What the postal couriers of ancient Rome decorated. History of mail. High heels in ancient Rome worn only priestess of love

Antique cameo, these miniature hands of human hands, combine subtle grace and beauty. And although their age is calculated not by one tenth of centuries, looking at them, each viewer has a feeling that these images are about come to life! After all, in ancient times in ancient Rome, in ancient Greece and Hellenistic states, this art has reached the vertices of perfection.

No wonder they say: " Gemma are small, but they win a cenche"(S. Reynak). The art of miniature threads on precious and semi-precious stones, glipetics, known with deep antiquity. At the same time, carved miniatures, called gemma, can be of two types - with convex images (these are cameo) or with cut-out (inthalia).

Intals as seals

Intals are more ancient kind of thread, and they survived their flourishing for a long time. Cut Intals on monochrome stones usually always with a practical purpose - for use as seals. On soft clay or wax put out prints, sealing the premises, sealing letters and documents. And also stamped some things, thereby noting their belonging to the owner of the intella.

Thumbnails of miniature inthaly - the case is not easy, the sharp must be good to imagine how the inverted impression will look like. As a material for inthalli, varieties of quartz are most often used: carnelian and reddish chalcedony, as well as rhinestone.

Kameoi - Luxury Items in Ancient Greece

In the era of antiquity, at the end of the IY century BC. E., Masters of Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece Continuing to work with inthalia, begin to work with with another material - multicolor and multi-layer sardonix or agate, from which convex embossed gems are cut out. With a skillful approach, the crackers managed to achieve interesting colors and light effects.
Working on double or triple portraits, they tried each of them to withstand in their color. And if it was possible to successfully get into the color, which was quite difficult, came out as if they came to life.
While Intals were used for practical purposes, cameo became the subject of luxury. They were inserted for beauty to robust and diadems, adorned their clothes ... But not everyone could afford to buy them.

Gemma Alexandria

The first to start working with cameers on the basis of polychrome sardonix were nameless Greek masters-carvers on the stone, who served at the courtyard of Ptolemyev in Alexandria. As part of the gliptic, these were big masters, even the earliest working with cameras were performed virtuoso.

A number of works created by their work became famous masterpieces. These include a unique "Kameu Gunsag", "Farnese Cup", "Ptolemy Cup" and others.

The most brilliant work recognized as a masterpiece for all times was "Cameo Gonzag", stored in the Hermitage.

The finest Cameo, one of the largest. Two profiles are cut on it - male and female. Most likely, this is Ptolemy II and his wife Arsinoe, who is also his sister.

This cameoy did not avoid the fate of many historical relics: seven times she passed from one owner to another, until he was in St. Petersburg. She in 1814 presented to the Russian emperor Alexander I Josephine after the defeat of France in the war with Russia.

Glipetics in ancient Rome

After the fall of the kingdom of Ptolemyev (30th year BC), the era of Hellenism was over, and the Greek masters began to work for the benefit of the Roman Empire, which successfully absorbed the culture of ancient Eldla, including gliptic. But reproducing its best samples, Roman cutters became in many creating portrait and multifiguric cameras with mythical and allegoric heroes.
Gradually, in the history of the gliptic, a new period came, in which a new style took shape. Now basic scene line The Triumph of the emperor became, and in the technique, preference began to give more stringent and graphic two-color compositions - white silhouettes on a dark background.

"Cameo August"

On this two-color chamber depicts Emperor Augustus surrounded by real historical personalities and Roman gods.

"Gemma Tiberius"

This camoy is the biggest cam in the world. Napoleon I called it the "Great Machines of France." Cameo manufactured during the reign of Emperor Tiberius in his honor based on five-layer Sardonix. More than 20 figures are located on it in three rows. The Emperor Tiberius with his wife Libya is depicted surrounded by his relatives and gods cut out with jewelry accuracy, and they have a defeated German and Ducks under their feet with their women and children.

It is clear that the miniature stone thread is not a simple matter, requiring great mastery and patience. In addition, the master should be able to see the beauty in stone, to predict how the layers are located inside it. The thread process itself is very long. It is not even months for the creation of one cameley, and years of hard work. Experts compare the process of making one large cameo with the construction of a whole cathedral. Apparently, you need to love your business very much to do it.

But, despite all these difficulties, from under the cutters of ancient craftsmen, many excellent specimens, real works of art, came out. And all the subsequent years they remain the ideal of beauty and perfection to which many Masters of Gliptic are striving.

