Didactic games in the Russian language, grade 1.

Chernousova Svetlana Alexandrovna, teacher primary grades GOU TO "Tula school for students with disabilities health number 4 "

Target: generalization and deepening of students' knowledge of the Russian language.

Tasks:
in game form repeat the material learned in the Russian language lessons;
contribute to the enrichment of the vocabulary of children;
develop oral speech students, phonemic hearing schoolchildren;
develop spelling vigilance, memory, attention;
foster curiosity, interest in learning the Russian language.

Description: Play is the leading activity of children. Didactic game is a valuable means of educating the mental activity of children, it activates mental processes, arouses students' keen interest in the process of cognition. In it, children willingly overcome significant difficulties, train their strengths, develop abilities and skills. She helps anyone to do educational material fascinating, causes deep satisfaction among students, creates a joyful working mood, facilitates the process of mastering knowledge.
Development cognitive activity and positive emotional relationship to the subject in children goes more effectively if you regularly use visual-didactic and play material in the classroom.

Purpose: a selection of games will be useful for primary school teachers, teachers of the extended day group, primary school students, and parents.

Who knows the alphabet better?
Each player must correctly name all the letters of the Russian language by heart in order. The class evaluates the work and determines the winner.

Read it without hesitation!
There are 2 groups of consonant letters written on the board, the names of which cause difficulties for children.

The players go to the board in pairs. The first student calls letters from group 1, the second student - from group 2. The class evaluates the quality of the responses.

Make words from letters
From the letters given on the slide, you need to make words.

Make a word using the first letters
The slide shows objects. You need to take the first letters from the names of objects and make a word out of them. The student who is the first to write the word wins. It turns out the word ANCHOR.

Isographers
Find all the letters shown in the picture.

The letter got lost
The teacher reminds the children that words are made up of letters. In words, the letters stand, as in the alphabet, in a certain order. But it happens that the letter gets lost, and then the word changes, for example: house - smoke, table - chair. Then he reads a poem to the children:

It is not known how it happened
Only the letter got lost
Ran into someone's house
And he is the boss in it.
Listen carefully to the following verses and tell which letter got lost so that it changed the word.
1. The sea is turning blue in front of us.
Fly m aiki over the waves.

2. In full view of the kids
Crimea with paint painters.

3. We sat down in lo f ku and goa,
We swim back and forth.

4. Mom with b go with glasses
On the road along the village.

5. Snow melts, a stream flows,
The branches are full of in crustaceans.

Upside-down words
On the board from the cut alphabet are made upside-down words. Children have to rearrange the letters to make words.

The resulting words are: doll (fist), fox, book

Make up a word
Letters from the split alphabet are distributed to groups of students. Each student receives 1 letter. You need to line up near the board so that you get a word.

For example, the words: mom, winter, school.

What a word?
The task of the players is to decipher and write down 3 words, the letters of which are indicated by numbers in their place in the alphabet.

The winner is the student who was the first to decipher all three words (alphabet, primer, letter).

Bring the alphabet to life
In 5 minutes, you need to pick up one word for each letter of the alphabet and write them down in a notebook. The winner is the student who matches the words to the largest number of letters in the alphabet.

Who will collect faster?
Object pictures with one-, two- and three-syllable names of objects are displayed on the board: KIT, AX, BRIDGE, PENCIL, BUS, CANCER, SAW, GLASS, DOVE, SPARROW, TIGER, HORSE, FRAME, BALLS, DRUM, OWL, TABLE , CHICKENS, PARROT, ELEPHANT, SWALLOW, POK, DOLL, PLANE, KETTLE, RULER, ONION, HOUSE, SPOON, FORTY.
One of the players selects pictures with monosyllabic names of objects, the second - with two-syllable, the third - with three-syllable. The class checks and evaluates the results of the work.

Note. The game can be repeated by replacing in whole or in part the composition of subject pictures.

Confusion
Words with altered syllable order are written on the board.

