Hats postal couriers ancient Rome. Noteworthy facts about courier delivery. Gladiator's battles came at all from the ancient Rome

The most ancient mail information relate to Assyria and Babylon. Assyrians still in the III milk. BC. Applied what can be called the predecessor of the envelope. After burning, the signs with the text of the letter it was covered with a layer of clay, on which the address of the recipient was written. Then the plates were burned again. As a result of the selection, during the re-burning water vapor, the letter-letter and the envelope plate did not become a single piece. The envelope broke and read the letter. Two such letters came to contemporaries - along with envelopes, they are stored in Louvre.

4000 years ago Unknown Egyptian artist on one of the walls The funerary cave of Pharaoh Numkhoten drew a warrior holding a scroll in one hand, and another is an open-letter letter, which gives his boss. So it came to us a material proof of the existence of mail in those distant times. We have reached information and about email messages from other ancient peoples. A written message could be transferred from one race to another without fear distorting a message. For transportation of letters also used postal pigeons.

At the time of Kira and Daria in Persia (558-486 BC), the postal connection was made excellent. At the Persian Post Stations, the messengers and saddled horses were ready. Mail was transferred to the races on the relay from one to another.

It was famous for the ancient Roman mail playing a huge role In the management of a huge Roman Empire. The most important centers of the empire contained special stations equipped with horse couriers. The Romans usually said Statio Posita in ... ("Station is located in ..."). According to experts, it is from the reduction of these words and the word mail appeared (Posta).

Documented information about the existence of mail in China relate to deep antiquity. China's state post existed already under the Zhou dynasty (1027-249 BC). She had hiking and horse messengers. Emperors of the Tang Dynasty (618-907 BC) have already been appointed generator-email.

In the Arab Calipte, by 750, all the state was covered by a network of roads, for which the deaths were kiced - hiking and riding on horseback, camels and mules. They delivered state and private mail. ABOUT great meaning state postal service testifies famous statement Califa Mansur, founded Baghdad (762). "My throne rests on four pillars, and my power relies on four people: this is an impeccable Cadi (judge), the energetic police chief, the active minister of finance and the wise mailman who informs me about everything."

In Greece, the postal system was well established in the form land and maritime postal communication, but it could not significantly develop due to the many warring cities of states. Governments for the transfer of messages had at their disposal, as a rule, hiking envoys. They were called hemryodromas. The runners overcame the distance in 55 stages per hour (about 10 km) and for one flight - 400-500 stages.

The most famous of these couriers was the Philipide, which, according to Plutarch, in 490 BC. Donons to Athens news about the victory in the battle of the Marathon and died of exhaustion. This jog was the first marathon in history. Filipide conveyed only an oral message. To transfer particularly rush messages, the riding messengers sent in antiquity. According to Diodor, one of the military managers Alexander Macedonian held at his headquarters of messengers - riders on camels.

Inca's states in Peru and Aztecs in Mexico before 1500 had regular mail. Mail Inca and Aztec used only hiking messengers. The fact is that the horses in South America delivered Europeans - conquerors only in the XVI century. The distance between adjacent stations did not exceed three kilometers. Therefore, it quickly overcame the messenger. The feature of the Inca and Aztec mail was that in addition to mail, the events had to deliver fresh fish to the emperor's table. The fish was delivered from the coast to the capital within 48 hours (500 km). Rate shipping speed. Modern mail is hardly faster, although it has a car, train, aircraft at its disposal. At the time of the heyday, the Mayan culture also had a developed service of the messengers, but little about it is known.

Both in antiquity and in the Middlecies, the mail served only to the masters and higher officials. Other segments of the population by mail did not use.

For manual and international relations

Meaning simple people They also wanted to use mail for their own purposes. At first, their reports were transmitted in private through merchants, wandering monks and university mile mail. Stormy development of crafts and trade in feudal Europe contributed to the organization of regular postal exchange between cities.

There are documents confirming the availability of urban messengers Already in the XIV century. The most famous postal service Hanseatic Union. Ganza is the trade and political union of the North-German cities in the XIV-XVII centuries. With the entry into the Ganza of the Rhine Union, the first postal network arose, which, bypassing the borders of cities and minor principalities, delivered mail throughout Germany. Next, through Nuremberg, Mail went to Italy and Venice, and through Leipzig - to Prague, Vienna and other cities. So there was an international mail.

