2 element of the periodic table. Periodic table of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev. Structure and rules for placing elements

Ether in the periodic table

About officially taught in schools and universities, Mendeleev's table of chemical elements is falsified. Mendeleev himself, in his work titled "An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether", gave a slightly different table (Polytechnic Museum, Moscow):

The last time in an undistorted form this periodic table was published in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook "Fundamentals of Chemistry", VIII edition). The differences are visible: the zero group has been moved to the 8th, and the element is lighter than hydrogen, with which the table should begin and which is conventionally called Newtonium (ether), is completely excluded.

The same table is immortalized by the "bloody tyrant" comrade. Stalin in St. Petersburg, Moskovsky Prospect. 19. VNIIM them. D. I. Mendeleeva (All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology)

Monument-table Periodic table of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev is made by mosaic under the guidance of Professor of the Academy of Arts V.A. Frolov (architectural design of Krichevsky). The monument is based on a table from the last lifetime of the 8th edition (1906) of the Fundamentals of Chemistry by D.I. Mendeleev. Elements discovered during the life of D.I. Mendeleev are marked in red. Elements discovered from 1907 to 1934 are marked in blue. The height of the monument-table is 9 m. The total area is 69 sq. m

Why and how did it happen that we are so openly lied to?

The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev

1. Suprema lex - salus populi

Many have heard about Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev and about the "Periodic Law of Changes in the Properties of Chemical Elements by Groups and Rows" discovered by him in the 19th century (1869) (the author's name of the table is "Periodic Table of Elements by Groups and Rows").

Many have also heard that D.I. Mendeleev was the organizer and permanent leader (1869-1905) of the Russian public scientific association called the Russian Chemical Society (since 1872 - the Russian Physico-Chemical Society), which published throughout its existence the world-famous journal ZhRFHO, up to until the liquidation by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1930 - both the Society and its journal.

But few people know that D.I. Mendeleev was one of the last world-famous Russian scientists of the late 19th century who defended in world science the idea of ​​ether as a universal substantial entity, who gave it fundamental scientific and applied significance in revealing the secrets of Being and for improving the national economic life of people.

Even fewer are those who know that after the sudden (!!?) Death of D.I. Mendeleev (01/27/1907), who was then recognized as an outstanding scientist by all scientific communities around the world except for the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences alone, his main discovery - "Periodic Law" - was deliberately and widely falsified by world academic science.

And there are very few of those who know that all of the above is linked together by the thread of sacrificial service of the best representatives and carriers of the immortal Russian Physical Thought for the good of the peoples, for the public benefit, despite the growing wave of irresponsibility in the upper strata of society of that time.

In essence, this dissertation is devoted to the all-round development of the last thesis, for in genuine science any neglect of essential factors always leads to false results. So, the question is: why do scientists lie?

2. Psy-faktor: ni foi, ni loi

It is only now, from the end of the 20th century, that society begins to understand (and even then timidly) through practical examples that an outstanding and highly qualified, but irresponsible, cynical, immoral scientist with a "world name" is no less dangerous for people than an outstanding one. but an immoral politician, military man, lawyer, or, at best, an "outstanding" bandit from the high road.

The society was inspired with the idea that the world academic scientific environment is a caste of celestials, monks, holy fathers who day and night care for the welfare of the peoples. And ordinary mortals should simply look into the mouths of their benefactors, meekly financing and implementing all their "scientific" projects, forecasts and instructions for reorganizing their public and private life.

In fact, there is no less criminal element in the world scientific community than among the same politicians. In addition, the criminal, anti-social acts of politicians are most often visible immediately, but the criminal and harmful, but "scientifically grounded" activities of "prominent" and "authoritative" scientists are not immediately recognized by society, but after years, or even decades , on their own "public skin".

Let us continue our study of this extremely interesting (and classified!) Psychophysiological factor. scientific activities(let's call it conditionally a psi factor), as a result of which an unexpected (?!) negative result is obtained a posteriori: “We wanted the best for people, but it turned out as always, that is, to the detriment. " Indeed, in science, a negative result is also a result that certainly requires a comprehensive scientific understanding.

Considering the correlation between the psi factor and the main objective function (OTF) of the state funding body, we come to an interesting conclusion: the so-called pure, big science of past centuries has by now degenerated into the caste of untouchables, i.e. into the closed lodge of court healers, who have brilliantly mastered the science of deception, brilliantly mastered the science of persecuting dissidents and the science of subservience to their powerful financiers.

It should be borne in mind that, firstly, in all so-called. "Civilized countries" their so-called. "National academies of sciences" formally have the status government organizations with the rights of the leading scientific expert body of the relevant government. Secondly, all these national academies of sciences are united among themselves into a single rigid hierarchical structure (the real name of which the world does not know), which develops a single national academies sciences strategy of behavior in the world and a single so-called. a scientific paradigm, the core of which is by no means the disclosure of the laws of life, but the psi factor: exercising as "court healers" the so-called "scientific" cover (for solidity) of all the unseemly deeds of those in power in the eyes of society, to acquire the glory of priests and prophets, influencing like a demiurge on the very course of the movement of human history.

All of the above stated in this section, including the term “psi-factor” we have introduced, was predicted with great accuracy, reasonably, by D.I. Mendeleev more than 100 years ago (see, for example, his analytical article of 1882 "What kind of Academy is needed in Russia?" Russian Academy Sciences, who considered the Academy solely only as a feeding trough for the satisfaction of their selfish interests.