You need to write down the words in a notebook, restoring the correct order of syllables. The student who correctly spelled all the words wins.

Guess the secret
On the board are written "enchanted" words, each of which has an extra syllable inserted.

It is necessary to "disenchant" the word by reading it correctly, without an extra syllable. Every word is read by the one who is the first to find an extra syllable.

How to transfer?
Each team player receives a card with a word, which he must write on the board, dividing by hyphens for transfer. The first team to correctly complete the task wins.

Words for the game: BOY, BUNNY, LETTER, KETTLE, ANIMALS, STREAMS; COAT, T-SHIRT, SCHOOLBOY, READ, DIPPER, SEA; CHARCOALS, SHUBEYKA, FIGHT, BUNNY, KOIKA, SKATES.

The same game is carried out on more complex material with the words: GUN, PRIZE, ATTACK, SISTER, NECK, CHAIRS, BARS, ZATEYA, SNAKE, SPEAR, DUCK, JUDGE, CHARCOALS, ZOYA, LINEN, FAST, NECKLACE, ARMY.

We embroider words
Words can be embroidered with a cross. To do this, the stressed syllable must be depicted with a large cross, and the unstressed one with a small one, for example: X x - SCHOOL, x x X - COCK, etc.
Those who play dictation denote stressed and unstressed syllables with crosses in the words SCHOOL, MOTHER, PARA, HAND, GOAT, BOARD, WINDOW, COW, LAMB, DUCKED, KITTEN, KITTEN, DOG, COCK, BALL, GOAT, CAT, DUCK , PIGLET.

Three "O"
Three-syllable words with missing vowels are written on a 3-column board.

Before proceeding to performing phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same.

Letters- these are writing, graphic symbols with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to convey meaning visually, we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

The list of all letters is just the alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a specific sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: b (soft sign) and b (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters can be used in a word than sounds. For example, "childish" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [c]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "U" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive the sounding speech by ear. Phonetic parsing of a word means the characteristic sound composition... In the school curriculum, such analysis is often called "sound-letter" analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and syllabic structure phrases united by a common verbal stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the spelling is correct:

• black -> [ч "О́рный"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar "]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly identify and distinguish between the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets -;
• a soft consonant is indicated by the transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - stress;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] is used - gravis (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Y, Y, E, E, L and B are NEVER used in the transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants [:] is used - the sign of the longitude of the pronunciation of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for spelling, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing of words with examples online, in accordance with the school-wide norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs of vowels and consonant phonemes.

How to do phonetic parsing of a word?

The following scheme will help you carry out a letter analysis:

• Write out the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants it contains.
• Indicate a stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) selects a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word by syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable section in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, sort the word by sound.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• In front of each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (as it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always the same as letters. The letters "b" and "b" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "i", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and separate its properties with commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; percussive or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or voiceless, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and voiced-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is a sample of phonetic analysis for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'en'n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables here: I-vle′-no-e. The stress falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [y] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [v] - acc., paired hard, paired zv.l [l '] - acc., paired soft., unpaired ... sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, stressed [n '] - agree, paired soft., unpaired. zv., sonorous and [and] - vowel., unstressed [y] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired zv., sonorous [e] - vowel., unstressed ________________________ In total in the word phenomenon - 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" stand for two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. Further, a classification of sound units of the Russian language is given, their interrelationships and the rules of transcription for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are percussive and unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words is: hard - soft, sonorous - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easy to explain. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can mean 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - vigorous and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ']: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If you doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless scales, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike the melodic consonants, they flow freely from the larynx, as it were, in a chant, without obstacles and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. Conversely, the louder you try to pronounce the consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are there in Russian phonetics?

In Russian speech, fewer vowel phonemes are used than letters. There are six percussion sounds: [a], [and], [o], [e], [y], [s]. Let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, y. Vowels Е, Е, Ю, Я are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when the letter parsing of words, the stress falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sounding and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to draw. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retain its basic appearance is called strong position. Only impact sound and syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less strength and not so clearly.