The next noticeable achievement serves the postal service of the noble genus Turn-and-Taxis. The first mention of Mail Turn-and-Takisis refers to 1451, when the Horror Taxis organized the courier line through Tyrol and Steerank. Next, the descendants of the Taxis Houses make a rapid career in the post office.

In 1501, Franz Taxis became the Netherlands-General General General. Before the beginning of the XVI century. Taxis Postal Service was built on the basis of the feudal privileges of the House of Taxis. The postal business has become profitable, and competitors have appeared at Taxis. First of all, this post of cities. In 1615, the next taxis - Lamoral becomes an imperial mail-letter generator. Imperial decree, this position was declared life and hereditary for the kind of taxis. By the way, the prefix "Turn" Taxis was attached to their last name in 1650, having received it as the king's award. Lamoral Takisis, a new mail-making general, was forced to ask the emperor to publish a new decree against additional mail and additional lines serviced by the messengers. All this placed the beginning of the struggle of Mail Turn-and-Takisis with competitors that lasted centuries. Mail Taxisi stood and won. Accuracy, speed and honesty - this was the motto of the Mail of Turne-and-Takis, who stricter was observed in practice. For the first time, trading people and bankers, simple people and government officials could be sure that letters, documents, money will quickly reach the addressee, and they will soon receive the answer.

In 1850, Mail Turn-and-Takisis joined the German-Austrian Union. By that time, postage stamps were already issued in many countries. The rules of the German-Austrian postal union provided for its participants obligation to produce postage stamps. That is why on January 1, 1852, the first postage stamps of Mail Turn-and-Taksis came out. Just Mail Turne-and-Takis has released 54 postage stamps. This mail released and labeled envelopes. The history of Mail Turne-and-Takis ends only in 1867, when Prussia acquired the rights to all postal institutions of the Tournah and Taxis house.

Postman - Dangerous Profession

In XVII century. Sweden became a great power, and there was a need for regular communication with its possessions for the Baltic Sea. The first postmen were royal couriers. Then the correspondence was given to the so-called postal peasants. They lived near the main roads, were freed from various kinds of duties, for example, military, but were obliged to cross the state mail.

Usually they sent a barrack, which fled, pipe into the horn, kilometers for 20-30 to neighbor. After passing your mail and receiving another, he went home. If letters were late, he was a punishment. The correspondence was delivered by sea, for example, on boats from Sweden to the Aland Islands and further to Finland and St. Petersburg. "Postage peasants" worked all year round, regardless of the weather. It was especially dangerous to cross the spring and autumn, when they were the fiber boat on the ice, they put sails, they were taken for the oars. Many people died during a storm.

Russian post office is one of the oldest in Europe. The first mention of it in the chronicles refers to x in. IN Kievan Rus There was a duty of the population with the name "VO". This duty was to provide horses for the princely messengers and his servants.

However, a clear postal service in Russia appeared only at Queen Alexei Mikhailovic. The organizer of the "right" postal chart in Russia was the head of the then Russian government, the boyar Athanasius Ordin-Nachchokin (1605-1681). He is the initiator of the creation and foreign mail of Russia (Moscow-Wilna post line).

From 1677, the International Postal Service began to operate in Russia. The first lines of publicly accessible postage went abroad of the Russian state in the "German" countries - so Russian people called the land, where they spoke on incomprehensible "silent" languages. In addition to international shipments, "German Mail" delivered merchant letters, and government securities in Russia. Thanks to the "German Mail" in the postal service, correspondence checkpoints were organized and rules entered the regularity of mail delivery.

The prototype of the usual mailbox was served by Florentine Tambouri - publicly available boxes, which were installed near the walls of churches and cathedrals, the first mailbox was installed in the XVII century. in France.