In one of his 100-year-old letters to a professor Kiev University P.P. Alekseev D.I. Mendeleev frankly admitted that "he is ready to at least burn himself to smoke the devil, in other words, to transform the foundations of the academy into something new, Russian, his own, suitable for everyone in general and, in particular, for the scientific movement in Russia."

As we can see, a truly great scientist, citizen and patriot of his Motherland is capable of even the most complex long-term scientific forecasts. Let us now consider the historical aspect of the change in this psi factor, discovered by D.I. Mendeleev at the end of the 19th century.

3. Fin de siecle

Since the second half of the 19th century in Europe, on the wave of "liberalism", there has been a rapid numerical growth of the intelligentsia, scientific and technical personnel and the quantitative growth of theories, ideas and scientific and technical projects proposed by these personnel to society.

By the end of the 19th century, competition among them for a "place under the Sun" sharply intensified. for titles, honors and awards, and as a result of this competition, the polarization of scientific personnel increased according to the moral criterion. This contributed to the explosive activation of the psi factor.

The revolutionary fervor of young, ambitious and unprincipled scientists and intellectuals, intoxicated by their rapid learning and impatient desire to become famous at any cost in the scientific world, paralyzed not only representatives of a more responsible and more honest circle of scientists, but also the entire scientific community as a whole, with its infrastructure and well-established traditions that opposed the previously unrestrained growth of the psi factor.

The revolutionary intellectuals of the 19th century, the overthrowing of the thrones and the state system in European countries, spread the bandit methods of their ideological and political struggle against the "old order" with the help of bombs, revolvers, poisons and conspiracies) also into the field of scientific and technical activities. In student audiences, laboratories and at scientific symposia, they ridiculed the supposedly obsolete sanity, supposedly outdated notions of formal logic - the consistency of judgments, their validity. Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, instead of the method of persuasion, instead of the method of persuasion, the method of total suppression of its opponents by means of mental, physical and moral violence against them entered the fashion of scientific disputes. At the same time, naturally, the value of the psi factor reached an extremely high level, having experienced its extreme in the 30s.

As a result, at the beginning of the 20th century, the "enlightened" intelligentsia was actually violent, i.e. revolutionary, by changing the truly scientific paradigm of humanism, enlightenment and social benefit in natural science to its own paradigm of permanent relativism, giving it a pseudoscientific form of the theory of general relativity (cynicism!).

The first paradigm relied on experience and its comprehensive assessment for the search for truth, search and understanding of the objective laws of nature. The second paradigm emphasized hypocrisy and unscrupulousness; and not to search for objective laws of nature, but for the sake of their selfish group interests to the detriment of society. The first paradigm worked for the public good, while the second did not.

From the 1930s to the present, the psi factor has stabilized, remaining an order of magnitude higher than its value at the beginning and middle of the 19th century.

For a more objective and clear assessment of the real, not mythical, contribution of the activities of the world scientific community (represented by all national academies of sciences) to the public and private life of people, we will introduce the concept of a normalized psi factor.

The normalized value of the psi factor equal to one corresponds to the 100% probability of obtaining such a negative result (i.e., such social harm) from the introduction into practice of scientific developments that a priori declared a positive result (i.e., a certain public benefit) for a single historical period of time (change of one generation of people, about 25 years), in which all of humanity completely dies or degenerates in no more than 25 years from the moment a certain block of scientific programs was introduced.

4. Kill with kindness

The cruel and dirty victory of relativism and militant atheism in the mentality of the world scientific community at the beginning of the 20th century is the main cause of all human troubles in this "atomic", "cosmic" age of the so-called "scientific and technological progress." Let's look back - what more evidence we need today to understand the obvious: in the 20th century there was not a single socially useful act of the world brotherhood of scientists in the field of natural science and social sciences, which would strengthen the population of Homo sapiens, phylogenetically and morally. And there is just the opposite: ruthless mutilation, destruction and destruction of the psycho-somatic nature of man, his healthy lifestyle and his environment under various specious pretexts.

At the very beginning of the 20th century, all key academic posts in the management of research, topics, financing of scientific and technical activities, etc. were occupied by a "brotherhood of like-minded people" professing the dual religion of cynicism and selfishness. This is the drama of our time.

It was militant atheism and cynical relativism, through the efforts of its adherents, that entangled the consciousness of all, without exception, the highest statesmen on our Planet. It was this two-headed fetish of anthropocentrism that gave birth to and introduced into the consciousness of millions of the so-called scientific concept of the "general principle of the degradation of matter-energy", i.e. the universal disintegration of previously arisen - not know how - objects in nature. In place of the absolute fundamental essence (the universal substantial environment), a pseudoscientific chimera of the universal principle of energy degradation was put in place, with its mythical attribute - "entropy".

5. Littera contra littere

According to the ideas of such luminaries of the past as Leibniz, Newton, Torricelli, Lavoisier, Lomonosov, Ostrogradsky, Faraday, Maxwell, Mendeleev, Umov, J. Thomson, Kelvin, G. Hertz, Pirogov, Timiryazev, Pavlov, Bekhterev and many, many others - World environment- it is an absolute fundamental essence (= substance of the world = world ether = all matter of the Universe = "quintessence" of Aristotle), filling isotropically and without a remainder all the infinite world space and being the Source and Carrier of all types of energy in nature, - ineradicable "forces of motion", "Forces of action."

