Pirogov is known to science for that. Doctor from God. biography of the surgeon Pirogov in pictures. Childhood and adolescence

Name: Nikolay Pirogov

Age: 71 years

Place of Birth: Moscow

A place of death: Vinnytsia, Podolsk province

Activity: surgeon, anatomical scientist, naturalist, teacher, professor

Family status: was married

Pirogov Nikolay Ivanovich - biography

Among the people, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was called "a wonderful doctor", there were legends about his skill and cases of incredible healing. For him there was no difference between rich and poor, noble and rootless. Pirogov operated on everyone who turned to him and devoted his life to his vocation.

Childhood and adolescence of Pirogov

Efrem Mukhin, who cured Kolya's brother of pneumonia, was the idol of his childhood. The boy tried to imitate Mukhin in everything: he walked with his hands behind his back, straightened his imaginary pince-nez and cleared his throat significantly before the beginning of the phrase. I asked my mother for a toy stethoscope and selflessly "listened" to the family, after which I wrote out recipes for them in children's scribbles.

The parents were sure that over time the children's hobby would pass and the son would choose a more noble profession. Healing is the lot of Germans and bastards. But life turned out in such a way that medical practice became the only way of survival for a young man and his impoverished family.

The biography of Kolya Pirogov began on November 25, 1810 in Moscow. The boy grew up in a prosperous family, his father served as a treasurer, and the house was a full cup. The children were educated thoroughly: they had the best home teachers and the opportunity to study in the most advanced boarding schools. It all ended at the moment when a colleague of his father fled, stealing a large sum.

Ivan Pirogov, as treasurer, was obliged to compensate for the shortfall. I had to sell most of the property, move from a large house to a small apartment, limit myself in everything. Unable to withstand the tests, the father died.

Education

The mother set herself a goal: at all costs to give to the youngest son - Nikolai a good education... The family lived from hand to mouth, all the money went to Kolya's studies. And he tried his best to live up to their expectations. He was able to pass all the exams at the university when he was only 14 years old, and Dr. Mukhin helped convince the teachers that the gifted teenager will cope with the program.

By the time he graduated from the university, the future doctor Nikolai Pirogov was completely disappointed with the situation in the then medicine. “I graduated from the course without performing a single operation,” he wrote to his friend. - I was a good doctor! " In those days, this was considered normal: students studied theory, and practice began with work, that is, they trained already on patients.

He, a young man without funds and connections, was waiting for a job as a supernumerary doctor somewhere in the provinces. And he passionately dreamed of doing science, studying surgery and looking for ways to get rid of diseases. The case intervened. The government decided to send the best graduates to Germany, and the excellent student Nikolai Pirogov was among them.

Medicine

Finally, he could pick up a scalpel and get down to real business! Nikolai spent whole days in the laboratory, where he set up experiments on animals. He forgot to eat, slept no more than six hours a day, and spent all five years in the same frock coat. He was not interested in the fun student life: he was looking for new ways to carry out operations.

"Vivisection - experiments on animals - that's the only way!" - considered Pirogov. As a result - gold medal for the first scientific work and defense of a dissertation at 22 years old. But at the same time, rumors spread about the surgeon-butcher. Pirogov himself did not refute them: "I was then ruthless to suffering."

Recently, the young surgeon increasingly dreamed of his old nanny. “Every little animal was created by God,” she said in her gentle voice. - They, too, must be pitied and loved. And he woke up in a cold sweat. And in the morning he went back to the laboratory and continued to work. He justified himself: “You cannot do without sacrifices in medicine. To save people, you must first test everything on animals. "

Pirogov never hid his mistakes. “The doctor is obliged to publicize failures to warn colleagues,” the surgeon always said.

Nikolay Pirogov: Man-made miracles

A strange procession was approaching the military hospital: several soldiers were carrying the body of their comrade. The body was missing a head.

What are you doing? the paramedic who came out of the tent shouted at the soldier. - Do you really think that it can be cured?

The head is carried behind us. Doctor Pirogov will sew it on somehow ... He does wonders! - came the answer.

This incident is the clearest illustration of how the soldiers believed in Pirogov. Indeed, what he was doing seemed wonderful. Once at the front during the Crimean War, the surgeon performed thousands of operations: he sutured wounds, spliced ​​limbs, raised those who were considered hopeless to their feet.

