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Boris Pasternak (1890-1960) Russian poet, translator, prose writer and publicist, winner of the Nobel Prize for his contribution to world literature (novel "Doctor Zhivago" in 1958).

Born on January 19 (February 10) in Moscow in the intelligent family of the famous artist and academician of painting Leonid Pasternak and his wife, the talented pianist Rosalia Kaufman. His parents made acquaintance with many celebrities of that time: the writer Leo Tolstoy, composers Scriabin and Rachmaninov, artists Levitan and Ivanov. The fatherland home of little Boris Pasternak, who was the firstborn and had two more sisters and brothers, was always filled with a creative atmosphere and unique talents of people who later became generally recognized classics of Russian literature, music and art... Of course, acquaintance with such bright and original personalities could not but affect the formation of young Boris Pasternak. The greatest impression was made on him by the outstanding pianist and composer Alexander Scriabin, thanks to whom Pasternak became seriously interested in music and even dreamed of becoming a composer in the future. In addition to this, the gift of his father was passed on to him, Boris painted beautifully and had a delicate artistic taste.

Boris Pasternak is a graduate of the fifth Moscow gymnasium (in which, by the way, Vladimir Mayakovsky, his junior by 2 years, studied at the same time), he graduated brilliantly: he received a well-deserved gold medal and the highest scores in all subjects. In parallel, he studied musical art at the composing department at the Moscow Conservatory. However, upon graduation, Pasternak, who by his own admission did not have perfect pitch, put an end to the composer's career and entered Faculty of Law Moscow University. Possessing great dedication and efficiency, a year later he left the legal path and began to study at the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the same university. In 1912 he continued his brilliant studies at the German University (Marburg). He is predicted to have a brilliant career as a philosopher in Germany, but Pasternak, as always, is true to himself and unexpectedly for everyone decides to become a poet, although philosophical themes have always occupied a central place in his works throughout his literary career.

According to some reports, his trip with his family to Venice and his break with his girlfriend made an indelible impression on the formation of the young poet. Returning to Moscow and completing his studies at the university, Boris becomes a member of various literary circles, where he reads his very first poetic opuses. At first, he is attracted by such trends in poetry as symbolism and futurism, later he completely gets rid of their influence and acts as an independent poetic personality. In 1914, his first poetry collection "The Twin in the Clouds" was born, which he himself considered his first attempt at writing and was not very satisfied with its quality. For a novice poet, poetry was not only a great gift, but also hard work, he achieved the perfection of his phrases, constantly and selflessly honing them to perfection.

In the years preceding the revolution, Pasternak was in the ranks of poets-futurists, together with Nikolai Aseev and Sergei Bobrov, Vladimir Mayakovsky had a huge influence on the work of that period. In the summer of 1917, a collection of poems was written “My Sister - Life (published only in 1922), which the poet himself considered the real beginning of his literary activity. In this collection, critics noted the most important features of his poetry: the inseparability of man with the natural world and all life in general, the influence of the atmosphere of revolutionary changes, an absolutely new and hitherto unusual subjective view of events from the perspective of the world itself.

In 1921, the poet's family immigrates to Germany, in 1922 Pasternak enters into marriage with the artist Evgenia Lurie, in 1923 they have an heir - a son Zhenya (later they divorced, the poet's second wife was Zinaida Neuhaus, their common child- the son of Leonid, the last muse of the poet - editor Olga Ivinskaya). This year is very fruitful for the poet's work, he publishes a collection of poetry "Themes and Variations", as well as the famous poems "Nine hundred and fifth year" and "Lieutenant Schmidt", which were highly appreciated by critics and Maxim Gorky himself. In 1924, the story "Airways" was written, in 1931 the poetic novel "Spektorsky", the works depicted the fate of people in the realities changed by the war and revolution, in 1930-1931 - the book of poems "The Second Birth", published in 1932.

The poet was officially recognized by the Soviet government, his works were regularly reprinted, in 1934 he was given the right to speak at the first congress of Soviet writers, in fact, he was even named the best poet in the country of the Soviets. However, the Soviet government did not forgive him for intercession for the arrested relatives of the poet Anna Akhmatova, for interfering in the fate of the repressed Lev Gumilyov and Osip Mandelstam. By 1936, he was practically removed from official literary activity, critics sharply condemned his incorrect anti-Soviet life position and detachment from real life.

After complications in his poetic literary activity, Pasternak gradually moved away from poetry and was engaged in translations mainly of Western European poets such as Goethe, Shakespeare, Shelley, etc. In the pre-war years, a collection of poetry "On Early Trains" was created, which already outlined a clear classical style of Pasternak, in which the people are treated as the basis of all life.

In 1943, Pasternak, as part of a propaganda brigade, went to the front in order to prepare materials for a book about the Battle of Orel, they looked like a kind of essay or reportage, similar to diary entries in poetic form.

After the war, in 1945, Pasternak set about fulfilling a long-conceived plan - writing a novel in prose; he was the famous, largely autobiographical Doctor Zhivago, which tells the story of an intellectual doctor who became disillusioned with the ideals of the revolution and did not believe in social changes for the better in modern society. In this novel, scenes of wildlife and love relationships between the heroes are strikingly beautiful and heartfelt. The novel was transferred abroad and published there in 1957, in 1958 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize and received this well-deserved award.

Due to the sharp condemnation of this event by the Soviet authorities and the subsequent expulsion of the poet from the Writers' Union, Pasternak was forced to refuse the award. In 1956, he began his final cycle of poetry "When He Rides", on May 30, 1960, he died of a serious and prolonged illness (lung cancer) and was buried like all his family in the cemetery of a dacha village near Moscow in Peredelkino.

