Artificial gravity at the ISS. The role of artificial gravity in the development of deep cosmos. Why do you need artificial gravity

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Objectives and objectives

The purpose of my research work is to consider such a fundamental interaction as gravity, its phenomena and the problem of space settlements with artificial attraction, consideration of the features of the use of various types of engines to create artificial gravity, the development of ideas about life in space in the conditions of artificial gravity and solving problems arising from Creating this project, integration of advanced technology patents to solving problems of artificial gravity.

The relevance of research.

Space settlements are the type of space stations, in which a person could live for a long period of time or even a lifetime. To create such settlements, we need to think over all the necessary conditions for optimal vital activity - the life support system, artificial force, protection against cosmic influences, etc. And although it is quite difficult to implement all the conditions, a number of science science and engineers have already created several projects on which amazing space settlements will be created in the future.

The significance and novelty of the study.

Artificial gravity is a promising direction for research, because it will provide a long-term stay in space and the possibility of distant cosmic flights. The construction of space settlements can give funds for further research; If you run the cosmic tourism program, which will be very expensive pleasure, space corporations will receive an additional financing stream, and research can be carried out in all directions, without limiting the possibilities.

Gravity. Gravitational phenomena. Gravity.

Gravity is one of the four types of fundamental interactions, or in other words, such a force of attraction directed towards the center of the mass of any object and to the mass center of the accumulation of objects; than more Massa, the higher the gravity. When removing from the object, the force of attraction to it tends to zero, but in ideal conditions never disappears at all. That is, if you imagine an absolute vacuum without a single excess particle of any origin, then in this space any objects with at least a small mass, in the absence of any other external forces, will be attracted to each other on any infinitely distant distance.

At low speeds, gravity is described by Newton's mechanics. And at speeds comparable at the speed of light gravitational phenomena are described by a hundred

A. Einstein.

Within the framework of Newton's mechanics, gravity is described by the World Act, which states that two point (or spherical) bodies are attracted to each other with the force of directly proportional to the mass of these bodies, inversely in a proportional square of the distance between them and acting along a straight line connecting these bodies.

In the approximation of high speeds, gravity is explained by the service station, which has two postulates:

The principle of the relativity of Einstein, talking about the fact that natural phenomena is equally flowing in all inertial reference systems.

The principle of constancy of the speed of light, talking that the speed of light in vacuum is constant (contrary to the law of addition of speeds).

To describe gravity, a special expansion of the theory of relativity is developed, in which the curvature of space-time is allowed. Nevertheless, the dynamics even within a hundred may include gravitational interaction while the potential of the gravitational field is much smaller. It should also be noted that the service station ceases to work on the scale of the whole universe, requiring replacement to from.

Gravitational phenomena.

The most striking gravitational phenomenon is attracted. There is also a different phenomenon associated with gravity - weightlessness.

Thanks to the gravitational forces, we go on the ground, and our planet exists, like the whole universe. But what happens if we leave the planet? We will experience one of the bright gravitational phenomena - weightlessness. The weightlessness is such a state of the body, in which there are no efforts in except for gravitational, or these forces are compensated.

Astronauts staying on the ISS are in a state of weightlessness, which negatively affects their health. When moving from the conditions of earth gravity to the conditions of weightlessness (first of all, when the spacecraft exit to orbit), most of the astronauts have a reaction of the body, called cosmic adaptation syndrome. With a long (more than a week) of a person's stay in space, the lack of gravity begins to cause certain changes that are negative in the body. The first and most obvious consequence of weightlessness is the rapid atrophing of the muscles: the muscles actually turns off from the human activity, as a result, all the physical characteristics of the body deteriorate. In addition, a consequence of a sharp decrease in muscle tissue activity is to reduce the consumption of oxygen intake, and due to the excess hemoglobin, the activity of the bone marrow synthesizing it can be reduced. There is also reason to believe that limiting mobility violates phosphoric exchange in the bones, which leads to a decrease in their strength.

In order to get rid of the negative effects of weightlessness, it is necessary to create an artificial burden in space.

Artificial gravity and space settlements. Early studies of the XX century.

Tsiolkovsky proposed the theory of essential settlements, which represented the Thor, who slowly rotates around its axis. But at that time, such ideas were utopia and all his projects remained on sketches.

The first worked project was proposed by the Austrian scientist German Nordruung in 1928. It was also a station in the form of a torus, which includes residential modules, an electric generator and an astronomical observatory module.

The following project was proposed by Werner von Brown, a leading specialist of the American Space Program, he also represented a self-shaped station, where people would live and worked in the premises connected to one big corridor. The project of Werner was one of the priority directions of NASA until the SkyLab project appears in the 60s.