They had to work in monstrous conditions, in tents and huts. At that time, operational anesthesia had just been invented, and Pirogov began to use it everywhere. It is scary to imagine what happened before that: patients during operations often died of painful shock.

At first he was very careful and tested the effect of the innovation on himself. I realized that with ether, which relaxes all reflexes, it is only one step to the death of the patient. And only after calculating everything to the smallest detail, he first applied anesthesia during the Caucasian War, and massively during the Crimean campaign. During the defense of Sevastopol, in which he was a participant, not a single operation was performed by him without anesthesia. He even arranged the operating table so that the wounded soldiers awaiting surgery could see how their comrade felt nothing under the surgeon's knife.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov - biography of personal life

The fiancee of the legendary doctor, Baroness Alexandra Bystrom, was not at all surprised when, on the eve of the wedding, she received a letter from her betrothed. In it, he asked in advance to find in the villages near her estate as many patients as possible. “Work will brighten up our honeymoon,” he added. Alexandra did not expect anything else.

She knew perfectly well whom she was marrying, and was no less passionate about science than her husband. Soon after the magnificent celebration, the two of them already performed operations, the young wife assisted her husband.

Nikolai Ivanovich at that time was 40 years old, this was his second marriage. The first wife died from complications after childbirth, leaving him with two sons. For him, her death was a heavy blow, he blamed himself for not being able to save her.

The sons needed a mother, and Nikolai Ivanovich decided to marry a second time. He did not think about feelings: he was looking for a woman who was close in spirit, and spoke about it openly. He even made a written portrait of the ideal wife and honestly talked about his strengths and weaknesses. “Strengthen me in my studies in science, try to settle this trend in our children,” - this is how he completed his treatise on family life.

Most of the young ladies of marriageable age were repelled by this. But Alexandra considered herself a woman of advanced views, besides, she sincerely admired the brilliant scientist. She agreed to become his wife. Love came later. What began as a scientific experiment turned into a happy family where the couple treated each other with tenderness and care. Nikolai Ivanovich even took up a completely unusual business for himself: he composed several touching poems in honor of his Sasha.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov worked until his last breath, having made a real revolution in domestic medicine. He died in the arms of his beloved wife, regretting only that he had not yet managed to do so much.

Nikolai Pirogov is a famous Russian surgeon who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian and world medicine. He was born in Moscow in 1810. His father was an officer in the Russian army, served as a treasurer in the depot, earned good money, and was able to give his son a good education. Nikolai began his studies at a private boarding school. Even as a child, the boy showed not a hefty craving for natural sciences. At the age of 14, Pirogov entered Moscow State University, at medical faculty... Enter the prestigious educational institution succeeded through deception. In the application form, Nikolai attributed two years to himself. As an 18th youth, he can already work as a doctor, but this work did not appeal to him. Pirogv decides to continue his studies - he wants to be a surgeon.

Nikolai Ivanovich moved to Tartu, where he entered the Yuryev University. After completing his studies, he defends his doctoral dissertation. The topic of the dissertation is the ligation of the abdominal aorta. It was thanks to his research that information about the exact location of the abdominal aorta, about the features of blood circulation in it, first appeared in medicine.

By the age of 26, Nikolai Pirogov becomes a professor at the University of Dorpat, is engaged in scientific activities and practice (runs a clinic at the university). Soon he finished work - "Surgical anatomy of the arterial trunks and fascia". Pirogov became the first doctor in the world who tried to study the shells of the surrounding muscle groups. The world and Russian scientific community highly appreciated the work of Pirogov. The Academy of Sciences awarded him the Demidov Prize.

Nikolai Pirogov was the first doctor who insisted on the widespread use of antiseptics. He believed that these drugs are indispensable, especially in surgery. He did a lot for the development of medicine in the Russian Empire. The physician devoted himself completely to science and society. The wars in which Russia participated during his lifetime did not pass him by either. So Pirogov visited the Crimean War, the Caucasian and Russian-Turkish. Over the years of military field medical practice, he invented various effective ways evacuation of the wounded from the battlefield, as well as their subsequent treatment.

Nikolai Ivanovich was the largest researcher of the properties of ether anesthesia. Thanks to him, anesthesia has found wide application in hospitals and in military field conditions.