In contrast to this, according to the notion currently prevailing in world science, the mathematical fiction "entropy" is proclaimed an absolute fundamental essence, and even some "information", which in all seriousness the world academic luminaries recently proclaimed the so-called. "Universal fundamental essence" without bothering to give this new term a detailed definition.

According to the scientific paradigm of the former, harmony and order of the eternal life of the Universe reigns in the world, through constant local renewals (a series of deaths and births) of individual material formations of various scales.

According to the pseudoscientific paradigm of the latter, the world, once created in an incomprehensible way, moves in the abyss of universal degradation, equalization of temperatures to universal, universal death under the vigilant control of a certain World Supercomputer that owns and disposes of some "information".

Some see around the triumph of eternal life, while others see decay and death around, controlled by a certain World Information Bank.

The struggle of these two diametrically opposed ideological concepts for dominance in the minds of millions of people is the central point of the biography of mankind. And the rate in this struggle is the highest degree.

And it is no coincidence that the entire 20th century the world scientific establishment is busy introducing (supposedly as the only possible and promising) fuel energy, the theory of explosives, synthetic poisons and drugs, poisonous substances, genetic engineering with cloning of biorobots, with the degeneration of the human race to the level of primitive oligophrenics, downs and psychopaths. And these programs and plans are not even hidden from the public now.

The truth of life is this: the most prosperous and powerful globally spheres of human activity, created in the 20th century according to the latest scientific thought, have become: porno, drug, pharmaceutical business, arms trade, including global information and psychotronic technologies. Their share in the global volume of all financial flows significantly exceeds 50%.

Further. Having disfigured the nature on Earth for 1.5 centuries, the world academic brotherhood is now in a hurry to “colonize” and “conquer” near-earth space, having intentions and scientific projects to turn this space into a garbage dump of its “high” technologies. These gentlemen-academicians are literally bursting with the longed-for satanic idea of ​​managing the space around the sun, and not just on Earth.

Thus, the foundation of the paradigm of the world academic brotherhood of free masons is the stone of extremely subjective idealism (anthropocentrism), and the very building of their so-called. scientific paradigm rests on permanent and cynical relativism and militant atheism.

But the tread of true progress is unimaginable. And, as all life on Earth is drawn to the Luminary, so the mind of a certain part of modern scientists and naturalists, not burdened by the clan interests of the world brotherhood, reaches for the sun of eternal Life, eternal motion in the Universe, through the knowledge of the fundamental truths of Being and the search for the main objective function the existence and evolution of the species xomo sapiens. Now, having considered the nature of the psi factor, let us turn to the Table of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

6. Argumentum ad rem

What is now presented in schools and universities under the name “Periodic table of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev ”, is an open fake.

The last time in an undistorted form this periodic table was published in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook "Fundamentals of Chemistry", VIII edition).

And only after 96 years of oblivion, the genuine periodic table for the first time rises from the ashes thanks to the publication of this dissertation in the journal ZhRFM of the Russian Physical Society. Genuine, unaltered D.I. Mendeleev "Periodic table of elements by groups and series" (DI Mendeleev. Fundamentals of chemistry. VIII edition, St. Petersburg, 1906)

After the sudden death of D.I. Mendeleev on Society - Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin. Of course, that Boris Nikolayevich also did not act alone - he only fulfilled the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism demanded a rejection of the idea of ​​the world ether; and therefore this requirement was raised to the rank of dogma, and the work of D.I. Mendeleev was falsified.

The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the "zero group". Tables at the end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "Periods". We emphasize that such (only at first glance - harmless) manipulation is logically explainable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev's discovery: the periodic system of elements in its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, must have a zero group and a zero row where the element "X" is located (according to Mendeleev - "Newtonius"), ie world broadcast.

Moreover, being the only system-forming element of the entire Table of Derived Elements, this element “X” is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. Transferring the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of ​​this fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.

To confirm the above, let us give the floor to D.I.Mendeleev himself.

“... If the analogs of argon do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and a special group zero should be opened for them ... This position of argon analogs in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of understanding periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly not correct) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braisner, Piccini and others ...

Now, when it began not to be subject to the slightest doubt that before that group I, in which hydrogen should be placed, there is a zero group, whose representatives have atomic weights less than those of group I elements, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.

Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. We will denote it by “y”. He, obviously, will own the fundamental properties of argon gases ... "Coronium", with a density of the order of 0.2 in relation to hydrogen; and it cannot be in any way a world ether. This element "y", however, is necessary in order to mentally get close to that most important, and therefore the most rapidly moving element "x", which, in my opinion, can be considered ether. I would like to preliminarily call it “Newtony” - in honor of the immortal Newton ... The problem of gravitation and the problems of all energy (!!!) cannot be imagined really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world environment that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance ”(“ An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether ”. 1905, p. 27).

“These elements, in terms of their atomic weights, took the exact place between the halloids and the alkali metals, as Ramsay showed in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized by Herrere in Belgium in 1900. I consider it useful to add here that, directly judging by the inability to compounds of the elements of the zero group, the analogs of argon should be delivered earlier (!!!) of the elements of the first group and in spirit periodic system wait for them to have a lower atomic weight than for alkali metals.

It turned out to be so. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as a confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of argon analogs to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the analyzed principles even more widely than before, and wait for the elements of the zero row with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.

Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong's coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with a negligible atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and thus possessing an extremely fast own partial (gas) motion.