Intals

Cameley

In the center of the Cross placed quite large cameo, on which the emperor Augustus is depicted. This cross was donated to the ancient and famous Aachen Cathedral by the German emperor Otton III.

Cameo Emperor Konstantin, Sardonix, IV Century N. e., Konstantin and Tikh. Sardonyx. Roman work. IV century St. Petersburg, State Hermitage.

The best collections of the camas have Museums of Vienna, Paris and St. Petersburg. In many ways, thanks to the efforts of Catherine II, adored came and collecting them, the assembly of the ancient Hermitage Camiors is one of the largest in the world. And today is impressive of the most sophisticated connoisseurs.

1. Some hundred years ago, the delivery of parcels and letters across Russia was considered very fast if he did not exceed six months. In the old days, the royal messengers could pay their own lives for bad news, and therefore the work of the courier in those times was not just complicated, but also dangerous.
2. IN Ancient civilization Inca managed to keep under a unified government huge territory Thanks to excellent roads with a well-established courier service. Insk Roads were intended for pedestrians and caravans Lam, every 7.2 km stood distance indexes, and after 19-29 km - traveler recreation stations. In addition, courier stations were located every 2.5 km. The couriers (teas) passed the news and orders on the relay, and thus the information was transmitted for 2000 km in 5 days.
3. In the ancient Roman Empire, thanks to the courier delivery, residents of the country could receive up-to-date information about the events of political life, litigation, scandals, military campaigns and executions. Being an imperial courier was very honorable, and this activity was well paid.
4. In ancient China, the production of special news sheets was practiced, which then were delivered by couriers to various regions of the country. It can be said that courier delivery over the centuries has been an important part of the government system.
5. IN Ancient Egypt The most famous courier was considered phillipid, which by legend in 490 BC. Brought a message about the victory in the battle of the marathon in Athens. He, running about 40 km, died from exhaustion, but became the founder of marathon jogging.
6. In the 13th century, the first special service was organized in Russia to send written reports, the so-called Yamsk gilvan, - a distinctive Russian institution that existed until the second half of the 19th century.
7. In the XVI century, special letters began to make special events to account for correspondence and enhance the personal responsibility of the deaths for its safety on the originals or copies of documents. In the XVII century, these events have become more detailed and contained, except for the surname and the name of the race, year, month and day of the correspondence.
8. In 1665, postal and courier routes from Moscow were organized in Riga and in 1669 - to Vilnius, who made the possibility of sharing correspondence, including private, with foreign countries.
9. In Russia, the courier postal service appeared in the 17th century, on November 17, 1710 Peter I signed a decree on the establishment of a special courier route from St. Petersburg to Moscow, which was a prototype of a military-field courier service approved by Decree of Peter I on March 30, 1716.
10. In 1783, in Russia for the first time, uniform tariffs for sending correspondence were introduced depending on its mass and from distance.
11. Since 1837, in Russia, the courier departures began to transport railway. Russia is one of the first countries that organized such transportation.
12. By the beginning of the 19th century, there were about 460 postal and courier institutions in Russia, where the service of 5 thousand couriers managed.
13. In America, the first courier services began to be provided in 1907 by the American company UPS. This company was engaged in delivery of colors, mailing and small cargo.
14. In 1946, Ken Thomas founded the company-carrier TNT. He made the main emphasis on the implementation of a regular communication between cities. And she brought his innovations, to all customers who wanted to make sure the success of the delivery were now issued a special certificate with the recipient's signature.
15. In 1969, for the first time, air delivery appeared, which allowed

| Postal Services of the Ancient World

Although the word "Mail" appeared in ancient Rome Only at the turn of our era, for convenience it is so accepted to call various communication services that existed earlier. The same applies to such terms as "mailmaster", "sending correspondence" and others.

Mail in the country Pyramids. It is known that already with the pharaohs of the IV dynasty (2900-2700. BC) in Egypt existed a mail with footers (fuses) and horse rings, kiced on military roads to Libya, Abyssinia, Arabia. The local population was obliged to provide the winters by the post. Pharaoh in the form special privileges Released individual cities from this service. Information about this is found in ancient papyrus. For example, Popi Popi (LEI) II from the VI of the Dynasty, which ruled the ancient kingdom of 2500 - 2400. BC E., Gived benefits to Copt and Dashura: "Opened by my Majesty, so that the city from the works of all kinds and duties assigned in favor of the royal house and the yard was released for the Tsar Snofer, .. .. so that all the tenants of this city were free from standing. couriers walking on water or land, up or down, for eternal times ... "

The service of the royal messengers was severe and dangerous. According to the customs of the time the messenger who brought bad news, the angry lord could execute. The story about the dangers and adversities of such a service was preserved in the diary of a scientist belonging to times XII. Dynasty (2000 - 1788 BC): "When the messenger comes into a foreign country, he will make the property of his children with his fear of lions and Asians. And if he returned to Egypt, he barely reached the garden, he barely reached him At home in the evening, how soon should come together again. " The author will make his son: "Become who you want, but not a messenger."