He developed methods of caring for the wounded, discovered a number of measures to prevent the development of rotting of the body. Nikolai Ivanovich improved plaster casts. Many of Pirogov's discoveries and innovations are still relevant today.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov died in 1881.

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Biography of Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich.

The last orders have been given. Voices fell silent in the house.

Alexandra Antonovna made herself comfortable in a large armchair in the drawing-room, put a stack of letters on her knees and began to read. Congratulations, wishes of happiness to the young, promises that the whole family of distant relatives will certainly be at the wedding. Here is a letter from Nikolai. In the letter, Nikolai asked the bride to search in advance for the sick and crippled people who needed help. "Work will delight the first time of love" - ​​he wrote to the bride. Alexandra smiled. If he were, even a little different, he would never have become the person she fell in love with - the genius of surgeons Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov.

The people called Nikolai Ivanovich "the wonderful doctor." The “miracles” that this remarkable Russian scientist and surgeon, anatomist performed for half a century, were not only a manifestation of his high talent. All thoughts of Pirogov were guided by love for common people and to their homeland. His scientific work on the anatomy of the human body and innovation in surgery brought him worldwide fame.

Nikolai Pirogov was born in November 1810 in Moscow. The father of the family, Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov, had to feed his wife and six children, among whom Nikolai was the youngest, on his modest salary of the treasurer. And although the Pirogov family did not live in poverty, all household members knew the money account.

From childhood, little Kolya knew that someday he would become a doctor. After the doctor Efrem Osipovich Mukhin looked into the house of the Pirogovs, who was treating one of his children for colds, Nikolai was fascinated by this profession. For days Kolya harassed the family members, listening to them with a toy pipe and prescribing "treatment". The parents were sure that this hobby would soon pass: at that time it was believed that medicine was too low occupation for noble children.

Nikolai received his primary education at home, and when he turned 10, his parents sent him to a boarding school for boys. It was planned that Kolya would graduate from the boarding school at the age of 16, but it turned out differently. A colleague of his father's disappeared in the Caucasus along with the state-owned 30 thousand rubles. The money was listed on Major Pirogov, and the shortage was recovered from him. Almost all property - house, furniture, dishes - went under the hammer. There was nothing to pay for Nikolai's education at the boarding house. A friend of the Pirogov family, doctor Mukhin, offered to facilitate the boy's admission to the medical faculty, bypassing the rule to accept students from the age of 16. Nikolay went to the cunning and added two years to himself. Entrance examination he endured on an equal footing with everyone, because he knew much more than was required in those years to enter the university.

The father wept in front of the icons: “I treated my boy badly. Was he, a noble's son, born for such a low career? " - but there was no choice. And Nikolai was simply delighted that he would be allowed to practice medicine. He studied easily, but he also had to think about his daily bread.

When his father died, the house and almost all the property went to pay off the debts - the family was immediately left without a breadwinner and homeless. Sometimes Nikolai had nothing to wear to the lectures: his boots were thin, and his jacket was such that it was a shame to take off his overcoat. So, interrupting from bread to kvass. At less than 18 years old, Nikolai graduated from the university, at 22 he became a doctor of sciences, and at 26 - a professor of medicine. His thesis on abdominal aortic surgery has been translated into all European languages, a work admired by venerable surgeons. After graduating from the university, a young but promising doctor Nikolai Pirogov went to the Estonian town of Tartu to prepare his dissertation at the department of Yuryev University. There was nothing to live on, and Pirogov got a job as a dissector. Here, in the surgical clinic of the University, Pirogov worked for five years and made the first major scientific research "On the ligation of the abdominal aorta." He was then twenty-two.

Subsequently, he said that work in the anatomical theater gave him a lot - it was there that he began to study the arrangement of internal organs relative to each other (at that time, doctors did not pay too much attention to anatomy). Well, in order to improve his skills as a surgeon, Pirogov did not hesitate to dissect sheep. Pirogov performed a huge number of operations in those years in clinics, hospitals and hospitals. The practice of the surgeon grew rapidly, fame outstripped it.