These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-pervading (!!!) world ether. This idea was indicated by me in the preface to this edition and in the Russian journal article of 1902 ... ”(“ Fundamentals of Chemistry. ”VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.).

7. Punctum soliens

From these quotes, the following most definitely follows.

1. Elements of the zero group begin each row of other elements, located on the left side of the Table, "... which is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law" - Mendeleev.
2. Particularly important and even exclusive in the sense of the periodic law, the place belongs to the element "x" - "Newton" - the world ether. And this special element should be located at the very beginning of the entire Table, in the so-called "zero group of the zero row". Moreover, being a backbone element (more precisely, a backbone entity) of all elements of the periodic table, the world ether is a substantial argument of the whole variety of elements of the periodic table. The Table itself, in this regard, acts as a closed functional of this very argument.

Now let's turn to the works of the first falsifiers of the Periodic Table.

8. Corpus delicti

In order to erase from the consciousness of all subsequent generations of scientists the idea of ​​the exclusive role of the world ether (and this was exactly what the new paradigm of relativism required), the elements of the zero group were specially transferred from the left side of the periodic table to the right side, shifting the corresponding elements down a row and aligning the zero group with the so-called "eighth". Of course, there is no place left for the element "y" or for the element "x" in the falsified table.

But even this seemed not enough to the brotherhood of relativists. Quite the opposite, the fundamental idea of ​​D.I. Mendeleev on the especially important role of the world ether. In particular, in the preface to the first falsified version of the Periodic Law, D.I. Mendeleev, not at all embarrassed, B.M. Menshutkin declares that Mendeleev allegedly always opposed the special role of the world ether in natural processes. Here is an excerpt from an article by B.N. Menshutkina:

“Thus (?!) We again return to the view that DI Mendeleev always opposed (?!) bodies composed of one and the same primary substance of the Greek philosophers (“proteule” of the Greek philosophers, prima materia - Roman). This hypothesis has always found adherents due to its simplicity and in the teachings of philosophers was called the hypothesis of the unity of matter or the hypothesis of unitary matter". (BN Menshutkin. "DI Mendeleev. Periodic law."

9. In rerum natura

Assessing the views of DI Mendeleev and his unscrupulous opponents, the following should be noted.

Most likely, Mendeleev was involuntarily mistaken that the "world ether" is an "elementary substance" (ie, "chemical element" - in the modern sense of the term). Most likely, the "world ether" is a true substance; and as such, in the strict sense, it is not "substance"; and it does not possess "elementary chemistry" i.e. does not have "extremely low atomic weight" with "extremely fast proper partial motion."

Let D.I. Mendeleev was mistaken in the "materiality", "chemism" of the ether. In the end, this is a terminological miscalculation of the great scientist; and in his time it is forgivable, because then these terms were still quite vague, only entering the scientific circulation. But something else is completely clear: Dmitry Ivanovich was absolutely right that the "world ether" is an all-forming essence, a quintessence, a substance that makes up the whole world of things (the material world) and in which all material formations reside. Dmitry Ivanovich is also right in the fact that this substance transfers energy over distances and does not have any chemical activity. The latter circumstance only confirms our idea that D.I. Mendeleev deliberately singled out the element "x" as an exclusive entity.

So, "world ether", i.e. the substance of the Universe is isotropic, does not have a partial structure, but is the absolute (i.e. the ultimate, fundamental, fundamental universal) essence of the Universe, the Universe. And precisely because, as D.I. Mendeleev, - the world ether "is not capable of chemical interactions", and therefore is not a "chemical element", i.e. "Elementary substance" - in the modern sense of these terms.

Dmitry Ivanovich was also right in the fact that the world ether is a carrier of energy over distances. Let's say more: the world ether, as the substance of the World, is not only a carrier, but also a “keeper” and “carrier” of all types of energy (“forces of action”) in nature.

From time immemorial D.I. Mendeleev was echoed by another outstanding scientist - Torricelli (1608 - 1647): "Energy is the quintessence of such a subtle nature that it cannot be contained in any other vessel, except in the most intimate substance of material things."

So, according to Mendeleev and Torricelli world broadcast is the innermost substance of material things... That is why Mendeleev's "Newtonius" is not just in the zero row of the zero group of his periodic system, but it is a kind of "crown" of his entire table of chemical elements. The crown that forms all the chemical elements in the world, i.e. all substance. This Crown (“Mother”, “Matter-substance” of any substance) is the Natural environment, set in motion and prompted to change - according to our calculations - by another (second) absolute entity, which we called the “Substantial flow of primary fundamental information about forms and ways of motion of Matter in the Universe ”. More about this - in the journal "Russian Thought", 1-8, 1997, pp. 28-31.

We have chosen “O”, zero as the mathematical symbol of the world ether, and “bosom” as the semantic symbol. In turn, the mathematical symbol of the Substantial flow, we have chosen "1", the unit, and the semantic symbol - "one". Thus, based on the above symbolism, it becomes possible to concisely express in one mathematical expression the totality of all possible forms and methods of motion of matter in nature:

This expression mathematically defines the so-called. an open interval of intersection of two sets, the set "O" and the set "1", while the semantic definition of this expression is "one in the bosom" or otherwise: The substantial flow of primary fundamental information about the forms and methods of motion of Matter-substance completely permeates this Matter-substance, i.e. world broadcast.

In religious doctrines, this "open interval" is clothed in the figurative form of the Universal act of creation by God of all substance in the World from Matter-substance, with which He is continuously in a state of fruitful copulation.