The letters most often wrote on a papyrus, rolled into the tube, tied up the twine-like clay seal.

Egyptian Fellahi in Tel-El-Amarne, where Aheta-tone was, the capital of the Egyptian king Amenhotea IV (Ehnaton) (1419 - 1400 BC), found in 1987. His archive of foreign affairs. Several hundred clay plates written by the Babylonian Clean end were the correspondence of Pharaoh with the kings of the Babylonian, Hett, Mitannia and Assyrian states, as well as reporting to the Egyptian king from the princes of the Prince of Syrian and Phoenician cities.

After 20 years, in 1906, not far from Ankara, near the village of Bogati, the expedition of Profrementor G. Wincler excavated the Hattite capital of Hattusas and found another huge archive (about 15 thousand clay plates). Among the various documents were kept here and many letters in the Hittt, Akkadian and other languages. Letters were mainly in the XIV-XIII centuries. BC e.

Among them was found to be a famous letter of widow early Dead Pharaoh Tutankhamon to the king of Hittites Supailulium. "My husband died, I don't have a son," she wrote. -And you, they say, a lot of sons. If you give me one of them, I will be my husband. What is me, a slave, or you, to take your husband And read it? ".

On the roads of the huge kingdom of Akhanov. The most perfect postal service system began to create the Persian king of Cyrus II Great (? -530Don.E.); It reached the highest level at Darius I (522 - 486 to and. e.). In order to keep the numerous peoples on the huge territory in subordination to be stronger, it was necessary to have a powerful and developed network of roads. Persian roads not only had a lot in common with Assyrian military roads, but exceeded them, they can be called predecessors of Roman roads. One of the main roads-tsarovskie was from a saorle on the Aegean coast of Malaya Asia through Armenia and Assyria to the south of dvarechia. Two other roads were born from her: one to Tir and Sidon, the other to the borders of Bactria and India. There were a lot of other roads.

Greek historians Herodotus (484 -425 BC) and xenophon (430 - 355 BC. Er) were enthusiastic with the state of roads and the clarity of the organization of the courier service. Herodotus traveled in the middle of V c. BC e. According to the Persian state, noted that the roads gave him the opportunity to get acquainted in detail with the country. Throughout the royal road, there were royal hotels with excellent living quarters. At various points stood troops that ensured the safety of motion of mail, travelers, merchants with goods. To cover the path from the sard to the SUZ (about 2,300 kilometers), a fat traveler, according to Herodota, was required about 90 days.

The royal mail was delivered much faster. 20 kilometers between hotel stations were divided into parasanga (five kilometers), at the end of which courier pickets were located, always ready to go on the road. The mail was passed on the principle of the relay: the rider, having received the mail, rushing on the whole supports to the next picket, passed the package to another that rushes further. Therefore, a huge distance from the end to the end of the royal road, public postal overcame in six - eight days, passing 111 stations.

This mail in the Greeks was called "Anharanion", and the "hangara" messengers. "Persians were so skillfully organized the transfer of Westa," Herodot writes, - that no one in the world can surpass their messengers.. Neither the snow, neither rain, no heat, nor the darkness will detain the messengers of the King Daria, do not hide them at the very high speed. High sections them... Nothing in the world is executed as quickly as orders delivered by his couriers... " Herodotus ends xenophon, who writes about Kira Jr. Kira (? - 401 BC): "No one in the world can argue with them in speed, pigeons and cranes barely sleep behind them."

Persians first introduced and regularly acting postal communication, which is now called military fieldhowl by mail.For the army who committed a conquering campaign was moved by a special service that supported the postal connection with the capital of the state. There is information that particularly important and urgent military news and orders were transferred from the picket to the picket with firing signals.