After defending his thesis, only four years have passed, and the young scientist surpassed his peers so much in the vastness of knowledge and brilliant technique in performing operations that he could rightfully at the age of 26 become a professor at the surgical clinic of Yuryev University. Here, in a short time, he wrote remarkable scientific works on surgical anatomy. Pirogov created topographic anatomy. In 1837-1838. he published an atlas, which provided all the information the surgeon needed in order to accurately find and ligate any artery during the operation. The scientist has developed rules for how a surgeon should go with a knife from the surface of the body to the depth without causing unnecessary damage to the tissues. This work, unsurpassed until now, put Pirogov in one of the first places in world surgery. His research became the basis for everything that followed.

In 1841 the young scientist was invited to the Department of Surgery of the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. It was one of the best educational institutions in the country. Here, at the insistence of Pirogov, a special clinic was created, which was called "Hospital Surgical". Pirogov became the first professor of hospital surgery in Russia. The desire to serve his people, genuine democracy were the main character traits of the great scientist.

However, in a series of endless sutures, there was a place for quite romantic thoughts. The bright image of Natalie Lukutina, daughter of Pirogov's godfather, no, no, and even distracted the young surgeon from thinking about incisions and bleeding. But disappointment in first love came very quickly. Once on a visit to Moscow, Pirogov carefully curled his thinning hair with medical forceps and went to the Lukins. During dinner, he entertained Natalie by talking about his life in Estonia. However, to Nikolai's great disappointment, she suddenly declared: “Nicolas, enough about the corpses. This, by God, is disgusting! ”. Offended by the misunderstanding, Pirogov forever forgot the way to the Lukutins' house.

A few years after a spat with Natalie, Nikolai decided to get married. Someone must take care of him! After all, he is already a professor and he shouldn't walk in a frock-coat spattered with blood and a stale shirt. Young Ekaterina Berezina became the chosen one of Pirogov. As a doctor, he liked her blooming appearance and excellent health. Having married 20-year-old Katya, 32-year-old Nikolai immediately took up her education - he believed that this would make his wife happy. He forbade her to waste time on visits to friends and balls, removed all books about love from the house, and in return supplied his wife with medical articles. In 1846, after four years of marriage, Ekaterina Berezina died, leaving Pirogov with two sons. It was rumored that Pirogov killed his wife with his science, but in fact, Berezina died due to bleeding during the second birth. Pirogov tried to operate on his wife, but even he could not help her. For six months after the death of his wife, pies did not touch the scalpel - he helped so many patients whom others considered hopeless, but could not save Katya. And yet, over time, the pain dulled a little, and he again took up surgery.

Three years after the death of Ekaterina Berezina, Nikolai Ivanovich realized that he needed to marry a second time. The sons needed a kind mother, and it was difficult for him to cope with the household. This time Pirogov approached the choice of the bride even more thoroughly. He wrote on paper all the qualities that he would like to see in his wife. When he read this list at a reception in one of the secular drawing rooms, the ladies whispered indignantly. But suddenly the young Baroness Bistorm rose from the chair and stated that she completely agreed with Pirogov's opinion about the qualities that an ideal spouse should have. Pirogov did not delay the marriage proposal - Alexandra Bistorm really understood him like no one else, and in July 1850, 40-year-old Nikolai Pirogov married 25-year-old Alexandra Bistorm.

Three years after the wedding, Nikolai Ivanovich had to part with his young wife for a while. When in 1853 began Crimean War and throughout the country the fame of the heroic defenders of Sevastopol spread, Pirogov decided that his place was not in the capital, but in the besieged city. He achieved an appointment to the active army. Pirogov worked almost around the clock. During the war, doctors were forced to resort very often, even with simple fractures, to amputation of limbs. Pirogov first used a plaster cast. She saved many soldiers and officers from the disfiguring operation.

Six years before the defense of Sevastopol (in 1847), Pirogov took part in hostilities in the Caucasus. Aul Salty became the place where for the first time in the history of wars 100 operations were performed, during which the wounded were put to sleep with ether. In Sevastopol, 10,000 operations have already been performed under anesthesia. Especially Pirogov taught doctors a lot in the treatment of wounds. Nothing was known about vitamins yet, but he already claimed that carrots, yeast and fish oil are of great help to the wounded and sick. At the time of Pirogov, they did not know that microbes transmit the infection from person to person; the doctors did not understand why, for example, wound suppuration occurs after surgery. During his operations, Pirogov used disinfecting substances - iodine and alcohol, so the wounded, whom he treated, were less likely to suffer from infections. He was the first in surgery who used ether for anesthesia, created a number of new methods of operations that bear his name.