PASTERNAK, BORIS LEONIDOVICH (1890-1960), Russian poet, prose writer, translator. Born February 10, 1890 in Moscow.
It all started with music. And painting. The mother of the future poet, Rosalia Isidorovna Kaufman, was a wonderful pianist, a student of Anton Rubinstein. Father - Leonid Osipovich Pasternak, a famous artist who illustrated the works of Leo Tolstoy, with whom he was closely friends.
The spirit of creativity lived in the Pasternaks' apartment as the main, all idolized member of the family. Home concerts with the participation of Alexander Scriabin, whom Boris adored, were often held here. “More than anything in the world I loved music, most of all in it - Scriabin,” he later recalled. The boy was promised a career as a musician. While still at the gymnasium, he completed a 6-year course in the composition department of the conservatory, but ... In 1908 Boris left music for the sake of philosophy. He could not forgive himself for the lack of absolute musical ear.
The young man entered the philosophy department of the historical and philological faculty of Moscow University. In the spring of 1912, with the money saved up by his mother, he went to continue his studies in the German city of Marburg - the center of the then philosophical thought. “This is some kind of dull tension of the archaic. And this tension creates everything: the twilight, the sweetness of the gardens, the neat half-day without people, foggy evenings. History becomes the earth here, ”- this is how Pasternak described his beloved city forever in one of his letters to his homeland.
The head of the Marburg school of neo-Kantian philosophers, Hermann Cohen, invited Pasternak to stay in Germany for his doctorate. The philosopher's career was developing as well as possible. However, this beginning was not destined to come true. The young man for the first time seriously falls in love with his former student Ida Vysotskaya, who stopped by with her sister in Marburg to visit Pasternak. Poetry takes possession of his whole being.
I shuddered. I went on and off.
I was shaking. I have made an offer now, -
But late, I drifted, and here I was - a refusal.
What a pity for her tears! I am more blessed than a saint.
I went out to the square. I could be found
Second births. Every little thing
She lived and, not putting me in anything,
In its farewell meaning, it rose.
(Marburg)
Poems came before, but only now their air element surged so powerfully, irresistibly, avidly that it became impossible to resist it. Later, in his autobiographical story The Safeguarding Letter (1930), the poet tried to substantiate his choice, and at the same time to define this element that took possession of him - through the prism of philosophy: “We stop recognizing reality. She appears in a new category. This category seems to us to be its own, and not our state. In addition to this state, everything in the world is named. Only it is not named and is new. We are trying to name it. It turns out art ”.
Upon his return to Moscow, Pasternak entered literary circles; for the first time, several poems that he did not reprint were published in the Lyric almanac. Together with Nikolai Aseev and Sergei Bobrov, the poet organizes a group of new or "moderate" futurists - "Centrifuge".
In 1914, Pasternak's first book of poems, The Twin in the Clouds, was published. The title was, according to the author, "stupidly pretentious" and was chosen "out of imitation of the cosmological intricacies that distinguished the book titles of the Symbolists and the names of their publishers." Many of the poems of this, as well as the next (Above the Barriers, 1917) books, the poet subsequently significantly revised, others never republished.
In the same, 1914, he met Vladimir Mayakovsky, who was destined to play huge role in the fate and work of the early Pasternak: “Art was called a tragedy,” he wrote in the Protection Letter. - The tragedy was called Vladimir Mayakovsky. The title hid the ingeniously simple discovery that the poet is not the author, but is the subject of lyrics, addressing the world in the first person. "
“Time and community of influences” - that is what determined the relationship between the two poets. It was the similarity of tastes and preferences, growing into dependence, that inevitably pushed Pasternak to search for his intonation, his view of the world.
Marina Tsvetaeva, who dedicated the article Epic and Lyrics of Modern Russia (1933) to Pasternak and Mayakovsky, defined the difference between their poetics with a line from Tyutchev: "Everything is in me and I am in everything." If Vladimir Mayakovsky, she wrote, is “I am in everything,” then Boris Pasternak, of course, is “everything is in me”.
The real “face uncommon expression” was found in the third book in a row - My Sister - Life (1922). It is no coincidence that Pasternak was counting his poetic creativity from her. The book included poems and cycles of 1917 and was, like the year of their creation, truly revolutionary - but in a different, poetic meaning of the word:
This is a cool whistle,
This is the clicking of crushed pieces of ice,
This is a leaf-freezing night
This is a duel of two nightingales.
(Definition of poetry)
Everything was new in these verses. The attitude to nature - as if from the inside, from the face of nature. Attitude to a metaphor that pushes the boundaries of the described subject - sometimes to immensity. The attitude to the beloved woman, who ... came in with a chair, As from a shelf, my life got out And blew the dust.
Like the “dusty life” in these lines, all natural phenomena are endowed in Pasternak's work with qualities that are not characteristic of them: thunderstorm, dawn, wind are humanized; dressing table, mirror, washstand come to life - the world is ruled by the "omnipotent god of details":
A huge garden is slowing down in the hall,
Brings a fist to the pier glass,
Runs on a swing, catches, salit,
Shakes - and does not break glass!
(Mirror)
“The action of Pasternak is equal to the action of sleep,” wrote Tsvetaeva. - We do not understand him. We get into it. We fall under it. We fall into it ... We understand Pasternak the way animals understand us ”. Any little thing is communicated with a powerful poetic charge, any foreign object experiences the attraction of Parsnip's orbit. This is “everything in me”.
The emotional stream of my Sister - life, a lyric novel unique in Russian literature, was picked up by Pasternak's next book, Themes and Variations (1923). Picked up and multiplied:
I do not hold. Go do good.
Go to others. Already written by Werther,
And nowadays, the air smells like death:
Open the window to open the veins.
(Break)
Meanwhile, the epoch presented its cruel requirements to literature - Pasternak's "abstruse", "unintelligible" lyrics were not honored. Trying to make sense of the course of history from the point of view socialist revolution, Pasternak turns to the epic - in the 20s he creates poems High Sickness (1923-1928), 1955 (1925-1926), Lieutenant Schmidt (1926-1927), a novel in verse by Spektorsky (1925-1931). “I believe that the epic is inspired by time, and therefore ... I am moving from lyric thinking to epic, although it is very difficult,” the poet wrote in 1927.
Along with Mayakovsky, Aseev, Kamensky, Pasternak was in these years in LEF ("Left Front of the Arts"), proclaiming the creation of a new revolutionary art, "art of life-building", must fulfill the "social order", to carry literature to the masses. Hence the appeal to the theme of the first Russian revolution in the poems Lieutenant Schmidt, 1955, hence the appeal to the figure of a contemporary, an ordinary "man without merit", who involuntarily became a witness of the last Russian revolution, a participant in the great History - in the novel Spektorsky. However, even where the poet takes on the role of a narrator, the free breathing of the lyric is felt, not constrained by any form:
It was the twenty-fourth year. December
Hardened, ground to the display window.
And as cold as a copper print
The swelling is warm and tender.
(Spektorsky)
Accustomed to being guided by the righteousness of feelings, Pasternak hardly succeeds in the role of a “modern” and “timely” poet. In 1927 he leaves LEF. He is disgusted by the society of “people of fictitious reputations and false unjustified claims” (and there were enough such figures among Mayakovsky's inner circle); in addition, Pasternak is less and less satisfied with the Lefovites' directive "art is on the topic of the day."
In the early 30s, his poetry is experiencing a "rebirth". A book with this title was published in 1932. Pasternak once again sings about simple and earthly things: “the enormity of an apartment that brings sadness”, “a winter day in the open doorway of the curtains not pulled back”, “piercing ivologue cry”, “our daily immortality” ... However, his language becomes different: the syntax is simplified, the thought crystallizes, finding support in simple and capacious formulas, as a rule, coinciding with the boundaries of the line of poetry. The poet radically revises his early work, considering it "a strange mixture of obsolete metaphysics and fledgling enlightenment." Towards the end of his life, he divided everything that he had done into the period "before 1940" and - after. Describing the first in the essay People and Positions (1956−1957), Pasternak wrote: “My hearing was then spoiled by the freaks and brittleness of everything familiar that reigned around. Everything normally said bounced off me. I forgot that words in themselves can conclude and mean something, besides the trinkets with which they were hung ... I was looking in everything not for essence, but for extraneous sharpness. " However, already in 1931 Pasternak understands that: There are features of naturalness in the experience of great poets, That it is impossible, having tasted them, Not to end with complete dumbness. In kinship with everything that is, assured, And knowing with the future in everyday life, It is impossible not to fall to the end, as in heresy, In unheard of simplicity. (Waves) “The features of the naturalness of that” in the Second Birth are so obvious that they become synonymous with absolute independence, leading the poet beyond the framework of any regulations and rules. And the rules of the game in the 30s were such that it became impossible to work normally and at the same time stay away from the “great construction project”. Pasternak was hardly published in these years. Having settled in 1936 at a dacha in Peredelkino, he was forced to translate in order to feed his family. The tragedies of Shakespeare, Goethe's Faust, Maria Stuart Schiller, verses by Verlaine, Byron, Keats, Rilke, Georgian poets ... These works entered literature on an equal footing with his original work. During the war years, in addition to translations, Pasternak created a cycle of Poems about War, included in the book On Early Trains (1943). After the war, he published two more books of poetry: Earthly Expanse (1945) and Selected Poems and Poems (1945). In the years 1930-1940, Pasternak never tired of dreaming about real great prose, about a book that “is a cubic piece of a hot, smoking conscience”. Back in the late 10s, he began to write a novel, which, without being completed, became the novel Childhood Luvers - the story of the growing up of a teenage girl. The story was highly appreciated by critics. Poet Mikhail Kuzmin even put it above Parsnip's poetry, and Marina Tsvetaeva called the story “brilliant”. And from 1945 to 1955, in agony, not being written - the novel Doctor Zhivago was born, in many ways an autobiographical story about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia in the first half of the twentieth century, especially in the years Civil War... The main character - Yuri Zhivago - is lyric hero poet Boris Pasternak; he is a doctor, but after his death there remains a thin book of poems that formed the final part of the novel. The poems of Yuri Zhivago, along with the later poems from the cycle When it clears up (1956-1959) - the crown of Pasternak's work, his testament. Their syllable is simple and transparent, but this is not at all poorer than the language of early books: The snow is wet on the eyelashes, There is longing in your eyes, And your whole appearance is harmonious From one piece. As if with iron, dipped in antimony, You were led with a groove According to my heart. (Rendezvous) The poet strove for this etched clarity all his life. His hero, Yuri Zhivago, is also concerned about the same searches in art: “All his life he dreamed of originality smoothed and muted, outwardly unrecognizable and hidden under the cover of a commonly used and familiar form, all his life he strove to develop that restrained, unassuming syllable in which the reader and the listener master the content without noticing in what way they assimilate it. All his life he cared about an inconspicuous style that did not attract anyone's attention, and was horrified at how far from this ideal he was. " In 1956 Pasternak submitted the novel to several magazines and to Goslitizdat. In the same year, Doctor Zhivago found himself in the West, and a year later he came out in Italian. A year later, the novel was published in Holland - this time in Russian. At home, the atmosphere around the author was heating up. On August 20, 1957, Pasternak wrote to the then party ideologist D. Polikarpov: "If the truth that I know must be redeemed by suffering, this is not new, and I am ready to accept any." In 1958 Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize “for outstanding services in contemporary lyric poetry and in the traditional field of great Russian prose”. From that moment on, the persecution of the writer began on state level... The verdict of the party leadership read: “The awarding of an award for an artistically wretched, vicious work full of hatred of socialism is a hostile political act directed against Soviet state”. Pasternak was expelled from the Union of Soviet Writers, which meant literary and social death. The poet was forced to refuse the honorary award. In Russia, Doctor Zhivago was published only in 1988, almost 30 years after the author's death on May 30, 1960 in Peredelkino. Putting an end to the novel, Pasternak summed up his life: “Everything is untangled, everything is named, simple, transparent, sad. Once again ... the definitions are given to the most dear and important, earth and sky, great ardent feeling, the spirit of creativity, life and death ... ”.