In Russian, unchanged phonetic properties are retained only by one phoneme "U": ku ku ru za, tablet, u chu s, u lov, - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel "U" does not undergo a qualitative reduction. Attention: on the letter, the phoneme [y] can also be denoted by another letter "U": muesli [m'u ´sl'i], key [kl'u ´ch ’] and so on.

Parsing the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in the strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko 't'ik], bell [kalako' l'ch'yk], milk [malako'], eight [vo'c'im '], search [paisko' vaya], dialect [go' var], autumn [o's'in '].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [cocoa "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra "dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter "ё" - [o]: turn [t'o'rn], fire [cas't'o'r]. It is also not difficult to parse the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after the stress is placed in the word. Do not forget about the existence in our language of homonymy: for "mok - zamo" to and about the change of phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya to ma].
• New houses [but "vie da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [gara"];
• he is online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• wit t flax = [s'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative when the duration of the sound changes. And a high-quality reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change phonetic characteristics depending on the position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in naked syllables (they consist of only one vowel);
• by the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

So, it differs 1st degree of reduction... It is exposed to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• an overt syllable at the very beginning;
• repetitive vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the "head" of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-local [n'iz'd'e'shn'iy].

(uncovered syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• vpe-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i '];
• e-natural-nno [yi s't'e's't'v'in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables with sound parsing refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called “second degree weak position”.

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-wa't ’];
• to model [ma-dy-l'i'-ra-wat '];
• swallow [la'-sta -ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-yy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in degrees: the second, third (after hard and soft agree., This is outside curriculum): to learn [uch'i'ts: a], to be numb [acyp'in'e't '], hope [over'e'zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable(= at the absolute end of a word):

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter parsing: iotated sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], E - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is "Y"? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, Y, Y, Y is determined by their positional position.

When parsing phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "YO" are always:
  • - hedgehog [yo' zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo'lach'ny], hedgehog [yo' zhyk], capacity [yo' mkast '];
  • - jeweler [yuv 'il'i'r], yula [yu la'], skirt [yu' pka], Jupiter [yu p'i't'ir], briskness [yu ´rkas't '];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye'l '], I go [ye'w: y], huntsman [ye' g'ir'], eunuch [ye' vuh];
  • - yacht [ya'khta], anchor [ya'kar '], yaki [ya'ki], apple [ya' blaka];
  • (* to perform sound-literal analysis of unstressed vowels "E" and "I", a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "E" and "U" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except for cases when these letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specified cases:
  • - receiver [pr'iyo'mn'ik], singing t [payot], pecking t [klyuyo ´t];
  • -yu rveda [ayu r'v'ed'da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [t'yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid "b" the sign "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo'm], shooting [syo'mka], adjutant [adyu "ta'nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" signs "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya'], brothers [brat'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya'na], blizzard [v'yu'ha], family [s'em'ya' ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is crucial. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound analysis of the remaining iotated ones and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" stand for two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e'n'i'ye], spruce [yilovy], blackberries [yizhiv'i'ka], his [yivo'], egoza [yigaza'], Yenisei [yin'is 'hey], Egypt [yig'i'p'it];
  • - January [yi nva'rskiy], core [yidro'], sarcastic [yiz'v'i't '], label [yirly'k], Japan [yipo'n'iya], lamb [yign'o'nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign language word forms and names: Caucasian [ye wrap'io'idnaya], Eugene [ye] vgeniy, European [ye wrap'e'yits], diocese [ye] par'archia, etc.).
• immediately after the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • timely [svayi vr'e'm'ina], trains [payi zda'], we will eat [payi d'i'm], run over [nayi w: a't '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi ts], learners [uch'a'sh'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe'n'iyi mi'i], vanity [suyi ta'],
  • bark [la'yi t '], pendulum [ma'yi tn'ik], hare [z'yi ts], belt [po'yi s], declare [zayi v'i't'], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i't], express [izyi v'i't '], announcement [abyi vl'e'n'iye], edible [this is good].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "hiccups", and for the Moscow school "hiccups". Previously, the iotrated "Yo" was pronounced with a more accented "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter parsing, adhere to the Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel "I" under stress and without stress is sounded differently: fair [ya ´rmarka], but an egg [yi yzo´].

