Speech therapy portal / Parents / Crimean war 1853 1856 causes. The beginning of hostilities. Ratio of Forces of Russia and Allies

Crimean war 1853 1856 causes. The beginning of hostilities. Ratio of Forces of Russia and Allies

28.08.2020

Spirit in the troops over all descriptions. In times ancient Greece There was no so much heroism. I could not really be in business, but I thank God for seeing these people and I live in this unclear time.
Lev Tolstoy

Wars of the Russian and Ottoman Empires were the usual phenomenon of the International Policy of the XVIII-XIX century. In 1853, the Russian Empire Nikolai 1 entered the next war, which became a story as the Crimean War of 1853-1856, and ended with the defeat of Russia. In addition, this war showed strong resistance to countries leaders Western Europe (France and Great Britain) strengthening Russia's role in Eastern Europe, in particular in the Balkans. The lost war also showed Russia's Russia itself in domestic politics, which led to many issues. Despite the victories at the initial stage of 1853-1854, as well as the seizure of the Kars's key Turkish fortress in 1855, Russia lost the most important battles on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula. This article describes the reasons, move, main results and historical significance in brief story About the Crimean War of 1853-1856.

Causes of exacerbation of the Eastern Question

Under the eastern issue of historians, a number of controversial moments of Russian-Turkish relations, which at any time could lead to conflict. The main problems of the Eastern Question, which became the main for future war, are as follows:

The loss of the Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region of the Ottoman Empire at the end of 18 constantly stimulated Turkey to start the war in the hope of returning the territory. So the war began 1806-1812 and 1828-1829. However, in their result, Turkey lost Bessarabia and part of the territory in the Caucasus, which even more strengthened the desire for revenge.
The belonging of the Bosphorus Straits and Dardanelles. Russia demanded to open these straits for the Black Sea Fleet, while Ottoman Empire (at the pressure of Western Europe) ignored these requirements of Russia.
The presence in the Balkans, as part of the Ottoman Empire, Slavic Christian peoples who fought for their independence. Russia has supported them, thereby causing the wave of the perturbation of the Turks on the intervention of Russia into the internal affairs of another state.

An additional factor that strengthened the conflict was the desire of Western European countries (Britain, France, as well as Austria), do not let Russia go to the Balkans, as well as close it access to the straits. For the sake of this country, Turkey was ready to provide support in a potential war with Russia.

Reason to war and its beginning

These problem moments were amused throughout the end of the 1840s, early 1850s. In 1853, Turkish Sultan handed over the Bethlehem Temple of Jerusalem (then the territory of the Ottoman Empire) to the Office of the Catholic Church. This caused a wave of indignation of the Higher Orthodox Hierarchy. This decided to use Nicholas 1, using a religious conflict as a reason for the attacks on Turkey. Russia demanded to transfer the temple of the Orthodox Church, and at the same time also open straits for the Black Sea Fleet. Turkey responded with refusal. In June 1853, Russian troops crossed the border of the Ottoman Empire and entered the territory of the Danube Principality dependent on it.

Nicholas 1 expected that France is too weak after the revolution of 1848, and Britain can be touched by handing Cyprus and Egypt in the future. However, the plan did not work, European countries called on the Ottoman Empire to action, promising her financial and military aid. In October 1853, Turkey declared the war of Russia. So began, if we talk briefly, the Crimean War of 1853-1856 Godo. In the history of Western Europe, this war is called Eastern.

The course of war and the main stages

The Crimean War can be divided into 2 stages by the number of participants in the events of those years. Here are these stages:

October 1853 - April 1854. During these six months, the war was between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (without direct intervention of other states). There were three fronts: Crimean (Black Sea), Danube and Caucasian.
April 1854 - February 1856. British and French troops are entering the war, which is expanding the theater of the fighting, and also takes place during the war. Allied troops exceeded Russian from the technical side, which was the cause of change during the war.

As for concrete battles, the following key battles can be distinguished: for Sinop, for Odessa, for the Danube, for the Caucasus, for Sevastopol. There were other battles, but those listed above are the most basic. Consider them in more detail.

SOINT BATTEN (November 1853)

The battle took place in the harbor of the city of Sinop in the Crimea. The Russian fleet under the command of Nakhimov completely broke the Turkish fleet of Osman-Pasha. This battle was perhaps the last major global battle on sailing courged. This victory significantly raised the fighting spirit of the Russian army and instilled in hope of an ambulance victory in the war.

Map of the synoposk sea battle November 18, 1853

Odessa bombing (April 1854)

In early April 1854, the Ottoman Empire launched through his Squadrum of the Franco-British Fleet, which rapidly headed for Russian port and shipbuilding cities: Odessa, Ochakov and Nikolaev.

April 10, 1854 Odessa bombing began, the main southern port Russian Empire. After the rapid and intensive bombardment, it was planned to plant a landing in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Northern Black Sea region than to bring troops with the Danube Principles, and also to weaken the protection of the Crimea. However, a few days of shelling the city survived. Moreover, the defenders of Odessa were able to apply accurate blows on the allied fleet. The plan of the English-French troops failed. The allies were forced to retreat towards the Crimea and begin the battles for the peninsula.

Fights on the Danube (1853-1856)

It is from the introduction of Russia's troops to this region and began the Crimean War of 1853-1856. After success in the Sinop battle, Russia was waiting for another success: the troops were completely moved to the right bank of the Danube, an attack on Silistria was opened and further to Bucharest. However, the entry into the war of England and France complicated the offensive of Russia. On June 9, 1854, the siege of the Silistry was removed, and Russian troops returned to the left bank of the Danube. By the way, in this front in the war against Russia, Austria was also joined, which was disturbed by the rapid promotion of the Romanov Empire in Valachia and Moldova.

In July 1854, near the city of Varna (modern Bulgaria) landed a huge landing of the British and French armies (according to various sources, from 30 to 50 thousand) landed. The troops were to enter the territory of Bessarabia, pusing Russia from this region. However, the cholera epidemic broke out in the French troops, and the English public demanded from the leadership of the army of the priority strike in the Black Sea Fleet in the Crimea.

Fights in the Caucasus (1853-1856)

An important battle took place in July 1854 with the village of Kürüc Dara (Western Armenia). The United Turkish-British troops were defeated. Na. The Crimean War stage was still successful for Russia.

Another important battle in this region took place in June-November 1855. Russian troops decided to attack the eastern part of the Ottoman Empire, the Karsa Fortress so that the allies part of the troops were sent to this region, thereby having a little sent by the siege of Sevastopol. Russia won the battle of Kars, however, this happened after the news of the fall of Sevastopol, so this battle was weak on the result of the war. Moreover, according to the results of the "World", signed later, the Kars's fortress returned to the Ottoman Empire. However, as the peace negotiations showed, the capture of Kars still played a role. But about it next.

Defense of Sevastopol (1854-1855)

The most heroic and tragic event of the Crimean War is definitely the battle for Sevastopol. In September 1855, Franco-British troops captured the last point of the defense of the city - Malakhov Kurgan. The city survived 11 months of siege, however, as a result, the Allied troops were given (among which the Sardinian kingdom appeared). This defeat became key and seized with a pulse to complete the war. Since the end of 1855, reinforced negotiations begin, in which Russia has practically did not have strong arguments. It was clear that the war was played.

Other Bathers in Crimea (1854-1856)

In addition to the siege of Sevastopol on the territory of Crimea, in 1854-1855, a few more battles were held, which were sent to Sevastopol to "Deblokirovka":

Battle on Alma (September 1854).
Battle under Balaklava (October 1854).
Inkerman battle (November 1854).
An attempt to liberate Evpatoria (February 1855).
Battle on the Black River (August 1855).

