Crimean War 1853 1856 GG Value. Assessment of the political situation in the region for the Russian Empire. Reference. Crimean War - Victims

In the middle of the XIX century between Russia on the one hand and the Ottoman Empire, as well as a number of European states on the other, some disagreements related to the separation of spheres of influence on the Black Sea and East arose. This conflict as a result led to an armed confrontation, which received the name of the Crimean War, briefly about the reasons, the initiation of hostilities and the results of which will be talked in this article.

Ascending of anti-Russian sentiments in Western Europe

At the beginning of the XIX century, the Ottoman Empire experienced difficult times. She lost some of his territories and was on the verge of full decay. Using this situation, Russia tried to increase its influence on some countries of the Balkan Peninsula, which were under the control of Ottomans. Frightened that this can lead to the emergence of a number independent statesLoyal to Russia, as well as the emergence of her ships on the Mediterranean, England and France launched anti-Russian propaganda in their countries. The newspapers constantly appeared articles in which examples of aggressive military politics were brought. tsarist Russia And its possibilities for the conquest of Constantinople.

The reasons for the Crimean War, briefly about the events of the early 50s of the XIX century

The reason for the beginning of the military confrontation was disagreements relating to the rights of ownership of Christian temples in Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The Orthodox Church, supported by the Russian Empire, on the one hand, and Catholics, under the auspices of France - on the other hand, for a long time, they fought possession over the so-called keys from the temple. As a result, the Ottoman Empire supported France, giving it the right to possess saints. With this, Nicholas I could not accept and in the spring of 1853 sent to Istanbul A. S. Menshikov, who was supposed to agree on the provision of temples under the management of the Orthodox Church. But as a result, he received a refusal to Sultan, Russia moved to more decisive actions, as a result of which broke out Crimean War. Briefly the main stages look at further.

Start of military action

This conflict was one of the largest and most significant confrontations of the strongest states of that time. The main events of the Crimean War were held in the territory of the Transcaucasia, the Balkans, in the Black Sea pool and partly on the White and Barents Sea. It all started in June 1853, when several Russian detachments entered the territory of Moldova and Valahia. Sultan did not like it, and after several months of negotiations, he declares the war of Russia.

From this point on, a three-year-old military confrontation begins, the named Crimean War, briefly in the course of which we will try to figure it out. The entire period of this conflict can be divided into two stages:

1. October 1853 - April 1854 - Russian-Turkish confrontation.
2. April 1854 - February 1856 - joining the war of England, France and the Sardinian kingdom on the side Ottoman Empire.

Initially, everything was folded favorably for Russian troops, who bred victories both at sea and on land. The most significant event was the battle in the Bay of Sinop, as a result of which the Turks lost a significant part of their fleet.

The second stage of war

At the beginning of the spring of 1854, England and France joined the Ottoman Empire, which also declared the war of Russia. New opponents, Russian troops were inferior both in the preparation of soldiers and quality of weapons, as a result of which they had to retreat when the coalition ships entered the Black Sea's waters. The main task for the English-French formations was the seizure of Sevastopol, where the main forces of the Black Sea Fleet were focused.

To this end, in September 1854, land formations of allies are planted in the western part of Crimea, the battle near the Alma River, which ends with the defeat for the Russian army. The English-French troops take in the wings Sevastopol, and after 11 months of resistance the city was delivered.

Despite defeats in the sea battles and in the Crimea, the Russian army showed itself in the Transcaucasus, where she was opposed by Ottoman troops. Successfully by beating the attack of the Turks, she went to the rapid offensive and managed to push the opponent to the Kars Fortress.

Parisian peace treaty

After a three-year fierce struggle, both sides of the conflict did not want to continue the military confrontation and agreed to sit at the negotiating table. As a result, the results of the Crimean War of 1853-1856. They were fixed in the Parisian peace treatise, which the parties signed on March 18, 1856. According to him, the Russian empire deprived of the part of Bessarabia. But much more serious damage was that the water of the Black Sea was now considered neutral at the time of the contract. It meant that Russia and the Ottoman Empire was forbidden to have their Black Sea Fleams, as well as to build fortresses on his shores. It strongly undermined the defensive capabilities of the country, as well as its economy.