SkyLab is the first and only national orbital station of the United States, intended for technological, astrophysical, biomedical research, as well as to observe the Earth. It was launched on May 14, 1973, he accepted three expeditions on Apollo ships from May 1973 to February 1974, descended from orbit and collapsed on July 11, 1979.

Further in 1965, the American space society was assumed that the ideal form for space settlements would be a torus, since all modules are located together, the strength of gravity will have a maximum value. The problem of artificial gravity seemed largely resolved.

The next project was put forward by Gerard O'Neill, he assumed the creation of colonies for which it is proposed to use two giant sizes of the cylinder concluded in the frame and rotating in different directions. These cylinders rotate around own axis At a speed of about 0.53 turns per minute, due to which the strength of gravity is created in the colony.

In 1975, Parker put forward a project to create a colony with a diameter of 100 m and a length of 1 km, removed for a distance of about 400,000 km from the Earth and the Moon and the 10,000 people designed for 10,000 people. Rotation around the longitudinal axis at a speed of 1 turns in 21 seconds will create in it close to earthly gravity.

In 1977, the work of "Space settlements" was a researcher at the University of Professor, Richard Johnson and Professor Charles Holbrow, which considered promising studies in the form of Torah.

In 1994, under the leadership of Dr. Rodney Gallovie, with the participation of researchers and laboratory technicians of the Phillips laboratory and the Laboratory of Sandondia, as well as other US Airborne Force and Space Research Center for the University of Arizona, a volume guide was compiled for the design of cosmic settlements in the form of the Torah.

Modern research.

One of the modern projects in the field of space settlements is Standford Tor, who is a direct descendant of Werner's ideas von Brown.

Stanford Tor was proposed by NASA during the summer of 1975 by students of Stanford University in order to comprehend the project of future cosmic colonies. Later, Gerard O'Neill presented his "Island one" or "The Sphere of Bernal", as an alternative to Torah. Stanford Tor, only in a more detailed version, which is the concept of a ring-shaped rotating space station, was represented by Werner von Brown, as well as the Austrian engineer of Slovenian origin by Hermann.

It represents the torque tormeter of about 1.8 kilometers (for residence 10 thousand people, as described in 1975) and rotates around its axis (turnover per minute), creating an artificial gravity in 0.9 - 1 g at the ring due to centrifugal Forces.

The sunlight enters the mirror system through the system. The ring connects to the hub through the "Spokes" -caridors for the movement of people and goods to the axis and back. The hub - the axis of rotation of the station is best suited for the docking node of the reception spacecraftSince artificial gravity is insignificant here: there is a fixed module docked to the axis of the station.

The inner space of the Torah is a residential, it is quite large for creating an artificial ecosystem, a natural environment and inside like a long narrow glacier valley, whose ends, ultimately bend up to form a circle. The population lives here in conditions like a densely populated suburbs, and, inside the rings there are branches for agriculture, and the living part. (Attachment 1)

Space settlements and artificial gravity in culture. Elysium.

Mira-rings, what they are presented, for example, in the fantastic militant "Elysium" or the Halo video game, are perhaps one of the most interesting ideas for space stations of the future. In Eliasum, the station is close to Earth and, if you ignore its size, has a certain proportion of realism. However, the biggest problem here lies in its "openness", which is just in appearance - pure fiction.

"Perhaps the most controversial question about the ELISIUM station is its openness for the space environment."

"The film shows how the spacecraft simply sits on the lawn after it arrives from the open space. There are no docking gateways and the like. But such a station must be completely isolated from the external environment. Otherwise, the atmosphere does not stay here for a long time. Perhaps open areas of the station can be protected by some invisible field, which will allow the sunlight to penetrate inside and maintain life in plants and trees planted here. But while this is just fantasy. There are no such technologies. "

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe station in the shape of a rings is wonderful, but so far unrealizable.

Star Wars

Almost every amateur of scientific fiction films knows what the "star of death" is. This is such a big gray and round space station from the Skyopopoeia " star Wars", Externally very reminiscent of the moon. This is an intergalactic shredder of planets, which is essentially an artificial planet consisting of steel and inhabited attack aircraft.

Can we construct such an artificial planet in reality and pursue the expanses of the Galaxy? In theory - yes. Only this will require an incredible amount of human and financial resources.

The issue of the construction of the "Star Death" was rising even by the American White House, after the Society sent the appropriate petition for consideration. The official response of the authorities states that only 852,000,000,000,000 dollars will need for construction for construction.

But even if the question of finance would not be a priority, then humanity has no technology to recreate the "star of death", since it is necessary to have a huge amount of energy for its movement.