Option 2

Boris Pasternak was born on February 10, 1890 in Moscow. Father, L.O. Pasternak, was a famous artist, and mother, R.I. Kaufman, played the piano professionally. Boris's father closely communicated and collaborated with Leo Tolstoy, illustrating the writer's works. The family often hosted concerts of Alexander Scriabin. In parallel with his studies at the gymnasium, he studied composer's craft at the 6-year course of the conservatory.

Knowing that he did not have an absolute ear for music, in 1908 he decided to receive a philosophical education at the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University. He left for Germany in 1912 to continue his studies in the city of Marburg, where later Hermann Cohen, head of the school of neo-Kantian philosophers, offered Pasternak to receive the title of Doctor of Science. But he falls in love with Ida Vysotskaya, his former student, and returns to Moscow.

The first publications of Pasternak's poems took place in the anthology "Lyrics". Takes part in the creation of the group of neo-futurists "Centrifuge". The first collection of poetry "The Twin in the Clouds" was presented to readers in 1914. But Pasternak considered the beginning of his creative career only the third book, "My Sister - Life" (1922). In the 1920s. tries to write poems. In 1927 he joined the “Left Front of the Arts” (LEF), which was engaged in the distribution of literature among the common people, but refused membership until the end of the year.

In the 30s. it was imperative to write about communism, so Pasternak was practically not published. In 1936 he left for his dacha in Peredelkino and began translating the works of foreign writers into Russian for money. During the Second World War he wrote a collection of poems "On the Early Trains" (1943), and at the end - "Earthly Space" and "Selected Poems and Poems". Since 1945, for 10 years, Pasternak has been writing the novel Doctor Zhivago. In 1956 the novel was published in several magazines and in the publishing house "Goslitizdat". This novel is also published in the West, and a year later it is translated into Italian language... In 1957, the Russian version of Doctor Zhivago was published in Holland. In the Soviet Union, the novel "Doctor Zhivago" was published in 1988, 30 years after the poet's death.

Essay on literature on the topic: Brief biography of Pasternak

Other compositions:

1. 1) The role of Yu. Zhivago's poems in the novel. 2) The relationship between man and the revolutionary era in the novel. We were human. We are epochs. We were knocked down, and rushes in a caravan, Like the tundra under the tender sighs And the rush of pistons and sleepers. Pasternak B. L. Pasternak Read More ......
2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak reflected many events of the 20th century in his work. His fate, as well as the fate of many poets of this generation, was very difficult. He had to endure ups and downs, victories and defeats. Therefore, perhaps, for Pasternak, the creativity of Read More ......
3. BL Pasternak in his work reflected many events of the XX century. His fate, as well as the fate of many poets of this generation, was very difficult. He had to endure ups and downs, victories and defeats. Therefore, perhaps for Pasternak, the creativity of Read More ......
4. These Parsnip lines look like an epigraph to the novel Doctor Zhivago, on which Boris Leonidovich worked for about a quarter of a century. The novel, as it were, absorbed his innermost thoughts and feelings. And now, in his declining years, the novel was completed, the final version was prepared for publication, but Read More ......
5. It is always difficult to talk about any one poem in the work of any poet: he expressed himself in everything he wrote. But it is even more difficult to talk about a poet who was going to become a musician. Boris Pasternak loved the music of A. N. Scriabin and for six years he was seriously engaged in Read More ......
6. Lara Characteristics of the literary hero Lara (Larisa Fyodorovna Antipova) is the daughter of a Belgian engineer and Russianized Frenchwoman Guichard. L. is good, according to Zhivago's thoughts, "by that incomparably clear and impetuous line, with which all of her in one fell swoop was circled from top to bottom by the creator." Arriving after death Read More ......
7. February! Get ink and cry ... B. Pasternak A pupil of Scriabin, himself a splendid musician, Pasternak, in his lyric poems, is both musical and simple. If we add to this the main feature of Scriabin - chromaticity, then, in addition to the chromaticity, which is always present, the second characteristic Read More ......
8. The hum died down. I stepped onto the stage. Leaning against the doorframe, I catch in the distant echo What will happen in my lifetime. B. Pasternak The lyrics of Boris Pasternak - wonderful, philosophical, life-affirming, unrestrained - helped me, like many other people familiar with Read More ...

short biography Parsnip

Boris Pasternak is considered one of the greatest poets and writers of the 20th century. In 1958 he was awarded the Nobel Prize. Enjoying immense popularity all over the world, in his homeland, the writer was continuously persecuted by the Soviet regime.

So, before you is the biography of Boris Pasternak ().

Brief biography of Pasternak

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was born on January 29, 1890 in an intelligent family. His mother was a talented pianist, and his father worked as an artist and was a member of the Academy of Arts. Some of his paintings can still be seen in the Tretyakov Gallery.

Interestingly, the head of the family had friendly relations s, and even drew illustrations for his works.

Childhood and youth

Boris was the first child in the family, after which three more children were born to his parents. The Pasternak family was well known in the circles of the creative intelligentsia.

Such famous personalities as Scriabin, Levitan, Ge and other artists often visited the house. Such a society could not but influence the formation of Boris's personality.

For example, he admired Scriabin's works so much that in the future he wanted to connect his life with music.

During his studies, he was easily given various subjects, thanks to which he graduated from the gymnasium with honors. At the same time, Pasternak studied at the conservatory. However, after some time, he suddenly abandoned his musical career.

Later, Boris Leonidovich explained his act by the lack of absolute hearing. He realized that he would hardly be able to reach some heights on the musical Olympus.

In 1908, the future poet entered the Faculty of Law at Moscow University. After studying for only a year, he decides to transfer to the philosophy department.

In 1912 he entered the University of Marburg and continues to study philosophy. Studying was easy for him, and many predicted a brilliant career for him. However, after completing his studies, he suddenly decides to become a poet, not a philosopher.

The beginning of a creative biography

The first poems were composed by Pasternak at the age of 20. They were the result of his love experiences. And although the poems were still childish in structure, the meaning inherent in them was serious and very meaningful.

After a trip to Marburg, Boris takes part in the Moscow literary circles "Lyrics" and "Musaget", where he manages to read his own works. Initially, he was very fond of symbolism and futurism, but soon he ceased to be interested in these areas.

The period of his biography, 1913-1914, turned out to be eventful and rich in impressions for him. He was able to publish his first collection of poems "The Twin in the Clouds".

However, the poet himself argued that his writings have many flaws. In 1914 he met with whom he made a great impression on.

In 1916 Pasternak lived in the Perm province, in the Ural village of Vsevolodo-Vilva. He was a business correspondence assistant and was involved in trade and financial reporting.

Creation

Pasternak took his work very seriously, and made every effort to improve his style as much as possible.

He experimented a lot with writing style, trying to achieve the pinnacle of writing skills.

According to the poet himself, the collection "My Sister - Life", published in 1922, was his first achievement in the literary field.

Special attention should be paid to his relationship with, who harshly criticized the works of Pasternak. In this regard, an open struggle was waged between the two poets, which once grew from verbal to physical.

Once in the editorial office, Krasnaya Nov 'attacked Pasternak with his fists, as a result of which a real commotion began in the publication.

In the 1920s, a series of important events: immigration of parents to Germany, marriage with Evgenia Lurie, birth of a child and publication of new works.

In the 30s, the Soviet government recognized the work of Pasternak. His works were reprinted annually, and in 1934 he managed to deliver a speech at the congress of the Writers' Union. At that time, he was considered the leading Soviet poet.

In 1935 Boris Leonidovich went to the International Congress of Writers. During the trip, he had a nervous breakdown. As a result, he began to suffer from insomnia and nervous system disorders.

In the same year, the arrest of her son and husband takes place. Parsnip does not stand aside, and immediately stands up for them. He writes a letter in which he asks to release Akhmatova's relatives.

His efforts were not in vain, and both prisoners were released. Boris Leonidovich thanked the leader for his quick release by sending him a book with translations of Georgian poets as a gift.

Later Pasternak will also intercede for and (see). By such actions, he turned the representatives of the authorities against himself. He begins to be harshly harassed, along with accusations of "the fallacy of his worldview."

At the same time, 2 poems came out from under his pen, in which the poet extols Joseph Stalin as a person. However, they could no longer help him avoid disgrace on the part of the "interested authorities".

Translations

Due to the fact that Pasternak's works ceased to be published, he began to experience financial difficulties. This prompted him to undertake translations of foreign poetry. He took his work seriously and tried his best to do it as well as possible.

As a rule, the writer was engaged in translation activities at his dacha in Peredelkino. His work has received great critical acclaim.

As a result, Boris Leonidovich was able not only to improve his financial situation, but also to realize himself as a poet.