Important:

The letter "I" after soft sign"B" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule applies to syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online parsing: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on k'r'yi 'x "socks], rabbit [cro'l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], nobody's [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [l´s'yi]. But: Vowel "O" after a soft sign "B" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotation can be heard: broth [bul'o'n], pavilion n [pav'il'o'n], similarly: postman , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotine, karagno la, minion n and others.

Phonetic parsing of words when the vowels "U" "E" "E" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "E" "U" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: f, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho 'lk], whole [whole], recipe [r'itse'ft], pearl [zhe'mch'uk], six [she'st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "U" "E" "E" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. The only exception is for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey mushroom [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o'r], child [rib ' o'nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e'n '], mirror [z'e'rkala], smarter [umn'e' ye], conveyor [canv'e' yir];
  • I - [a]: kittens [kat'a'ta], softly [m'a'hka], oath [k'a'tva], took [v'a'l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [cl'u'f], people [l'u' d'am], gateway [schl'u'c], tulle [t'u'l '], costume [cas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening has ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the XX century. In such cases, when you make phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate'l '], shoulder strap [br'ite'l'ka], test [te'st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], mashed potatoes [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet 't].
• Attention! After soft consonants in pre-stressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [and] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - zerno [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], ve sely [v'i s'o'ly], ringing [z'v 'i n'i't], forest [l'i sleep'y], metitsa [m'i t'e'l'itsa], per po [p'i ro'], brought weak [pr' in'i sl'], knit [v'i z't '], la gat [l'i g't'], five grater [p'i t'o'rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by the organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hiss, whistle or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian?

The alphabet is used to designate them 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g ']: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ’]: da acha - d dolphin,
  • [z] - [z ']: z von - z ethere,
  • [to] - [to ’]: to onfeta - to yangaroo,
  • [l] - [l ']: l odka - luks,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ']: new - n ectar,
  • [p] - [p ’]: p alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: pomashka - p poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: s ovenir - yurprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t yulpan,
  • [f] - [f ’]: f lag - f evral,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x nut - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [f], [c], [w] are always solid (life, cycl, mouse);
  • [h ’], [sch’] and [th ’] are always soft (daughter, more often yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

The consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

It is possible to determine voicedness-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the involvement of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorous (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they contain a maximum of voice and a little noise: lev, rai, nol.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and a noise are formed, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): zavod, b people o, w from n.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others) vocal cords do not strain, only noise is emitted: st opk a, f ishk a, to ost yum, ts irk, to sew.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of the formation: bow (b, p, d, t) - gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), front lingual (t, d, z, s, c, w, w, sch, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, g, x) ... The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing of words, try pressing your palms to your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound under study is a voiced consonant, if you hear noise, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: "Oh, we haven't forgotten a friend." - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding soft-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some shchets? - Fi! " - similarly, these cues contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can mean different sound, depending on the position held. In the flow of speech, the sounding of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stunning / voicing