The author of this article is aware that this mathematical construction was at one time inspired by him, again, strange as it may seem, by the ideas of the unforgettable D.I. Mendeleev, expressed by him in his works (see, for example, the article "An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether"). Now is the time to take stock of our research outlined in this dissertation.

10. Errata: ferro et igni

The categorical and cynical disregard by world science of the place and role of the world ether in natural processes (and in the Mendeleev's Table!) Just gave rise to the whole gamut of problems of mankind in our technocratic century.

The main of these problems is fuel and energy.

It is the ignorance of the role of the world ether that allows scientists to make a false (and crafty - at the same time) conclusion that a person can obtain useful energy for his daily needs only by burning, i.e. irrevocably destroying the substance (fuel). Hence the false thesis that the current fuel power industry has no real alternative. And if so, then there is, allegedly, only one thing: to produce atomic (ecologically dirtiest!) Energy and gas-oil-coal mining, littering and poisoning immensely their own habitat.

It is the ignorance of the role of the world ether that pushes all modern nuclear scientists to a crafty search for "salvation" in the splitting of atoms and elementary particles on special expensive synchrotron accelerators. In the course of these monstrous and extremely dangerous experiments in their consequences, they want to discover and in the future use, allegedly "for the good" of the so-called. "Quark-gluon plasma", according to their false ideas - as if "pre-matter" (the term of the nuclear scientists themselves), according to their false cosmological theory of the so-called. "Big Bang of the Universe".

It is worthy of note, according to our calculations, that if this so-called. "The most cherished dream of all modern nuclear physicists" will be achieved inadvertently, then it will most likely be the man-made end of all life on earth and the end of the planet earth itself - truly a "Big Bang" on a global scale, but not just for fun, but for real.

Therefore, it is necessary to stop as soon as possible this crazy experimentation of the world academic science, which is struck from head to toe by the poison of the psi factor and which, it seems, does not even realize the possible catastrophic consequences of these crazy parascientific undertakings.

DI Mendeleev turned out to be right, - "The problem of gravitation and the problems of the entire energy sector cannot be imagined really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world environment that transmits energy over distances."

DI Mendeleev was also right in the fact that “someday they will guess that handing over the affairs of a given industry to those who live by it does not lead to the best results, although it is very useful to listen to such persons”.

“The main meaning of what has been said lies in the fact that common, eternal and lasting interests often do not coincide with personal and temporary ones, they even often contradict one another, and, in my opinion, one should prefer - if it is no longer possible to reconcile - the first, not the second. This is the drama of our time ”. D.I.Mendeleev. “Thoughts for the Cognition of Russia”. 1906 g.

So, the world ether is the substance of any chemical element and, therefore, of any substance, it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.

The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end - the alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of the Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

The nineteenth century in the history of mankind is a century in which many sciences were reformed, including chemistry. It was at this time that Mendeleev's periodic system appeared, and with it the periodic law. It was he who became the basis of modern chemistry. DI Mendeleev's periodic table is a systematization of elements, which establishes the dependence of chemical and physical properties on the structure and charge of an atom of a substance.

History

The beginning of the periodical was laid by the book "Correlation of properties with the atomic weight of elements", written in the third quarter of the 17th century. It reflected the basic concepts of the known chemical elements (at that time there were only 63 of them). In addition, many of them had their atomic masses determined incorrectly. This greatly interfered with the discovery of D.I.Mendeleev.

Dmitry Ivanovich began his work by comparing the properties of elements. First of all, he took up chlorine and potassium, and only then moved on to work with alkali metals. Armed with special cards on which chemical elements were depicted, he repeatedly tried to assemble this "mosaic": he laid it out on his table in search of the necessary combinations and coincidences.

After much effort, Dmitry Ivanovich nevertheless found the pattern he was looking for and arranged the elements in periodic rows. As a result, having received empty cells between the elements, the scientist realized that not all chemical elements are known to Russian researchers, and that it was he who should give this world the knowledge in the field of chemistry that had not yet been given by his predecessors.

Everyone knows the myth that the periodic table appeared to Mendeleev in a dream, and he collected the elements from memory into a single system. This is, roughly speaking, a lie. The fact is that Dmitry Ivanovich worked on his work for a long time and with concentration, and it was very exhausting for him. While working on the system of elements, Mendeleev once fell asleep. When he woke up, he realized that he had not finished the table, and rather continued filling in empty cells. His acquaintance, a certain Inostrantsev, a university teacher, decided that Mendeleev had dreamed the table in a dream and spread this rumor among his students. This is how this hypothesis appeared.

Notoriety

Chemical elements of Mendeleev is a reflection of the periodic law created by Dmitry Ivanovich in the third quarter of the 19th century (1869). It was in 1869 at a meeting of the Russian chemical community that Mendeleev's notice about the creation of a certain structure was read out. And in the same year the book "Fundamentals of Chemistry" was published, in which Mendeleev's periodic table of chemical elements was first published. And in the book "The natural system of elements and its use to indicate the qualities of undiscovered elements" D. I. Mendeleev first mentioned the concept of "periodic law".

Structure and rules for placing elements

The first steps in the creation of the periodic law were made by Dmitry Ivanovich back in 1869-1871, at that time he worked hard to establish the dependence of the properties of these elements on the mass of their atom. The modern version is a two-dimensional table of elements.

The position of an element in the table has a certain chemical and physical meaning. By the location of an element in the table, you can find out what valency it has, determine other chemical features... Dmitry Ivanovich tried to establish a connection between elements, both similar in properties and different.

