkhangelsk region is harsh - we can say about this based on the geographical location. The region is located within the arctic, subarctic and in the northern part of the temperate belt, the Astrakhan region lies in the southern part of the temperate belt.

Rice. 3. Position of the Astrakhan and Arkhangelsk regions on the climatic map

The northern part of the Arkhangelsk region is occupied by the arctic deserts, the northeastern - by the tundra, to the south, more than half of the territory is occupied by the taiga. Astrakhan region is 70% within dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. As we can see, the natural conditions of these two territories differ significantly from each other and, as a consequence of this, there is a significant difference in human activities. Can you answer the following question: in which of these areas will reindeer husbandry and forestry be developed? Of course, in the Arkhangelsk region, because within this territory there are tundra and taiga.

3. The concept of "Natural resources"

The elements of nature that a person uses for his economic activities are called natural resources.

The division into natural resources and natural conditions is rather arbitrary. For example, water and sunlight can be both natural resources and natural conditions at the same time. With the improvement of technology and technology, some natural conditions are becoming natural resources, for example, geothermal sources began to be used by people relatively recently.

4. Types of natural resources

By peculiarities of origin natural resources into several types. (see fig. 4)

Rice. 4. Types of natural resources by origin

Natural resources are distinguished by characteristics exhaustion and renewability. (see fig. 5)

Rice. 5. Types of natural resources by exhaustion and renewability

Natural resources are divided into several groups according to the possibilities of their economic use. From this point of view, resources are allocated that can be used at the achieved level of technological development. Some of the resources that are installed but cannot currently be used are called potential, or forward-looking... Replaceable and irreplaceable resources are also allocated. Irreplaceable- this is air, earth, fresh water. Replaceable- these are the resources that can be replaced by others - oil, coal.

Homework

1. What is the difference between natural conditions and resources?

2. Give examples of the transition of certain elements of nature from the category of "natural conditions" to the category of "natural resources".

3. Complete with examples the table "Types of natural resources by depletion and renewability". (see fig. 5)

1. Geography of Russia. Nature. Population. 1 h. 8 class / auth. V. P. Dronov, I. I. Barinova, V. Ya. Rom, A. A. Lobzhanidze

2. Geography of Russia. Population and economy. Grade 9 / auth. V.P. Dronov, V. Ya. Rom

3. Atlas. Geography of Russia. Population and Economy / Publishing House "Bustard" 2012

4. UMK (educational-methodical kit) "SPHERES". Textbook “Russia: nature, population, economy. Grade 8 "ed. V.P.Dronov, L.E.Savelyeva. Atlas.

Other lessons on this topic

1. Natural resources.

2. Natural resources.

3. Natural resource potential of Russia.

Learn more on the topic

1. Database on natural resources of Russia.

INTRODUCTION

Natural conditions have played and continue to play a crucial role in the life and development of human society.

Natural conditions are understood as the totality of the most important natural characteristics of the territory, reflecting the main features of the components of the natural environment or local natural phenomena. environmental energy war poverty

Natural conditions directly affect the life and economic activities of the population. Depends on them: settlement of the population, development and distribution of productive forces, their specialization. They determine the cost, and, consequently, the competitiveness of manufactured products, which is especially important for countries with a significant distribution of extreme natural features, including Russia.

INFLUENCE OF NATURAL CONDITIONS ON PEOPLE'S ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Natural conditions are objects and forces of nature that are essential at a given level of development of society for the life of management, but are not directly involved in material activities.

The influence of different natural conditions on different branches of economic activity is variable. It manifests itself in different ways in different sectors of the economy, in different economic conditions. In any particular situation, favorable or unfavorable conditions can accelerate or retard the pace of economic development, promote the formation of certain types of activity or slow it down. Natural conditions have a direct impact on industries operating under open air, agriculture and forestry, the efficiency and specialization of which are largely related to soil fertility, climate, water regime. Many other activities are also influenced by them. So, when mining minerals, not only the reserves and quality of ores are taken into account, but also the set of conditions for their occurrence, which affect the method, scale and cost of mining.

It may turn out that not the richest, but poorer deposits, located in favorable conditions, will be the most economical. The cost of capital construction largely depends on the strength and water content of soils, the degree of seismicity or swampiness of the territory, the presence permafrost and mountainous terrain. Nature also influences the organization of public utilities.

The main elements of natural conditions, from the point of view of their impact on the economy, can be considered:

• · Territory, its position on the mainland, size;
• · Climate;
• · Relief (geological and geomorphological conditions);
• · Soil cover;
• · water resources;
• · Flora and fauna.

Natural conditions of Russia. Within Russia, there is a natural zoning, which manifests itself in the differences in soil cover, vegetation and fauna. The boundaries of the zones are mainly extended along the parallels (sublatitudinal). In the vast territory of the country, the following are consistently presented from north to south natural areas(Figure 1): arctic desert, tundra, forest-tundra, forest, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert and desert zone. In mountainous areas, the altitudinal zonation is clearly expressed.