All these battle ended unsuccessful attempts to remove the siege of Sevastopol.

"Far" battle

Maintenance martialctions Wars passed near the Crimean Peninsula, which gave the name of the war. Also, the battles were in the Caucasus, on the territory of modern Moldova, as well as in the Balkans. However, many people know that the battles between rivals occurred in remote regions of the Russian Empire. Here are some examples:

Petropavlovsk defense. The battle, which took place on the territory of the Kamchatka Peninsula between the combined Franco-British troops on the one hand and Russian on the other. The battle took place in August 1854. These battle became a consequence of the victory of Britain over China during the "opium" wars. As a result of Britain, she wanted to strengthen their influence in the east of Asia, to oust Russia from here. All allied troops have taken two assault, both fails for them. Russia sustained Petropavlovsk Defense.
Arctic company. Operation of the British fleet to try to block or capture Arkhangelsk, conducted in 1854-1855. The main battles were held in the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Barents Sea. Also, the British took the bombing of the Solovetsky fortress, and even robberies of Russian merchant ships in the White and Barents seas.

Results and historical value of war

In February 1855, Nikolai died 1. The task of the new emperor, Alexander 2, was the termination of the war, and with minimal damage for Russia. In February 1856, the Paris Congress began work. Russia was represented by Alexey Orlov and Philipp Brunnov. Since none of the parties seen the meaning in the continuation of the war, the Paris Mirny Treaty was signed by 6 March 1856, according to the results of which the Crimean War was completed.

The main conditions of the Paris contract 6 were as follows:

Russia returned Turkey the Fortress of Karsa, in exchange for Sevastopol and other captured cities of the Crimean Peninsula.
Russia was forbidden to have a Black Sea Fleet. The Black Sea was declared neutral.
Bosphorus and Dardanelles are declared closed for the Russian Empire.
Part of the Russian Bessarabia was transferred to the Moldovan Principality, the Danube stopped being the border river, so shipping was announced free.
In the Alladian Islands (archipelago in the Baltic Sea) of Russia, Russia was forbidden to build military and (or) defensive fortifications.

As for losses, the number of Russian subjects, which died in the war is 47.5 thousand people. Britain lost 2.8 thousand, France - 10.2, the Ottoman Empire - more than 10 thousand. The Sardinian kingdom lost 12 thousand military. The victims from Austria are not known, perhaps because it was officially not in a state of war with Russia.

In general, the war showed the backwardness of Russia, compared with the states of Europe, especially in terms of the economy (completion industrial revolution, construction of railways, the use of steamers). After this defeat, Alexander reforms began. But this is a completely different story, and the Crimean War of 1853-1856 was completed and Russia was defeated in it.

Russia, Ottoman Empire, England, France and Sardinia participated in the Crimean War. Each of them had its own calculations in this military conflict.

For Russia, the mode of the Black Sea strait was paramount. In the 30-40th years of the XIX century. Russian diplomacy led a tense struggle for the most favorable conditions in resolving this issue. In 1833, the Unionar-Schelli Treaty was concluded with Turkey. According to him, the straits were closed for foreign warships, and Russia received the right of free wire through them their military courts. In the 40s of the XIX century. the situation has changed. Based on a number of agreements with European states, the straits first came under international control and were closed to all military fleets. As a result, the Russian fleet was locked in the Black Sea. Russia, relying on his military power, sought to re-solve the problem of straits, strengthen its position in the Middle East and the Balkans.

The Ottoman Empire wanted to return the territory lost as a result of the Russian-Turkish wars of the end of the XVIII - the first half of the XIX century.

England and France hoped to crush Russia as a great power, deprive her influence in the Middle East and the Balkan Peninsula.

The pan-European conflict in the Middle East began in 1850, when a dispute broke out between the Orthodox and Catholic clergy of Palestine about who would own the saints.
Places in Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The Orthodox Church supported Russia, and Catholic - France. The dispute between the clergymen in the opposition of two European states. The Ottoman Empire, which included Palestine, rose to the side of France. This caused a sharp discontent of Russia and personally Emperor Nikolai I. In Constantinople, a special representative of King Prince A. S. Mesnshikov was sent to Constantinople. He was instructed to achieve privileges for the Russian Orthodox Church in Palestine and the rights of the patronage of the Orthodox citizens of Turkey. The failure of the mission A. S. Menshikov was predetermined in advance. Sultan was not going to give up to Nazi Russia, but causing, the disrespectful behavior of her messenger only aggravated conflict situation. Thus, it would seem private, but for that time important, given the religious feelings of people, the dispute about the holy places became a reason for the emergence of the Russian-Turkish, and later the pan-European war.

Nicholas I took an irreconcilable position, hoping for the power of the army and the support of some European states (England, Austria, etc.). But he calculated. The Russian army consisted of more than 1 million people. However, as it turned out during the war, it was imperfect, primarily technically. Her armament (smooth-bore rifles) was inferior to the cut-off arms of Western European armies. Outdated and artillery. The Fleet of Russia was most advantageous than sailing, while trials with steam engines prevailed in the naval forces of Europe. There were no established communications. It did not allow the theater of hostilities with a sufficient amount of ammunition and food. Human replenishment. The Russian army could successfully deal with such as Turkish, but there was no possibility to confront the United States of Europe.

Military course

For pressure on Turkey in 1853, the Russian troops were introduced into Moldova and Valachia. In response, Turkish Sultan in October 1853 declared Russia a war. He was supported by England and France. Austria ranked "Armed Neutrality". Russia was in full political isolation.

The history of the Crimean War is divided into two stages

The first: Actually the Russian-Turkish campaign - was carried out with varying success from November 1853 to April 1854, the second (April 1854. - February 1856): Russia was forced to fight against the coalition of European states.

The main event of the first stage is the Sinop Battle (November 1853). Admiral P. S. Nakhimov defeated the Turkish fleet in the Sinop Bay and suppressed the coastal batteries. It activated England and France. They declared the war of Russia. The Anglo-French squadron appeared in the Baltic Sea, attacked Kronstadt and Sveaborg. The English ships entered the White Sea and subjected to the Solovetsky monastery bombarded. Military demonstration was held on Kamchatka.

The main goal of the united Anglo-French command was to capture the Crimea and Sevastopol - the naval base of Russia. On September 2, 1854, the Allies began landing the expeditionary corps in the Evpatoria region. Battle on the Alma River in September

1854. Russian troops lost. By order of the commander A. S. Menshikov, they passed through Sevastopol and moved to Bakhchisaray. At the same time, the garrison of Sevastopol, supported by sailors of the Black Sea Fleet, led actively preparations for defense. She was headed by V. A. Kornilov and P. S. Nakhimov.

In October 1854, the Allies were besieged Sevastopol. The garrison of the fortress showed unprecedented heroism. Admirals V. L. Kornilov, P. S. Nakhimov and V. I. I. Eastomin, Military Engineer E. I. Totleben, Lieutenant-General Artillery S. A. Khrulev, Many Sailors and Soldiers: I. Shevchenko, F. Samolatov, P. Cat, etc.

The main part of the Russian army was taken by distracting operations: the battle under Inksrman (November 1854), an offensive in Evpatoria (February 1855), a battle on a black river (August 1855). These hostilities did not help Sevastopol. In August 1855, the last assault on Sevastopol began. After the fall of Malakhov Kurgan, the continuation of defense was difficult. Most of Sevastopol was busy with the Allied troops, however, finding there alone ruins, they returned to their positions.

At the Caucasus Theater, military operations developed more successfully for Russia. Turkey invaded the Transcaucasus, but suffered a major defeat, after which the Russian troops began to act on its territory. In November 1855, the Turkish Fortress of Kars fell.