Patriotic War

Pasternak could not go to the front because of an injury he received in childhood. Therefore, he decided to complete special courses and become a war correspondent.

During this time, he was able to personally see all the horrors and collect a lot of materials on this topic. Upon returning home, poems of a patriotic direction come out from under his pen.

In the post-war period, no noticeable changes have been observed in Pasternak's biography, so he still has to engage in translation activities in order to feed his family.

Doctor Zhivago and the persecution

Perhaps one of the most famous novels by Pasternak is Doctor Zhivago. This work became fatal in his biography.

In fact, this novel was autobiographical, and it took 10 years to write. The prototype of the main character was his wife Zinaida.

The plot of the book unfolds from the beginning of the 20th century and ends with the Second World War. Due to the too realistic retelling of the events of that time, the book was heavily criticized by censorship.

During this period of his biography, Pasternak falls in love with Zinaida Neuhaus, who was 8 years younger than him. In addition, she had a husband and two small children.

The girl was the complete opposite of Eugenia. She devoted herself entirely to raising children and paid great attention to her husband. Pasternak fell in love with her at first sight, and forgave her any insults.

It should be noted here that, despite parting with Evgenia Lurie, Pasternak always helped her.

Over time, Zinaida and Boris had a son, Leonid. Their marriage lasted over 10 years. After the writer began to actively work in his country house, his former feelings for Neuhaus began to cool down.

Soon he met Olga Ivinskaya, the editor of the Novy Mir magazine. At the same time, Pasternak did not seek to leave his wife, but did everything possible to break with his new love - Olga.

Pasternak (second from left), Sergei Eisenstein (third from left), Lilya Brik (fourth from right), Vladimir Mayakovsky (third from right) and others

In 1949, for relations with the disgraced writer, Ivinskaya was arrested and sent into exile for five years. During all this time, Boris Leonidovich helped Olga's parents in every possible way.

The events experienced had a serious impact on the poet's health. In 1952 he was hospitalized with a heart attack. Upon returning from exile, Ivinskaya was Pasternak's personal secretary until the last days of his life.

Death

The incessant harassment by colleagues and the authorities negatively affected the general state of Pasternak's health. In the spring of 1960 he was diagnosed with stomach cancer. When he was in the hospital, Zinaida was with him.

On May 30, 1960 Boris Pasternak passed away at the age of 70. By a fatal accident, Zinaida Neuhaus will die of the same disease, but later.

Despite the negative attitude of the authorities, many people came to say goodbye to Pasternak, including and.

The poet's grave is at the cemetery in Peredelkino.

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Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (years of his life - 1890-1960) - poet, translator, prose writer. He was born in Moscow on February 10, 1890. Let's talk about the life path Boris Pasternak went through, what creative legacy he left to his descendants.

Parents of Boris Pasternak

It all started with music and painting. Rosalia Isidorovna, the mother of the future poet, was an excellent pianist, she studied with A. Rubinstein. His father, Pasternak Leonid Osipovich, was a famous artist who illustrated the works of L. Tolstoy and was close friends with him. You can find something in common between the work of this artist and such a great poet as Boris Pasternak. A photo of the future Nobel Prize winner is presented below.

His father, Leonid Pasternak, being an artist, masterfully captured the moment - his drawings seemed to stop time. He painted everywhere: at home, at a party, at concerts, on the street. His famous portraits are alive to the extraordinary. Boris Leonidovich, his eldest son, did, in essence, the same thing in his poetry: he created a chain of metaphors, thus, as if observing the phenomenon in all its diversity, stopping it. However, a lot was passed on from the mother: her complete dedication, as well as the ability to live by one art.

Passion for music and philosophy

The life of Boris Pasternak from childhood passed in an atmosphere of creativity. In his family, home concerts were often held, in which Alexander Scriabin himself, whom Boris adored, took part. The boy was all prophesied that he would become a musician. While still at the gymnasium, Boris completed a six-year course at the conservatory, the composer's faculty. However, in 1908 he decided to leave music and became interested in philosophy. Boris could not continue his studies, knowing that he had no perfect hearing.

Studying at Moscow University and in Marburg, first love

And he decided to enter Moscow University, the philosophy department. With the money saved up by his mother, in the spring of 1912, Boris went to continue his studies in Marburg, a German city, which at that time was the center of philosophical thought. Hermann Cohen, head of the Marburg school of neo-Kantian philosophers, suggested that he stay in Germany in order to obtain his doctorate. Pasternak's career as a philosopher began very well. However, she was not destined to come true. At this time, Boris for the first time in his life seriously falls in love - with Ida Vysotskaya, his former student, who drove to Marburg with her sister in order to visit Pasternak. And poetry takes possession of his entire being.

The first poems of Pasternak

Poems had come to him before, but only now their element surged in so irresistibly and powerfully that it was impossible to resist it. In his autobiographical story entitled "Security Letter", published in 1930, the poet later tried to substantiate his choice, and at the same time to define, through the prism of philosophy, the element that possessed him. Art, in his opinion, is a special state when reality appears in a new category, when we stop recognizing it. Everything in the world is named, except for this state. Only it is new.

Pasternak, on his return to Moscow, enters literary circles. Several poems, later not republished by him, were first published in the almanac "Lyrics". Together with Sergei Bobrov and Nikolai Aseev, the poet organizes a group of "moderate" futurists called "Centrifuge".

The first book of poetry

The first book of his poems appears in 1914, it is "The Twin in the Clouds". According to the author, the title was "pretentious to the point of stupidity" and was chosen from imitation of various cosmological intricacies that were characteristic of the titles of books and publishing houses of the Symbolists. Many of the works included in this collection, as well as in the next one (which appeared in 1917 "Above the Barriers"), the poet subsequently substantially reworked, and never republished the rest. This collection did not attract much attention from critics. Only Valery Bryusov responded positively about him.

Acquaintance with Mayakovsky

Then, in 1914, he met Vladimir Mayakovsky. This poet was destined to play a large role in the work and fate of early Pasternak. The commonality of influences and time is what determined the relationship between Pasternak and Mayakovsky. It was the similarity of addictions and tastes, growing into dependence, that pushed Boris to search for his own view of the world, his intonation. Marina Tsvetaeva defined the difference between the poetics of these two authors this way: if Vladimir Mayakovsky is "I am in everything," then Pasternak is "everything is in me."

The beginning of the First World War, the emigration of parents

In 1914, the First World War began. Boris Leonidovich was not taken into the army due to a leg injury he received in childhood. Boris Pasternak was forced to get a job at the Ural military plant as a clerk, which he later described in the novel "Doctor Zhivago". For some time he also worked in the library of the People's Commissar of Education. His parents and their daughters emigrated to Germany in 1921, and then, when Hitler came to power, moved to England. Boris and Alexander, the poet's brother, remained in Moscow.

The third collection that brought Pasternak fame

In the third published book, published in 1922 ("My Sister - Life"), "an uncommon expression" was acquired. It is no coincidence that it was from her that Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was counting all his work. It included the cycles and poems of 1917 and was truly revolutionary, like the year of their creation, but in a different sense of the word (poetic). Everything was new in poetry. For example, the relationship to nature was presented as if from within, from its own face; attitude to a metaphor that pushes the boundaries of the subject sometimes to its immensity. The poet's attitude to his beloved woman, who took out "my life", as if from a shelf, "and blew the dust" was also different. All natural phenomena, like "dusty life", are endowed with features that are not characteristic of them in Pasternak's work: dawn, thunderstorm, wind are humanized in his poems; washstand, mirror, dressing table come to life - the whole world is ruled by "the god of details".

Tsvetaeva noted that the effect of this poet on readers is equivalent to the effect of a dream. We do not understand the dreaming world, but simply get into it. A powerful poetic charge is communicated in his work to any trifle, and any external subject attracts attention.

"Themes and Variations"

Pasternak's next book, published in 1923 - "Themes and Variations" - picked up the emotional stream of the previous collection, which became a unique lyric novel in the literature of our country. She not only picked it up, but also multiplied it.

An appeal to the epic

The epoch, meanwhile, presented its cruel requirements to literature - the poet's "unintelligible", "abstruse" lyrics were not honored. Pasternak, trying to comprehend the course of history from the standpoint of the socialist revolution, turns in his work to the epic. In 1920 he created the poems "High Sickness" (years of writing - from 1923 to 1928), "Nine hundred and fifth year" (created in the period from 1925 to 1926), "Lieutenant Schmidt" (1926-27), and also "Spektorsky", a novel in verse (1925-1931). In 1927, the poet wrote that the epic was inspired by time, and he was forced to switch to epic from lyrical thinking, although this is very difficult for him.