Pirogov's works pushed Russian surgery to one of the first places in the world.

The First Moscow Medical Institute was named after Pirogov.

The main merit of Pirogov during the Crimean War was the organization of a clear military medical service. Pirogov proposed a well-thought-out system for evacuating the wounded from the battlefield. He also created a new form of medical care in the war - he suggested using the labor of sisters of mercy, i.e. anticipated the creation of the international organization of the Red Cross. Much of what he did in those early years was used by Soviet doctors during the Great Patriotic War.

The people knew and loved Pirogov. He treated everyone: from the poor peasant to the members royal family- and always did it unselfishly. Once Pirogov was invited to the bed of the wounded hero of the Italian people Garibaldi. None of the most famous doctors in Europe could find the bullet stuck in his body. Only a Russian surgeon succeeded in removing the bullet and curing the famous Italian. The wounded called him nothing less than "the wonderful doctor", at the front there were legends about his skill as a surgeon. Once the body of a dead soldier was brought to Pirogov's tent. The body was missing a head. The soldiers explained that they are carrying the head, now Professor Pirogov will somehow "tie it up", and the dead soldier will return to duty again.

Soon after returning from Sevastopol to the capital, Pirogov left the Medical-Surgical Academy and devoted himself entirely to pedagogical and social activities. He was appointed a trustee of the Odessa and then the Kiev educational district. As a teacher, Pirogov published a number of works. They generated great interest. The Decembrists read them in deaf exile. Pirogov called for making knowledge available to the people - "to make science public." But Pirogov fell out of favor with the authorities - at every corner he tried to expose the intendants who stole soldiers' rations, sheets, lint and medicines, and Nikolai Ivanovich's accusatory speeches did not pass in vain. The great scientist boldly declared that all estates and all nationalities, including the smallest, have the right to education. The scientist's new views on school and upbringing caused violent attacks from officials, and he had to resign. In 1861 he settled in his estate "Cherry" not far from Vinnitsa and lived there until the end of his life.

In May 1881, the 50th anniversary of Pirogov's scientific and social activities was solemnly celebrated. On this day, he was presented with an address from St. Petersburg University, written by I.M. Sechenov. For love for the Motherland, experienced by hard unselfish work, for the perseverance and independence of the convictions of a truly honest person, for talent and loyalty to the obligations assumed, Sechenov called Pirogov "a glorious citizen of his land." Talent and a great heart made the name of the patriotic scientist immortal: the streets and squares of many cities bear his name, scientific institutions, the Pirogov Prize is awarded for the best works in surgery, the so-called "Pirogov Readings" are held annually on the day of memory of the scientist, and the Pirogov house, where he held last years, turned into a museum.

N.I. Pirogov was a passionate smoker and died of cancer in his mouth. The great surgeon was 71 years old. His body, with the consent of the church authorities, was embalmed with a special compound developed by the scientist shortly before his death. The embalming was carried out entirely on the initiative of the widow - Pirogov himself wanted to be buried in the ground under the linden trees of his estate.

Above the tomb is the Church of St. Nicholas. The tomb is located at some distance from the estate: the wife was afraid that the descendants might sell Pirogov's estate and therefore acquired another land plot. The remains of Pirogov, untouched by time, are still kept in the museum named after him in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa, in the family tomb. Alexandra Bistorm survived her husband by 21 years.

On September 9, 1947, the memorial museum-estate of N.I. Pirogov, created in the village of Sheremetka (later - Pirogovo), Vinnitsa region. Here in 1861-1881. there was an estate "Vishnya", the estate of "the first surgeon of Russia", where he spent the last years of his life. However, only a few original exhibits from the former museum of N.I. Pirogov, who at one time was in St. Petersburg. Most of the Pirogov rarities exhibited in the estate museum were presented in the form of copies.