Under the sky Ellala. The peculiarities of the political life of ancient Greece led to the originality of her postal ties. Numerous small states, state cities did not support regular mail messages - they simply did not need it. If there was a need to convey important news (for example, military), then sea vessels were used (for communication with the islands and numerous colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas) or hemodromes - "day messengers" (if necessary, they fled at night). For the transfer of news for close distances, grammatophors ("writing") were used. The service of those and others was considered responsible and honorary. For her, enduring and fast runners were selected, often Olympionics - the winners of the Olympic Games.

History has kept information about Lasphen, hemodroma from FIV, which overthrown rapid horses on long distances. His friend Ephid made a feat, sacrificing life, like the famous Marathon messenger. Ephid ran over 200 kilometers to deliver the sacred fire from the Delphian Temple when in the temple on the Athenian Acropolis, the sacred fire went to the absence of priestess. Ephid fled so quickly that, returning to Athens, died of overwork. Another famous Filipp's messenger ran 225 kilometers for 24 hours to transfer the Lactedamyans as a request of Athenian about military assistance against invading Persians.

In ancient Rome.On the unbarrous spaces of the ancient Roman state and conquered by the Rome of countries, from the Middle East to Britain, a branching system of communication was created for the clear regulations. Email existed during the days of the republic, but an ordered Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) was improved during the time of August of August (27 BC. E. - 14 N. E.), and the highest heyday reached at the Emperors Nerve , Trianta, Adriana (96 - 138 n. E.). Separate routes with a total length of about 100,000 kilometers were gradually combined into a single system. The postal service was called "Course Publus" - Public Mail. For the sake of justice, we note that this name did not quite correspond to the truth: only members of the imperial family, Patricia, officials, legionnaires could use the post office. But over time, the postal layers of Roman free citizens began to serve and wider posts. At the distance of one day the path was located the main postal stations -Mansio, where it was possible to change the wagon, eating, eat and spend the night. There are usually six - eight intermediate stations - Mutazio, where they changed the horses if necessary. Mail delivered and hiking ambassadors (crocarius), and horseback horses (glands). In addition to letters, passengers and cargo were transported. To do this, wagons were used strictly defined types (Fig. 14, but)- from the lungs of two-wheeled, harmful horses, to heavy four-wheeled, in which 8-10 horses, mules, donkeys or oxen were harnessed. Everything was painted to the smallest details: and types of departures, and loading capacity of the carts, and the category of passengers, and employees, their maintenance, etc.

We owe this communication system and the appearance of the word "mail". There were no special names of the station. If it was necessary to specify the station, then wrote or said: "Station located in paragraph N." or "Intermediate station located in paragraph NN.". From the word "posit" - "located" - with the time the word "mail" occurred, which in the XIII century. entered most European languages. Many researchers believe that the word "mail" in medieval Europe was first used in Italian ("Poeste") B 1298 in the famous book Marco Polo "Travel

Interestingly, the terminology of the hospitality industry is obliged to many of the Romans. And here they also contributed to the development of many civilizations. The word Hospitality (hospitality) occurred from Latin Hospitium (Gospey). Single words are HOST (host), Hospice (shelter), Hotel (hotel, hotel). The hospitalitys are so called in the antiquity of people along with their family who receive guests in their home. With the hospitality, the foreign country concluded the Union of Mutual Assistance, Friendship and Protection.

After the introduction of a regular state postage (at the time of the Emperor Octavian from 63 BC. E.) There are state-owned innings. The state suited courtyards in the cities and on the main roads, for which couriers and civil servants from Rome were passing up to Malaya Asia or to Gaul Batalov L.V. From the history of the development of tourism, Sat. Scientific articles. Vol. Izhevsk, 1999, - 148 s ..

Created state-owned bodies, removed from each other at the distance of one day of the horse's trip. As new territories and expansion of the Roman Empire conquer, economic and organizational structure also distributed in new provinces and conquered countries. How seriously the reliability of the institution provided to travelers, food and overnight, testifies to the fact of the special interest of the state. Thus, in the arch of Roman laws, such a reception was provided for the guest's things. Then it appeared the opportunity to safely spend the night in the inn. Even today, the legislation of a number of states regulates this issue based on the provisions of Roman civil law. After all, guest protection in all countries is one of the main goals of the hotel business.

Never merchants, merchants and other guests from a simple people could not be settled next to civil servants and government messengers. This circumstance influenced the qualitative condition of the storage courtyards. Those in which representatives of the aristocracy and government officials were built on all the rules of architectural art and offered a wide range of services. Subsequently, Marko Polo said that on such borough courtyards and "a king not to stop not enough" Polo Marco.Book Marco Polo. M.: Geographiciz, 1956 ..