Based on liveJournal Prepared Zara Gevorkyan

Interestingly, the terminology of the hospitality industry is obliged to many of the Romans. And here they also contributed to the development of many civilizations. The word Hospitality (hospitality) occurred from Latin Hospitium (Gospey). Single words are HOST (host), Hospice (shelter), Hotel (hotel, hotel). The hospitalitys are so called in the antiquity of people along with their family who receive guests in their home. With the hospitality, the foreign country concluded the Union of Mutual Assistance, Friendship and Protection.

After the introduction of a regular state postage (at the time of the Emperor Octavian from 63 BC. E.) There are state-owned innings. The state suited courtyards in the cities and on the main roads, for which couriers and civil servants from Rome were passing up to Malaya Asia or to Gaul Batalov L.V. From the history of the development of tourism, Sat. Scientific articles. Vol. Izhevsk, 1999, - 148 s ..

Created state-owned bodies, removed from each other at the distance of one day of the horse's trip. As new territories and expansion of the Roman Empire conquer, economic and organizational structure also distributed in new provinces and conquered countries. How seriously the reliability of the institution provided to travelers, food and overnight, testifies to the fact of the special interest of the state. Thus, in the arch of Roman laws, such a reception was provided for the guest's things. Then it appeared the opportunity to safely spend the night in the inn. Even today, the legislation of a number of states regulates this issue based on the provisions of Roman civil law. After all, guest protection in all countries is one of the main goals of the hotel business.

Never merchants, merchants and other guests from a simple people could not be settled next to civil servants and government messengers. This circumstance influenced the qualitative condition of the storage courtyards. Those in which representatives of the aristocracy and government officials were built on all the rules of architectural art and offered a wide range of services. Subsequently, Marko Polo said that on such borough courtyards and "a king not to stop not enough" Polo Marco.Book Marco Polo. M.: Geographiciz, 1956 ..

Taverns and stable yards designed to serve citizens of lower estates offered minimal conditions for overnight stay and rest. For example, very often traveling just slept on straw, but in order not to freeze in the cold season, pressed to the warm side of their horse. There was no speech about some additional comfort. The organization of the hotel case in the Roman Empire was based on a certain classification of hotels developed by the authorities. There were two types of hotels: only for patrician (mansions), the other - for Plebeev (Stabulary).

The Roman hotel was a certain set of premises of a rather wide functional purpose: these are not only rooms for accommodating traveling, but also storage rooms, stables, shops, workshops, etc. Hotels, as a rule, were built from stone and had the necessary list of services. In winter, they were heated. Some hotels served only officials on special documents issued by government authorities. This tradition has still been preserved in the form of special premises for especially important people at airports, train stations and other travelers.

With the improvement of the functioning of the postal service in the second half of the IV century, when it combined the needs for transportation for a long time and in sending news, traveling yards were arranged along the roads. They were called "Mansio" and "Statsio". The first of these terms meant a climb courtyard, in which there were conditions for the placement of the imperial suite, the second is the post of traffic police.

Later there was an alignment of these innovations. Between Mansio and Statsio housed the persistent courtyards of a smaller value, or Mutazio (the place of the Horse Strip Changes), in which it was possible to satisfy the most urgent needs of traveling: to eat something, ne-revenge, replace driving or fabric animals.

The distance between the two Mansio depended on the nature of the terrain, but on average it was 40-- 55 km. There could be one or two smaller courtyards between the two mansio, and it already depended on not only from the terrain, but also from its population.

Such innovations differed from each other and the quality of their maintenance, ranging from Pretoria, in which the imperial retirement could be accepted, and to modest institutions. A fully equipped-breeding trial courtyard could offer almost everything that traveler needed. Here it was possible to eat, spend the night, change the driving animals (in the stables of large courtyards there were up to forty horses and mules), carts, cats, find servants, people who returned the hardened animals to the previous station, veterinarians, kagents and chariots correcting damaged crews Koter F., Bowenge., Maicenz J.Marketing. Hospitality and tourism / per. from English - M.: Uniti, 1998 ..

Standing and traveling courtyards and postal stations did not build specifically for these purposes, they served not only specially to the next travelers, although they had certainly the service championship. Mail, contrary to the fact that it served mainly central government, contained local residents. The emperors simply choose the already existing innovative yards of the desired quality for the quality service and included them in the system, demanding free overnight for each owner of the diploma.