Participation in LEF, revolutionary themes of works

Along with Mayakovsky, Kamensky, Aseev, Pasternak during these years was a member of the "Left Front of the Arts" (abbreviated - LEF), which proclaimed the creation of a fundamentally new art, revolutionary, which was designed to fulfill a "social order" and should bring literature to the masses. Hence, the poet's appeal to the theme of the first revolution in Russia in the poems "Nine hundred and fifth year", "Lieutenant Schmidt" in the novel "Spektorsky". However, even where the poet is a narrator, the lyric's free breathing is preserved, not constrained by forms.

Break with LEF

Pasternak, who is accustomed to being guided in his work by the correctness of feelings, succeeds with difficulty in the role of a "timely" and "modern" poet. In 1927 he leaves LEF. The society of "unjustified claims" and people with "fictitious reputations" disgusts him, and in fact there were more than enough such figures in Mayakovsky's entourage. Pasternak, moreover, is less and less satisfied with the position they proclaim that art should be "on the topic of the day."

"The second birth" of Pasternak's poetry

His poetry in the early 1930s is experiencing a "rebirth". In 1932, a collection with the same title was published. Once again, Pasternak sings earthly simple things: the saddening "enormity of the apartment", "winter day" in the "opening of the curtains not pulled back", "our daily immortality." It should be noted that the poet's language becomes somewhat different: the syntax is simplified, the thought crystallizes, finding support in capacious and simple formulas, which coincide, as a rule, with the boundaries of the poetic line. The poet Boris Pasternak at this time radically revises his early work, which he now considers a "terrible mishmash" of "fledgling enlightenment" and "obsolete metaphysics."

"The features of naturalness" are so obvious in "The Second Birth" that they become synonymous with taking the author out of the bounds of all the rules and regulations of absolute independence. And in the 1930s, the rules of the game were such that it became impossible to work normally and stay away from the unfolding "great construction". During these years, Pasternak was practically not published.

Translation activity

In 1936, he settled in Peredelkino, in his dacha, and in order to feed his family, he began to translate. Boris Pasternak translated the following works: "Faust" by Goethe, Shakespeare's tragedies, "Mary Stuart" by Schiller, Georgian poets, poems by Verlaine, Rilke, Keats, Byron ... All these works today are included in literature along with Boris Leonidovich's own work.

Further work of Pasternak

In addition to translations, during the war years he created a cycle entitled "Poems about the War", which was included in the book "On the Early Trains" published in 1943. After the war, Pasternak published 2 more books of his poems in 1945: "Earthly Space" and "Selected Poems and Poems".

The poet in the 1930-1940s constantly thinks about real great prose. Back in the late 1910s, Pasternak began writing a novel that remained unfinished and became the story "The Childhood of Luvers", which describes the story of a girl's growing up. Critics have praised this work. Mikhail Kuzmin, a poet, put this story even higher than the poetry of Pasternak, and Marina Tsvetaeva called it "genius".

The novel "Doctor Zhivago"

In agony, from 1945 to 1955, Boris Pasternak (Doctor Zhivago) created his famous novel. This work is largely autobiographical. It tells about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia in the difficult period for our country in the first half of the 20th century, especially during the Civil War. All events were very truthfully described by Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago, the main character, is the lyrical hero of his poetry. He is a doctor, but after the death of Yuri, a book of poems remains, which constituted the final part of the work. Together with the later poems, presented in the cycle "When will he roam" (years of creation - from 1956 to 1959), Zhivago's poems are the crown of all creativity of Boris Pasternak. Their syllable is transparent and simple, which is by no means poorer than in the earlier books written in a more complex language. Throughout his life, the poet strove for engraved clarity, which he realized in recent years. Yuri Zhivago, his hero, is also concerned about the same searches as the author.

In 1956, Boris Pasternak, whose biography interests us, transferred this novel to several magazines, as well as to Goslitizdat. "Doctor Zhivago" in the same year appeared in the West and came out a year later in Italian. And a year later he appeared in Holland, already in Russian. The atmosphere around him in the poet's homeland was heating up. In 1957, on August 20, he wrote to D. Polikarpov, the party ideologist of that time, that if the truth that he knows must be redeemed by suffering, then he is ready to accept any.

Nobel Prize awarded, persecution started

Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958, and from that moment on, a real persecution began on him at the state level. It was announced that the awarding of an award for a "vicious", "artistically wretched" work, imbued with hatred of socialism, is a hostile political act that is directed against the USSR.

On October 27, 1958, the "Pasternak case" was considered at the Writers' Union. Unfortunately, the transcripts of the meeting have not been preserved. And on October 31, another meeting took place - the MMSP. It was decided to appeal to the Soviet government and ask to deprive the author of "Doctor Zhivago" of Soviet citizenship, to expel him from the country, which, fortunately, was not carried out in relation to such a great man as Boris Pasternak. His biography recent years, nevertheless, marked by rejection from the authorities and the public. It was very difficult to experience it all great poet and a writer, at one time he was even on the verge of suicide.

Death of Pasternak

Boris Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union, which meant nothing more than his social and literary death. The poet was forced under pressure from society to refuse the honorary award. "Doctor Zhivago" in Russia was published only in 1988, that is, almost 30 years after the death of its creator, which took place in Peredelkino on May 30, 1960. The grave of Boris Pasternak is located at the Peredelkino cemetery. Boris Leonidovich, putting an end to his novel, summed up his whole life. He had to suffer for the truth, like many other writers and poets.

Personal life of Pasternak

Many are interested in the question: "Who was Boris Pasternak's mistress?" The personal life of celebrities sometimes arouses an incomprehensible curiosity. The family, children of Boris Pasternak - all this is very interesting to many readers. In the case of Boris Leonidovich, this curiosity is justified - after all, the events of his personal life were reflected in his work. In the novel "Doctor Zhivago", for example, the main character rushes between two families, cannot erase either one or the other woman from his life. This work is largely autobiographical. After reading it, you will understand better inner world this great poet and writer.

In 1921, as we have already mentioned, the family of Boris Leonidovich left Russia. The poet actively corresponds with his relatives, as well as with other emigrants from Russia, including Marina Tsvetaeva.

Boris Leonidovich in 1922 marries Evgenia Lurie, an artist with whom he stayed in Germany with his parents from 1922 to 1923. And in 1923, on September 23, his son Eugene was born (he died in 2012).

In 1932, having broken off his first marriage, Boris Leonidovich marries Neigauz Zinaida Nikolaevna (in 1931 he traveled to Georgia with her, as well as with her son). Their son Leonid was born in 1938 (years of life - from 1938 to 1976). In 1966, Zinaida died of cancer. In 1946 Pasternak met his "muse" Olga Ivinskaya (years of life - 1912-1995) - a woman to whom many of his poems were dedicated.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, whose biography was considered by us, is a unique phenomenon. There is no need to turn him into an example to follow, into a standard: he is unique. Today is the Time for Advanced Study beautiful poetry and prose that Boris Pasternak left us. Quotes from his works today can be heard more and more often, and his work has finally begun to be studied at school.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (January 29, 1890, Moscow - May 30, 1960, Peredelkino, Moscow Region) - Russian writer, poet, translator; one of the greatest poets of the 20th century.
Pasternak published his first poems at the age of 23. In 1955, Pasternak finished writing the novel Doctor Zhivago. Three years later, the writer was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, after which he was persecuted and persecuted by the Soviet government.

The future poet was born in Moscow into a creative Jewish family. Pasternak's parents, father - artist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts Leonid Osipovich (Isaak Iosifovich) Pasternak and mother - pianist Rosalia Isidorovna Pasternak (nee Kaufman, 1868-1939), moved to Moscow from Odessa in 1889, a year before his birth. Boris was born in a house at the intersection of Oruzheyny Lane and Second Tverskaya-Yamskaya Street, where they settled. In addition to the eldest, Boris, Alexander (1893-1982), Josephine (1900-1993) and Lydia (1902-1989) were born in the Pasternak family. Even in the certificate of maturity after graduating from the gymnasium, BL Pasternak appeared as "Boris Isaakovich (aka Leonidovich)."

The Pasternak family maintained friendship with famous artists - (Isaac Ilyich Levitan, Mikhail Vasilyevich Nesterov, Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov, Sergei Ivanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge). The house was visited by musicians and writers, including L. N. Tolstoy; small musical performances were arranged, in which A. N. Scriabin and S. V. Rachmaninov took part. In 1900, during his second visit to Moscow, Rainer Maria Rilke met the Pasternak family. At the age of 13, under the influence of the composer A. N. Scriabin, Pasternak became interested in music, which he studied for six years (his two preludes and a piano sonata have survived).

In 1900, Pasternak was not admitted to the 5th Moscow gymnasium (now Moscow school No. 91) because of the percentage rate, but at the suggestion of the director, the next year, 1901, he entered immediately into the second grade. In 1903, on August 6 (19), when he fell from a horse, Boris broke his leg, and due to improper fusion (a slight lameness, which the writer hid, remained for life) was later exempted from military service. Later, the poet paid special attention to this episode in the poem "August", as awakening his creative powers.