Taverns and stable yards designed to serve citizens of lower estates offered minimal conditions for overnight stay and rest. For example, very often traveling just slept on straw, but in order not to freeze in the cold season, pressed to the warm side of their horse. There was no speech about some additional comfort. The organization of the hotel case in the Roman Empire was based on a certain classification of hotels developed by the authorities. There were two types of hotels: only for patrician (mansions), the other - for Plebeev (Stabulary).

The Roman hotel was a certain set of premises of a rather wide functional purpose: these are not only rooms for accommodating traveling, but also storage rooms, stables, shops, workshops, etc. Hotels, as a rule, were built from stone and had the necessary list of services. In winter, they were heated. Some hotels served only officials on special documents issued by government authorities. This tradition has still been preserved in the form of special premises for especially important people at airports, train stations and other travelers.

With the improvement of the functioning of the postal service in the second half of the IV century, when it combined the needs for transportation for a long time and in sending news, traveling yards were arranged along the roads. They were called "Mansio" and "Statsio". The first of these terms meant a climb courtyard, in which there were conditions for the placement of the imperial suite, the second is the post of traffic police.

Later there was an alignment of these innovations. Between Mansio and Statsio housed the persistent courtyards of a smaller value, or Mutazio (the place of the Horse Strip Changes), in which it was possible to satisfy the most urgent needs of traveling: to eat something, ne-revenge, replace driving or fabric animals.

The distance between the two Mansio depended on the nature of the terrain, but on average it was 40-- 55 km. There could be one or two smaller courtyards between the two mansio, and it already depended on not only from the terrain, but also from its population.

Such innovations differed from each other and the quality of their maintenance, ranging from Pretoria, in which the imperial retirement could be accepted, and to modest institutions. A fully equipped-breeding trial courtyard could offer almost everything that traveler needed. Here it was possible to eat, spend the night, change the driving animals (in the stables of large courtyards there were up to forty horses and mules), carts, cats, find servants, people who returned the hardened animals to the previous station, veterinarians, kagents and chariots correcting damaged crews Koter F., Bowenge., Maicenz J.Marketing. Hospitality and tourism / per. from English - M.: Uniti, 1998 ..

Standing and traveling courtyards and postal stations did not build specifically for these purposes, they served not only specially to the next travelers, although they had certainly the service championship. Mail, contrary to the fact that it served mainly central government, contained local residents. The emperors simply choose the already existing innovative yards of the desired quality for the quality service and included them in the system, demanding free overnight for each owner of the diploma.

Only in remote areas, as, for example, on passes or on secluded roads, the imperial authority was forced to build everything from the very foundation. In such places, they took all travelers, individuals, as well as representatives of the authorities to compensate for expenses. Warms, animals, cats, harshs - everyone attracted to service there from local surroundings, if possible. Since that time, people who worked precisely in the country's courtyards have already begun. Standing courtyards, especially on the main roads, were built by the Romans with the knowledge of the case and were quite comfortable for their time.

Over time, the content of the courtyard has become burdensome for its manager, since with the development of society and civilization the requirements for it are constantly increasing. They were presented not only those who had the right to use the courtyard under the law, but also those of those who were deprived of the conscience of officials who were self-confiscated by the horses and the crews either brazenly brought with him the courtyards of people who did not have the right to free service. Special inspectors (smoke, casus, public) checked the eligibility of the use of diplomas after their expiration date, fare not for the highway, which should have submitted a person, using the use of not the type of driving animals that took advantage of.

Emperors one by one published strict laws to stop abuse and keep service on travel courtyards at the appropriate level.

There were regulations concerning the number of carts and animals that could be used to officials who determined the maximum allowance, the number of matures, travel routes, the weight of saddles and blizzards, even the size and type of whips. One prescription established that "no one will reward a single venge, chariot and a veterinarian in a public institution, because they receive food and clothing that they have enough." In other words, it was forbidden to give "tips" by these employees. The requirements for not to give them, rarely were fulfilled, and everything indicates that these orders were not properly executed.

Each person who enjoyed mail should have to know exactly where various innovations were located. An affordable travelers were hatainers, which listed the courtyards along this road and distances between them.