Only in remote areas, as, for example, on passes or on secluded roads, the imperial authority was forced to build everything from the very foundation. In such places, they took all travelers, individuals, as well as representatives of the authorities to compensate for expenses. Warms, animals, cats, harshs - everyone attracted to service there from local surroundings, if possible. Since that time, people who worked precisely in the country's courtyards have already begun. Standing courtyards, especially on the main roads, were built by the Romans with the knowledge of the case and were quite comfortable for their time.

Over time, the content of the courtyard has become burdensome for its manager, since with the development of society and civilization the requirements for it are constantly increasing. They were presented not only those who had the right to use the courtyard under the law, but also those of those who were deprived of the conscience of officials who were self-confiscated by the horses and the crews either brazenly brought with him the courtyards of people who did not have the right to free service. Special inspectors (smoke, casus, public) checked the eligibility of the use of diplomas after their expiration date, fare not for the highway, which should have submitted a person, using the use of not the type of driving animals that took advantage of.

Emperors one by one published strict laws to stop abuse and keep service on travel courtyards at the appropriate level.

There were regulations concerning the number of carts and animals that could be used to officials who determined the maximum allowance, the number of matures, travel routes, the weight of saddles and blizzards, even the size and type of whips. One prescription established that "no one will reward a single venge, chariot and a veterinarian in a public institution, because they receive food and clothing that they have enough." In other words, it was forbidden to give "tips" by these employees. The requirements for not to give them, rarely were fulfilled, and everything indicates that these orders were not properly executed.

Each person who enjoyed mail should have to know exactly where various innovations were located. An affordable travelers were hatainers, which listed the courtyards along this road and distances between them.

There were also conditionally performed cartadows, of which it was possible to learn not only where the innovative courtyard was located, but what could be offered on it. Before the Renaissance period, a copy of one such a cartadower was reached, made in the Middle Ages, the so-called Petering Table. It was drawn on a long sheet of parchment 33 cm wide and 6.7 cm long. It is extremely inaccurate in cartographic terms, but represents the roads of the entire Roman Empire in such a way that it can be easily read. It causes information similar to the one that can be found on a modern automotive map: lines, denoting roads, city names and large villages and other places in which you can stay; Figures indicating the distances between them in Roman miles. It is interesting to note that small color drawings are inflicted about many names - symbols. They served the same goal as surprisingly similar symbols in modern guidebooks. They had to point out at first glance, what are the opportunity to take the nearest night while following this expensive Japped by G. D. History of Tourism. Minsk, IP, "Enoper Speech" -1999, - 216 p.

The names without the drawings accompanying their drawings denoted the simplest closure courtyard, which could, represent a little more than the water, roof over his head, food and fresh change in driving or riding animals.

For example, a traveler, leaving Rome on the Averaliyevian road, leading to the north along the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, could learn from the cartohym that the first appropriate place will stand Alsium, in eighteen Roman miles from the capital, with a minimum of comfort (the drawing with the name was absent), from there Ten miles to the Pyrgy with minimal amenities, then there were six miles to the peduncle, where there were also few amenities, but from there it was hand to Aquare Apollinar with a primitive hotel (designated by a quadranique building), from there were four miles to AKV Tavri with the same convenience, as in Aqua Apollinarian, etc.

Government messengers hurried from the station to the station with average speed Five miles per hour, or during the normal day, travel was made fifty Roman miles. Thus, the news from Rome reached Brundia for seven days, to Byzantium - about 25 days, to the Antioch - about 40 days, to Alexandria - about 55 days. In exceptional cases, moving day and night, the messengers could triple this speed. When in 69 n. e. In Moganti-Ake above Rhine (now Mainz, Germany), legions rebelled, the news of this reached Rome for 8-9 days. The messenger in such cases overcoming the average 150 Roman miles per day. The traveler, who gave government orders, was counting on the conveniences provided by public mail, and had little worries. He presented a diploma in the nearby inn and received appropriate means of movement, looked at his list of stations or a map in search of the respective places in his path, it was fed there, spent the night, changed the harness and crew until he arrived at the destination. Officially, persons who traveled in a private manner did not have the right to use mail, but since the human nature is as it is, which is, exceptions were inevitable.