On October 25, 1905, Boris Pasternak fell under the Cossack whips when he ran into a crowd of protesters on Myasnitskaya Street, driven by the mounted police. This episode will later be included in Pasternak's books.
In 1908, simultaneously with the preparation for the final exams at the gymnasium, under the guidance of Yu. D. Engel and RM Glier, he prepared for the exam in the course of the composition department of the Moscow Conservatory. Pasternak graduated from high school with a gold medal and all the highest marks, except for the law of God, from which he was released because of his Jewish origin.

Following the example of parents who achieved high professional success by tireless work, Pasternak strove in everything "to reach the very essence, in work, in search of a path." VF Asmus noted that "nothing was so alien to Pasternak as half perfection."
Recalling his experiences later, Pasternak wrote in the "Security Certificate": "More than anything in the world I loved music ... But I did not have absolute hearing ...". After a series of hesitations, Pasternak gave up the career of a professional musician and composer: "Music, the beloved world of six years of work, hopes and anxieties, I tore out of myself as parting with the most precious."
In 1908 he entered the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, and in 1909, on the advice of A. N. Scriabin, transferred to the Philosophy Department of the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University.

In the summer of 1912, he studied philosophy at the University of Marburg in Germany with the head of the Marburg neo-Kantian school, Professor Hermann Cohen, who advised Pasternak to pursue a career as a philosopher in Germany. Then he made an offer to Ida Vysotskaya (daughter of a large tea merchant D.V. Vysotsky), but was refused, according to the description in the poem "Marburg" and the autobiographical story "Security Certificate". In 1912, together with his parents and sisters, he visited Venice, which was reflected in his poems of that time. I saw my cousin Olga Freidenberg (daughter of the writer and inventor Moisei Filippovich Freidenberg) in Germany. He was connected with her by many years of friendship and correspondence.

In 1912 B.L. Pasternak graduated from Moscow University. Pasternak did not appear for the diploma. Diploma No. 20974 has been preserved in the archives of Moscow University.

Writing career

After a trip to Marburg, Pasternak refused to further focus on philosophical studies. At the same time, he began to enter the circles of Moscow writers. He took part in the meetings of the circle of the symbolist publishing house "Musaget", then in the literary and artistic circle of Yulian Anisimov and Vera Stanevich, from which the short-lived post-symbolist group "Lyrics" grew. Since 1914, Pasternak joined the fellowship of futurists "Centrifuga" (which also included other former members of "Lyrics" - Nikolai Aseev and Sergei Bobrov). In the same year, he became closely acquainted with another futurist - Vladimir Mayakovsky, whose personality and work had a certain influence on him. Later, in the 1920s, Pasternak maintained ties with Mayakovsky's LEF group, but in general, after the revolution, he occupied an independent position, not entering into any associations.

Pasternak's first poems were published in 1913 (a collective collection of the Lyrica group), the first book, The Twin in the Clouds, at the end of the same year (1914 on the cover), was perceived by Pasternak himself as immature. In 1928, half of the poems "Gemini in the Clouds" and three poems from the collection of the group "Lyrics" were combined by Pasternak into the cycle "The Initial Time" and greatly revised (some were actually rewritten completely); the rest of the early experiments during the life of Pasternak were not reprinted. Nevertheless, it was after The Twin in the Clouds that Pasternak began to realize himself as a professional writer.

In 1916, the collection Above the Barriers was published. Pasternak spent the winter and spring of 1916 in the Urals, near the city of Alexandrovsky, Perm province, in the village of Vsevolodo-Vilva, accepting an invitation to work in the office of the manager of the Vsevolodo-Vilva chemical plants Boris Zbarsky as an assistant for business correspondence and trade and financial reporting. It is widely believed that the prototype of the city of Yuryatin from Doctor Zhivago is the city of Perm. In the same year, the poet visited the Bereznikovsky soda factory on the Kama. In a letter to S.P. Bobrov dated June 24, 1916 (the day after leaving his home in Vsevolodo-Vilva), Boris “calls the soda factory“ Lyubimov, Solve and K ”and the European-style settlement with him -“ a small industrial Belgium "".

Pasternak's parents and his sisters left Soviet Russia in 1921 at the personal request of A.V. Lunacharsky and settled in Berlin (and after the Nazis came to power - in London). Pasternak began an active correspondence with them and with Russian emigration circles in general, in particular, with Marina Tsvetaeva. In 1926, a correspondence began with R.-M. Rilke.
In 1922, Pasternak married the artist Evgenia Lurie, with whom he spent the second half of the year and the entire winter of 1922-1923 visiting his parents in Berlin. In the same 1922, the poet's program book "My Sister - Life" was published, most of the poems of which were written in the summer of 1917. The next year, 1923 (September 23), a son, Eugene is born in the Pasternak family (he died in 2012).

In the 1920s, the collection Themes and Variations (1923), the novel in verse “Spektorsky” (1925), the cycle “High Sickness”, the poems “The Nine hundred and fifth year” and “Lieutenant Schmidt” were also created. In 1928, Pasternak turns to prose. By 1930, he was completing his autobiographical notes "Security Letter", which sets out his fundamental views on art and creativity.

The late 1920s - early 1930s saw a short period of official Soviet recognition of Pasternak's work. He accepts Active participation in the activities of the Union of Writers of the USSR and in 1934 he delivers a speech at its first congress, at which N.I.Bukharin urged to officially name Pasternak the best poet Soviet Union... His large one-volume edition from 1933 to 1936 is reissued annually.

Having met Zinaida Nikolaevna Neigauz (nee Eremeeva, 1897-1966), at that time the wife of the pianist G.G. Neuhaus, together with her in 1931 Pasternak took a trip to Georgia (see below). Having interrupted his first marriage, in 1932 Pasternak married Z.N. Neuhaus. In the same year his book "The Second Birth" was published. On the night of January 1, 1938, Pasternak and his second wife had a son, Leonid (future physicist, died in 1976).

In 1935, Pasternak participates in the work of the International Congress of Writers in Defense of Peace, which is taking place in Paris, where he has a nervous breakdown. This was his last trip abroad. In his memoirs, the Belarusian writer Yakub Kolas recalled Pasternak's complaints of nerves and insomnia.
In 1935, Pasternak stood up for the husband and son of Anna Akhmatova, who were released from prison after letters to Stalin from Pasternak and Anna Akhmatova. In December 1935, Pasternak sent Stalin a book of translations of Georgian lyric poetry as a gift and in an accompanying letter he thanked for "the wonderful lightning-fast release of Akhmatova's relatives."

In January 1936, Pasternak published two poems, addressed with words of admiration to J.V. Stalin. However, by the middle of 1936, the attitude of the authorities towards him was changing - he was accused not only of “detachment from life,” but also of “a worldview that did not correspond to the era,” and they unconditionally demand thematic and ideological restructuring. This leads to the first long period of Pasternak's alienation from official literature. With the waning interest in Soviet power, Pasternak's poems acquire a more personal and tragic connotation.

In 1936 he settled in a dacha in Peredelkino, where he would live intermittently until the end of his life. From 1939 to 1960 he lives in a dacha at 3 Pavlenko Street (now a memorial museum). His Moscow address in the writers' house from the mid-1930s to the end of his life: Lavrushinsky lane, 17/19, apt. 72.

By the late 1930s, he turned to prose and translation, which became his main source of income in the 40s. During that period Pasternak created classic translations of many of Shakespeare's tragedies (including Hamlet), Goethe's Faust, and F. Schiller's Mary Stuart. Pasternak understood that by translations he saved loved ones from lack of money, and himself - from reproaches for "being cut off from life", but at the end of his life he bitterly stated that "... I gave half my life to translations - my most fruitful time."
He spent 1942-1943 in evacuation in Chistopol. He helped many people financially, including the repressed daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva - Ariadne Efron.

In 1943, the book of poems "On the Early Trains" was published, which included four cycles of poems from the pre-war and war times.
In 1946, Pasternak met Olga Ivinskaya (1912-1995) and she became the poet's "muse". He dedicated many poems to her. Until the death of Pasternak, they had a close relationship.

