Chemistry language signs of chemical elements. The language of chemistry. Signs of chemical elements. Number of points scored

Part I

1. DI Mendeleev's table is horizontally divided into periods, which are subdivided into:
a) small, these are periods - 1, 2, 3;
b) large, these are periods - 4, 5, 6, 7.

2. Vertically the table of D. I. Mendeleev is divided into groups, each of which is subdivided into:
a) the main, or A group;
b) side, or B group.
IA group is a group of alkali metals.
IIA group is a group of alkaline earth metals.
Group VIIA is a group of halogens.
Group VIIIA is a group of noble or inert gases.

4. Analogies of the language of chemistry with the Russian language.

5. Complete the table “Names and signs chemical elements».

6. Examples of names of chemical elements (indicate the chemical sign in brackets) according to etymological sources.

1) Properties of simple substances
Hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), fluorine (F)
2) Astronomy
Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), Uranium (U)
3) Geography
Germanium (Ge), gallium (Ga), polonium (Po)
4) Ancient Greek myths
Tantalum (Ta), Promethium (Pm), Lutetium (Lu)
5) Great scientists
Mendelevium (Md), Rutherfordium (Rt), Einsteinium (Es)

Part II

1. Establish a correspondence between the position of a chemical element in the Periodic Table of DI Mendeleev and a chemical sign.

A - 5; B - 1; IN 2; D - 4

2. Select symbols or names of chemical elements of one large period. From the letters corresponding to the correct answers, you will compose the name of the metal used to make sparklers: magnesium.

1) potassium M
2) Br A
5) manganese G
6) Cu H
8) Ca AND
9) Zn th

3. Enter the names of the following chemical elements in the appropriate columns:
Cl, He, Br, Ne, Li, I, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Xe, Sr.

4. Fill in the gaps in the logic diagram.
Chemical element (Н, О) → chemical reaction (Н₂О) → chemical production(2 Н₂О = 2 Н₂ + О₂).

5. Summarize:
chemical elements - carbon, silicon, tin, lead - belong to the IVA group.

6. In the left column of the table, write down on what basis the chemical elements are divided into two groups.

7. Establish a correspondence between pronunciation and chemical sign (symbol).

A - 3; B - 6; IN 2; G - 7; D - 5; E - 1.

8. Cross out the "unnecessary":

Curium, Mendelevium, Bromine, Einsteinium.

9. Common etymological source of the names of chemical elements:

U, Te, Se is a planetarium.

10. The following elements are named after different states or parts of the world:

Germanium, gallium, francium, dubnium.

As in any science, chemistry has its own system of conventions, its own language. The lesson is devoted to acquaintance with the language of chemical science, the study of the symbols of chemical elements. You will find out when and by whom the modern symbols of chemical elements were invented.

Topic: Initial Chemical Concepts

Lesson: Symbols of Chemical Elements

1. The history of the development of the language of chemistry

Back in the Middle Ages, during the time of alchemy, various signs were used to denote substances, mainly metals. After all, the main goal of alchemists was to obtain gold from various metals. Therefore, each of them used its own notation system.

In the 19th century. it became necessary to use symbols that were understandable to all scientists. And one of the first such symbols was proposed by John Dalton. But its designations were inconvenient to use.

Rice. 1. John Dalton and his system of naming chemical elements

2. The designation system of chemical elements by J. Ya. Berzelius

The modern system of chemical signs was proposed at the beginning of the 19th century. Swedish chemist Jøns Jakob Berzelius. The scientist proposed to designate chemical elements the first letter of their Latin name. In those days, all scientific articles were printed on Latin, it was generally accepted and understood by all scientists.

For example, the chemical element oxygen (in Latin Oxygenium) received the designation O.

And the chemical element hydrogen (Hydrogenium) - H. If the names of several elements began with the same letter, then the second or one of the subsequent letters of the name was indicated in the symbol of the element. For example, mercury (Hydrargyrum) is designated Hg.

Please note that the first letter of the sign of a chemical element is always uppercase, if there is a second letter, then it is lowercase. It is necessary to memorize not only the names of the elements and their symbols, but also the pronunciation, that is, how these symbols are read.

There are no definite rules for the pronunciation of signs of chemical elements. They must be learned by heart. The signs of some chemical elements are pronounced in the same way as the corresponding letter: oxygen - "o", sulfur - "es", phosphorus - "pe", nitrogen - "en", carbon - "tse".