The consequences of the Crimean War

As a result of a three-year confrontation of European states and the Ottoman Empire against Russia, the latter was among the losers, which undermined its influence on the world stage and led to economic isolation. This forced the government of the country to launch a number of reforms aimed at the modernization of the army, as well as the improvement of the life of the entire population of the country. Due to military reform, recruit sets were canceled, military service was introduced instead. New samples of military equipment were adopted for arming the army. After the rebellion broke up, serfdom was canceled. Changes also affected the education, finance and ships systems.

Despite all the efforts of the Russian Empire, the Crimean War ended for her, briefly analyzing the course of which one can judge that the cause of all failures was poor training for troops and outdated weapons. After its completion, many reforms were introduced, aimed at improving the basics of the life of citizens of the country. The results of the Crimean War 1853-1856. Although they were unsatisfactory for Russia, but still gave the opportunity to the king to realize the former mistakes and prevent this in the future.

The Crimean War answered the long-standing dream of Nikolai I to receive the Black Sea Straits in Russia, what the Great Catherine was dreaming about. This contradicted the plans of the great European powers that intended to oppose Russia and help Osmans in the coming war.

The main causes of the Crimean War

The history of Russian-Turkish wars is incredible debt and contradictory, however, the Crimean War is perhaps the brightest page in this story. The causes of the Crimean War of 1853-1856 were many, but they all converged in one: Russia sought to destroy the dying empire, and Turkey counteracted it and was going to use martialctions In order to suppress the liberation movement of the Balkan peoples. London and Paris plans did not include strengthening Russia, so they expected to weaken her, at best separating Finland, Poland, the Caucasus and Crimea from Russia. In addition, the French still remembered the humiliating loss of the war with Russian during the reign of Napoleon.

Fig. 1. Map of the fighting of the Crimean War.

At the end of the throne of the emperor Napoleon III, Nicholas I did not consider it a legitimate ruler, since after Patriotic War And the overseas campaign of the Bonaparte dynasty was excluded from possible contenders for the throne in France. The Russian emperor in a congratulatory letter appealed to Napoleon "my friend", and not "my brother", as the etiquette required. It was a personal singing of one emperor to another.

Fig. 2. Portrait of Nicholas I.

Briefly about the causes of the Crimean War, 1853-1856 will collect information in the table.

The question of controlling the Temple of the Mernel in the Bethlehem of the Temple of the Holy Sepulcher was the direct reason for combat actions. Turkish Sultan conveyed the keys to Catholics than insulted Nicholas I, which entailed the beginning of hostilities by entering russian troops On the territory of Moldova.

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Fig. 3. Portrait of Admiral Nakhimov, Member of the Crimean War.

Causes of Russia's defeat in the Crimean War

Russia accepted an unequal battle in the Crimean (or as printed in the Western press - Eastern) War. But not only was the cause of future defeat.

The forces of the allies greatly exceeded the number of Russian soldiers. Russia struggled adequately and was able to achieve a maximum during this war, although he lost it.

The next reason for the defeat was the diplomatic insulation of Nikolai I. He led a bright imperialist policy than caused irritation and hatred from the neighbors.

Despite the heroism of the Russian soldier and some officers, among the highest ranks there was aft. A. S. Menshikov, who was called "Class".

An important reason is the military-technical backwardness of Russia from Europe. So, when sailing ships were still in Russia, the French and English fleet had already used the vapor fleet, which showed himself from the best side during the calm. Allied soldiers used rifle guns that shot more precisely and further than Russian smooth-bore. Similar was the situation in artillery.

The classical reason was the low development of the infrastructure level. In the Crimea have not yet been railwaysAnd the spring disgusts killed the road system, which reduced the provision of the army.

The result of the war was the Paris world, through which Russia did not have the right to have a military fleet on the Black Sea, and also lost the protectorate over the Danube principalities and returned to Turkey southern Bessarabia.

What did we know?

The Crimean War Although he was lost, but she showed Russia the path of future development and pointed to weak places in the economy, military affairs, social sphere. Along the country was a patriotic rise, and the heroes of Sevastopol made national heroes.