The extreme exhaustion of allies in the Crimea and Russian successes in the Caucasus led to the termination of hostilities. Negotiations began negotiations.

Paris Mir

At the end of March 1856, the Paris Mirny treatise was signed. Russia did not suffer significant territorial losses. She was rejected only the southern part of Bessarabia. However, she lost the right to the patronage of the Danube Principles and Serbia. The hardest and humiliating condition was the so-called "neutralization" of the Black Sea. Russia was banned from having a military sea powers, Military arsenals and fortresses. It applied a significant blow to the safety of southern borders. The role of Russia in the Balkans and the Middle East was negated.

The defeat in the Crimean War had a significant impact on the placement of international forces and the inner position of Russia. War, on the one hand, exposed her weakness, but on the other - the heroism and the unshakable spirit of the Russian people demonstrated. The defeat failed the sad outcome to the Nikolaev rule, stirred up the whole Russian public and made the government came close to the reform of the state.

Diplomatic preparation, the course of hostilities, the results.

Causes of the Crimean War.

Each Party to participate in the war was their claims and causes for military conflict.
Russian Empire: She strived to revise the regime of the Black Sea strait; Strengthening influence on the Balkan Peninsula.
Ottoman Empire: wishes the suppression of the national liberation movement in the Balkans; Returns of the Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
England, France: hoped to undermine the international authority of Russia, weaken its position in the Middle East; Turn the territory of Poland, Crimea, the Caucasus, Finland from Russia; Strengthen its position in the Middle East, using it as a sales market.
By the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Empire was in a state of decline, in addition, the struggle of the Orthodox peoples for liberation from the Ottoman yoke continued.
These factors led to the emergence of the Russian Emperor Nikolai I at the beginning of the 1850s at the beginning of the 1850s at the branch of the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire, inhabited by the Orthodox peoples, which was opposed to the United Kingdom and Austria. The United Kingdom, in addition, sought to oust Russia from the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and from the Transcaucasus. Emperor France Napoleon III, although did not share the British plans for the weakening of Russia, considering them excessive, supported the war with Russia as a revenge for 1812 and as a means of strengthening personal power.
Russia and France had a diplomatic conflict on the issue of monitoring the Church of the Nativity of Christ in Bethlehem, Russia, with the aim of putting pressure on Turkey, occupied Moldova and Valahiu, who were under the Russian Protectorator under the conditions of the Adrianopol peace treaty. The refusal of the Russian emperor Nikolai I to withdraw the troops to declare 4 (16) of October 1853 by Turkey, and behind it Great Britain and France, Russia's war.

Military course.

October 20, 1853 - Nicholas I signed a manifesto about the beginning of the war with Turkey.
The first stage of the war (November 1853 - April 1854) is Russian-Turkish hostilities.
Nicholas I took an irreconcilable position, hoping for the power of the army and the support of some European states (England, Austria, etc.). But he calculated. The Russian army consisted of more than 1 million people. At the same time, as it turned out during the war, it was imperfect, primarily technical terms. Her armament (smooth-bore rifles) was inferior to the cut-off arms of Western European armies.
Outdated and artillery. The Fleet of Russia was most advantageous than sailing, while trials with steam engines prevailed in the naval forces of Europe. There were no established communications. It did not allow the place of hostilities with a sufficient amount of ammunition and food, human replenishment. The Russian army could successfully deal with such as Turkish, but there was no possibility to confront the United States of Europe.
The Russian-Turkish war was carried out with variable ᅟ success from November 1853 to April 1854. The main event of the first stage is the Sinop Battle (November 1853). Admiral P.S. Nakhimov defeated the Turkish fleet in the Sinop Bay and suppressed the coastal batteries.
As a result of the Sinop battlement, the Russian Black Sea Fleet under the command of Admiral Nakhimov was defeated by a Turkish squadron. The Turkish fleet was crushed within a few hours.
During the four-hour battle in the Sinop Bay (Naval Base of Turkey), the enemy lost a half dozen ships and over 3 thousand people ᅟ killed, all coastal fortifications were destroyed. Only a 20-canify high speed ship "Taif" with an English adviser on board was able to escape from the bay. The commander of the Turkish fleet was captured. The losses of the Nakhimov squadron amounted to 37 people killed and 216 wounded. Some ships left the battle with strong damage, but Pi one was not surf. Sinop combat gold letters entered the history of the Russian fleet.
It activated England and France. They declared the war of Russia. The Anglo-French squadron appeared in the Baltic Sea, attacked Kronstadt and Sveaborg. The English ships entered the White Sea and subjected to the Solovetsky monastery bombarded. Military demonstration was held in Kamchatka.
The second stage of the war (April 1854 - February 1856) is the Anglo-French intervention in the Crimea, the appearance of western military ships in the Baltic and White seas and in Kamchatka.
The main purpose of the United Anglo-French Command was the seizure of Crimea and Sevastopol - the naval base of Russia. On September 2, 1854, the Allies began landing the expeditionary corps in the Evpatoria region. Battle on r. Alma In September 1854, Russian troops lost. By order of the commander A.S. Menshikova they went through Sevastopol and moved to Bakhchisaray. At the same time, the garrison of Sevastopol, supported by sailors of the Black Sea Fleet, led actively preparations for defense. She was headed by V.A. Cornilov and P.S. Nakhimov.
After the battle on the r. Alma enemy was asked by Sevastopol. Sevastopol was a first-class naval base, impregnable from the sea. Before entering the raid - on the peninsulas and capes - there were powerful forts. The Russian fleet could not resist the enemy, so part of the ships were flooded before entering the Sevastopol bay, which further strengthened the city from the sea. More than 20 thousand sailors went ashore and stood up in line with the soldiers. They also transported 2 thousand ship guns. Eight bastions and many other fortifications were built around the city. Earth, boards, home utensils were going to move - everything that bullets could delay.
But for the work lacked ordinary shovel and the call. Theft flourished in the army. During the war years, it turned out a catastrophe. In this regard, the famous episode is remembered. Nicholas I, perturbed by the discovered almost everywhere all sorts of abuse and embers, in a conversation with ᅟ Heir to the throne (the future emperor Alexander II) shared his discovered and shook him: "It seems that only two people are not stealing throughout Russia - you are yes I" .

Defense of Sevastopol.