The signs of other elements are pronounced in the same way as the elements themselves are called: "sodium", "potassium", "chlorine", "fluorine".

The pronunciation of some signs corresponds to their Latin name: silicon - "silicium", mercury - "hydrargyrum", copper - "cuprum", iron - "ferrum".

Rice. 2. Symbols and names of some chemical elements

3. Meaning of signs of chemical elements

The sign of a chemical element has several meanings. First, it refers to all the atoms of a given element. Secondly, the sign of a chemical element can be used to designate one or more atoms of a given element. For example, the O notation can mean: "chemical element oxygen" or "one oxygen atom".

To designate several atoms of a given chemical element, you need to put a number in front of its sign corresponding to the number of atoms. For example, 3N means “three nitrogen atoms”.

The number before the sign of a chemical element is called the coefficient.

1. Collection of tasks and exercises in chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook of P. A. Orzhekovsky and others "Chemistry, grade 8" / P. A. Orzhekovsky, N. A. Titov, F. F. Hegele. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2006.

2. Ushakova OV Chemistry workbook: 8th grade: to the textbook of PA Orzhekovsky et al. “Chemistry. Grade 8 "/ OV Ushakova, PI Bespalov, PA Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P. A. Orzhekovsky - M .: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006. (p. 19-21)

3. Chemistry: 8th grade: textbook. for general institutions / P. A. Orzhekovsky, L. M. Meshcheryakova, L. S. Pontak. M .: AST: Astrel, 2005. (§8)

4. Chemistry: inorganic. chemistry: textbook. for 8 cl. general institutions / G.E. Rudzitis, Fyugyu Feldman. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2009. (§6)

5. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 17. Chemistry / Chap. ed. V.A. Volodin, led. scientific. ed. I. Leenson. - M .: Avanta +, 2003.

Additional web resources

1. A single collection of digital educational resources.

2. Electronic version of the journal "Chemistry and Life".

3. Chemistry tests (online).

Homework

p.19-21 No. 1-5 from the Workbook on Chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook of P. A. Orzhekovsky and others. “Chemistry. Grade 8 "/ OV Ushakova, PI Bespalov, PA Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P. A. Orzhekovsky - M .: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006.

J. J. Berzelius Designation of chemical elements by D. Dalton Table of names and symbols of some chemical elements Alchemical signs of chemical elements and substances Mass fractions of chemical elements in earth crust

Lesson 4. Chemical elements. Signs of chemical elements. Relative atomic mass.

Chemical element- a set of atoms of the same kind.

Why were identical atoms named that way?The word "element" (lat. Elementum) was used in antiquity (Cicero, Ovid, Horace) as a part of something (an element of speech, an element of education, etc.). In ancient times, the saying was widespread: "As words are made of letters, so bodies are made of elements." Hence the probable origin of this word: by the name of a series of consonants in the Latin alphabet: l, m, n, t ("el" - "em" - "en" - "tum").

CHEMICAL LANGUAGE

Humanity uses a lot different languages... In addition to natural languages ​​(Japanese, English, Russian - more than 2.5 thousand in total), there are also artificial languages, for example, Esperanto. Among the artificial languages, the languages ​​of various sciences stand out. So, chemistry uses its own chemical language. Chemical language is a system of conventions and concepts designed for concise, capacious and visual recording and transmission of chemical information. A message written in most natural languages ​​is divided into sentences, sentences into words, and words into letters.

We will speak with you in a special, chemical language. In it, as in our native Russian, we will first learn letters - chemical symbols, then we will learn to write words - formulas and then, with the help of the latter - sentences - equations of chemical reactions:

The Bulgarian educators Cyril and Methodius are the authors of the Slavic alphabet. But the father of chemical writing is the Swedish scientist J. J. Berzelius, who suggested using the initial letters of their Latin names as letters - symbols of chemical elements, or, if the names of several elements begin with this letter, then add one more of subsequent letters of the name.

Chemical signs (chemical symbols) - letter designations of chemical elements. They consist of the first or the first and one of the following letters of the Latin name of the element, for example, carbon - C (Carboeum), calcium - Ca (Calcium), cadmium - Cd ...

Chemical element symbolIs a symbol for a chemical element.