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The Crimean War, called in the West of the Eastern War (1853-1856) - military clash of Russia and the coalition of European states who defended Turkey. Little influenced the external position of the Russian Empire, but significantly - on its internal politics. The defeat made autocracy to begin the reforms of the entire state administration, which in the end led to the abolition of serfdom and turning Russia into a powerful capitalist state

Causes of the Crimean War

Objective

*** Rivalry of European countries and Russia in the question of control over the numerous possessions of the weak, the collapsed Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

On January 9, January 14, 20, February 21, 1853 at meetings with the UK Ambassador G. Seymour Emperor Nicholas I suggested England to divide the Turkish Empire together with Russia (the history of diplomacy, volume of the first page 433 - 437. Edited by V. Pemkin)

*** Russia's desire to the championship in the management of the system of straits (Bosphorus and Dardanelles) from the sea of \u200b\u200bblack to the Mediterranean

"If England thinks in the close future to put out in Constantinople, then I will not allow this .... On his part, I am equally located to take a commitment not to be placed there, of course, as the owner; As a temporary guardier - the matter is another "(from the statement of Nicholas of the First Ambassador of Great Britain, Seimur January 9, 1853)

*** Russia's desire to include in the scope of their national interests in the Balkans and in the South Slavic Environment

"Let Moldova, Valahia, Serbia, Bulgaria will arrive under the Protectorate of Russia. As for Egypt, I fully understand the importance of this territory for England. Here I can only say that if when distributing the Ottoman inheritance after the fall of the Empire, you will master Egypt, then I will not have objections to this. I will tell the same thing about Candy (Crete Island). This island, maybe suits you, and I do not see why he does not become English ownership "(the conversation of Nicholas first with the Ambassador of Great Britain by Seymour January 9, 1853 at the evening great Princess Elena Pavlovna)

Subjective

*** Weakness of Turkey

"Turkey is a" sick person. " Nikolai did not change his terminology all his life when he spoke about the Turkish Empire "((History of diplomacy, Volume Page 433 - 437)

*** The confidence of Nicholas first in his impunity

"I want to talk to you as a gentleman if we manage to come to the agreement - I and England - the rest does not matter to me, I don't care what they do or do others" (from the conversation of Nikolai first with the United Kingdom Ambassador Hamilton Seymour on January 9, 1853 at the evening Great Princess Elena Pavlovna)

*** The assumption of Nicholas that Europe is not able to perform a united front

"The king was confident that Austria and France would not join England (in a possible confrontation with Russia), and England without allies to fight him would not be decided" (History of diplomacy, Volume Page 433 - 437. Oziz, Moscow, 1941)

*** Autocracy, the result of which was the wrong relationship of the emperor and his advisers

"... Russian ambassadors in Paris, London, Vienna, Berlin, ... Chancellor Nesselrod ... The state of affairs were perverted in his reports. They wrote almost always about what they saw, but that the king would be desirable to know from them. When Andrei Rosen once convinced Prince Livena, so that he finally opened the king of his eyes, then Liven answered literally: "So that I told the emperor?! But I'm not a fool! If I wanted to tell him the truth, he would have thrown me out of the door, but nothing more from this would not come out of this "(History of diplomacy, volume first)

*** The problem of "Palestinian shrines":

It was marked back in 1850, continued and intensified in 1851, weakened at the beginning and middle of 1852 and again unusually aggravated at the very end of 1852 - early 1853. Louis-Napoleon, while still president, told the Turkish government, which wishes to preserve and resume all the rights and advantages of the Catholic Church in the so-called holy places confirmed by Turkey in 1740, i.e., in the temples of Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Sultan agreed; But by Russian diplomacy in Constantinople followed a sharp protest, indicating the advantages of the Orthodox Church in front of Catholic on the basis of the conditions of Kuchuk-Kainardji world. After all, Nicholas I considered myself the patron saint of Orthodox

*** France's desire to split the continental Union of Austria, England, Prussia and Russia, which arose in the days of Napoleonicn.

"Subsequently, Napoleon's III Foreign Minister III Druieia de Lesus said quite frankly:" The question of holy places and everything that treats him does not have any real meaning for France. All this oriental question, exciting so much noise, served as the imperial government only to reset the continental union, which for almost half a century paralyzed France. Finally, there was an opportunity to sow a discord in the powerful coalition, and the emperor Napoleon grabbed it with both hands "(History of diplomacy)

Events preceding the Crimean War 1853-1856

1740 - France has achieved from Turkish Sultan priority rights for Catholics in the holy places of Jerusalem

1774, July 21 - Kychuk-Kainardzhi Peace Treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, in which the preferential rights to holy places was solved in favor of Orthodox

1837, June 20 - the English throne took Queen Victoria

1841 - The post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United Kingdom took Lord Ebardin