Defense under the leadership of Admirals Kornilova V.A., Nakhimova P.S. and Eastriga V.I. It lasted 349 days by the forces of a 30-thousand garrison and fleet crews. During this period, the city was subjected to five massive bombardments, as a result of which part of the city was almost destroyed - the ship side.
On October 5, 1854, the first bombing of the city began. The army and navy took part in it. 120 guns were fire from sushi around the city, from the sea - 1340 guns of ships. In the course of the shelling in the city, over 50 thousand shells were released. This fiery tornado had to destroy the strengthening and suppress the will of their defenders to resistance. At the same time, the Russians responded with accurate fire 268 guns. Artillery duel lasted five hours. Despite the huge superiority in artillery, the Allied Fleet received severe damage (8 ships were sent for repair) and was forced to retreat. After that, the Allies refused to use the fleet in the bombing of the city. The fortification facilities of the city were not seriously affected. The decisive and skillful repulsion of the Russians became a complete surprise for the Allied Command, which was calculated to take the city with a small blood. The defenders of the city could celebrate very important not only military, but also a moral victory. Their joy of darkened death during the shelling Vice-Admiral Kornilov. The defenses of the city was headed by Nakhimov, who, for the difference in the defense of Sevastopol, was produced on March 27, 1855 in Admirals.
In July 1855, Admiral Nakhimov was deadly. Attempts by the Russian army under the command of Prince Menshikova A.S. To delay the forces of the precipitant ended in failure (battle under an inkerman, EUPATORY, and a black river). The actions of the field army in Crimea have little helped with heroic defenders of Sevastopol. Ring of the enemy gradually compressed around the city. Russian troops were forced to leave the city. The opponent's offensive on it ended. Subsequent military actions in the Crimea, as well as in other parts of the country, did not have a decisive importance. There were few better things in the Caucasus, where Russian troops not only stopped the Turkish offensive, but also occupied the Kars Fortress. During the Crimean War, the strengths of both parties were undermined. But the silent courage of Sevastopol could not compensate for deficiencies in armament and provision.
On August 27, 1855, the French troops were assigned to the southern part of the city and seized the dominant height of Malakhov Kurgan. Posted on Ref.rf
The loss of Malakhov Kurgan decided the fate of Sevastopol. On this day, the defenders of the city lost about 13 thousand people., Or more than a quarter of the entire garrison. On the evening of August 27, 1855, by order of General M.D. Gorchakova Sevastopol left the southern part of the city and moved along the bridge to the North. Fights for Sevastopol ended. Allies did not achieve his surrender. Russian Armed Forces in Crimea have survived and were ready for further fights. They counted 115 thousand people. against 150 thousand people. Anglo-Franco Sardinians. The defense of Sevastopol became the culmination of the Crimean War.
Military actions in the Caucasus.
At the Caucasus Theater, military operations developed more successfully for Russia. Turkey invaded the Transcaucasus, but suffered a major defeat, after which the Russian troops began to act on its territory. In November 1855, the Turkish fortress of Kara fell.
The extreme exhaustion of allies in the Crimea and Russian successes in the Caucasus led to the termination of hostilities. Negotiations began negotiations.
Paris world.
At the end of March 1856, the Paris Mirny treatise was signed. Russia did not suffer significant territorial losses. She was rejected only the southern part of Bessarabia. At the same time, she lost the right of patronage by Danube principalities and Serbia. The hardest and humiliating condition was the so-called "neutralization" of the Black Sea. Russia was banned to have naval forces, military arsenals and fortresses on the Black Sea. It applied a significant blow to the safety of southern borders. The role of Russia in the Balkans and the Middle East was negated: Serbia, Moldova and Valahia went under the Supreme Power of Sultan Ottoman Empire.
The defeat in the Crimean War had a significant impact on the placement of international forces and the inner position of Russia. War, on the one hand, exposed her weakness, but on the other - the heroism and the unshakable spirit of the Russian people demonstrated. The defeat brought the sad outcome to the Nikolaev board, stirred up the whole Russian public and made the government came close to reform By the engineering of the state.
Causes of Russia's defeat:
. Economic backwardness of Russia;
. Political isolation of Russia;
. Treatment of steam fleet in Russia;
. Floy supply of the army;
. Treatment of railways.
For three years, Russia lost 500 thousand people, wounded and captives. Big damage suffered allies: about 250 thousand killed, wounded and died of disease. As a result of the war, Russia gave way to the Middle East of France and England. Her prestige on international arena It was strongly undermined. On March 13, 1856, a peace treaty was signed in Paris, according to the terms of which the Black Sea was announced neutral, the Russian fleet was reduced to a minimum and the fortress structures were destroyed. Similar requirements were exhibited and Turkey. In addition, Russia deprived the mouth of the Danube and the southern part of Bessarabia, it was supposed to return the Kars Fortress, and also lost the right to patronize Serbia, Moldova and Valahia.

Lecture, abstract. Crimean war 1853-1856 - Concept and species. Classification, essence and features.

Introduction

For my abstract, I chose the topic "Crimean War 1853-1856: Goals and Results." This topic seemed to me the most interesting. "The Crimean War is one of the turning point in history international relations And especially in the history of internal and foreign policy of Russia "(E.V. Tarl). It was an armed resolution of the historical confrontation of Russia and Europe.

Crimean war 1853-1856 It is considered one of the largest and most dramatic international conflicts. In one degree or another, all the leading powers of the world of the time took part in it, and in their geographical swore until the middle of the XIX century, she did not have equal. All this allows us to consider it a kind of "Protomomic" war.

She claimed the lives of more than 1 million people. Crimean war in some way can be called the rehearsal of the world wars of the XX century. It was the first war when the world's leading powers suffered by gigantic losses agreed in a fierce confrontation.

I wanted to work on this topic and generally appreciate the goals and results of the Crimean War. The main tasks of the work includes:

1. Determination of the main causes of the Crimean War

2. Overview of the stroke of the Crimean War

3. Assessment of the results of the Crimean War

1. Review of literature

In historiography, the theme of the Crimean War was engaged in E.V. Tarla (in the book "Crimean War"), KM Basili, A.M., Zayonchkovsky, etc.

Evgeny Viktorovich Tarla (1874 - 1955) - Russian Soviet historian, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Basili Konstantin Mikhailovich (1809 - 1884) is an outstanding Russian orientalist, diplomat, writer and historian.

Andrei Medardovich Zayonchkovsky (1862 - 1926) - Russian and Soviet military leader, military historian.

To prepare this work, I used books:

"Russian Imperial House" - for information on the meaning of the Crimean War for Russia

"Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary" - from this book a description of the Crimean War and some general about this question

Andreev A.R. "History of Crimea" I used this literature to describe the overall history of war 1853-1856.

Tarla E.V. "Crimean War" - information about military actions and the meaning of the Crimean War

Zaisonovsky A.M. "Eastern War of 1853-1856" - for information about the events preceding the war and on the start of hostilities against Turkey.

2. Causes of the Crimean War

The Crimean War was a consequence of the long-term rivalry of the Western powers in the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire experienced a period of decline and European powers that had species on its ownership, carefully observed each other's actions.

Russia sought to protect the southern borders (creating in southeastern Europe friendly, independent Orthodox states, the territory of which could not be absorbed and use other powers), expand the political influence on the Balkan Peninsula and the Middle East, to establish control over the Black Sea Straights Bosphorus and Dardanelles - an important For Russia, paths in the Mediterranean. It was significantly and with the military, and from the economic side. The Russian emperor, confessing himself by the Great Orthodox Monarch, sought to liberate Orthodox peoples under the influence of Turkey. Nicholas I decided to strengthen the positions in the Balkans and the Middle East with the help of hard pressure to Turkey.

By the time of the beginning of the war, Sultan Abdul-Medzhid conducted a policy of reforms - Tanzimat caused by the crisis of the Ottoman feudal society, socio-economic problems and enhanced by the rivalry of the European powers in the Middle East and the Balkans. For this purpose, western states (French and English) were used, which were spent on the purchase of industrial products and weapons, and not to strengthen Turkey's economy. It can be said that Turkey gradually fell under the influence of European powers.

In front of Great Britain, it was possible to form an anti-Russian coalition and weakening the influence of Russia in the Balkans. The French emperor Napoleon III, who reached the throne by the state coup, was looking for an opportunity to intervene in European affairs and take part in any serious war to support his power with the brilliance and glory of the victory of French weapons. Therefore, he immediately joined England in her east politics against Russia. Turkey decided to use this chance to restore its positions and rejection from Russia territories of Crimea and the Caucasus.

Thus, the reasons for the Crimean War were rooted in the collision of the colonial interests of countries, i.e. (All countries participating in the Crimean War have pursued serious geopolitical interests).