He based the classification of the chemical elements known at that time on the valence and atomic mass. Comparing the relative properties of elements, Mendeleev tried to find a pattern that would combine all known chemical elements into one system. Having arranged them, based on the increase in atomic masses, he nevertheless achieved periodicity in each of the rows.

Further development of the system

The periodic table, which appeared in 1969, has been refined more than once. With the advent of noble gases in the 1930s, it turned out to reveal the newest dependence of elements - not on mass, but on the serial number. Later, it was possible to establish the number of protons in atomic nuclei, and it turned out that it coincides with the ordinal number of the element. Scientists of the 20th century studied the electronic one.It turned out that it also affects the frequency. This greatly changed the idea of ​​the properties of elements. This point was reflected in the later editions of the periodic table of Mendeleev. Each new discovery of the properties and features of the elements fit organically into the table.

Characteristics of the periodic table of Mendeleev

The periodic table is divided into periods (7 lines arranged horizontally), which, in turn, are subdivided into large and small. The period begins with an alkali metal, and ends with an element with non-metallic properties.
Dmitry Ivanovich's table is vertically divided into groups (8 columns). Each of them in the periodic system consists of two subgroups, namely - the main and the secondary. After long disputes, at the suggestion of DI Mendeleev and his colleague U. Ramzai, it was decided to introduce the so-called zero group. It includes inert gases (neon, helium, argon, radon, xenon, krypton). In 1911, the scientist F. Soddy was proposed to place indistinguishable elements, the so-called isotopes, in the periodic table - separate cells were allocated for them.

Despite the fidelity and accuracy of the periodic system, the scientific community did not want to recognize this discovery for a long time. Many great scientists ridiculed the activities of D.I.Mendeleev and believed that it was impossible to predict the properties of an element that had not yet been discovered. But after the alleged chemical elements were discovered (and these were, for example, scandium, gallium and germanium), Mendeleev's system and his periodic law became the science of chemistry.

Table in modern times

Mendeleev's periodic table of elements is the basis of most of the chemical and physical discoveries associated with atomic-molecular science. The modern concept of an element was formed precisely thanks to the great scientist. The appearance of Mendeleev's periodic table brought about dramatic changes in the concept of various compounds and simple substances. The creation of the periodic system by scientists had a huge impact on the development of chemistry and all sciences adjacent to it.

On March 1, 1869, Mendeleev completed his work "Experience of a system of elements based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity." This day is considered the day of the discovery of the periodic law of the elements of D.M. Mendeleev. "The discovery of DI Mendeleev refers to the fundamental laws of the universe, such as Newton's law of universal gravitation or Einstein's theory of relativity, and D.M. Mendeleev is on a par with the names of these great physicists." Academician A.I. Rusanov.
"The periodic table has been and remains the main guiding star in the latest solutions to the problem of matter." Prof. A. N. Reformatsky.

"When you approach the assessment of personalities like D. I. Mendeleev, to the analysis of their scientific work, one involuntarily wants to find in this work the elements most marked by the stamp of genius. Of all the signs that distinguish genius and its manifestation, two seem to be the most revealing: firstly, the ability to cover and unite broad areas of knowledge and, secondly, the ability to abrupt leaps of thought, to unexpected convergence of facts and concepts that for an ordinary mortal seem to be far apart and unrelated, at least until the moment when such a connection is discovered and proven. " L. A. Chugaev, professor of chemistry.

And Mendeleev himself understood the enormous significance of the law he discovered for science. And believed in him further development... "Apparently, the future does not threaten the periodic law with destruction, but only promises superstructures and development." DI. Mendeleev.

The original view of the table, written by D.I. Mendeleev.
If all the scientific knowledge of the world were lost, due to some cataclysm, then for the revival of civilization one of the main laws would be the periodic law of D.I. Mendeleev. The successes of atomic physics, including nuclear energy and the synthesis of artificial elements, became possible only thanks to the Periodic Law. In turn, they expanded and deepened the essence of Mendeleev's law.

The periodic law has played huge role in the development of chemistry and other natural sciences. A mutual connection was discovered between all elements, their physical and chemical properties... This put before natural science a scientific and philosophical problem of great importance: this mutual connection must be explained.
The discovery of the periodic law was preceded by 15 years of hard work. By the time the periodic law was discovered, 63 chemical elements were known, there were about 50 different classifications. Most scientists compared only elements with similar properties to each other, so they could not discover the law. Mendeleev, on the other hand, compared everything, including dissimilar elements. Mendeleev wrote on cards all the known information about the chemical elements and their compounds discovered and studied at that time, arranged them in the order of increasing their relative atomic masses and comprehensively analyzed this entire set, trying to find certain patterns in it. As a result of intense creative work, he discovered in this chain segments in which the properties of chemical elements and the substances formed by them changed in a similar way - periodically - periods. With the development of the theory of the structure of the electron shell of atoms, it became clear why the properties of atoms show periodicity with increasing atomic mass. Atoms with the same outer sphere make up one group. Atoms with the same number external spheres- make up one row. Atoms with nuclei that have the same charges, but different masses, have the same chemical properties, but different atomic weights, and are isotopes of the same chemical element. Essentially, the properties of atoms reflect the properties of external electronic shells which are closely related to the laws of quantum physics.

The periodic table itself has been transformed many times, displaying different information about the properties of atoms. There are also curious tables.


The so-called short-period or short form of TM

Long-period or long form of TM


Extra long.