In 1952, Pasternak had his first heart attack, described in the poem "In the Hospital":
"Oh Lord, how perfect
Thy works, thought the sick man,
Bed and people and walls
The night of death and the city of night ... "
The patient's situation was serious, but, as Pasternak wrote on January 17, 1953 to Nina Tabidze, he was reassured that “the end will not take me by surprise, in the midst of work, for something unfinished. The little that could be done amid the obstacles that time posed has been done (translation of Shakespeare, Faust, Baratashvili). "

Pasternak and Georgia

For the first time, Pasternak's interest in Georgia manifested itself in 1917, when the poem "In Memory of the Demon" was written, in which the Caucasian theme inspired by the work of Lermontov sounded.
In October 1930, Pasternak met the Georgian poet Paolo Yashvili, who had arrived in Moscow.
In July 1931, at the invitation of P. Yashvili, Boris Leonidovich with Zinaida Nikolaevna Neigauz and her son Adrian (Adik) arrived in Tiflis. There, an acquaintance began and a close friendship followed with Titian Tabidze, G. Leonidze, S. Chikovani, Lado Gudiashvili, Nikolo Mitsishvili and other figures of Georgian art.
The impressions of a three-month stay in Georgia, close contact with its original culture and history left a noticeable mark on the spiritual world of Pasternak.
On April 6, 1932, he organized a literary evening of Georgian poetry in Moscow. On June 30, Pasternak wrote to P. Yashvili that he would write about Georgia.

In August 1932, the book "Rebirth" was published with the cycle "Waves" included in it, full of delight.
... We were in Georgia. Let's multiply
I need tenderness, hell for heaven,
We'll take the greenhouse as a foot,
And we will get this edge ...

In November 1933, Pasternak went on a second trip to Georgia as part of a writing team (N. Tikhonov, Yu. Tynyanov, O. Forsh, P. Pavlenko and V. Goltsev). In 1932-1933 Pasternak was enthusiastically engaged in translations of Georgian poets.
In 1934, in Georgia and Moscow, Pasternak's translation of Vazha Pshavela's poem "The Snake Eater" was published.
On January 4, 1935, at the 1st All-Union Conference of Translators, Pasternak spoke about his translations of Georgian poetry. On February 3 of the same year he read them at the conference "Poets of Soviet Georgia".

In February 1935, books were published: in Moscow "Georgian Lyrics" translated by Pasternak (designed by artist Lado Gudiashvili), and in Tiflis - "Poets of Georgia" translated by Pasternak and Tikhonov. T. Tabidze wrote about the translations of the Georgian poets by Pasternak, that he preserved not only semantic accuracy, but also “all images and word arrangement, despite some discrepancy between the metric nature of Georgian and Russian verse, and, most importantly, one can feel the melody in them, and not transposition of images, and it is surprising that all this was achieved without knowledge of the Georgian language ”.

In 1936, another Georgian cycle of poems was completed - "From Summer Notes", dedicated to "friends in Tiflis".
On July 22, 1937, Paolo Yashvili shot himself. In August, Pasternak wrote a letter of condolences to his widow.
On October 10 he was arrested, and on December 16, Titian Tabidze was shot. For many years Pasternak financially and morally supported his family. In the same year, another Georgian friend of Pasternak, N. Mitsishvili, was repressed.
When MI Tsvetaeva returned to Moscow, before the war, at the request of Pasternak, Goslitizdat gave her translation work, including from Georgian poets. Tsvetaeva translated three poems by Vazha Pshavela (more than 2000 lines), but complained about the difficulties of the Georgian language.

In 1945, Pasternak completed the translation of almost all the surviving poems and poems by N. Baratashvili. On October 19, at the invitation of Simon Chikovani, he performed at the anniversary celebrations of Baratashvili at the Tbilisi Rustaveli Theater. Before leaving Tbilisi, the poet received as a gift from Nina Tabidze a stock of stamp paper, preserved after the arrest of her husband. EB Pasternak wrote that it was on it that the first chapters of Doctor Zhivago were written. Boris Leonidovich, who appreciated the “noble yellowness Ivory”Of this paper, he said later that this feeling affected the work on the novel and that it was“ Nin's novel ”.
In 1946 Pasternak wrote two articles: "Nikolai Baratashvili" and "A Few Words about New Georgian Poetry". The latter did not mention the names of P. Yashvili and T. Tabidze, who were banned, but he included lines about them in 1956 in special chapters of the essay "People and Situations", which was published in Novy Mir only in January 1967.
In October 1958, among the first to congratulate Pasternak on the Nobel Prize was Titian Tabidze's widow, Nina, who was visiting his house.

From February 20 to March 2, 1959, the last trip of Boris Leonidovich and Zinaida Nikolaevna to Georgia took place. The poet wanted to breathe the air of youth, to visit the houses where his departed friends once lived; Another important reason was that the authorities forced Pasternak to leave Moscow during a visit to the USSR by British Prime Minister G. Macmillan, who expressed a desire to see the "Peredelkino recluse" and personally find out the reasons why he refused the Nobel Prize. At the request of Pasternak, Nina Tabidze tried to keep his arrival a secret, only in the house of artist Lado Gudiashvili an evening was arranged with a select circle of friends. In the memorial room of the apartment of the Tabidze family, where Pasternak lived, there are things that he used, a low old-fashioned lampshade over a round table, a desk at which he wrote.

Attempts to comprehend and understand the roots of Georgian culture led the writer to the idea of ​​developing a theme of early Christian Georgia. Pasternak began to select materials about the biographies of the saints of the Georgian church, archaeological excavations, and the Georgian language. However, due to the untimely death of the poet, the plan remained unfulfilled.

Friendship with prominent representatives of Georgian art that began in the early 1930s, communication and correspondence with whom lasted almost thirty years, led to the fact that for Pasternak Georgia became a second homeland. From a letter to Nina Tabidze:
… But now I’ll end, my life will remain,… and what was the main, the main thing in it? An example of paternal activity, love for music and A. N. Scriabin, two or three new notes in my work, Russian night in the village, revolution, Georgia.
Sincere interest and love for the people and culture of Georgia instilled in Pasternak the confidence of the hero of N. Baratashvili's poem "The Fate of Georgia" Irakli II in the future of the country that welcomed him so cordially.

1990 was declared by UNESCO the "Year of Pasternak". Organizers of the jubilee memorial exhibition at the State Museum fine arts named after A. Pushkin singled out the topic "Pasternak and Georgia" in a separate section.
The development of ties between Russian and Georgian cultures, based on the example of the relationship between poets, was included in the agenda of the international conference "Boris Pasternak and Titian Tabidze: Friendship of Poets as a Dialogue of Cultures" held on April 5-6, 2015 at the State Literary Museum in Moscow.

"Doctor Zhivago"

In February 1959, B.L. Pasternak wrote about his attitude to the place occupied by prose in his work:
… I have always strived from poetry to prose, to narration and description of relationships with the surrounding reality, because such prose seems to me to be the consequence and realization of what poetry means to me.
Accordingly, I can say: poetry is raw, unrealized prose ...

The novel "Doctor Zhivago" was created over ten years, from 1945 to 1955. Being, according to the writer himself, the pinnacle of his work as a prose writer, the novel is a broad canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the background of the dramatic period from the beginning of the century to the Great Patriotic War... The novel is permeated with high poetics, accompanied by poems of the protagonist - Yuri Andreevich Zhivago. During the writing of the novel, Pasternak changed its name more than once. The novel could be called "Boys and Girls", "The Candle Was Burning", "The Experience of Russian Faust", "There is No Death".

The novel touching upon the innermost issues of human existence - the secrets of life and death, questions of history, Christianity - was sharply negatively received by the authorities and the official Soviet literary environment, rejected for publication due to the author's ambiguous position in relation to the October Revolution and subsequent changes in the life of the country ... So, for example, E. G. Kazakevich, after reading the novel, said: “It turns out, judging by the novel, October Revolution- a misunderstanding and it was better not to do it ”; KM Simonov, editor-in-chief of Novy Mir, reacted with a refusal: “You can't give a tribune to Pasternak!”
The book was published first in Italy in 1957 by the Feltrinelli publishing house, and then in Holland and Great Britain, with the mediation of the philosopher and diplomat Sir Isaiah Berlin.

The publication of the novel in Holland and Great Britain (and then in the USA in pocket format) and the free distribution of the book to Soviet tourists at the 1958 World Exhibition in Brussels and at the Festival of Youth and Students in Vienna was organized by the US Central Intelligence Agency. The CIA also participated in the distribution of a "highly propagandistic value" book in the countries of the socialist bloc. In addition, declassified documents suggest that in the late 1950s, the British Foreign Office tried to use Doctor Zhivago as an anti-communist propaganda tool and financed the publication of the novel in Farsi.

Feltrinelli accused Dutch publishers of violating his publishing rights. The CIA managed to quell this scandal, as the book was a success among Soviet tourists. The publication of the book led to the persecution of Pasternak in the Soviet press, his expulsion from the Union of Writers of the USSR, insults against him from the pages of Soviet newspapers, at meetings of the "workers". The Moscow organization of the Union of Writers of the USSR, following the rule of the Union of Writers, demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the Soviet Union and the deprivation of his Soviet citizenship. Among the writers who demanded deportation were L. I. Oshanin, A. I. Bezymensky, B. A. Slutsky, S. A. Baruzdin, B. N. Polevoy and many others (see the transcript of the meeting of the Moscow Meeting of Writers in the section “ Links "). A negative attitude towards the novel was also expressed by some Russian writers in the West, including V.V. Nabokov.