In a certain position, the phonetic law of deafness-voiced assimilation operates for consonants. A voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but well [no'sh], snow [s'n'ek'k], vegetable garden [agaro't], club [klu'p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n'izabu't ka], obh vatit [apkh vat'i't ’], tu ornik [ft o'rn'ik], pipe a [corpse a].
• doing sound literal parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless paired consonant in front of a voiced consonant (except for [y '], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [p] - [p']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its own ringing couple: surrender [zda'ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba'], threshing [malad'ba'], request [pro'z'ba], guess [adgada't '].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant is not combined with the subsequent voiced noisy one, except for the sounds [в] - [в ']: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [s] and [s] is equally permissible.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-literal analysis in the endings "-th", "-his" adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "Г" is transcribed as a sound [in]: red [krasnava], blue [s'i'n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum in phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [hell: 'il'i't'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd '], bessh is clever [b'ish: u ´mny]. When parsing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis dissimilation is observed - the reverse process of assimilation. In this case, changes common feature for two consonants standing next to each other: the combination "GK" sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'oh'kh'k'iy], soft [m'a'kh'k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• The softening of paired solid consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of a consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the following vowel letter (e, e, i, y, i);
• [u ’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] is always softened before the soft consonants "Z", "S", "D", "T": claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'iceen'z' iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z'] fir, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd'] idat, ba [n'd '] it, and [n'd'] ivid , blo [n'd '] in, stipe [n'd'] ia, ba [n't '] ik, vi [n't'] ik, zo [n't '] ik, ve [n' t '] il, a [n't'] ichny, ko [n't '] text, rem [n't'] irovat;
• the letters "H", "K", "P" during phonetic analysis of the composition can be softened before soft sounds[h '], [u']: glass ik [stack'n'ch'ik], change ik [sm'en'n'sh'ik], ponch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'en'n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va'r'shch'ina], borsch [bo'r'sh '];
• often the sounds [z], [s], [p], [n] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation by hardness-softness: wall [s't'en'nka], life [zhyz'n '], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter parsing, take into account the words of the exception, when the consonant [p] is pronounced firmly in front of soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’]: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, in square brackets, a [-] dash is put in front of the letter "b".

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless in front of hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before hissing (f, w, w, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Alphabetic analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: come [pr'iye'zhzhii], rebellion [vash e'stv'iye], izzh elta [i'zhzh elta], squeeze [zh a'l'its: but].

The phenomenon when two different letters pronounced as one, is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you must designate one of the repetitive sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Combinations of letters with a hissing "szh" - "zzh" are pronounced as a double hard consonant [w:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - as [w:]: squeezed, sew, without a tire, climbed in.
• Combinations "zzh", "zzh" inside the root during sound-letter parsing is written in transcription as a long consonant [w:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "mid", "zh" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced like a long soft [ш ':]: score [ш': о´т], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place of "mid", "zch" is transcribed as [uch'ch ']: without number [b'esh' h 'isla´], with something [uch'ch' emta] ...
• When parsing sound-lettering, the combinations "pt", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o'ch': hik], molod ik [little'h ': ik], report [ach ': o´t].