State flags indicating the country where the item was first discovered.


The names of elements that were canceled or turned out to be erroneous, such as the story of Didymus Di, turned out to be a mixture of two newly discovered elements, praseodymium and neodymium.


Here, in blue, the elements formed during Big bang, blue - synthesized during primary nucleosynthesis, yellow and green colors denote elements synthesized, respectively, in the bowels of "small" and "large" stars. Pink - substances (nuclei) synthesized during supernova explosions. By the way, gold (Au) is still synthesized during collisions of neutron stars. Purple - artificially created in laboratories. But that's not the whole story ...


Here, different colors indicate organic, inorganic and irreplaceable elements necessary for building the bodies of living beings, including us.

Table-tower
Proposed in 2006 by Vitaly Zimmerman based on the ideas of Charles Janet. He studied the orbital filling of atoms - how the electrons are positioned relative to the nucleus. And on the basis of this, he divided all the elements into four groups, sorted them according to the configurations of the position of the electrons. The table is extremely simple and functional.

The table is a spiral.
In 1964, Theodore Benfey proposed to place hydrogen (H) in the center of the table, and place the other elements around it in a spiral that spins clockwise. Already at the second turn, the helix stretches into loops, which correspond to transition metals and lanthanides with actinides, and a place is provided for so far unknown superactinides. This gives the table the look of an extravagant design solution.

The table is a rainbow spiral.
Invented in 1975 by chemist James Hyde. He was fond of organosilicon compounds, so it was flint that got into the base of the table, since it has a large number of bonds with other elements. Various categories of elements are also grouped into sectors and marked with the desired color. The table is more beautiful than analogs, but because of the curvilinear shape it is not easy to use it.

These tables show the sequence of filling the electronic casings. Some of them, anyway. All these tables look very exotic.
Isotope table. It displays the "lifetime" of various isotopes, their stability depending on the mass of the nucleus. However, this is no longer the periodic table, this is a completely different (nuclear physics) story ...

How to use the periodic table? For an uninitiated person, reading the periodic table is like looking at the ancient runes of elves for a gnome. And the periodic table can tell a lot about the world.

Besides the fact that it will serve you in the exam, it is also simply irreplaceable in solving a huge number of chemical and physical problems. But how do you read it? Fortunately, today anyone can learn this art. This article will show you how to understand the periodic table.

The periodic table of chemical elements (periodic table) is a classification of chemical elements, which establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus.

History of Table creation

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was not a simple chemist, if anyone thinks so. He was a chemist, physicist, geologist, metrologist, ecologist, economist, oilman, aeronaut, instrument-maker and teacher. During his life, the scientist managed to conduct a lot of fundamental research in various fields of knowledge. For example, it is widely believed that it was Mendeleev who calculated the ideal strength of vodka - 40 degrees.

We do not know how Mendeleev felt about vodka, but we know for sure that his dissertation on the topic "Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water" had nothing to do with vodka and considered alcohol concentrations from 70 degrees. With all the merits of the scientist, the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements - one of the fundamental laws of nature, brought him the widest fame.

There is a legend according to which a scientist dreamed of the periodic system, after which he only had to refine the idea that appeared. But, if everything were so simple .. This version of the creation of the periodic table, apparently, is nothing more than a legend. When asked how the table was opened, Dmitry Ivanovich himself answered: “ I have been thinking about it for maybe twenty years, but you think: I was sitting and suddenly ... it's done. "

In the middle of the nineteenth century, attempts to order the known chemical elements (63 elements were known) were simultaneously undertaken by several scientists. For example, in 1862, Alexander Émile Chancourtois placed elements along a helical line and noted the cyclical repetition of chemical properties.

Chemist and musician John Alexander Newlands proposed his own version of the periodic table in 1866. An interesting fact is that the scientist tried to find some mystical musical harmony in the arrangement of the elements. Among other attempts was the attempt of Mendeleev, which was crowned with success.

In 1869, the first schema of the table was published, and March 1, 1869 is considered the day of the opening of the periodic law. The essence of Mendeleev's discovery was that the properties of elements with an increase in atomic mass do not change monotonically, but periodically.

The first version of the table contained only 63 elements, but Mendeleev made a number of very non-standard solutions. So, he guessed to leave space in the table for still undiscovered elements, and also changed the atomic masses of some elements. The fundamental correctness of the law deduced by Mendeleev was confirmed very soon, after the discovery of gallium, scandium and germanium, the existence of which was predicted by scientists.

Modern view of the periodic table

Below is the table itself

Today, to order elements, instead of atomic weight (atomic mass), the concept of atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) is used. The table contains 120 elements, which are located from left to right in ascending order of atomic number (number of protons)

The columns of the table are the so-called groups, and the rows are the periods. There are 18 groups and 8 periods in the table.

1. The metallic properties of the elements decrease when moving along the period from left to right, and increase in the opposite direction.
2. The sizes of atoms decrease when moving from left to right along the periods.
3. When moving from top to bottom in the group, the reducing metallic properties increase.
4. Oxidizing and non-metallic properties increase when moving along the period from left to right.

What can we learn about an item from the table? For example, let's take the third element in the table, lithium, and consider it in detail.

First of all, we see the element symbol itself and its name under it. In the upper left corner is the atomic number of the element, in the order of which the element is located in the table. The atomic number, as already mentioned, is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The number of positive protons is usually equal to the number of negative electrons in an atom (excluding isotopes).