(Appendix 2)

Problems in the implementation of the project of space settlements.

Space settlements are a promising direction in the space consuming of the future, but as always there are difficulties that need to be overcome to perform this task.

Initial capital costs;

Internal systems Life support;

Creation of artificial gravity;

Protection against hostile external conditions:

1. from radiation;

   ensuring heat;

   from foreign objects;

Solving problems of artificial gravity and space settlements.

Initial capital costs - this problem You can solve together if people squeeze their personal ambitions and will work for the good of the Great Target. After all, the future of humanity depends on us.

Internal life support systems - Already on the ISS, there are systems for reuse of water, but this is not enough, subject to the sufficiency of the place on the orbital station, you can find a place for the greenhouse in which plants will be agreed by maximum oxygen, also has the creation of hydroponic laboratories for growing GMOs who can supply food all population of the station.

Creating an artificial force of gravity is not such a difficult task, as the delivery of a huge amount of fuel required to rotate the station.

1. 1. There are several ways to solve the problem.

      1. 1. If you need to compare the effectiveness of various types of engines, engineers usually talk about the specific impulse. The specific impulse is defined as a change in the pulse per unit of mass of the consumed fuel. Thus, the more efficiently the engine, the less fuel is required to output the rocket into space. The impulse, in turn, is the result of the action of force for a certain time. Chemical rockets, although they have a very large burden, work only a few minutes, and therefore are characterized by a very low specific impulse. Ionic engines capable of working for years may have a high specific impulse at a very low straight.

Use a standard approach and apply to solving the problem of jet engines. Calculations show that when using any known jet engine, huge amounts of fuel will be required to maintain a station at least a year.

Specific impulse I (relocation) \u003d 4.6

Specific momentum I (RDTT) \u003d 2.65

Specific momentum I (ERD) \u003d 10

Specific pulse I (plasma engine) \u003d 290

This is the fuel consumption for 1 year, therefore, use jet engines is unreasonable.

1. 1. 1. 1. My idea is as follows.

Consider an elementary case.

Let us have a carousel who is still. Then, if we fix the number of unipolar electromagnets on the edge of the carousel so that the power of their interaction is maximum, we will get the following: if we turn on the electromagnet number 1 so that it will act on electromagnet number 2 with force in X times more than, the second acts on The first, according to the III law of Newton, the force of the electromagnet number 1 on №2 on the part number 2 will be compensated for by the power of the reaction of the carousel support, which will remove the carousel from the rest of the rest. Now we turn off number 1, we will raise power 2 to №1 and turn on No. 3 with force equal to No. 2 at the previous stage and if you continue this procedure, I will achieve the rotation of the carousel. Apply this method To the space station, we will get a solution to the problem of artificial gravity.

(Appendix 3).

Protection against hostile conditions

1. Radiation Protection Patent № 2406661

patent owner of the Rebene Alexey Gennadyevich

The invention relates to methods and means of protecting the crew and equipment from ionizing radiation (charged particles of high energy) space Flights. According to the invention around spacecraft Create a protective static electric or magnetic field, which is localized in the space between the two nested-in-friendly closed non-axial surfaces. The protected space of the spacecraft is limited to the inner surface, and the outer surface isolates the apparatus and the protected space from the interplanetary plasma. The form of surfaces can be arbitrary. When using an electric protective field on the specified surfaces, charges of one value and the opposite sign are created. In such a condenser, the electric field is concentrated in the space between the plated surfaces. When magnetic field On the surfaces, currents of the opposite direction passes, and the ratio of current strength is selected so as to minimize the value of the residual field outside. The desired form of surfaces in this case is toroidal, to ensure solid protection. Under the action of Lorentz's power, charged particles will move along defecting curvilinear trajectories or closed orbits between the surfaces. It is possible to simultaneously use the electric and magnetic field between the surfaces. At the same time, a suitable material for absorption of charged particles can be placed in the space between the surfaces: for example, liquid hydrogen, water or polyethylene. The technical result of the invention is aimed at creating a reliable, solid (geometrically continuous) protection against cosmic radiation, to simplify the design of means of protection and reduced energy consumption for maintaining a protective field.