Nicholas I was sure that Austria and Prussia, Russia's partners in the sacred Union, will remain at least neutral in the Russian-French conflict, and France will not decide to fight with Russia one on one. In addition, he believed that the United Kingdom and France are rivals in the Middle East and will not conclude the Union. Nicholas I, speaking against Turkey, hoped for an agreement with England and to isolation of France (in any case, the Russian emperor was confident that the France would not go to the rapprochement).

A formal reason for intervention was the dispute about holy places in Jerusalem, where Turkish Sultan gave some advantages to Catholics, infrainment of the rights of Orthodox. Based on the support of France, the Turkish government not only transferred the keys to the Keys from the Bethlehem Temple, but also began to limit the Orthodox on the Holy Land, it was not allowed to restore the dome over the church of the Lord in Jerusalem, did not allow to build a hospital and a pleasure for Russian pilgrims. All this provoked participation in the dispute of Russia (on the side of the Orthodox Church) and France (on the side of the Catholic Church), who were looking for a reason for pressing Turkey.

Protecting the uniforms, Emperor Nicholas I demanded that the Sultan compliance with the Rights Rights of Russia in Palestine. To this end, in February 1853, according to the highest command in Constantinople sailed with the extreme powers of Prince A.S. Menshikov. He was entrusted to demand that Sultan not only solve the dispute about the holy places in favor of the Orthodox Church, but also made a special right for the Russian king to be a patron of all Ortvantic Empire. When the refusal was followed, the prince of Menshikov notified the Sultan about the rupture of Russian-Turkish relations (although Sultan agreed to give holy places under the control of Russia) and departed from Constantinople. Following the Russian troops occupied Moldova and Valahia, and England and France to support Turkey, introduced their fleets in Dardanelles. Sultan, stating Russia's demand for the cleansing of the Danube principalities in 15 days, did not expect the end of this period and began hostile actions against Russia.4 (16) of October 1853 Turkey, counting on the help of European powers, declared Russia to Russia. As a result, October 20 (November 1), 1853 Nicholas I published a manifesto about the war with Turkey. Turkey willingly went to unleash the war, wanting the return of the northern coast of the Black Sea, Crimea, Kuban.

The Crimean War began as a Russian-Turkish, but then turned into a coalition war of England, France, Turkey and Sardinia against Russia. The name of the Crimean War received because the Crimea became the main theater of hostilities.

The active policy of Nicholas I in the Middle East and in Europe, interested countries against Russia, which led to its military confrontation with a strong block of European powers. England and France sought to prevent Russia to the Mediterranean Sea, establish their control over the straits and carry out colonial seizures in the Middle East at the expense of the Turkish Empire. They sought to take control of the economy and government finances of Turkey.

In my opinion, the main causes of hostilities can be formulated as follows:

first, England, France and Austria sought to strengthen their influence in the European ownership of the Ottoman Empire, to oust Russia from the Black Sea region, thereby limiting its promotion to the Middle East;

secondly, Turkey, encouraged by England and France, has hatched the plans for rejection from Russia of the Crimea and the Caucasus;

thirdly, Russia sought to defeat the Ottoman Empire, seize the Black Sea strait and expand its influence in the Middle East.

3. The course of the Crimean War

Crimean war can be divided into two major stages. On the first (from 1853 to early 1854), Russia fought one on one with Turkey. This period can be called a classic Russian-Turkish war with Danube, Caucasian and Black Sea theaters of hostilities. At the second stage (from 1854 to February 1856), England was performed on the side of Turkey, and then Sardinia. The small Sardinian kingdom sought to achieve the confession of the European capitals of the status of the "powers". This was promised to England and France in the event of Sardinia joining the war against Russia. Such a turn of events had a great influence on the course of war. Russia had to fight with a powerful coalition of states that exceeded Russia on the scale and quality of weapons, especially in the field of naval forces, small arms and messages. In this regard, it can be assumed that the Crimean War has opened a new era of the wars of the industrial era, when the importance of military equipment and the military-economic potential of state has sharply increased.

Turkish Sultan, supported by England and France, September 27 (October 4), demanded from Russia to clear the Danube Principles (Moldova and Valachia) and, without waiting for them 15 days to answer, began military actions.4 (16) October 1853 Turkey declared the war of Russia. Under the command of Omar-Pasha, the Turkish army forced the Danube.

The day before the announcement of War 3 (15), October 1853, Osmans fired Russian pickets on the left bank of the Danube 2011 (23) of October 1853. Shelling by Osmans by the Danube of Russian Military Ships.15 (27) October 1853. The attack of the Ottoman troops on Russian fortifications was launched in the Caucasian Front. As a result, October 20 (November 1) Nicholas I published a manifesto on Russia's accession to the war with the Ottoman Empire, and in November opened military actions.

18 (30) November in the Sinop Bay, the Russian Black Sea squadron, under the entry of Nakhimov, attacked the Turkish fleet and after his stubborn battle all it was destroyed.

11 (23) November, the commander of Nakhimov approached Sinop with small forces and blocked the entrance to the port. A ship was sent to Sevastopol to reinforcement. 17 (29) of November arrived the first part of the expected reinforcement. As part of the Schimov squadron at that moment there were 6 linear ships and two frigates. A Turkish squadron, who arrived in Sinop from Istanbul, stood on the raid and was preparing for landing a large troops in the Sukhumi area and Poti. In the morning of 18 (30), November, without waiting for the arrival of Kornilov's squad, Nakhimov led his squadron to Sinop. By the evening of the same day, the Turkish squadron died almost completely together with the whole team. Only one vessel survived from the entire Turkish squadron, which was escaped to Constantinople and brought there the news of the fleet's death. The defeat of the Turkish squadron significantly weakened the sea forces of Turkey.

Alarmed by the victory of Russia in Sinop, on December 23, 1853 (January 4, 1854) England and France introduced their fleet to the Black Sea, and from Russia demanded to bring Russian troops from the Danube Principles. Nicholas I responded with refusal. Then 15 (27) Martha England and 16 (28) Martha France announced the war of Russia.

England tries to draw in War with Russia Austria and Prussia. However, she did not succeed, although they took a hostile to Russia position.8 (20) April 1854. Austria and Prussia require that Russia cleanse the Danube Principles from his troops. Russia is forced to fulfill the requirements.

4 (16) August, the troops of France was captured and destroyed the fortress of the Beaurageant on the Aland Islands, and then a brutal bombardment was carried out in Svetarge. As a result, the Russian Baltic fleet was blocked on its bases. But the confrontation continued, and the attack of the Union forces on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky at the end of August 1854 ended with a complete failure.

Meanwhile, in the summer of 1854, the 50,000th expeditionary building of the Allied Forces was concentrated in Varna. This unit was provided with the latest weapons, which was not from the Russian army (rifles, etc.).

England and France tried to organize a wide coalition against Russia, but managed to involve the Sardinian kingdom dependent on France. At the beginning of the military fleet allies bombarded Odessa, but without success. Then the English squadrons made demonstrations in the Baltic Sea, in the White Sea, from the Solovetsky Monastery, even from the coast of Kamchatka, but did not take serious actions. After the meeting of the French and British military commander, it was decided to strike Russia in the Black Sea and to settle sevastopol as an important military port. In case of success of this operation, England and France were calculated at the same time to destroy the entire Black Sea Fleet of Russia, and its main base.

2-6 (14-18) September 1854 near Evpatoria landed 62-thousand allies army, more numerous, better equipped and armed than the Russian army. Due to the lack of forces, the Russian troops could not stop the disembarkation of the Allied Forces, but still tried to stop the enemy on the Alma River, where 8 (20) September 1854, the Allied Army met the prince of Menshikov with only 35 thousand people and, after unsuccessful battle, He retreated to the south, to Sevastopol - the main reference point of Russia in the Crimea.