The atomic mass is indicated under the atomic number (in this version of the table). If we round the atomic mass to the nearest integer, we get the so-called mass number. The difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons in the nucleus. So, the number of neutrons in the helium nucleus is two, and in lithium - four.

So our course "Periodic Table for Dummies" has ended. In conclusion, we invite you to watch a thematic video, and we hope that the question of how to use the periodic table has become clearer to you. We remind you that it is always more effective to study a new subject not alone, but with the help of an experienced mentor. That is why, you should never forget about who will gladly share his knowledge and experience with you.

If you find the periodic table difficult to understand, you are not alone! While it can be difficult to understand its principles, knowing how to work with it will help you in your science studies. First, study the structure of the table and what information can be learned from it about each chemical element. Then you can start exploring the properties of each element. And finally, using the periodic table, you can determine the number of neutrons in an atom of a particular chemical element.

Steps

Part 1

Table structure

The periodic table, or the periodic table of chemical elements, begins in the upper left corner and ends at the end of the last line of the table (in the lower right corner). Elements in the table are arranged from left to right in ascending order of their atomic number. The atomic number shows how many protons there are in one atom. In addition, with an increase in the atomic number, the atomic mass also increases. Thus, by the location of an element in the periodic table, you can determine its atomic mass.

1. As you can see, each next element contains one more proton than the element preceding it. This is obvious when you look at the atomic numbers. Atomic numbers increase by one as you move from left to right. Since the items are arranged in groups, some cells in the table remain blank.

   • For example, the first row of the table contains hydrogen, which has atomic number 1, and helium, which has atomic number 2. However, they are located on opposite edges, since they belong to different groups.

2. Learn about groups that include elements with similar physical and chemical properties. The elements of each group are arranged in a corresponding vertical column. Typically, they are indicated by the same color, which helps to identify elements with similar physical and chemical properties and predict their behavior. All elements of a particular group have the same number of electrons on the outer shell.

   • Hydrogen can be attributed both to the group of alkali metals and to the group of halogens. In some tables, it is indicated in both groups.
   • In most cases, groups are numbered from 1 to 18, and numbers are placed at the top or bottom of the table. Numbers can be specified in Roman (for example, IA) or Arabic (for example, 1A or 1) numerals.
   • Moving along the column from top to bottom is said to be "viewing the group."

3. Find out why there are blank cells in the table. Elements are ordered not only according to their atomic number, but also according to groups (elements of one group have similar physical and chemical properties). This makes it easier to understand how a particular element behaves. However, as the atomic number grows, the elements that fall into the corresponding group are not always found, so there are empty cells in the table.

   • For example, the first 3 rows have empty cells, since transition metals are found only from atomic number 21.
   • Elements with atomic numbers 57 through 102 are classified as rare earth elements, and are usually listed in a separate subgroup in the lower right corner of the table.

4. Each row in the table represents a period. All elements of the same period have the same number of atomic orbitals on which the electrons in the atoms are located. The number of orbitals corresponds to the number of the period. The table contains 7 rows, that is, 7 periods.

   • For example, the atoms of the elements of the first period have one orbital, and the atoms of the elements of the seventh period have 7 orbitals.
   • As a rule, periods are indicated by numbers from 1 to 7 on the left of the table.
   • As you move along the line from left to right, you are said to be "looking at a period."

5. Learn to distinguish between metals, metalloids and non-metals. You will better understand the properties of an element if you can determine what type it belongs to. For convenience, in most tables, metals, metalloids and non-metals are indicated by different colors. Metals are on the left and non-metals are on the right of the table. Metalloids are located between them.

   Part 2

   Element designations

   1. Each element is designated by one or two Latin letters. As a rule, the element symbol is shown in large letters in the center of the corresponding cell. A symbol is an abbreviated name for an element, which is the same in most languages. When doing experiments and working with chemical equations, symbols for the elements are commonly used, so it is helpful to remember them.

      • Typically, element symbols are an abbreviation of their Latin name, although for some, especially recently discovered elements, they are derived from a common name. For example, helium is denoted by the symbol He, which is close to the common name in most languages. At the same time, iron is referred to as Fe, which is an abbreviation of its Latin name.

   2. Pay attention to the full name of the element if it is shown in the table. This "name" of the element is used in normal text. For example, "helium" and "carbon" are the names of the elements. Usually, though not always, full names elements are indicated under their chemical symbol.

      • Sometimes the names of the elements are not indicated in the table and only their chemical symbols are given.

   3. Find the atomic number. Usually the atomic number of an element is located at the top of the corresponding cell, in the middle or in the corner. It can also appear below the symbol or element name. Elements have atomic numbers from 1 to 118.

      • The atomic number is always an integer.

   4. Remember that the atomic number corresponds to the number of protons in the atom. All atoms of an element contain the same number of protons. Unlike electrons, the number of protons in an element's atoms remains constant. Otherwise, another chemical element would have turned out!

      • The atomic number of an element can also determine the number of electrons and neutrons in an atom.

   5. Usually the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. An exception is the case when the atom is ionized. Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. Since atoms are usually neutral, they contain the same number of electrons and protons. However, an atom can capture electrons or lose them, in which case it ionizes.

      • Ions are electrically charged. If the ion has more protons, then it has a positive charge, and in this case a plus sign is placed after the element symbol. If the ion contains more electrons, it has a negative charge, which is indicated by a minus sign.
      • The plus and minus signs are not used if the atom is not an ion.