How copper is read in the Mendeleev table. Designation, pronunciation, titles and symbols of chemical elements. Metals, non-metals, metalloids

In nature there are a lot of repetitive sequences:

• seasons;
• times of Day;
• days of the week…

In the middle of the 19th century, D.I. Mendeleev noticed that the chemical properties of elements also have a certain sequence (they say that this idea came to him in a dream). The result of the wonderful dreams of the scientist has become a periodic table chemical elements, in which D.I. Mendeleev built chemical elements ascending atomic mass. In the modern table, the chemical elements are built up to an increase in the atomic number of the element (the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom).

The atomic number is depicted above the symbol of the chemical element, under the symbol is its atomic mass (the sum of protons and neutrons). Please note that atomic weight in some elements is a neurochny! Remember about isotopes! Atomic mass is weighted from all isotopes of an element found in nature in natural conditions.

Under the table there are lanthanoids and actinoids.

Metals, non-metals, metalloids

Located in the periodic table to the left of the step diagonal line, which begins with boron (B) and ends with polonium (PO) (the exception is Germany (GE) and antimony (SB). It is not difficult to note that the metals occupy most of the periodic table. Main properties of metals : Solid (except mercury); shine; good electrical and thermal conductors; plastic; daring; easily give electrons.

Elements located to the right of the step diagonal B-Po are called nemmetallas. The properties of non-metals are directly opposite to the properties of metals: bad conduits of heat and electricity; fragile; uncommon; default; Usually make electrons.

Metalloids

Between metals and non-metals are located semimetal (metalloids). They are characterized by the properties of both metals and non-metals. The main use in industry semi-metals found in the production of semiconductors, without which no modern chip or microprocessor is unthinkable.

Periods and groups

As mentioned above, the periodic table consists of seven periods. In each period, the atomic numbers of the elements increase left to right.

Properties of elements in periods change sequentially: so sodium (Na) and magnesium (MG), which are at the beginning of the third period, give electrons (Na gives one electron: 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 1; Mg gives two electrons: 1s 2 2S 2 2p 6 3s 2). But chlorine (CL), located at the end of the period, receives one element: 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 5.

In groups, on the contrary, all the elements possess the same properties. For example, in group Ia (1), all elements, starting from lithium (Li) and ending with Francium (FR), give one electron. And all elements of the group VIIA (17) take one element.

Some groups are so important that they received special names. These groups are discussed below.

Group IA (1). The atoms of the elements of this group have in the outer electronic layer of only one electron, therefore easily give one electron.

The most important alkali metals - sodium (Na) and potassium (k), because they play an important role in the process of human activity and are part of the salts.

Electronic configurations:

• LI - 1s 2 2s 1;
• Na. - 1s 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 1;
• K. - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 1

Group IIa (2). Atoms of the elements of this group have in the external electronic layer of two electrons, which are also given during chemical reactions. The most important element - calcium (CA) is the basis of bones and teeth.

Electronic configurations:

• BE. - 1s 2 2S 2;
• MG. - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2;
• CA. - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 2

Group VIIA (17). Atoms of the elements of this group are usually obtained by one electron, because On the external electronic layer is five elements and to the "full set" just lacking one electron.

The most famous elements of this group: chlorine (CL) - part of salt and chlorine lime; iodine (I) is an element playing an important role in the activity of the thyroid gland of a person.

Electronic configuration:

• F. - 1s 2 2S 2 2p 5;
• Cl. - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 5;
• Br. - 1s 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 2 3D 10 4P 5

Group VIII (18). Atoms of the elements of this group have a fully "equipped" external electronic layer. Therefore, they do not need electrons. And they "don't want to give them". From here - the elements of this group are very "reluctant" enter into chemical reactions. For a long time it was believed that they do not enter the reaction at all (hence the name "inert", i.e. "inactive"). But Chemist Neil Barlett discovered that some of these gases at certain conditions Next can enter into reactions with other elements.

Electronic configurations:

• Ne - 1s 2 2S 2 2p 6;
• AR - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6;
• Kr. - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 2 3D 10 4P 6

Valence elements in groups

It is easy to see that inside each group, elements are similar to each other with their valence electrons (electrons S and p-orbitals located at the external energy level).

Alkali metal - 1 valence electron:

• LI - 1s 2 2s 1;
• Na. - 1s 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 1;
• K. - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 1

At alkaline earth metals - 2 valence electron:

• BE. - 1s 2 2s 2;
• MG. - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2;
• CA. - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 2

Halogen has 7 valence electrons:

• F. - 1s 2 2S 2 2p 5;
• Cl. - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 5;
• Br. - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 2 3D 10 4P 5

In the inert gases - 8 valence electrons:

• Ne - 1s 2 2S 2 2p 6;
• AR - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6;
• Kr. - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 2 3D 10 4P 6

For more information, see Valence Article and in the table of electronic configurations of atoms of chemical elements by periods.