The heroic defense of Sevastopol began 13 (25) September 1854. The protection of the city was in the hands of V.A. Cornilov and Admiral P.S. Nakhimova. The garrison of Sevastopol consisted of only 11 thousand people, and the fortifications were only from one seaside side, and from the north and south the fortress was almost not protected. Union troops, supported by a strong fleet, took the northern part of Sevastopol. In order to prevent the enemy fleet to the southern face, Menshikov gave an order to flood the court of the Black Sea squadron, and their guns and teams to transfer to the shore to enhance the garrison. At the entrance to the Sevastopol bay, the Russians flooded several sailing ships, thereby barring access to the Anglo-French fleet bay. In addition, the strengthening of the south side began.

5 (12) October began shelling the city by the Allies. One of the main defenders, Kornilov, was mortally wounded by the core at the moment when he descended from Malakhov Kurgan, after inspecting the position. The defense of Sevastopol was headed by P.S. Nakhimov, E.I. Totleben and V.I. Istomin. The precipitated garrison responded to the enemy, and the first bombardment did not bring large results allies. From the assault, they refused and led a reinforced siege.

A.S. Menshikov, trying to distract the enemy wax from the city, took a row offensive operations. As a result of which the Turks were successfully knocked out from their positions from Kadykoy, but the battle with the British under Balaklava 13 (25) of October could not win. Balaklava battle was one of the largest battles of the Crimean War between the UK, France and Turkey on the one hand, and Russia on the other. The city of Balaclava was the basis of the British Expeditionary Corps in the Crimea. The blow of the Russian troops on the positions of allies at Balaklava could, if successful to impact the supply of British. 13 (25) October, the battle occurred in the valleys north of Balaklava. It was the only battle for the whole Crimean war in which Russian troops essentially prevailed in the power.

The Russian detachment consisted of 16 thousand people. The forces of the Allies were represented mainly by British troops. French and Turkish divisions also participated in the battle, but their role was insignificant. The number of allied troops was about two thousand people.

The battle began early in the morning. In order to cover up too wide the front of the attacks of the Russian cavalry, the Scottish commander Campbell ordered his soldiers to be built in two two. The first attack of the Russians was repulsed.

Lord Roman was given an order for the attack on Russian positions, which led to the tragic consequences. During this attack, two thirds of the attackers were killed.

By the end of the fight, the opposing parties remained on their morning positions. The number of dead allies amounted to from 400 to 1000 people, Russians - about 600.

October 24 (November 5) Russian troops under the command of General Soymonov attacked the British positions. The enemy was caught by surprise. As a result, the Russians captured the fortifications, but could not keep them and retreated. With the help of the Outdraft of General Pavlov, the Russian troops approached the Russian troops, the Russian troops managed to achieve a significant advantage, and the English troops fell into a critical position. In the dust of the battle, the British lost a large number of their soldiers and were ready to recognize defeat, but were rescued by the intervention of the French given by General Bosque. The entry into the fight of the French troops broke the battle. The outcome of the battle decided the advantage in their armament, which was longer than the Russians.

Russian troops were broken and forced to retreat with big losses (11800 people), the allies lost 5,700 people. Among the dead in battle was General Soyononov. The battle had a positive result: the master of the assault of Sevastopol, scheduled for allies the next day, did not take place.

The Russians were defeated by Inkerman, and the detachment of Menshikov was forced to move away from the city of inland a peninsula.

War continued. 14 (26) January 1855, the Sardinian kingdom joined the Allied Anti-Russian Coalition.

The defense conditions of Sevastopol were incredibly difficult. Lacked people, ammunition, food, medicines.

With the onset of winter, hostilities subsided. Nikolai I gathered a militia and sent him to help defenders of Sevastopol. For moral support in the Russian army, the great princes Mikhail and Nikolai Nikolayevichi arrived.

In February, hostilities resumed, and, by order of the emperor, the Russian troops were transferred to the offensive near the item elevated in Sevastopol - Malakhov Kurgan. With the nearest hills, it was possible to bring down several enemy detachments, busy hills were immediately fortified.

February 18, 1855, among these events, the emperor Nicholas I died. But the war continued with the successor of the sovereign, Alexander II. Siege and defensive work on both sides went to the end of March; On the 28th of this month, the Allies began to bombard from Sushi and continued it until April 1, then soon they resumed it again, and only on April 7, the besieged sighed freely. In their composition there were big changes. The emperor Alexander II appointed Prince Gorchakova into place of Prince Menshikov. In turn, the Allies of the French commander-in-chief of the calbrier was replaced by General Pelii.

Understanding that Malakhov Kurgan is the key of the Defense of Sevastopol, Peliisie sent all efforts to mastering them.26may, after a terrible bombing, the French took the bayonets to Malakhov Kurgan to strengthen. It remained to master the mound itself, but it turned out more difficult than the attackers. 5 (17) Jun began Cannonada, 6 (18) Jun was made by storm, but unsuccessful: General Khrulev beat all attacks, the enemy should have retreated and still 3 months led The struggle due to Kurgan, near which all the strengths of both Parties are now focused on. 8 (20) in the defenders of the fortress dropped out the wounded head of the defense of Totleben, and on June 27 (July 9), they were struck by a new hard loss: Nakhimov was mortally wounded in the temple and through Three days died.

On August 4, Gorchakov began an offensive in the position of the enemy from the black river, and the other day gave the battle, ending for the Russian army unsuccessfully. After that, from 6 (18) August, Pelije began the bombing of the city and continued its continuously 20 days. Gorchakov was convinced that it was unthinkable to defend Sevastopol longer and in the case of a new storming the fortress would be taken. In order for the enemy nothing, it began to bring mines for all fortifications, and a floating bridge was built for the translation of the troops.

On August 27 (September 8), at 12 o'clock in the day, the enemy moved to Malakhov Kurgan and after a terrible battle mastered them, and General Khrulev, the chief defender, was injured and almost captured. Russian troops immediately began to leave the bridge on the northern direction, the remaining vessels were flooded, and the strengthening was blown up. After 349 days of persistent struggle and many bloody battles, the enemy mastered the fortress, represented by pile of ruins.

After the occupation of Sevastopol, the Allies suspended military actions: they could not begin on the offensive in Russia, without having an overview, and the battles in the open locality Prince Gorchakov, who strengthened with the army near the bribe, did not accept. Winter completely stopped the military operations of allies in the Crimea, since there were diseases in the army.

Sevastopol defense 1854 - 1855 showed all power patriotic feeling Russian people and the persistence of its national character.

Not counting on the close end of the war, both parties spoke about the world. France did not want to continue the war, not wanting to strengthen England, nor weaken Russia over measures. Russia also wanted the end of the war.

4. The results of the Crimean War

18 (30) March 1856 in Paris, with the participation of all those who fought powers, as well as Austria and Prussia, was signed by the world. The Russian delegation was headed by Count A.F. Orlov. He managed to achieve conditions, less serious and humiliating for Russia, than expected after such an unfortunate war.

In the Parisian peace treaty, Russia received back Sevastopol, Evpatoria and other Russian cities, but returned Turkey to take the fortress of Kars in the Caucasus, Russia lost the mouth of the Danube South Bessarabia, the Black Sea was declared neutral, and Russia was deprived of the right to keep the military fleet on it, obliging Erect fortifications on the coast. Thus, the Russian Black Sea coast became defenseless from possible aggression. Eastern Christians switched to the patronage of European powers, i.e. Russia deprived the right to protect the interests of the Orthodox population in the territory of the Ottoman Empire, which weakened the influence of Russia into Middle Eastern cases.