Those who traveled privately and could not legally or illegally use government mail, had the opportunity to find the night in the courtyards and shelters, because in many provinces they were the only ones, and in some localities and the best in standing courtyards. Moreover, if he did not travel in the crew with his own harness, he could hire it that was quite accessible to the one who was going to travel, not on foot, but with the help of vehicles. If on the open road he reached the post office immediately after the official group, which was requisitioned by all that was at the disposal of this station, he did not have anything else, as soon as we expect. In any case, he moved a slower government mantle.

Already in the III century. BC. Rome builders erected high multi-apartment buildings - strokes - to accommodate and develop the city's population and guests. These were three, four-, and sometimes five-story buildings with a wooden frame. In Rome, stresses were settled both by the poor and the middle layer of citizens; People rich dwells and mansions. In such a high-rise building, we donated individual rooms or entire floors. In the Roman port of Ostia, where the lack of space was particularly acutely felt, everyone lived in multi-storey insuls (the remains of a number of not only well-maintained, but also decorated with frescoes and reliefs of insuls). In other cities, where there was enough building space (such as Pompeii), insuls were not erected at all, built houses with a garden or mansions. Hundreds of cities in Rome had aqueducts - water pipelines serving water in the city. As a rule, the aqueducts were monumental structures on arched supports. The longest aqueduct - 132 km was erected under the Emperor Adrian in Carthage. At the same time, at home - Lupanariums (public houses) japped G. D. History of tourism. Minsk, IP, "Enoperospace" -1999, - 216 s ..

Some rich landowners also built the bores on the borders of their possessions. We usually managed slaves specializing in housekeeping. Those stable courtyards and taverns, which were located closer to the cities, were more often visited by rich citizens, and therefore they contained freedings or the gladiators who had passed on peace, which decided to invest their savings in the "Restaurant Biz-carried". The hosts of the borough courtyards in those days were deprived of many citizens, including the right to serve in the army, to initiate against any of the case in court, bring oath and act as guardians of other people's children. In other words, the moral foundations of every person engaged in this business were automatically questioned.

Today the next one took place intellectual game "Who want to be a millionaire?". This article can be examined answers to all questions in "Who wants to become a millionaire?" for May 13, 2017 . In the game with the leading Dmitry Dibrov, two pairs of players participated today. Below questions and answers, answer options, I decided not to write, in order not to distract readers, because you need only the necessary information.

The first pair of players in the game "Who wants to become a millionaire?" for 13.05.2017

1. What is the man who performs small, simple orders?

• boy on bliss

2. What was supposed to answer the Soviet pioneer to call "Be ready!"?

• "Always ready!"

3. Where is going to sit the heroine of the song in the performance of love of Uspenskaya?

• in convertible

4. What can be earned in many games?

5. Who sang a chastushki in the cartoon "Flying Ship"?

• Grandmates

6. What kind of predator lives high in the mountains?

• snow Leopard

7. What, besides horsepower, measuring the power of the car?

• in kilowatts.

8. What kind of nickname wore Sir Lancelot, the knight of the round table?

• Lazy

9. Melody What song Bard Sergey Nikitina recorded an orchestra of Moria?

• "Under the music of Vivaldi"

10. What the hats decorated postal couriers Ancient Rome?

• wings

11. What artist's house is one of the most famous Amsterdam museums?

• Rembrandt

Players of the first couple did not benefit anything and left without a penny of money won.

The second pair of players in the program "Who wants to become a millionaire?" for 13.05.2017

1. What are the organisms of animals and plants?

• from cells

2. How Ershov described the horse-hunchback: "On the back with two humps and ..."?

• with Arsh, ears

3. What are used in acupuncture?

• needles

4. What kind of play Shakespeare was based on the musical "Kiss me, Kat"?

• "The Taming of the Shrew"

5. What do Koala eat?

• eucalyptus leaves

6. Martial arts What country are known known as Wushu?

• China

7. From what poem Pushkin Vladimir Motyl took a name for his film "Star of captivating happiness"?

• "To Chaadaev"

8. What letter do you remind a rugby gate?

9. What musical instrument is depicted on the coat of arms of Ireland?

10. On what lake King Peter I built fun flotilla?

• Plescheyevo

Players answered wrong and left without a penny of won money.