Historical reference: Chemists the ancient world and the Middle Ages, symbolic images, letter abbreviations, as well as combinations of both were used to designate substances, chemical operations and devices. The seven metals of antiquity were depicted by the astronomical signs of the seven heavenly bodies: the Sun ( ☉, gold), moon (☽ , silver), Jupiter (♃ , tin), Venus (♀, copper), Saturn (♄ , lead), Mercury (☿, mercury), Mars (♁, iron).

The metals discovered in the 15th-18th centuries - bismuth, zinc, cobalt - were designated by the first letters of their names. The sign of wine alcohol (Latin spiritus vini) is composed of the letters S and V. The signs of strong vodka (Latin aqua fortis, nitric acid) and gold vodka (Latin aqua regis, aqua regis, a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids) are made up of the sign of waterÑ and uppercase letters F and R respectively. The glass sign (lat. Vitrum) is formed from two letters V — straight and inverted.

Attempts to streamline the ancient chemical signs continued until the end of the 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, the English chemist J. Dalton proposed to designate the atoms of chemical elements by circles, inside which were placed dots, dashes, initial letters of the English names of metals, etc.

Dalton's chemical signs gained some distribution in Great Britain and Western Europe, but were soon superseded by purely alphabetic signs, which the Swedish chemist J. J. Berzelius proposed in 1814. The principles of the composition of chemical signs expressed by him have remained valid to the present day. In Russia, the first published report on the chemical signs of Berzelius was made in 1824 by the Moscow physician I. Ya. Zatsepin.

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS

Historical reference: The English scientist John Dalton (1766–1844), in his lectures, showed students models of atoms carved from a tree, showing how they can combine to form various substances... When one of the students was asked what atoms are, he replied: "Atoms are colored wooden cubes invented by Mr. Dalton."

Of course, Dalton became famous not for his "cubes" and not even for the fact that at the age of twelve he became a school teacher. The emergence of modern atomistic theory is associated with the name of Dalton. For the first time in the history of science, he thought about the possibility of measuring the masses of atoms and proposed specific methods for this. It is clear that it is impossible to weigh the atoms directly. Dalton talked only about "the ratio of the weights of the smallest particles of gaseous and other bodies," that is, about their relative masses. And to this day, although the mass of any atom is precisely known, it is never expressed in grams, since this is extremely inconvenient. For example, the mass of an atom of uranium - the heaviest element on earth - is only 3.952 10 –22 Therefore, the mass of atoms is expressed in relative units, showing how many times the mass of atoms of a given element more mass atoms of another element adopted as a standard. In fact, this is the "weight ratio" according to Dalton, i.e. relative atomic mass. Atomic masses are very small.

Absolute masses of some atoms:

m (C) = 1.99268 ∙ 10 -23 g

m (H) = 1.67375 ∙ 10 -24 g

m (O) = 2.656812 ∙ 10 -23 g

At present, a unified measurement system has been adopted in physics and chemistry. Introduced atomic mass unit (amu)

m (amu) = 1/12 m (12C) = 1.66057 ∙ 10 -24 g.

Ar (H) = m (atom) / m (amu) = 1.67375 ∙ 10 -24 g / 1.66057 ∙ 10 -24 g = 1.0079 amu.

Ar - shows how many times a given atom is heavier than 1/12 of the 12C atom, this is a dimensionless quantity.

Relative atomic mass - this is 1/12 of the mass of a carbon atom, the mass of which is 12 amu.

Relative atomic mass is a dimensionless quantity !!!

For example, the relative atomic mass of the oxygen atom is 15.994. It is not always necessary to calculate the values ​​of the relative atomic mass by themselves. You can use the values ​​given in periodic system chemical elements DI Mendeleev. It should be written like this:

Ar (O) = 16 .

We always use the rounded value.

Exception represents the relative atomic mass of the chlorine atom: Ar (Cl) = 35.5.

The connection between absolute and relative masses atom is represented by the formula:

The abundance of elements in nature. The bulk of cosmic matter is H and He (99.9%).