Significant restrictions for economic activity in Russia are:

• · Seasonality of the climate with large temperature fluctuations;
• · Permafrost (on 2/3 of the territory of the Russian Federation);
• · Seismic and volcanic activity (for mountainous areas, including volcanic for the Kamchatka Peninsula).
• · The combination of river basins with the main forms of the surface formed large natural-geographical regions on the territory of the country, which, in turn, during the history of the development and settlement of the country acquired common economic features. Such regions are: East European, (or the European part of Russia), West Siberian, Central Siberian (in economic geography it is called East Siberian) and the Far East.

The concept of natural conditions is always associated with one or another type of human activity, but it is not in any way constant, changes from one era to another, strongly depends on the nature and level of production. For a long time, the study of natural conditions was associated mainly with the assessment of their impact on various branches of economic activity. For example, mining may start sooner in deposits located in more favorable natural conditions, since it will be more economical. The cost of capital construction largely depends on the strength and water content of soils, the degree of waterloggedness of the territory, the presence of permafrost and mountainous terrain. The cost of water supply, heating, lighting of dwellings and their construction is different in areas of warm and cold, humid and dry climates, in conditions of short and long daylight hours.

The natural environment must be "weighed economically". The influence of natural conditions, reflecting on the productivity of social and individual labor, largely determines the value of material costs.

Natural conditions also need to be assessed from the standpoint of the living conditions of the population. They are one of the most important factors that facilitate or hinder the settlement and development of a territory, largely determining the scale, ways and forms of using its natural resources and economic opportunities. The favorableness or unfavorableness of these conditions, both in their natural form and changed as a result of anthropogenic transformations of nature, has a strong and versatile effect on all aspects of the population's life: its life, work, rest, health. The solution of many socio-economic and economic problems largely depends on the correct assessment of natural conditions. According to the calculations of experts, the cost of equipping one person in different regions of Russia can differ by 7-10 times or even more. The features of the settlement of people from the first steps of the formation of human society were limited by factors of the natural environment.

The overall assessment of the natural living conditions of people is concluded in the level of comfort. To determine the level of comfort, it is possible to assess about 30 parameters of the natural environment (the duration of various climatic periods with comfortable and uncomfortable temperatures relative to the season, assessment of the thermal insulation required for each season, clothing, the presence of natural foci of infectious diseases, etc.).

Show the examples you know of the influence of natural conditions on the economic activities of people. Is this connection getting stronger or weaker? Explain why.

Answer

Nature has a very strong influence on the activities of people, and, in my opinion, this influence is weakening, especially in recent centuries.

Let me explain why.

From the point of view of the quantitative influence of nature on human activity, it remains as it was. How many rains, winters, fires and hurricanes there were 500 years ago, about the same now. But the qualitative influence has changed. Until the 20th century, the main branch of the economy was the agrarian sector (agriculture), which is fundamentally influenced by natural conditions. Then, not only did the industry and the service sector come to the fore, but also humanity learned to prevent bad natural conditions by growing crops in greenhouses.

This applies not only to the economy. Primitive man walked half naked and froze from the cold. Then warm clothes appeared. If earlier, if a fire broke out in the forests, then the forests could disappear if it had not rained. Now the taiga is being extinguished from helicopters and airplanes.

This list of examples can be continued for a long time, and all of them will confirm my point of view. There may be exceptions, though.

1) Tell us what nature gives to man.

Nature provides all the means to satisfy the material and spiritual needs of a person (air for breathing, food, drink, shelter, raw materials for industry, places for recreation)

2) How do natural conditions affect human life and activities?

Natural conditions determine the density of the population in the territory, the way of life, the type of housing, the form of clothing. The development of the economy is determined by natural conditions, and the specialization of agriculture and industry is determined.

3) What components of the natural complex are most influenced by humans?

The most affected by humans are atmospheric air, water, soil, flora and fauna.

4) What are natural resources?

Natural resources are bodies and forces of nature, which at this stage of development of the productive forces of society can be used as commodities or means of production, and the social utility of which changes under the influence of human activity.

Questions at the end of a paragraph

1. What types of natural resources have been mastered by man for a long time, what - recently?

Soil, water and forest resources have long been mastered by man. With the development of the economy, the range of used mineral resources expanded. Under the influence of scientific and technological progress, old industries are expanding and old industrial regions are getting a "second wind", new industries are being created, new territories are being developed, the number of minerals involved in production is increasing. V modern economy almost all are used known to science chemical elements and their compounds, the energy of the atomic nucleus. Even water and air, which until relatively recently were considered only as a means of biological existence of man and all life on Earth, began to work on a large scale in production processes and serve as the same raw material as ore or timber.