Nobel Prize. Bullying

Every year from 1946 to 1950 and in 1957, Pasternak was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1958, his candidacy was proposed by last year's laureate Albert Camus, and on October 23, Pasternak became the second writer from Russia (after I. A. Bunin) to be awarded this award.

The awarding of the prize was perceived by Soviet propaganda as an excuse to continue the persecution of the poet. Already on the day the prize was awarded (October 23, 1958), at the initiative of M. A. Suslov, the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution "On the slanderous novel of B. Pasternak", which recognized the decision of the Nobel Committee as another attempt to be drawn into the Cold War.
Literaturnaya Gazeta (editor-in-chief V. Kochetov) wrote on October 25, 1958 that the writer “agreed to play the role of bait on the rusty hook of anti-Soviet propaganda”.

The publicist David Zaslavsky published in Pravda an article entitled "The Uproar of Reactionary Propaganda Around the Literary Weed."
Sergei Mikhalkov responded to the awarding of the Prize to Pasternak with a negative epigram under M. Abramov's caricature "The Nobel Dish".
On October 29, 1958, at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Komsomol, Vladimir Semichastny, at that time - the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Komsomol, said (as he later claimed - at the direction of Khrushchev):

On October 31, 1958, on the occasion of the Nobel Prize award to Pasternak, Sergei Smirnov, chairing the General Moscow Meeting of Writers of the USSR, made a speech, concluding that writers should appeal to the government with a request to deprive Pasternak of Soviet citizenship.
In the semi-official literary environment, the Nobel Prize for Pasternak was perceived negatively. At a meeting of the party group of the Board of the Writers' Union on October 25, 1958, N. Gribachev and S. Mikhalkov, as well as Vera Inber, demanded that Pasternak be deprived of his citizenship and expelled from the country.

On October 27, 1958, by a decision of a joint meeting of the Presidium of the Board of the Writers' Union of the USSR, the Bureau of the Organizing Committee of the Writers' Union of the RSFSR and the Presidium of the Board of the Moscow Branch of the Writers' Union of the RSFSR, Pasternak was unanimously expelled from the Union of Writers of the USSR. The decision to expel was approved on October 28 at a meeting of Moscow journalists, and on October 31 at a general meeting of Moscow writers, chaired by S.S.Smirnov. Several writers did not appear at the meeting due to illness, due to departure or without giving reasons (including A. Tvardovsky, M. Sholokhov, Kaverin, B. Lavrenev, Marshak, Ilya Erenburg, Leonov). Later, Tvardovsky and Lavrenev, in a letter to Literaturnaya Gazeta on October 25, 1958, sharply criticized the novel and its author. Throughout the country, meetings of republican, regional and regional writers' organizations were held, at which writers condemned Pasternak for treacherous behavior that placed him outside of Soviet literature and Soviet society.

The awarding of the Nobel Prize to BL Pasternak and the campaign of persecution that had begun on him unexpectedly coincided with the award of the Nobel Prize in Physics to Soviet physicists PA Cherenkov, IM Frank and IE Tamm in the same year. On October 29, the newspaper Pravda published an article signed by six academicians, which reported on the outstanding achievements of Soviet physicists who were awarded the Nobel Prizes. It contained a paragraph stating that the awarding of prizes to physicists was objective, while in literature it was motivated by political considerations. In the evening of October 29, Academician M.A.Leontovich arrived in Peredelkino, who considered it his duty to assure Pasternak that real physicists did not think so, and tendentious phrases were not contained in the article and were inserted against their will. In particular, Academician L.A. Artsimovich refused to write the required article (referring to Pavlov's behest to scientists to say only what you know). He demanded that he be allowed to read "Doctor Zhivago" for this.

The poet's persecution was called in folk memoirs: "I have not read it, but I condemn it!"
The accusatory rallies took place at workplaces, institutes, factories, bureaucratic organizations, creative unions, where collective insulting letters were drawn up demanding punishment for the disgraced poet.

Despite the fact that the prize was awarded to Pasternak "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for the continuation of the traditions of the great Russian epic novel," the efforts of the official Soviet authorities it was to be remembered for a long time only as firmly associated with the novel "Doctor Zhivago". As a result of a massive campaign of pressure, Boris Pasternak refused the Nobel Prize. In a telegram sent to the Swedish Academy, Pasternak wrote: “Due to the importance that the award awarded to me received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Do not consider my voluntary refusal to be an insult. "

Jawaharlal Nehru and Albert Camus took over the petition for the new Nobel laureate Pasternak before Nikita Khrushchev. But everything turned out to be in vain, although the writer was neither exiled nor imprisoned.
Despite the expulsion from the Union of Writers of the USSR, Pasternak continued to remain a member of the Literary Fund, receive royalties, and publish. The idea, repeatedly expressed by his persecutors, that Pasternak would probably want to leave the USSR, was rejected by him - Pasternak wrote in a letter addressed to Khrushchev: “Leaving my homeland is tantamount to death for me. I am connected with Russia by birth, life, work. "

Because of the Nobel Prize poem published in the West, Pasternak was summoned to the USSR Prosecutor General R.A. Rudenko in February 1959, where he was threatened with charges under Article 64 "Treason to the Motherland", but this event had no consequences for him ...
In the summer of 1959, Pasternak began work on the remaining unfinished play "The Blind Beauty", but soon discovered lung cancer in the last months of his life confined him to bed.

Death

According to the recollections of the poet's son, on May 1, 1960, the sick Pasternak, in anticipation of his imminent death, asked his friend E. A. Krasheninnikova for confession.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak died of lung cancer on May 30, 1960 in Peredelkino, at the age of 71. The announcement of his death was published in the Literaturnaya Gazeta (June 2 issue) and in the Literatura i Zhizn newspaper (June 1); and also in the newspaper "Evening Moscow".

Funeral

Boris Pasternak was buried on 2.6.1960 at the Peredelkino cemetery. To accompany him to last way many people came (among them Naum Korzhavin, Bulat Okudzhava, Andrei Voznesensky, Kaisyn Kuliev), despite the poet's disgrace. The author of the monument on his grave is the sculptor Sarra Lebedeva.

After death

The monument on the grave was repeatedly desecrated, and an exact copy of the monument, made by the sculptor Dmitry Shakhovsky, was installed by the fortieth anniversary of the poet's death.
On the night of Sunday, November 5, 2006, vandals also desecrated this monument. At present, a powerful stylobate was erected on the grave located on a steep slope of a high hill, to strengthen the restored monument and prevent the soil from slipping, covering the burials of Pasternak himself, his wife Zinaida Nikolaevna (died in 1966), the youngest son of Leonid (died in 1976) , the eldest - Evgeny Borisovich Pasternak and stepson of Adrian Neuhaus. A platform for visitors and excursionists was also arranged.

A family

The writer's first wife, Evgenia Vladimirovna Pasternak, died in 1965. The marriage lasted from 1922 to 1931. The son of Yevgeny Pasternak (1923-2012) was born in marriage.
The second wife is Zinaida Nikolaevna Neuhaus-Pasternak, formerly the wife of Heinrich Neuhaus. The marriage was concluded in 1932. The Pasternak family brought up two children of Heinrich and Zinaida Neigauz, including pianist Stanislav Neigauz. In marriage, Pasternak's second son, Leonid, was born (died in 1976 at the age of 38).

Pasternak's last love, Olga Ivinskaya (they met in 1948), after the poet's death on a trumped-up charge, spent 4 years in prison (until 1964), then with the fees received by will she acquired an apartment in a house near the Savyolovsky railway station, where she lived until her death September 8, 1995. She was buried at the Peredelkino cemetery.
Boris Pasternak has 4 grandchildren and 10 great-grandchildren.

Rehabilitation

The negative attitude of the Soviet authorities towards Pasternak gradually changed after his death. In articles about Pasternak in the Short Literary Encyclopedia (1968) and in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1975), his creative difficulties in the 1950s are already described in a neutral way (the author of both articles is Z.S. Paperny). However, there was no talk of publishing the novel.
In the USSR until 1989 in school curriculum in the literature about the work of Pasternak, and in general about his existence, there was no mention.

In 1987, the decision to expel Pasternak from the Writers' Union was canceled. In 1988, Doctor Zhivago was first published in the USSR (“ New world"). In the summer of 1988, Pasternak's Nobel Prize diploma was issued. He was sent to Moscow to the heirs of the poet through his younger friend, the poet Andrei Voznesensky, who came to Stockholm. On December 9, 1989, the Nobel laureate medal was awarded in Stockholm to the poet's son, Yevgeny Pasternak. Several collected works of the poet were published under his editorship. At the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, numerous collections, memoirs and materials for the biography of the writer were published in Russia.