Reverse your attention to the elements located in groups with symbols IN. They are located in the center of the periodic table and are called transition metals.

A distinctive feature of these elements is the presence of electron atoms filling d-orbital:

1. SC - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 2 3D 1;
2. TI - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 2 3D 2

Separate from the main table are located lantanoids and aktinoids - this is the so-called domestic transition metals. In atoms of these elements, electrons fill f-orbital:

1. CE - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 2 3D 10 4P 6 4D 10 5S 2 5P 6 4F 1 5D 1 6S 2;
2. TH. - 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 2 3D 10 4P 6 4D 10 5S 2 5P 6 4F 14 5D 10 6S 2 6P 6 6D 2 7S 2

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He relied on the works of Robert Boyle and Antoine Lavuzier. The first scientist told for the search for indecomposable chemical elements. 15 of these Boyle listed back in 1668.

Lavizier added 13 more, but a century later. Searches stretched out, because there were no slender theory of communication between the elements. Finally, Dmitry Mendeleev joined the "game". He decided that there is a connection between the atomic mass of substances and their place in the system.

This theory allowed a scientist to open dozens of elements, not finding them in practice, and nature. It was assigned to the shoulders of descendants. But now not about them. Defend the article to the Great Russian scientist and its table.

History of creating a Mendeleev table

Mendeleev tablebegan with the book "The ratio of properties with atomic weight elements." Labor released in the 1870s. At the same time, the Russian scientist spoke to the chemical society of the country and sent the first version of the table to colleagues from abroad.

Until Mendeleev, 63 elements were opened with different scientists. Our compatriot began with comparing their properties. First of all, he worked with Kalaise and Chlorine. Then, he took up a group of alkaline group metals.

The chemist was acquired by a special table and elements cards to spread them like solitaire, looking for the desired coincidences and combinations. As a result, the impression came: - the properties of the components depend on the mass of their atoms. So, mendeleev table elementslined up in the ranks.

The find of Maestro Chemistry began to leave the emptiness in these ranks. The periodicity of the difference between atomic masses forced the scientist to assume that not all elements are known to humanity. The gaps in the weight between some "neighbors" were too large.

Therefore, periodic table Mendeleevit became similar to a chess field, with an abundance of "white" cells. The time has shown that they, indeed, were waiting for their "guests". They, for example, became inert gases. Genium, Neon, Argon, Crypton, Radioacte and Xenon are open only in the 30s of the 20th century.

Now about myths. It is common that chemical table Mendeleevhe appeared in a dream. These are the misties of university teachers, more precisely, one of them is Alexander Alineseva. This is a Russian geologist who read lectures at the St. Petersburg University of Mining.

Aliens were familiar with Mendeleev, he had a guest he had. Once, exhausted by the search Dmitry fell asleep right at Alexander. He waited until the chemist wakes up and saw Mendeleev grabs a sheet and records the final version of the table.

In fact, the scientist simply did not have time to do it before the morphor was captured. However, foreigners wanted to edit his students. Based on the seen, the geologist came up with a bike that grateful listeners quickly spread to the masses.

Features of the Mendeleev table

Since the first version of 1969 community table Mendeleevmore than once been refined. Thus, with the discovery in the 1930s noble gases, it was possible to bring the new dependence of the elements - from their ordinal numbers, and not the masses, as the author of the system stated.

The concept of "atomic weight" was replaced by atomic number. It was possible to study the number of protons in the nuclei of atoms. This figure is the sequence number of the element.

Scientists of the 20th century studied and electronic structure Atoms. It also affects the frequency of elements and is reflected in later editors. mendeleev tables. Photothe list demonstrates that the substances in it are arranged as atomic weight grows.

The first to change did not begin. Mass increases from left to right. At the same time, the table is not one, but is divided into 7 periods. Hence the name of the list. The period is a horizontal range. Its beginning is typical metals, end - elements with non-metallic properties. Delay gradual.

There are large and small periods. The first are at the beginning of the table, their 3. Opens a list of 2 elements. Following two columns in which there are 8 items. The remaining 4 periods are large. The most lengthy 6th, in it 32 elements. In the 4th and 5th of their 18, and in the 7th - 24.

You can count how many elements in the tableMendeleeva. Total 112 items. It is the items. Cells 118, and there are variations of the list and with the 126th fields. There are still empty cells for unopened elements that are not named.

Not all periods fit in one line. Large periods consist of 2 rows. The number of metals in them outweighs. Therefore, the bottom lines are fully dedicated to them. The gradual decrease from metals to the inert substances is observed in the upper rows.