1844, May - Friendly meeting of Queen Victoria, Lord Ebardin with Nikolai first, incognito who committed a visit to England

In London's continuation of his short stay in London, the emperor resolutely fought by his knightly courtesy and royal majesty, charm his heart courtesy of Queen Victoria, her spouse and the most prominent states of the UK then, with whom he tried to close and join the exchange of thoughts.
The aggressive policy of Nicholas in 1853 was due to the Victoria friendly to him and the fact that at the head of the cabinet in England at that moment the same Lord Eberdine stood, who was so affectionately heard him in Windsor in 1844

1850 - Jerusalem Patriarch Kirill asked the Turkish government to repair the dome of the church of the Lord of the Holy Sepulcher. After long negotiations, the repair plan was compiled in favor of Catholics, and the main key from the Bethlehem Church was transferred to Catholics.

1852, December 29 - Nicholas I ordered to gain reserves for 4 and 5 infantry buildings that were struck by the Russian-Turkish border in Europe and supply these troops.

1853, January 9 - At the evening, the Great Prince of Elena Pavlovna, which was attended by the diplomatic corps, the king approached the Seimur and led a conversation with him: "You will encourage your government again about this subject (Turkey's section), write more fully, And let it do it without hesitation. I trust the British government. I ask him not commitment, no agreement: this is a free exchange of opinions, and if necessary, the word gentleman. For us it is enough. "

1853, January - the representative of Sultan in Jerusalem announced the belonging to the shrines, preferred by Catholics.

1853, January 14 - the second meeting of Nicholas with the United Kingdom Ambassador by Seymour

1853, February 9 - from London a response came, this on behalf of the Kabinet State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Lord John Rossel. The answer was sharply negative. Rossel stated that he does not understand why you can think that Turkey is close to fall, it does not find possible to enter into any agreement regarding Turkey, even the temporary transition of Constantinople in the hands of the king considers invalid, finally, Rossel stressed as France and Austria will take suspiciously to such an English-Russian agreement.

1853, February 20 - the third meeting of the king with the Ambassador of the UK on the same issue

1853, February 21 - Fourth

1853, March - Emergency Ambassador of Russia Menshikov arrived in Constantinople

Menshikov was met with extraordinary wrench. The Turkish police did not even dare even dispersed the crowd of the Greeks, who arranged a prince an enthusiastic meeting. Menshikov led himself with causing finality. In Europe, there were great attention to even a purely external provocative antics of Menshikov: they wrote about how he made a visit to the Great Vizir, without removing the coat, as he said sharply with Sultan Abdul-Medzhide. From the first steps of Menshikov, it became clear that in two central points he would never give way: first, he wishes to achieve recognition for Russia the right to the patronage of not only the Orthodox Church, but also the Orthodox Sultan submarine; Secondly, he demands that Turkey's consent to be approved by the Sultanian Site, and not a company, that is, that it wore the nature of the foreign policy contract with the king, and not a simple decree

1853, March 22 - Menshikov presented Rifat-Pasha a note: "The requirements of the Imperial Government are categorical." And in two 1853, March 24 - a new note Menshikova, who demanded the termination of the "systematic and malicious opposition" and contained the draft "Convention", which Nicholas did, as the diplomats of other powers immediately declared, "The Second Turkish Sultan"

1853, the end of March - Napoleon III ordered his military fleet, standing in Toulon, to immediately sail to the Aegean Sealam, to Salamina, and be ready. Napoleon irrevocably decided to fight with Russia.

1853, the end of March - the British squadron went to Eastern Cerdery

1853, April 5 - English Ambassador Stretford Canning arrived in Istanbul, who advised Sultan to give way to the essence of the requirements of the holy places, as he understood that Menshikov would not be satisfied with this, because he did not come for this. Menshikov will begin to insist on such requirements that will be clearly aggressive, and then England and France will support Turkey. At the same time, Stratford managed to inspire the persuasion of Menshikov that England, in the event of a war, will not speak on the side of Sultan.

1853, May 4 - Turkey gave way in everything that concerned "holy places"; Immediately after this, Menshikov, seeing that the desired preposition to the occupation of the Danube Principles disappears, presented the former requirement of the Sultan's contract with the Russian emperor.

1853, May 13 - Lord Redcliffe visited Sultan and informed him that Turkey can help the English squadron, located in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the fact that Turkey should confront Russia. 1853, May 13 - Menshikov was invited to Sultan. He asked Sultan to satisfy his demands and mentioned the possibility of reducing Turkey to secondary states.