Of 107 chemical elements, only 89 are found in nature, the rest, namely technetium (atomic number 43), promethium (atomic number 61), astatine (atomic number 85), francium (atomic number 87) and transuranic elements, are obtained artificially through nuclear reactions (negligible amounts of Te, Pm, Np, Fr are formed during spontaneous fission of uranium and are present in uranium ores). In the accessible part of the Earth, the most common 10 elements with atomic numbers in the range from 8 to 26. In the earth's crust, they are contained in the following relative amounts:

The listed 10 elements make up 99.92% of the mass of the earth's crust.

The language of chemistry. Signs of chemical elements.

Chemical language and its parts

Humanity uses many different languages. In addition to natural languages ​​(Japanese, English, Russian - more than 2.5 thousand in total), there are also artificial languages, for example, Esperanto. Among the artificial languages, the languages ​​of various sciences stand out. So, chemistry uses its own chemical language. Chemical language is a system of conventions and concepts designed for concise, capacious and visual recording and transmission of chemical information. A message written in most natural languages ​​is divided into sentences, sentences into words, and words into letters. If we call sentences, words and letters parts of the language, then we can distinguish similar parts in the chemical language (table 1).

Table 1 Parts chemical language

It is impossible to master any language at once, this also applies to the chemical language. Therefore, while you will only get acquainted with the basics of this language: learn some "letters", learn to understand the meaning of "words" and "sentences ". You will become familiar with the names of chemicals - an integral part of the chemical language. As you study chemistry, your knowledge of the chemical language will expand and deepen.

Chemical signs (chemical symbols) - letter designations of chemical elements. They consist of the first or the first and one of the following letters of the Latin name of the element, for example, carbon - C (Carboeum), calcium - Ca (Calcium), cadmium - Cd ...

The symbol of a chemical element is a conventional designation of a chemical element.

Historical note: Chemists of the ancient world and the Middle Ages used symbolic images, letter abbreviations, as well as combinations of both to designate substances, chemical operations and devices. The seven metals of antiquity were depicted by the astronomical signs of seven celestial bodies: the Sun (☉, gold), the Moon (☽, silver), Jupiter (♃, tin), Venus (♀, copper), Saturn (♄, lead), Mercury (☿, mercury ), Mars (♁, iron). The metals discovered in the 15th-18th centuries - bismuth, zinc, cobalt - were designated by the first letters of their names. The sign of wine alcohol (Latin spiritus vini) is composed of the letters S and V. The signs of strong vodka (Latin aqua fortis, nitric acid) and gold vodka (Latin aqua regis, aqua regis, a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids) are made up of the sign of waterÑ and capital letters F and R, respectively. The glass sign (Latin vitrum) is formed from two letters V - straight and inverted.

Attempts to streamline the ancient chemical signs continued until the end of the 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, the English chemist J. Dalton proposed to designate the atoms of chemical elements by circles, inside which were placed dots, dashes, initial letters of the English names of metals, etc. Dalton's chemical signs gained some distribution in Great Britain and in Western Europe, but were soon superseded by purely alphabetic signs, which the Swedish chemist J. J. Berzelius proposed in 1814. The principles of the composition of chemical signs expressed by him have retained their force to the present day. In Russia, the first published report on the chemical signs of Berzelius was made in 1824 by the Moscow physician I. Ya. Zatsepin.

Below is a table of the chemical signs of some elements, their names, relative masses and pronunciation.

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS

Historical note: The English scientist John Dalton (1766-1844) in his lectures showed students models of atoms carved from a tree, showing how they can combine to form various substances. When one of the students was asked what atoms are, he replied: "Atoms are colored wooden cubes invented by Mr. Dalton."

Of course, Dalton became famous not for his "cubes" and not even for the fact that at the age of twelve he became a school teacher. The emergence of modern atomistic theory is associated with the name of Dalton. For the first time in the history of science, he thought about the possibility of measuring the masses of atoms and proposed specific methods for this. It is clear that it is impossible to weigh the atoms directly. Dalton talked only about "the ratio of the weights of the smallest particles of gaseous and other bodies," that is, about their relative masses. And to this day, although the mass of any atom is precisely known, it is never expressed in grams, since this is extremely inconvenient. For example, the mass of an atom of uranium - the heaviest element on Earth - is only 3.952 · 10-22 g. Therefore, the mass of atoms is expressed in relative units, showing how many times the mass of atoms of a given element is greater than the mass of atoms of another element, adopted as a standard ... In fact, this is the "weight ratio" according to Dalton, i.e. relative atomic mass.