1. Ensuring heat patent №2148540

patent adolescent joint stock company "Rocket and Space Corporation" Energy "them. S.P. Queen"

The system of thermal control of a spacecraft and an orbital station containing closed circuits of cooling and heating associated through at least one intermediate liquid-liquid heat exchanger, control systems and measurements, valve-distribution and drainage-filling fittings, while the heating contour contains a circulation induction , gas-liquid and coil heat exchangers and thermal floors, and in the cooling circuit are sequentially installed, at least one circulation growth, fluid flow controller, one output of which is connected via the first return valve to the input of the mixer of the coolant flows, and the other through the second check valve - to the input The radiation heat exchanger, the output of which is connected to the second input of the flow mixer, the output of the flow mixer is connected by the connecting pipe with the heat-speaking cavity of the intermediate liquid-liquid heat exchanger, the output from which is connected to the circulation connector, on the connecting pipe The operating temperature sensors electrically connected through the control system with a fluid flow regulator, characterized in that two electrical aggregates were additionally introduced in the cooling circuit, and the input of the first electric pump unit through the filter is connected to the output of the coolant from the heat transfer cavity of the intermediate liquid-liquid heat exchanger, and its The output is connected to the second reverse valve and in parallel, through the filter to the input of the second operating unit, the output of which is connected to the first reverse valve, while each electric pump unit is equipped with a pressure drop sensor, and on the pipeline connecting the flow of the flow mixer with the heat transfer cavity of the liquid-liquid heat exchanger The additional temperature sensor is installed electrically connected through the control system with the first electric pump unit.

1. Protection against foreign objects

There are many ways to protect against foreign bodies.

Use non-standard engines, such as an electromagnetic accelerator with a variable specific impulse;

Wrap asteroid reflective plastic solar sailusing aluminum-covered film type PET;

"Paint" or sprinkle a titanium dioxide object ( white color) or soot (black), so that call the effect of Yarkovsky and change its trajectory;

Scientist-Planetist Eugene Shumyker in 1996 suggested release the cloud of a couple on the way of the object For his careful slowdown. Nickname in 1990 drew a similar intent "Aerodynamic braking comet": The comet or ice design is aimed at the asteroid, after which the nuclear explosions evaporate the ice and a temporary atmosphere is formed on the asteroid path;

Attach a heavy ballast to the asteroid so that with the help of a bias of the center of gravity to change its trajectory;

Use laser ablation;

Use shock-wave emitter;

Another "non-contact" method was recently proposed by scientists C. Bombardel and J. Pelouse from the Technical University of Madrid. It is proposed in it use ion gun With low divergence aimed at an asteroid with a nearby ship. The kinetic energy transmitted through the ions reaching the surface of the asteroid, as in the case of a gravitational tug, will create a weak, but constant force capable of deflecting an asteroid, and an easier ship will be used.

Undermining a nuclear device Over, on or under the surface of the asteroid is a potential reflection of the threat. The optimal height of the explosion depends on the composition and size of the object. In the event of a threat from piles of fragments to avoid their dissipation, it is proposed to produce radiation implosion, that is, undermining the surface. In the explosion, the released energy in the form of neutrons and soft X-ray radiations (which do not penetrate the substance) turns into heat when the surface of the object is reached. Heat turns the substance of the object into the emission, and it will come down from the trajectory, following the third law of Newton, the release will head in one direction, and the object is in the opposite.

Electromagnetic catapult - This is an automatic system located on the asteroid producing the substance from which it consists in space. Thus, it slowly shifts and loses the mass. The electromagnetic catapult should work as a low-specific impulse system: use a lot of fuel, but little energy.

The meaning is that if you use the asteroid substance as fuel, the amount of fuel is not as important as the amount of energy that is most likely to be limited.

Another possible way is to arrange the electromagnetic catapult on the moon, aiming it to the near-earth object in order to use the orbital speed natural satellite And his unlimited margin of "stone bullets".

Output.

After analyzing the presented information it becomes clear that artificial gravity is a completely real phenomenon that will be widely used in space acceleration as soon as we will overcome all the difficulties associated with this project.

Space settlements I see in the form that brought brown von: torpedo-shaped worlds with the optimal use of space and using advanced technologies to provide long-term life, namely:

• The rotation of the station will occur on the principle that I described in the section Creation of artificial gravity. But in view of the fact that in addition to rotation, movement will be performed in space, it is advisable to establish adjustment engines to the region.

Use advanced technologies to ensure the needs of the station:

• Hydroponics

  • Plants do not need to water a lot. Water extends much less than when growing on the ground in the garden. Despite this, with the proper selection of minerals and components of the plant will not displace or rot. This is due to the preparation of a sufficient amount of oxygen.

    A big plus is that such a method allows you to protect the plants from the sets of diseases and pests. Plants themselves will not absorb harmful substances from the soil.

    Consequently, the maximum yield will be completely covering the needs of the station inhabitants.

Water regeneration

• Condensation of moisture from the air.

  Cleaning used water.

  Recycling urins and solid waste.