Cheat sheet for the assimilation of consonants at the place of education

• nt → [ny ':]: happiness [ni': a's't'ye], sandstone [n'isch ': a'n'ik], peddler [different'sh': uk], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [uch ’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: uk], loader [gr’sch ’: uk], storyteller [rask’sch’: uk];
• gh → [u ':]: defector [p'ir'ibe' u': uk], man [musch ': i'na];
• shh → [u ':]: freckled [v'isn'shch': ity];
• stch → [u ':]: tougher [jo'sh': e], whip, snap;
• zd → [u ':]: buster [abye'sh': uk], furrowed [baro'sh ': ity];
• ssch → [ny':]: split [rasch ': ip'i't'], generous [rasch ': edr'ils'a];
• vain → [h'ch ']: to split off [ach'sh' ip'it '], to snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat '], in vain [ch'ch' etna], thoroughly [h ' sh 'at'el'na];
• pm → [h ’:]: report [ach’: o′t], homeland [ach ’:‘ zna], ciliated [r’is’n’ ’h’: it’s];
• dch → [h ’:]: underline [pach’: o'rk'ivat ’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• squeeze → [f:]: compress [f: a't ’];
• zzh → [f:]: get rid of [ilh: y't ’], ignite [ro'zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a't’];
• ssh → [w:]: brought [pr'in'osh: th], embroidered [rush: y'ty];
• zsh → [w:]: lower [n'ish: y'y]
• thu → [pc], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-letter analysis, we write [pc]: so that [pc o'by], not at all [n'e ′ zasht a], something [ piece about n'ibut '], something;
• Thu → [h't] in other cases of literal analysis: dreamer [m'ich't a't'il '], mail [po'ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't' e'n ' iye] and TP;
• chn → [shn] in words-exceptions: of course [kan'eshn a ′], boring [sku'shn a ′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc .;
• chn → [ch'n] - alphabetic analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska'zach'n], dacha [da'ch'n th], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i'ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc .;
• ! zhd → in place of the literal combination "zhd", double pronunciation and transcription [ш ’] or [pcs’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it are permissible: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic parsing online, an unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than the number of letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m'e'seny], reed [trans'n''i'k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words flattering, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participatory, well-known, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy ive [sch ': asl ’and'vy"], happy ive, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and post, in them the letter "T" is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: giant [g'iga'nsk'y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat me [vyes: a], I swear [cl'a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist cue [tur'i's: c'y], maximalist cue [max'imal'i's: c'y], racist [ras'is: c'y] , bests yeller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen [r'eng 'e'n];
  • “–Sat”, “–sat” → [c:] in the verb endings: smile [smile'ts: a], wash [my'ts: a], looks, fits, bows, shaves, fits;
  • ts → [c] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and suffix: childish [d'e'ts k'iy], brotherly [bra'tskiy];
  • ts → [ts:] / [ts]: sports men [spark: m'en'n], send [acs yyl'at '];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic parsing online is written as a long "ts": bratz a [bra'ts: a], father to drink [ats: yp'i't '], to father u [to ac: y´];
• "D" - when parsing the sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [pos'z'n 'iy], starry [z'v'o'zniy], festivity ik [pra'z'n' ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm ' e'zn th];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mouthsh tuk [munsh tu'k], landsh aft [lansh a'ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala'nsk'ii], Thai [thaila'nsk''ii], Norman [narma'nsk''ii];
  • zd → [ss]: under the bridle [pad usts'];
  • ndc → [nts]: Dutch [gala'ants];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart e [s'e'rts e], heart of evin [s'irtz yv'i'na];
  • rdch → [rh "]: heart ishko [s'erch 'and'shka];
  • dts → [c:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in the roots, are pronounced and, when parsing the sound, the word is written as double [c]: subtrip [pats: yp'i't '], twenty [two'ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [c]: factory [zavats k'y], family [race], means [sr'e'ts tva], Kislovods k [k'islavots k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • lnts → [nts]: suns e [so'nts e], suns state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [st] literal parsing of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u'stv a], feelings [ch'u'stv 'inas't'], pampering about [balls o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in: th].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonants "stk", "ntk", "zdk", "ndk", the phoneme [t] is not allowed to fall out: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, irish, tartan.

• Two identical letters immediately after a stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:] when parsing literally: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tanël ’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic parsing of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book ". M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. - Education, M .: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Russian spelling rules with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for Advanced Training of Educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Reference book on spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word by sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format school curriculum... They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

SEARCH IN ORPHOEPIC DICTIONARY

PHONETIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORD "SCHOOLBOY"

In a word schoolboy:
1.2 syllables (school-school, school-l-nick);
2.the stress falls on the 1st syllable: school

• 1st option

1 ) Transcription of the word "shkolnik": [shkoln❜ik].