There were also conditionally performed cartadows, of which it was possible to learn not only where the innovative courtyard was located, but what could be offered on it. Before the Renaissance period, a copy of one such a cartadower was reached, made in the Middle Ages, the so-called Petering Table. It was drawn on a long sheet of parchment 33 cm wide and 6.7 cm long. It is extremely inaccurate in cartographic terms, but represents the roads of the entire Roman Empire in such a way that it can be easily read. It causes information similar to the one that can be found on a modern automotive map: lines, denoting roads, city names and large villages and other places in which you can stay; Figures indicating the distances between them in Roman miles. It is interesting to note that small color drawings are inflicted about many names - symbols. They served the same goal as surprisingly similar symbols in modern guidebooks. They had to point out at first glance, what are the opportunity to take the nearest night while following this expensive Japped by G. D. History of Tourism. Minsk, IP, "Enoper Speech" -1999, - 216 p.

The names without the drawings accompanying their drawings denoted the simplest closure courtyard, which could, represent a little more than the water, roof over his head, food and fresh change in driving or riding animals.

For example, a traveler, leaving Rome on the Averaliyevian road, leading to the north along the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, could learn from the cartohym that the first appropriate place will stand Alsium, in eighteen Roman miles from the capital, with a minimum of comfort (the drawing with the name was absent), from there Ten miles to the Pyrgy with minimal amenities, then there were six miles to the peduncle, where there were also few amenities, but from there it was hand to Aquare Apollinar with a primitive hotel (designated by a quadranique building), from there were four miles to AKV Tavri with the same convenience, as in Aqua Apollinarian, etc.

Government messengers hurried from the station to the station with an average speed of five miles per hour, or for a normal travel day, fifty Roman miles were performed. Thus, the news from Rome reached Brundia for seven days, to Byzantium - about 25 days, to the Antioch - about 40 days, to Alexandria - about 55 days. In exceptional cases, moving day and night, the messengers could triple this speed. When in 69 n. e. In Moganti-Ake above Rhine (now Mainz, Germany), legions rebelled, the news of this reached Rome for 8-9 days. The messenger in such cases overcoming the average 150 Roman miles per day. The traveler, who gave government orders, was counting on the conveniences provided by public mail, and had little worries. He presented a diploma in the nearby inn and received appropriate means of movement, looked at his list of stations or a map in search of the respective places in his path, it was fed there, spent the night, changed the harness and crew until he arrived at the destination. Officially, persons who traveled in a private manner did not have the right to use mail, but since the human nature is as it is, which is, exceptions were inevitable.

Those who traveled privately and could not legally or illegally use government mail, had the opportunity to find the night in the courtyards and shelters, because in many provinces they were the only ones, and in some localities and the best in standing courtyards. Moreover, if he did not travel in the crew with his own harness, he could hire it that was quite accessible to the one who was going to travel, not on foot, but with the help of vehicles. If on the open road he reached the post office immediately after the official group, which was requisitioned by all that was at the disposal of this station, he did not have anything else, as soon as we expect. In any case, he moved a slower government mantle.

Already in the III century. BC. Rome builders erected high multi-apartment buildings - strokes - to accommodate and develop the city's population and guests. These were three, four-, and sometimes five-story buildings with a wooden frame. In Rome, stresses were settled both by the poor and the middle layer of citizens; People rich dwells and mansions. In such a high-rise building, we donated individual rooms or entire floors. In the Roman port of Ostia, where the lack of space was particularly acutely felt, everyone lived in multi-storey insuls (the remains of a number of not only well-maintained, but also decorated with frescoes and reliefs of insuls). In other cities, where there was enough building space (such as Pompeii), insuls were not erected at all, built houses with a garden or mansions. Hundreds of cities in Rome had aqueducts - water pipelines serving water in the city. As a rule, the aqueducts were monumental structures on arched supports. The longest aqueduct - 132 km was erected under the Emperor Adrian in Carthage. At the same time, at home - Lupanariums (public houses) japped G. D. History of tourism. Minsk, IP, "Enoperospace" -1999, - 216 s ..

Some rich landowners also built the bores on the borders of their possessions. We usually managed slaves specializing in housekeeping. Those stable courtyards and taverns, which were located closer to the cities, were more often visited by rich citizens, and therefore they contained freedings or the gladiators who had passed on peace, which decided to invest their savings in the "Restaurant Biz-carried". The hosts of the borough courtyards in those days were deprived of many citizens, including the right to serve in the army, to initiate against any of the case in court, bring oath and act as guardians of other people's children. In other words, the moral foundations of every person engaged in this business were automatically questioned.