· The masses of atoms are very small.

Absolute masses of some atoms:

M (C) = 1.99268 ∙ 10-23 g

M (H) = 1.67375 ∙ 10-24 g

M (O) = 2.656812 ∙ 10-23 g

· At present, a unified measurement system has been adopted in physics and chemistry.

Introduced atomic mass unit (amu)

m (amu) = 1/12 m (12C) = 1.66057 ∙ 10-24 g.

Ar (H) = m (atom) / m (amu) =

1.67375 ∙ 10-24 g / 1.66057 ∙ 10-24 g = 1.0079 amu

· Ar - shows how many times a given atom is heavier than 1/12 of the 12C atom, this is a dimensionless quantity.

The relative atomic mass is 1/12 of the mass of a carbon atom, which has a mass of 12 amu.

Relative atomic mass dimensionless quantity

For example, the relative atomic mass of the oxygen atom is 15.994 (we use the value from the periodic table of chemical elements of D.I.Mendeleev).
It should be written like this, Ar (O) = 16. We always use the rounded value, the exception is the relative atomic mass of the chlorine atom:

The relationship between the absolute and relative masses of an atom is represented by the formula:

m (atom) = Ar ∙ 1.66 ∙ 10 -27 kg

TASKS FOR FIXING THE TOPIC

Using PSHE, make pairs of signs of chemical elements and the corresponding Russian names:
N, Ar, P, Al, S, Mg, Cr
Aluminum, sulfur, nitrogen, chromium, phosphorus, argon, magnesium
№2.

Using PSCE, determine the relative atomic masses of chemical elements with serial numbers: 80, 23, 9, 2

Give characteristics to the chemical element - O according to its position in the PSCE according to the plan:
Russian name
Serial number
Pronunciation
Relative atomic mass value
№4.

For example, Cr, remove one initial letter from the name "chrome" and get "rum"

Unravel the new word that can be obtained by removing the number of letters corresponding to the number of dots from the beginning or end of the name of a chemical element.

A) : . Pd:
B). Sn.

№6.
"Chemical dictation"

When answering this question, your task is to write down the chemical signs (symbols) of the elements, the Russian names of which will be given below (when writing the answer, write down the symbols separated by commas and spaces, for example, Ti, Co, Al):

Sulfur
Nitrogen
Hydrogen

Copper
Carbon
Potassium
Calcium
Phosphorus

Use the Relative Atomic Masses simulator

Mercury corresponded to the planet Mercury, which moves the fastest across the sky. Yes, a large number of people feed on "environmental protection"! Mercury is a transition metal chemical element. You guessed, of course, that we are talking about mercury. How much mercury is in fluorescent lamps? What to do? The danger of mercury is grossly exaggerated!

"Chemical element aluminum" - What are the physical properties of aluminum. Stranger. Aluminum. What properties of aluminum is its application based on? Chains of transformation. Application. Aluminum cookware. Composition. Chemical properties. Dark spots. Physical properties... Aluminum cookware.

"Signs of the Elements" - Myths of the Ancient Greeks. Astronomical beginnings. Signs of chemical elements. The concept of the signs of chemical elements. Period. Names of great scientists. Metals. Element properties. Geographical beginnings. Coordinates. Fluorine. Lithium. Small periods. Hydrogen. Jones Jakob Berzelius. Chemical element. Subgroups. Sulfur.

Nickel - Shiny silver-white metal. Element of the depths of the earth. Nickel alloys. Swedish mineralogist A. Kronstedt. German chemist Jeremiah Richter. It is used in many sectors of the national economy. Nickel burns only in powder form. It is the main component of meteorites. Silver-like metal. Stainless steels.

"Copper, Silver, Gold" - Complex compounds. Features of the chemistry of copper. Simple substances... Obtaining copper. Silver. Acquisition and destruction. Blackening of silver objects. Oxygen compounds... Simple substances. Elements of the IB-group. Smelting copper. Redox properties. Minerals. Oxidation states. Chemistry of the elements.

"Chemical element hydrogen" - Word to the keepers of knowledge. Amateurs. The best sportsman. Commoners. Frontal conversation. Properties of hydrogen. Leading. High-speed track. Hydrogen. Practical reaction numbers. Project or lesson materials. The main use of hydrogen. Let's check the knowledge. Reaction equations. Characters.

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