LETTER/ [SOUND]				SOUND CHARACTERISTICS
NS	-	[NS]	-	acc. to firm. (unpaired), deaf. (guys). Before voiceless consonants in paired voiceless, there is no sound replacement (that is, the sound is both written and pronounced). See below §§ 68, 106.
To	-	[To]	-	acc., firm. (pair), deaf. (guys). Before the vowel sound, the consonant is not replaced by voicing / voicelessness.Before letters but, O, at, NS, NS syllables paired in hardness-softness are always pronounced firmly.
O	-	[O ]	-	vowel, shock; see below. § twenty.
l	-	[l❜]	-	acc., soft. (pair), ringing. (unpaired), sonorous. Before the sonorant, the deaf do not make voices (see Musatov V.N., p. 73).See below § 66 para. 1, 3 (examples).
b	-	[ ]	-	no sound
n	-	[n❜]	-	acc., soft. (pair), ringing. (unpaired), sonorous. The sound [n] is unpaired voiced, so it is pronounced in the same way as it is written.See below § 66 para. 2, 3.
and	-	[and]	-	vowel, unstressed; see below. § five.
To	-	[To]	-	acc., firm. (pair), deaf. (guys). At the end of a word, the replacement of sound occurs only in voiced pairs.At the end of a word, all consonants, except for unpaired soft ([ch❜], [u❜], [y❜]), are pronounced firmly.

8 letters, 7 sounds

Customization

PRACTICE RULES 1

§ 5

§ 5. Vowels [and], [s] both under stress and in unstressed syllables are pronounced in accordance with the spelling. They are designated on the letter by the letters and and s.

Letter and denotes the sound [and] in the following positions: a) at the beginning of the word: i'va, i'skra, izba, play, publish; b) after the vowels: cut, stand, stand, play; c) after soft consonants: strength, tina, vit, pure, cabbage soup, erase, saw, pinch, beat.

§ 20

§ 20. The letter o denotes a struck vowel [o] in the following positions: a) at the beginning of a word: he, axis, o'stry, o'hat; b) after the vowels: zohahat, zaochnik, at a distance, proobraz; c) after solid consonants (except for sibilants; for the position after sibilants, see § 22): house, catfish, floor, side, behold, thunder, crowbar, current, lump, guest, move, click.

§ 66

§ 66. The following consonants are both hard and soft: [l] and [b], [f] and [c], [t] and [d], [c] and [z], [m], [ p], [l], [n]. There is a corresponding letter for each of these consonants in the Russian graphics. The softness of these consonants at the end of the word is indicated by the letter b... Wed top and swamp (pronounced [top❜]), econom and econom (pronounced [ekań m❜]), bang and bang (pronounced [bang]), was and was (pronounced [was❜]). The softness of these consonants in front of the consonants is also indicated: corner and coal (pronounced [ugal❜ ka]), bank and banku (pronounced [ba б n❜ku]), rarely and redka (pronounced [re [t❜ k❜]) ...

The softness of these consonants before vowels is indicated by the letters of the following vowels: letter I(Unlike but) denotes a vowel [a] after a soft consonant; Wed small and crumpled (pronounced [m❜ al]); letter e(Unlike O) denotes a vowel [o] after a soft consonant; Wed they say and mel (pronounced [m❜ ol]); letter Yu(Unlike at) denotes the vowel [y] after the soft consonant; Wed tuk and bale (pronounced [t❜ uk]). The use of letters is distributed in approximately the same way and and NS: the letter and is used after soft consonants and at the beginning of a word, and the letter NS after hard consonants that have a soft pair; Wed game, hut, clean, sew, drank and ardor, sweet and washed, pitchfork and howled, thread and whine, wear and noses.

Examples for distinguishing between hard and soft consonants: top and swamp (pronounced [top❜]), bead and hips (pronounced [б❜ о́ drъ]), graph and grafya (pronounced [graph❜ а́]), shaft and sluggish (pronounced [v❜ al]), raft and flesh (pronounced [raft❜]), shame and shame (pronounced [shame á]), wasp and axis (pronounced [os❜]); thunderstorm and threatening (pronounced [graz❜ á]), ox and led (pronounced [v❜ ol]), coffin and row (pronounced [gr❜ op]), steel and steel (pronounced [stal❜]), nose and carried (pronounced [n❜ os]), onion and hatch (pronounced [l❜ uk]), gorka and bitter (pronounced [gór❜ kъ]).