The most powerful state Education ancient world is definitely Ancient Rome. This city not only subordinated to the Apennine Peninsula, but also spread his possessions on huge territory: from Britain to North Africa And from the Pyrenean Peninsula to Syria.
Communication of the capital With remote provinces, it became for Rome with an urgent need.

To do this, it was built, unprecedented earlier, a network of good, paved by stone, roads. Their total length of Caesar was already 150 thousand kilometers during the time of Guy Julia.
By the way, the winged expression " All roads lead to Rome"Not so metaphorically, as it seems at first glance. The oldest and wide roads really like the rays converged in the capital of the empire. It was on these roads from Rome" Legions went to war or to suppress the rebellion.

Appeiyeva Road, preserved to this day.

Although the foundations are regular public mail I also laid Julius Caesar, she acquired his canonical look at August. It was he who united all routes to a single network, which was called " course Publus". This post office He was controlled by the emperor personally and was intended exclusively for state needs. Governors' governors should have to have a "diploma" - a document certifying their merit to the state. In the provinces postal service controlled the governors, and its content completely laid on the shoulders of the local population, which was supposed to supply email Walking, horses and riders.

Hiking messengers called " tabeliary". Familiarity roman couriers The headdress was decorated first with feathers, and then - stylized wings. After all, a similar winged helmet was wary Mercury - Messenger of the gods and the patron of commerce.

Urgent messages were delivered to horse races, and valuable states were transported on carts. Horse racing called "Berdos" - from the Persian words "Berd", meaning a "fairy animal".
Not to all Roman provinces could be reached by land, and in this case for transportation mail used ships

"Suddenly, today we have ships from Alexandria, who usually go ahead and announce the arrival of the following fleet. Therefore, they are also called postcases. "

The main advantage " course Publus"It became a well-established system of road postal stations.
The stations were divided into two categories. The so-called "Mansio" was a well-maintained inerty yards, painted in red. Here the mesbons were waiting for not only the night and food, but also an extensive network of services. "Mansio" fired the head-manscence, under the leadership of which were "stationaries" (caretakers stable), "Hippocomes" (Konyuhi), Mulion (Mulu Militors), "Muloedicuses" (veterinarians) and "Carpenaria" (Carpenters).
Believe that it is from latin expression "Mansio Posita in ..." ("Station located in any paragraph") Subsequently, a modern concept " pOST." - "post office".
In addition, there were 6-8 intermediate small stations between the two "Mansio" - "Mutazio", which served, first of all, for shifts of horses.

"Course Publus", reconstruction of L. Burger.

To ensure the safety of the Romans along the important paths, military camps were broken, which at the same time performed and the Stroybat functions - i.e. Caine roads.
On lively intersections, there were even special walls that play the role of peculiar newspapers. Everyone wrote everything to them that he wakes up - from news and ads before epigram and love notes like "Mark loves Elena." No wonder some joker draws the following on one of the walls: "I am surprised to you, the wall, as you do not collapse, continuing to carry so many crawled inscriptions".

About how effective was " course Publus"Specifies the following fact. If Julius Caesar, constantly replacing the horses, could cover no more than 100 miles per day, then Emperor Tiberius, using the services postal service, moved twice faster. As a result, the rulers of the Roman Empire received fresh news regularly.

But the private correspondence to lead through the Lord is forbidden. Therefore, the most wealthy from Roman citizens had their own slaves from among the slaves. On a day, such a height could pass about 70 km. If the message had to be sent for a long distance, it was transferred through merchants or traveling acquaintances. True, such messages came out not as an example of a slower government. There is a case as a year of August (not the emperor) got a letter Only nine years later.

Seneca, from "Letters to Lucilia":
"Your letter I received only many months after sending. Therefore, I accidentally unsubscribed to have a person who gave him about your life to be. "

Unfortunately, the developments of the Romans turned out to be forgotten forgotten, after the empire fell under the onslaught of the barbarians, and Europe plunged for a long time in the "Dark Ages". Decline postal service was so strong that even in the XVI century the messenger moved one and a half times slower than, rather roman courier During the heyday " course Publus".