Pictures of Mendeleev tablesdivine and vertically. it groups in Mendeleev Table, there are 8. It is vertically contemporated by elements similar to chemical properties. They are divided into the main and side subgroup. The latter begin only from the 4th period. The main subgroups include elements of small periods.

The essence of the Mendeleev table

Names of elements in the Mendeleev Table- This is 112 positions. The essence of their layout into a single list is the systematization of primary elements. Above this began to fight even in ancient times.

One of the first to understand, from which the Aristotle tried to be drawn up. He took the property of substances - cold and warm. Empidal allocated 4-period primarily on the elements: water, earth, fire and air.

Metals in the Mendeleev Table, like other elements, are the most primarily, but from a modern point of view. The Russian chemist was able to open up most of the components of our world and assume the existence of still unknown primary elements.

Turns out that pronunciation of the Mendeleev table - Summary of a certain model of our reality, laying it into components. However, they are not so easy to learn. Let's try to alleviate the task, describing a pair of effective methods.

How to learn Mendeleev's table

Let's start with the modern method. Scribes developed a number of flash games that help remember the list of Mendeleev. The project participants are proposed to find elements in different options, for example, the name, atomic mass, the lettering designation.

The player has the right to choose the field of activity - only part of the table, or it all. In our will, the same, eliminate the names of the elements, other parameters. This complicates the search. For advanced, the timer is also provided, that is, the training is carried out on speed.

Gaming conditions do learning element numbers in Mendneyev tablenot tedious, but english. Azart wakes up, and to systematize knowledge in the head becomes easier. Those who do not accept computer flash projects offer a more traditional way to memorize the list.

It is divided into 8 groups, or 18 (in accordance with the editors of 1989). For ease of memorization, it is better to create several separate tables, and not work for a one-way option. Help and visual images chosen to each of the elements. It should be relying on your own associations.

So, iron in the brain can correlate, for example, with a nail, and mercury with a thermometer. The name of the element is unfamiliar? We use the method of leading associations. For example, we will make up the words "Irisk" and "Speaker".

Characteristics of the Mendeleev tabledo not learn in one sitting. Recommended classes for 10-20 minutes per day. It is recommended to begin with the memorization of only the main characteristics: the names of the element, its notation, atomic mass and the sequence number.

Schoolchildren prefer to hang the Mendeleev table over the desktop, or on the wall that is often watching. The method is good for people with a predominance of visual memory. Data from the list is involuntarily memorized even without cramp.

It takes into account the teachers. As a rule, they are not forced to memorize the list, allowed to look at it even on the control. Permanent look at the table is equivalent to the effect of printing on the wall, or writing cribs to exams.

Getting Started, remember that Mendeleev did not immediately remember his list. Once, when the scientist asked how he opened the table, the answer was followed: - "I thought over it, maybe 20 years old, and you think: I sat and, suddenly, ready." Periodic system - painstaking work, which is not to mastered in a short time.

Science does not tolerate a rush, because it leads to delusions and annoying mistakes. So, simultaneously with the Mendeleev table amounted to Lothar Meyer. However, the German was a little launched a list and was not convinced by proof of his point of view. Therefore, the public recognized the work of the Russian scientist, and not his chemist colleague from Germany.

How to use the Mendeleev table? For the uninitiated person, read the Mendeleev table - it's like to look at the ancient runes of elves for the gnome. And the Mendeleev table can tell a lot about the world.

In addition to what will serve you on the exam, it is also simple, when solving a huge number of chemical and physical problems. But how to read it? Fortunately, today everyone can learn this art. In this article, tell me how to understand the Mendeleev table.

Periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleeva Table) is the classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of the various properties of the elements from the charge of the atomic nucleus.

History of creating a table

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was not a simple chemist if someone thinks so. It was a chemist, physicist, geologist, metrologist, ecologist, economist, oilman, aeronaut, instrument-friendly and teacher. For his life, the scientist managed to conduct fundamentally many studies in various fields of knowledge. For example, the opinion is widespread that it was Mendeleev who calculated the perfect fortress of vodka - 40 degrees.

We do not know how Mendeleev referred to vodka, but it is just known that his dissertation on the topic "The reasoning about the connection of alcohol with water" did not have any relation to vodka and considered the concentration of alcohol from 70 degrees. With all the merits of the scientist, the opening periodic Law Chemical elements - one of their fundamental laws of nature, brought him the greatest fame.

There is a legend, according to which the periodic system has dreamed of a scientist, after which he only remains to finalize the appeared idea. But, if everything was so simple .. This version of the creation of a Mendeleev table seems to be nothing more than a legend. On the question of how the table was opened, Dmitry Ivanovich himself answered: " I'm over her, maybe, twenty years thought, and you think: sat and suddenly ... ready "

In the mid-nineteenth century, attempts to streamline known chemical elements (63 elements were known) in parallel, several scientists were taken. For example, in 1862, Alexander Emile Chacourtuto posted elements along the screw line and noted the cyclic repetition of chemical properties.