For energy supply will be answered by a cluster of nuclear reactors, which will be shielded according to Patent No. 2406661 adapted to displacing radioactive particles beyond the station.

The task of creating space settlements is difficult, but fulfilled. I hope that in the near future, due to the rapid development of science and technology, all necessary prerequisites for the creation and development of space settlements on the basis of artificial gravity will be performed. My mortgage contribution to this item will be appreciated. The future of humanity lies in the development of space and the transition to a new, more promising, environmentally friendly turn spiral of human development.

Applications

Appendix 1. Stanford Tor

Appendix 2. Star of Death, Ellisium.

Appendix 3. Scheme of rotational motion.

Equality forces in the first approximation (only the interaction of magnets). As a result, the station performs a rotational movement. What we need is required.

Bibliography

Alyakrinsky. A man lives in space. Geeness: plus or minus?

Barrer, M. Rocket engines.

Dobrovolsky, M. Liquid rocket engines. Design basics.

Dorofeev, A. Fundamentals Theory of thermal rocket engines.

Matveyev. Mechanics and theory of relativity: Tutorial for university students.

Myakyshev. Molecular physics and thermodynamics.

Myakyshev. Physics. Mechanics.

Myakyshev. Physics. Electrodynamics.

Russell, D. Hydroponics.

Sanko. Astronomical dictionary.

Sivukhin. General physics course.

Feynman. Fainman lectures on gravity.

Tsiolkovsky. Works on rocket technology.

Shileiko. In the ocean of energy.

Golubev I.R. and Novikov Yu.V. Environment And her guard

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Zverev I. Protection of Nature and the Environmental Education of Schoolchildren.

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Internet resources:

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagal_Strica

http://www.roscosmos.ru.

http://allpatents.ru.

Artificial gravity has long been described in fantastic novels and is shown in films like "Space Odyssey of 2001". Theoretically, the possibility of creating artificial is not denied. However, before projects that could be tested in the conditions of space stations in the near future, it was practically no reason. But very soon, everything can change due to the efforts of the Cu Boulder team.

Why do you need artificial gravity

In fact, everything is quite simple and the essence is concluded in human physiology. The fact is that our bodies are arranged in such a way as to exist when at all our internal organs and the bone-muscular apparatus acts the force of attraction. In the conditions of space stations of this impact, as you understand, there is practically no, which is fraught with the appearance of various. And if the muscles and joints can be maintained in a tone, engaged in special simulators, then internal organs in this way do not "take off".

At the same time, during the development of engineers, engineers were encountered with a very obvious problem: with a debt of a person, a person begins to sick. Is it possible to get rid of such by-effect? As it turned out, you can. During testing to 10 sessions, all the tests are comfortable spinning in a centrifuge, without experiencing any problems. The speed of rotation at the same time was 17 revolutions per minute.

Why not use the installation right now

Before starting to full-scale tests in space, scientists need to answer a number of questions. Namely, the effect of learning in a centrifuge will be fixed for a long time, whether such an approach of remote health and, most importantly, how long the astronaut must be taken by this "gravitational bath" in order to compensate all the negative consequences of weightlessness. Once the feasibility and safety of the approach developed by the Cu Boulder team,

Ecology of knowledge. Long stay in space has serious consequences. Medical studies on the effect of microgravity on astronauts

Long stay in space has serious consequences. Medical studies on the influence of micrographs on astronauts after a multi-month stay at a low near-earth orbit (NOO) came to bitter conclusions: people cannot live without gravity fully. Thus, artificial gravity is increasingly discussed as the most important component of a long mission in space as near the Earth, and further from it.

Artificial gravity will be especially important for perennial commercial missions, where television equipment will be managed by the crew placed in the immediate vicinity of the asteroid, which produces minerals and other works are available. Such gravity will also be useful for perennial studies on low gravity bodies like the moon, Mars, or even satellites of external planets.

William Kemp from Washington believes that, together with his business partner, Ted Mazeich found a viable solution to these issues. This is a 30-meter in diameter cylindrical space station capable of creating a variable artificial gravity with the rotation of the cylinder around its longitudinal axis.

"If we want to stay in space for longer than a year, we need to make an artificial gravity system or we will sacrifice people in this process," Camp said, founder and CEO United Space Structures.

For more than three decades, Kemp worked on improving his ideas. Currently, the company has a patented process in the project and is looking for financing and other partners who can invest in large.

The idea is to achieve artificial gravity at the expense of a centrifugal force that will require rotation that creates downstream pressure. A small 10-meter structure, in theory, can rotate quite quickly so that people feel attracted, but Kemp says that astronauts with such a structure will have terrible problems of the inner ear.