The Crimean War had the consequences unfavorable for Russia. Its result was a significant weakening of Russia's influence, both in Europe and the Middle East. The destruction of the remnants of the military fleet on the Black Sea and the elimination of fortifications on the coast made the southern border of the country open by any enemy invasion. Although, according to the terms of the Paris Treaty, Turkey also refused his Black Sea Fleet, but she always had the opportunity to introduce their squadron through the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles strait.

The positions of France and the UK and their influence in the Eastern Mediterranean, on the contrary, seriously strengthened, and France became one of the leading powers in Europe.

Crimean war in the period 1853-1856. She claimed the lives of more than 1 million people (522 thousand Russians, 400 thousand Turks, 95 thousand French and 22 thousand Britons).

On a huge scale (the size of the theater of military operations and the number of mobilized troops), the Crimean war can be compared with the world. Russia performed in this war alone, defending on several fronts. She was opposed by the international coalition as part of Great Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia (from 1855 g), which caused a crushing defeat.

The Crimean War frankly demonstrated the fact that, to achieve its global goals, the West is ready to unite its power with the Muslim East. In the event of this war, for the crushing of the Third Power Center - Orthodox Russia.

In addition, the Crimean War showed the Russian government that economic retardation leads to political and military vulnerability. Further economic lag from Europe threatened more serious consequences. As a result, the main task of foreign policy of Russia 1856 - 1871. The struggle for the abolition of some articles of the Paris Treaty, because Russia could not put up with the fact that her Black Sea border remained unprotected and open to military attack. The interests of the security of the state, as well as economic and political demanded the abolition of the neutral status of the Black Sea.

Conclusion

Crimean war 1853-1856 Originally conducted between the Russian and Ottoman empires for domination in the Middle East. On the eve of the war, Nicholas I missed the international situation (regarding England, France and Austria). Nikolai I was not taken into account neither the profitability for Napoleon III distracting the attention of French wide folk layers from the internal affairs to foreign policy, nor the economic interests of the French bourgeoisie in Turkey. The victories of the Russian troops at the beginning of the war, namely the defeat of the Turkish fleet in the Sinop battle, prompted to intervene in the war England and France on the side of the Ottoman Empire. In 1855, the Sardinian kingdom was joined to the warring coalition, which wanted to obtain the status of the world power. Sweden and Austria were ready to join the Allies, which were associated with the Uzaci of the Holy Union with Russia. Military actions were carried out in the Baltic Sea, in Kamchatka, in the Caucasus, in Danube Principles. The main activities turned into the Crimea during the defense of Sevastopol from the allied troops.

As a result, the joint efforts, the United Coalition won in this war. Russia signed the Paris world with unprofitable conditions.

The defeat of Russia can be explained by several groups of reasons: political, socio-economic and technical.

The political reason for the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War was the association against her leading European powers (England and France). The socio-economic reason for the defeat was to preserve serfdom, which slowed down the economic development of the country and determined its technical backwardness. What follows the limited industrial development. The technical cause of the lesion consisted in obsolete weapons of the Russian army.

Military factories that existed in small quantities worked poorly because of primitive equipment and unproductive serfs. The main engines served water and horse rod. In front of the Crimean War, Russia produced only 50-70 thousand rifles and pistols, 100-120 guns and 60-80 thousand powder pounds.

The Russian army suffered from lack of weapons and ammunition. Armament was obsolete, and new weapons samples were almost impossible.

Low was the military training of Russian troops. Military Ministry of Russia in front of the Crimean War headed Prince A.I. Chernyshev who prepared the army not for war, but for parades. For training, shooting was allocated for 10 combat cartridges on a soldier per year.

Transportation and paths of communication were also in poor condition, which negatively affected the combat capability of the Russian army. From the center to the south of the country there was not a single railway. The troops walked on foot, carrying weapons and ammunition on the will. It was easier to deliver soldiers to the Crimea from England or France than from the center of Russia.

Navy Russia was the third in the world, but inferior to English and French. England and France had 454 martial vessels, including 258 steamats, and Russia-115 vessels at 24 steamers.

I believe that the main reasons for Russia's defeat in the Crimean War can be called:

the incorrect assessment of the international situation, which led to the diplomatic isolation of Russia and the war is not with one, but with several the strongest opponents

standing Military Industry (based mainly on serf labor)

outdated armament

lack of developed road transport system

The defeat in the Crimean War (1853-1856) demonstrated that the country could finally lose the status of the Great Power.

The Crimean War was the strongest impetus to the exacerbation of the social crisis inside the country, contributed to the development of mass peasant performances, accelerated the fall of the serfdom and carrying out bourgeois reforms.

The world-historical importance of the Crimean War is that it visually and convincingly conducted a line of the civilization section between Russia and Europe.

The defeat of Russia in the Crimean War led to the loss of her leadership role in Europe, which she played for forty years. In Europe, the so-called "Crimean system" was developed, the basis of which was directed against Russia Anglo-French block. Articles of the Parisian peace treaty caused a tangible blow to the Russian Empire. The most severe of them was the one that forbade her to have a military fleet on the Black Sea and to build coastal fortifications. However, by and large, Russia paid a much smaller price for the defeat than could, subject to more successful hostilities by the allies.

List of used literature

1. "Russian Imperial House". - Moscow, publishing house "Alma Media Group", 2006

2. "Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary". - Moscow, Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1981, p.669

3. Tarla E.V. "Crimean War". - Moscow, AST Publishing House, 2005 - http://webreading.ru/sci_/sci_history/evgeniy-tarle-krimskaya-voyna.html

4. Andreev A.R. "History of Crimea" - http://webreading.ru/sci_/sci_history/a-andreev-istoriya-krima.html

5. Zaisonchkovsky A.M. "Eastern War, 1853-1856". - St. Petersburg, Polygon Publishing House, 2002 - http://www.adjudant.ru/crimea/zai00. Htm.

Tutoring

Need help to study what language themes?

Our specialists will advise or have tutoring services for the subject of interest.
Send a request With the topic right now, to learn about the possibility of receiving consultation.

The Crimean War is one of the most important events of the history of Russia of the XIX century. The largest world powers were opposed to Russia: United Kingdom, France, Ottoman Empire. On the reasons, episodes and results of the Crimean War, 1853-1856 will be briefly told in this article.

So, the Crimean War was predetermined for some time before its actual start. So, in the 40s, the Ottoman Empire deprived Russian access to the Black Sea Strait. As a result, the Russian fleet was locked in the Black Sea. Nicholas I extremely painfully perceived this news. It is curious that the meaning of this territory has been preserved until now, for the Russian Federation. In Europe, meanwhile, expressed discontent with aggressive Russian politics and the growing influence in the Balkans.

Causes of war

Backgrounds of so large-scale conflict accumulated long. List the main ones:

Easterns the Eastern Question. Russian Emperor Nicholas I sought to finally solve the "Turkish" question. Russia wanted to strengthen its influence in the Balkans, she wanted to create independent Balkan states: Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania. Nicholas I also planned the seizure of Constantinople (Istanbul) and the establishment of control over the Black Sea strait (Bosphorus and Dardanelles).
The Ottoman Empire suffered many defeats in wars with Russia, she lost all the Northern Black Sea region, Crimea, parts of the Transcaucasia. From the Turks, Greece was separated shortly before the war. Turkey's influence fell, she lost control over dependent territories. That is, the Turks sought to recoup for previous defeats, return themselves lost lands.
The French and the British were concerned about the steadily growing foreign policy influence of the Russian Empire. Shortly before the Crimean War, Russia broke the Turks in the war of 1828-1829. And in the Adrianopol world of 1829 received new lands from Turkey in Danube Dolta. All this led to the fact that anti-Russian moods increased in Europe.