Chemist and musician John Alexander Newlends offered his version of the periodic table in 1866. Interesting is the fact that in the location of the elements, the scientist tried to discover some mystical musical harmony. Among other attempts were the attempt of Mendeleev, who was crowned with success.

In 1869, the first table scheme was published, and the day of March 1, 1869 is considered a day of opening of a periodic law. The essence of the opening of Mendeleev was that the properties of elements with an increase in atomic mass change not monotonously, but periodically.

The first version of the table contained only 63 elements, but Mendeleev took a number of very non-standard solutions. So, he guessed to leave the table in the table for still unopened elements, and also changed the atomic masses of some elements. The principal correctness of the law, derived by Mendeleev, was confirmed very soon, after the opening of Gallium, Scandia and Germany, the existence of which was predicted by scientists.

Modern view of the Mendeleev table

Below we give the table itself

Today, the concept of an atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) is used to streamline elements instead of atomic weight (atomic mass). The table contains 120 elements that are located from left to right in the order of increasing the atomic number (the number of protons)

Table columns are so-called groups, and strings are periods. Table 18 groups and 8 periods.

1. The metal properties of the elements when driving along the period from left to the right decrease, and in the opposite direction - increase.
2. The size of atoms when moving from left to right along the periods decrease.
3. When moving from top to bottom, the group increases reducing metal properties.
4. Oxidative and non-metallic properties when moving along the period from left to right increase.

What do we learn about the element on the table? For example, take the third element in the table - lithium, and consider it in detail.

First of all, we see the element symbol itself and its name under it. In the upper left corner there is an atomic number of the element, in order of which the element is located in the table. The atomic number, as already mentioned, is equal to the number of protons in the kernel. The number of positive protons, as a rule, is equal to the number of negative electrons in the atom (with the exception of isotopes).

The atomic mass is indicated under an atomic number (in this variant of the table). If the atomic mass is rounded to the nearest whole, we get the so-called mass number. The difference of mass number and atomic number gives the number of neutrons in the kernel. Thus, the number of neutrons in the helium kernel is two, and in lithium - four.

That ended our course "Mendeleev Table for Doodles". In conclusion, we suggest you to see the thematic video, and we hope that the question of how to use periodic table Mendeleev, became more clear to you. We remind you that it is always more efficient to learn a new item, but with the help of an experienced mentor. That is why, you should never forget about the student service, which will gladly share with you with your knowledge and experience.

Instruction

The periodic system is a multi-storey "house", in which there is a large number of apartments. Each "residents" or in its own apartment under a specific number, which is constant. In addition, the element has the "surname" or name, for example oxygen, boron or nitrogen. In addition to these data in each "apartment" or indicate such information as the relative atomic mass, which can have accurate or rounded values.

As in any house, there are "entrances", namely, groups. And in groups, elements are located on the left and right, forming. Depending on which side, they are more, the main thing is called. Another subgroup, respectively, will be side. Also in the table there are "floors" or periods. Moreover, periods can be as large (consist of two rows) and small (only one row).

The table can show the structure of an element atom, each of which has a positively charged kernel consisting of protons and neutrons, as well as negative electrons rotating around it. The number of protons and electrons numerically coincides and is defined in the table by the sequence number of the element. For example, a sulfur chemical element has No. 16, therefore will have 16 protons and 16 electrons.

To determine the number of neutrons (neutral particles, also located in the kernel), deduct from the relative atomic mass of the element of its sequence number. For example, iron has a relative atomic mass equal to 56 and sequence number 26. Therefore, 56 - 26 \u003d 30 protons in iron.

Electrons are at different distances from the kernel, forming electronic levels. To determine the number of electronic (or energy) levels, you need to look at the period number in which the element is located. For example, aluminum is in 3 periods, therefore, it will have 3 levels.

By the number of the group (but only for the main subgroup), you can define the highest valence. For example, the elements of the first group of the main subgroup (lithium, sodium, potassium, etc.) have valence 1. Accordingly, the elements of the second group (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, etc.) will have a valence equal to 2.

Also, on the table, you can analyze the properties of the elements. From left to right, metal properties weaken, and non-metallic amplifies. It is clearly visible on example 2 periods: begins alkaline metal Sodium, then alkaline earth metal Magnesium, after it is an amphoter element of aluminum, then non-metals of silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and ends with a period of gaseous substances - chlorine and argon. In the next period, a similar dependence is observed.

A regularity is also observed from top to bottom - metal properties are enhanced, and non-metallic weakens. That is, for example, cesium is much more actively compared to sodium.