"If the speed of rotation is too big, your sense of equilibrium fails and soon you will feel terrible pain in your hands and knees," says Kemp.

Nevertheless, a small cylindrical station with a diameter of 30 meters offered by Kemp will be able to maintain gravity in 0.6 Earth; This is a minimum that will allow people to live safely at the station for at least two years. Astronauts will live both inside the cylinder and in the external hemisphere of the structure.

Kemp says that the 30-meter cylindrical station will require the speed of rotation of 5.98 turns per minute and the minimum useful size for creating artificial gravity. Fast rotation speed would be uncomfortable astronauts.

"The direction of rotation of the cylinder does not matter," says Kemp. - speed depends on the radius of the rotating object and the gravity that you need; The more radius, the lower the speed of rotation. "

The first step in the tests of the United Space Structures will be the test of a 30-meter prototype on Noo, says Kemp. Although such a 30-meter station can fit at least 30 people, it will work well in deep space, and in the near-earth conditions for resource mining on asteroids.

What partners will take the construction of these stations?

"We are negotiating with companies likeDeep Space Industries. who want to extract resources on asteroids, and with other companies that want to extract resources on the Moon, "says Kemp. - We would like to use the Spacex launch platforms, but this will significantly increase the costs, so we will initially use composite materials for construction, not metals. "

Despite the predicted jumps in the field of space medicine over the next two decades, Kemp is absolutely convinced that artificial gravity will always be needed. Over time, in conditions of microgravity, the muscle and bone mass decreases, the visual nerve is compressed, the retina moves, the immunity falls, perhaps even disturbed critical thinking.

Of course, this does not mean that artificial gravity will be a panacea.

In conditions of artificial gravity, astronauts will still know that they are on a rotating station, says Kemp. Walking at such a station will remind the descent on the slope, because the floor will leave from under the feet. The walk in the opposite direction of rotation will resemble the rise in the mountain, since the floor will rise. And if you go perpendicular to the rotation in any direction, there will be a feeling that you get wound to the side. Published

Long-term space flights, the development of other planets, what had previously written science fictions Aizek Azimov, Stanislav Lem, Alexander Belyaev, etc., will be quite a possible reality thanks to knowledge. Since when reconstructing the earth's gravity level, we can avoid the negative effects of microgravity (weightlessness) for humans (muscle atrophy, sensory, motor and vegetative disorders). That is, almost anyone who wants a person will be able to visit space regardless of the physical characteristics of the body. At the same time, staying on board the spacecraft will become more comfortable. People will be able to use existing devices familiar to them, tools (for example, shower, toilet).

On Earth, the gravity level is determined by the acceleration of gravity on average equals 9.81 m / s 2 ("overload" 1 G), while in space, in weightlessness of approximately 10 -6 g. K.E. Tsiolkovsky led the analogies between the sensation of body weight when immersed in water or lying in bed with the state of weightlessness in space.

"The Earth is the cradle of the mind, but it is impossible to live forever in the cradle."
"The world should be even easier."
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Interestingly, for gravitational biology - the ability to create various gravitational conditions will be a real breakthrough. It will be possible to study: how the structure, functions on micro, macro levels change, the patterns in the gravitational effects of different magnitude and orientation. These discoveries, in turn, will help develop a fairly new direction now - gravitational therapy. The possibility and effectiveness of application for the treatment of changes in gravity (elevated compared to earthly) is considered. We feel the increase in gravity, as if the body sniffed a little. Today, studies are underway to apply gravitational therapy in hypertension, as well as to restore bone tissues during fractures.

(artificial gravity) in most cases are based on the equivalence principle of inertia and gravity forces. The equivalence principle suggests that we feel approximately the same acceleration of the movement without distinguishing the reason that it caused: gravity or inertia forces. In the first embodiment, the acceleration occurs due to the impact of the gravitational field, in the second, due to the acceleration of the movement of the non-inertial reference system (the system that moves with acceleration) in which the person is located. For example, such an impact of inertia's forces is experiencing a person in the elevator (non-intersocial reference system) with a sharp rise up (with acceleration, a few seconds feel like a body squeezed) or braking (the feeling that the floor goes out under the feet). From the point of view of physics: when lifting the elevator up to the acceleration of the free fall in the non-inertial system, acceleration of the cockpit is added. When a uniform movement is restored - "Poster" disappears in weight, that is, the usual sense of body weight is returned.