However, it is necessary to distinguish the causes of the war from its occasion. A direct reason to the Crimean War was the question of who should belong to the keys to the Bethlehem Temple. Nicholas I insisted on the maintenance of keys in the Orthodox clergy, while the French emperor Napoleon III (Napoleon I) demanded that these keys pass to Catholics. The Turks lavished long between the two powers, but in the end, they gave the keys to the Vatican. Russia could not ignore such an insult, in response to the actions of the Turks Nikolai I introduced the Russian troops in the Danube Principality. So began the Crimean War.

It is worth noting that the participants of the war (Sardinia, the Ottoman Empire, Russia, France, the United Kingdom) had every position and interests. So, France wanted revenge for the defeat in 1812. The United Kingdom is unhappy with the desire of Russia to establish its influence in the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire feared similarly, besides, it was not satisfied with the pressure. Austria had its own point of view, which was supposed to support Russia. But in the end, she took a neutral position.

Main events

Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich I expected that Austria and Prussia will retain a benevolent neutrality in relation to Russia, since in 1848-1849 Russia suppressed the Hungarian revolution. There was a calculation that the French will refuse war due to internal instability, but Napoleon III, on the contrary, decided to strengthen its influence with the help of the war.

Nikolai I also did not expect the British at the entry into the war, but the British hurried to prevent the strengthening of Russia's influence and the final defeat of the Turks. Thus, a non-delicious Ottoman Empire made against Russia, but a powerful alliance from the largest powers: United Kingdom, France, Turkey. Note: The Sardinian Kingdom also participated in the war.

In 1853, the Russian troops occupied the Danube Principles. However, due to the threat of joining Austria, in 1854, our troops had to leave Moldova and Valachia; These principalities occupied Austrians.

Throughout the war with varying success, there was actions in the Caucasian front. The main success of the Russian army in this direction is the capture of a large Turkish Kars Fortress in 1855. The road to Erzurum opened from Kars, and it was quite close to Istanbul from him. The capture of Kars largely softened the conditions of the Paris world of 1856.

But the most important battle is 1853 - Sinop combat. November 18, 1853 Russian fleet who commanded Vice Admiral P.S. Nakhimov, won a phenomenal victory over the Ottoman fleet in the Harbor Sinopa. In history, this event is known as the last battle of sailing ships. It is the magnificent success of the Russian fleet with SinOne who served as a reason to join England and France.

In 1854, the French and the British landed in the Crimea. Russian commander A.S. Menshikov suffered a defeat at Alma, and then at the inkerman. For a talent command, he received the nickname "Changes".

In October 1854, the defense of Sevastopol begins. The protection of this chief city to the Crimea is key event all the Crimean War. Heroic defense was originally headed by V.A. Kornilov, who died at the bombardment of the city. In the battle also participated engineer Tobleben, which strengthened the walls of Sevastopol. The Russian Black Sea Fleet was flooded to not capture his enemy, and the sailors joined the ranks of the city defenders. It is worth noting that Nikolai I equated one month in the seeded enemies to Sevastopol to one year of the usual service. When defending the city, Vice-Admiral Nakhimov, famous in the Sinop battle, was killed.

The defense was long and stubborn, but the forces were unequal. The Anglo-Franco Turkish coalition in 1855 captured Malakhov Kurgan. The surviving participants of the defense left the city, and the allies got only of his ruins. The defense of Sevastopol entered the culture: "Sevastopol stories" L.N. is dedicated to Tolstoy, participant in the protection of the city.

It must be said that the British and the French tried to attack Russia not only by the Crimea. They tried to disembark and in the Baltic, and in the White Sea, where they tried to capture the Solovetsky monastery, and in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and even in the Kuril Islands. But all these attempts remained unsuccessful: everywhere they met a bold and decent Russian soldier.

By the end of 1855, the situation went to a dead end: the coalition seized Sevastopol, but the Turks lost the most important Kars Fortress in the Caucasus, and on other fronts the British and French did not succeed. In Europe itself, there was dissatisfaction with the war, which was carried out incomprehensible in whose interests. Peace negotiations began. Moreover, in February 1855 Nicholas I died, and his heir Alexander II sought to stop the conflict.

Paris World and the results of war

In 1856, a Paris Mirny Treaty was concluded. By its provisions:

There was a demilitarization of the Black Sea. Perhaps this is the most important and impact of Russia Paris World for Russia. Russia was deprived of the right to have a military fleet on the Black Sea, for the entry to which she was so long and bloody struggling.
The Turks returned the captured kars and ardagan fortresses, and the heroically defeated Sevastopol returned to Russia.
Russia was deprived of the Protectorate over the Danube principalities, as well as the status of the patron saint of Orthodox in Turkey.
Russia has undergone insignificant territorial losses: Delta Danube and part of South Bessarabia.

Considering the fact that Russia fought against the three strongest world powers without allied assistance and being in diplomatic isolation, it can be said that the conditions of the Paris world were soft enough for almost all items. The item on demilitarization of the Black Sea managed to cancel already in 1871, and all other concessions were minimal. Russia was able to defend its territorial integrity. Moreover, Russia did not pay the coalition of any contribution, and the Turks also lost their rights to have a fleet in the Black Sea.

Causes of Russia's defeat in the Crimean (Eastern) War

Summing up the article, you need to explain why Russia lost.

Forces were unequal: there was a powerful union against Russia. It is necessary to rejoice that in the fight against such enemies, the concessions were so insignificant.
Diplomatic isolation. Nicholas I led a pronounced imperialist policy, and this caused the resentment of the neighbors.
Military-technical backwardness. Unfortunately, Russian soldiers were armed with worst guns, artillery and fleet also lost coalitions in terms of technical equipment. However, all this was compensated by the courage and dedication of Russian soldiers.
Abuse and mistakes of the highest command. Despite the heroism of the soldiers, among some of the highest ranks theft flourished. It is enough to recall the lack of actions of the same A.S. Menshikova, nicknamed "Жменщиков".
Weak message paths. Railway construction was just beginning to develop in Russia, so it was difficult to quickly transfer fresh forces to the front.

The meaning of the Crimean War

The defeat in the Crimean War, of course, made the reforms think about reforms. It was this defeat that Alexander II was shown that progressive reforms are needed here and now, otherwise the next military clash will be still painful for Russia. As a result, serfdom was canceled in 1861, and in 1874 a military reform was carried out, which introduced a universal military service. Already in the Russian-Turkish war, 1877-1878, she confirmed its viability, the authority of Russia who weakened after the Crimean war was restored, the alignment of forces in the world has changed again in our favor. And in the London Convention of 1871, it was possible to cancel the item on the demilitarization of the Black Sea, and the Russian military fleet again appeared in its waters.

Thus, the Crimean War though ended with the defeat, but it was the defeat, from which it was necessary to extract the necessary lessons, which was able to do Alexander II.

Table of the main events of the Crimean War

Battle	Participants	Value
Sinnovsky fight 1853	Vice Admiral P.S. Nakhimov, Osman Pasha.	The defeat of the Turkish fleet, the reason for entering the war of England and France.
Defeat on r. Alme and Ankerman in 1854	A.S. Menshikov.	Unsuccessful actions in the Crimea allowed the coalition to settle Sevastopol.
Defense Sevastopol 1854-1855	V.A. Cornilov, P.S. Nakhimov, E.I. Totleben.	The price of large losses coalition took Sevastopol.
Taking Kars 1855	N.N. Muravyev.	Turks lost their largest fortress in the Caucasus. This victory softened the blow from the loss of Sevastopol and led to the fact that the conditions of the Paris world became softer for Russia.

Materials on the topic:

site `s map