Internet resources used:

yaca.yandex.ru/yca/cat/Culture/Organizations/Memorial_museum/2.html

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news.yandex.ru/people/pirogov_nikolaj.html

http://www.hist-sights.ru/node/7449

Childhood and adolescence

Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich was born in Moscow, he was from the family of a treasury official. Education took place at home. As a child, he noticed a penchant for medical science. A family friend who was known as a good doctor and professor at Moscow University, E. Mukhin, helped to get an education. He drew attention to the boy's penchant for medical science and began to study with him personally.

Education

At about 14 years old, the boy entered the medical department of Moscow University. In parallel, Pirogov gets a job and works at the anatomical theater. After defending his thesis, he worked abroad for several more years.

Nikolai Pirogov was the best in academic performance, graduating from the university. In order to prepare for the work of a professor, he goes to the Yuriev University of Tartu. At that time it was the best university in Russia. At the age of 26, the young doctor-scientist defended his dissertation and became a professor of surgery.

Living abroad

Nikolai Ivanovich went to study in Berlin for a while. There he was known for his dissertation, which was translated into German.
Prigov falls seriously ill on his way home and decides to stay for medical treatment in Riga. Riga is lucky because it made the city a platform for recognition of its talent. As soon as Nikolai Pirogov recovered, he decided to carry out operations again. Before that and before, there were rumors in the city about a successful young doctor. This was followed by confirmation of his status.

Moving to Pirogov in St. Petersburg

After a while, he came to St. Petersburg, and there he became the head of the department of surgery at the Medical-Surgical Academy. At the same time, Nikolai Ivanovich Prigov is engaged in the Clinic of Hospital Surgery. Since he was engaged in training the military, it was in his interest to study new surgical methods. Thanks to this, the possibility of operations with minimal injury to the patient appeared.

Later, Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the army, because it was necessary to test the operational methods that had been developed. For the first time in the Caucasus, bandage dressing impregnated with starch is used.

Crimean War

The leading merit of Pirogov is the possibility of introducing a completely new method of caring for the wounded in Sevastopol. The method included the fact that the wounded were carefully selected already at the first aid point: the more severe the injuries, the sooner the operations would be performed, and if the injuries were minor, they could be sent for treatment to inpatient hospitals in the country. The scientist is deservedly considered the founder of military surgery.

last years of life

He became the founder of a free hospital on his small Cherry estate. He left there only for a while, including in order to give lectures. In 1881, N.I. Pirogov became the 5th honorary citizen of Moscow, thanks to his work for the benefit of education and science.
At the beginning of 1881, Pirogov drew attention to irritation and health problems. N.I. Pirogov died on November 23, 1881 in the village of Vishnya (Vinnitsa) due to cancer.

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The achievements of the great doctor, founder of military field surgery, naturalist, surgeon, teacher, public figure are set out in this article.

Pirogov Nikolay Ivanovich contribution to medicine

1. Among the great events for Pirogov was the highest approval of the project of his first Anatomical Institute. He invented "Pirogov's operations", discovered the discipline of "topographic anatomy", developed an Atlas for surgeons, allowing to see the detailed anatomical structure of the human body.

2.October 16, 1846 carried out the first test ether anesthesia, to This quickly conquered the whole world. In February 1847, Russia began to practice operations using this substance. Pirogov even invented a mask for inhaling ether anesthesia, and those who did not want to use an inhaler injected the drug inside.

3. Pirogov created modern surgical anatomy- he was the first surgeon who called for operations not "by eye", but based on the exact knowledge of the location of tissues in certain areas of the body.

4. Nikolai Pirogov introduced his triage system... Some people underwent surgery under open air, in combat conditions, other wounded were evacuated after providing first aid to the interior of the country. At his insistence, a new form of medical care was introduced in the army - now there are sisters of mercy. Therefore, Pirogov is considered the founder of military field medicine.

5. He proposed a new way of embalming the bodies of the dead. He himself was embalmed by this method and the body of Pirogov has been kept in his museum for over 100 years.

6. Created the first surgical clinic in Russia. Here he founded a new direction - hospital surgery.

7. He was the first in the world to applied plaster casts.

8. Pirogov - the first surgeon who dealt with the treatment of festering wounds by opening them.

9. Nikolai Ivanovich is the founder of osteoplastic operations.

10. Investigated the role of a blood clot in the restoration of violations of the integrity of body tissues.

11. Pirogov was the first to insist on the use of antiseptics in the treatment.

We hope that from this article you learned what contribution Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov made to medicine.