Today, as far from 50 years ago, centrifuges are used to create artificial gravity (centrifugal acceleration is used during space system rotation). Simply put, during the rotation of the space station around its axis, a centrifugal acceleration will arise, which will "push" a person from the center of rotation to the side and as a result of the cosmonaut or other objects can be found on the "floor". For a better understanding of this process and with what difficulties, scientists are facing, let's look at the formula for which the centrifugal force is determined when the centrifuge rotation is determined:

F \u003d M * V 2 * R, where m is a mass, V is a linear speed, R is the distance from the center of rotation.

Linear speed is: V \u003d 2π * RT, where T is the number of revolutions per second, π ≈3.14 ...

That is, the faster the spacecraft will rotate, and the farther from the center there will be an astronaut, the stronger the artificial force will be created.

Carefully looking into the drawing we can see that with a small radius, the power of gravity for the head and for the feet of a person will be significantly different, which in turn will make it difficult to move.

When the cosmonaut moves in the direction of rotation, the power of Coriolis occurs. At the same time, the likelihood that a person will constantly rock. It is possible to bypass at the speed of the ship 2 turns per minute at the same time the artificial force of 1G gravity is formed (as on Earth). But at the same time, the radius will be 224 meters (approximately ¼ kilometer, this distance is similar to the height of the 95-storey building or in length as two large seques). That is, theoretically build an orbital station or spacecraft of such sizes is possible. But practically it requires considerable costs of resources, forces and time, which in the conditions of approaching global cataclysms (see report ) Human to send to real help in need.

As a result, it is impossible to recreate the necessary value of the gravity level for a person on a orbital station or a spacecraft, scientists decided to study the possibility of "reducing the plank set", that is, the creation of gravity is less than the earth. What suggests that for half a century of research failed to get satisfying results. This is not surprising because the experiments seek to create conditions under which the power of inertia or others would have an impact similar to the effects of gravity on Earth. That is, it turns out that artificial gravity, in essence, is not gravity.

For today in science there are only theories about what gravity is, most of which are based on the theory of relativity. At the same time, not one of them is not complete (does not explain the flow, the results of any experiments in all conditions, and even at least it is not coordinated with other physical theories confirmed experimentally). There is no clear knowledge and understanding: what gravity is like gravity is associated with space and time, from which particles it consists and what properties of their properties. Answers to these and many other questions can be found comparing the information set out in the book "Ezoosmos" by A.Novyov and the report of the original physics of the alto. Offer Pred new approachwhich is based on basic knowledge of the primary foundations of physics fundamental particles, the patterns of their interaction. That is, on the basis of a deep understanding of the essence of the gravity process and, as a result, the possibility of accurate calculation to recreate any values \u200b\u200bof gravitational conditions both in space and on Earth (gravitational therapy), predicting the results of conceivable and unthinkable experiments supplied by both human and nature.

Ordinary physics of the alto - it is much more than just physics. It opens up possible solutions to tasks of any complexity. But most importantly, thanks to the knowledge of the processes occurring at the level of particles and real actions, each person can realize the meaning of his life, to figure out how the system works and get the practical experience of contact with the spiritual world. Aware of the globality and the primacy of the spiritual, exit the framework / template restrictions of consciousness, beyond the system, gain real freedom.

"As they say, when you have universal keys in your hands (knowledge about the basics of elementary particles), then you can open any door (micro and macromir)."

"In such conditions, a qualitatively new transition of civilization in the direction of spiritual self-development, large-scale scientific knowledge of the world and itself is possible."

"All that oppresses a person in this world, ranging from obsessive thoughts, aggressive emotions and ending with the template desires of the egoist consumer ‒ This is the result of choosing a person in favor of a septon field.- Material reasonable system, which template exploits humanity. But if a person follows the choice of his spiritual principle, he acquires immortality. And there is no religion, but there is knowledge of physics, its original foundations. "

Elena Fedorova

For those in space of objects, rotation is the usual business. When two masses move relative to each other, but not towards or from each other, their gravitational force creates a torque. As a result, in the solar system, all planets rotate around the sun.

But this is what person did not influence. Why do spacecraft rotate? To stabilize the position, constantly direct the devices in the desired side and in the future - to create artificial gravity. Let's look through these questions more.

Stabilization of rotation

When we look at the car, we know which way he rides. It occurs due to the interaction with the external environment - the clutch of the wheels with the road. Where turn the wheels - there and the whole car. But if we deprive it of this clutch, if we send a car on a bald rubber to ride on ice, it will be spinning in the waltz, which will be extremely dangerous for the driver. This type of movement rarely arises on Earth, but in space this is the norm.

B. V. Raushenbach, Academician and Laureate of the Leninist Prize, wrote in the "control of the movement of spacecraft" about the three main types of management of the movement of the spacecraft:

1. Obtaining the desired trajectory (control of the Mass Center Motion),
2. Orientation management, i.e., obtaining the desired position of the cosmic vehicle of the spacecraft relative to external benchmarks (control of the rotational motion around the center of the mass);
3. The case when these two types of control are implemented simultaneously (for example, when approaching spacecraft).

The rotation of the device is carried out in order to ensure the stable position of the spacecraft. This clearly demonstrates the experiment on the video below. The wheel fixed on the cable will take a position parallel to the floor. But if this wheel is pre-promoted - it will save your vertical position. And this will not interfere with gravity. And even a two-kilogram cargo, fixed at the second end of the axis, does not significantly change the picture.

Adapted to life in the conditions of earthly attraction The body manages to survive and without it. And not only survive, but also actively work. But this little miracle does not do without consequences. The experience gained over the decades of man flights into space showed: a person is experiencing many loads in space, which leave a trace on the body and psyche.

On Earth, our body struggles with gravity, which pulls blood down. In space, the struggle continues, but there is no gravity force. Therefore, astronauts are fined. Intracranial pressure grows, grows pressure on the eyes. This deforms the optic nerve and affects the shape of eyeballs. The plasma content in the blood is reduced, and due to a decrease in the amount of blood that needs to swing, the muscles of the heart are atrophy. The bone defect is significant, the bones become fragile.

To overcome these effects, people in orbit are forced to engage in physical workouts daily. Therefore, the creation of artificial gravity is considered desirable for long-term space travel. Such a technology should create physiologically natural conditions for habitat people aboard the apparatus. More Konstantin Tsiolkovsky believed that artificial gravity would help solve many medical problems of human flight into space.

The very idea is based on the equivalence principle of gravity and inertia forces, which says: "The forces of gravitational interaction are proportional to the gravitational mass of the body, the inertia's strength is proportional to the inert mass of the body. If the inert and gravitational masses are equal, it is impossible to distinguish, which force acts on this sufficiently small body - the gravitational or power of inertia. "

This technology has shortcomings. In the case of a small radius apparatus, different strength will affect legs and on the head - the farther from the center of rotation, the stronger artificial gravity. The second problem is the power of Coriolis, due to the impact of which a person will scold when driving relative to the direction of rotation. To avoid this, the device should be huge. And the third important question is associated with the complexity of the development and assembly of such a device. When creating such a mechanism, it is important to consider how to make it possible to constantly access the crew to compartments with artificial gravity and how to make this torus move smoothly.

IN real life Such technology for the construction of spacecraft has not yet been used. For the ISS, an inflatable module with artificial gravity was offered to demonstrate the prototype of the Nautilus-X ship. But the road module would create significant vibrations. Making the entire ISS with artificial gravity with current missiles is difficult to determine - it would have to collect everything in orbit in parts, which would complicate the scope of operations at times. And this artificial gravity would cross the essence of the ISS as a flying microgravitational laboratory.

The concept of an inflatable module with microgravity for the ISS.

But artificial gravity lives in the imagination of fiction. The Ship "Hermes" from the film "Martian" has in the center of the rotating torus, which creates artificial gravity to improve the condition of the crew and reduce the impact of weightlessness to the body.

The US National Aerospace Agency has developed a TRL technology of nine levels of readiness levels: from the first on the sixth - development within research works, from the seventh and higher - experimental work and demonstration of technologies. The technology from the film "Martian" corresponds to only the third or fourth level.

In science fiction literature and films there are many applications of this idea. In the series of novels Arthur Clark "Space Odyssey" described "Discovery One" in the form of dumbbells, the meaning of which is to separate the nuclear reactor with the engine from the residential zone. The equator of the sphere contains in itself the "carousel" with a diameter of 11 meters rotating at a speed of about five revolutions per minute. This centrifuge creates a gravity level equal to the lunar, which should prevent physical atrophy in microgravity conditions.

"Discovery One" from "Space Odyssey"

In the anime series Planetes, the ISPV-7 space station has huge rooms with the usual earthly gravity. The living area and zone for crop production are placed in two torahs rotating in different directions.

Even a solid fiction ignores the huge cost of such a decision. The enthusiasts took the ELISIUM ship from the eponymous film. The wheel diameter is 16 kilometers. Mass - about a million tons. Sending goods to orbit costs $ 2700 per kilogram, Spacex Falcon will reduce this figure to $ 1650 per kilogram. But you have to implement 18382 launch to deliver such a number of materials. This is 1 trillion 650 billion American dollars - almost a hundred years NASA budgets.

To real settlements in space, where people can enjoy the usual 9.8 m / c² of acceleration of free fall, far away. Perhaps the reuse of parts of rockets and space elevators will allow closer to such an era.