1853, May 18 - Menshikov reported adopted by the Turkish government decision to publish a decree on holy places; Issue by Konstantinople Patriarch firman, guarding Orthodoxy; Suggest to conclude Senned, giving the right to build the Russian Church in Jerusalem. Menshikov refused

1853, on May 6 - Menshikov presented Turkey a note of the discontinuity.

1853, May 21 - Menshikov left Constantinople

1853, June 4 - Sultan issued a decree guaranteeing rights and privileges christian churches.But especially the right and advantages of the Orthodox Church.

However, Nikolai issued a manifesto that he, like his ancestors, should defend orthodox Church In Turkey, and that to ensure the execution by the Turks of previous contracts with Russia, broken by the Sultan, the king is forced to take the Danube Principles (Moldova and Valachia)

1853, June 14 - Nikolay I issued a manifesto about the occupation of the Danube Principles

4 and 5 infantry corps of 81541 people were prepared for the classes of Moldova and Valahia. On May 24, 4, the corps moved from the Podolsk and Volyn province to Leovo. In the beginning of June, 15 divisions of 5 infantry corps approached and combined with 4 corps. The command was instructed by Prince Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov

1853, June 21 - Russian troops switched across the river Prut and invaded Moldova

1853, July 4 - Russian troops occupied Bucharest

1853, July 31 - "Vienna note". In this note, it was said that Turkey assumes the obligation to comply with all the terms of the Adrianopol and Kuchuk-Kainardzhi peace treaties; again emphasized the situation special rights and the advantages of the Orthodox Church.

But Stretford Redcliff forced Sultan Abdul-Medzhid to reject the Vienna Note, and even before it hurried to make up, allegedly on behalf of Turkey, another note, with some reservations against the Vienna note. The king of her in turn rejected. At this time, Nikolai received from the ambassador in France Izvestia about the impossibility of joint military performance of England and France

1853, October 16 - Turkey declared war to Russia

1853, October 20 - Russia announced the war of Turkey

The course of the Crimean War of 1853-1856. Briefly

1853, November 30 - Nakhimov defeated on the Turkish fleet in the Sinop Bay

1853, December 2 - the victory of the Russian Caucasian army over Turkish in the battle at Kars under Bashkadyklar

1854, January 4 - United Anglo-French fleet entered the Black Sea

1854, February 27 - Franco-English Ultimatum of Russia demanding to bring troops from the Danube Principles

1854, March 7 - Union Treaty of Turkey, England and France

1854, March 27 - England announced the war of Russia

1854, March 28 - France announced the war of Russia

1854, March-July - Siege of the Russian army of a Silistria - Port city in Northeast Bulgaria

1854, April 9 - Prussia and Austria joined diplomatic sanctions against Russia. Russia remained in isolation

1854, April - shelling the English fleet of the Solovetsky Monastery

1854, June - the beginning of the retreat of Russian troops from the Danube Principles

1854, August 10 - a conference in Vienna, in the course of which Austria, France and England put forward a number of requirements that Russia rejected

1854, August 22 - Turks joined Bucharest

1854, August - Allies captured by Russia Aland Islands in the Baltic Sea

1854, September 14 - Anglo-French troops landed in the Crimea, in the area of \u200b\u200bEvpatoria

1854, September 20 - the unsuccessful battle of the Russian army with allies with the Alma River

1854, September 27 - the beginning of the siege of Sevastopol, the heroic 349-day Sevastopol defense, which
He headed Admiral Kornilov, Nakhimov, Istomin, who died during the siege

1854, October 17 - the first bombardment of Sevastopol

1854, October - Two unsuccessful attempts by the Russian army break through the blockade

1854, October 26 - Unsuccessful for the Russian Army Battle at Balaclava

1854, November 5 - an unsuccessful battle for the Russian army under the inkerman

1854, November 20 - Austria said about the readiness of his joining war

1855, January 14 - Sardinia announced the war of Russia

1855, April 9 - Second bombing of Sevastopol

1855, May 24 - Allies occupied Kerch

1855, June 3 - Third bombing of Sevastopol

1855, August 16 - an unsuccessful attempt of the Russian army to remove the siege of Sevastopol

1855, September 8 - the French captured Malakhov Kurgan - the key position of the protection of Sevastopol

1855, September 11 - allies joined the city

1855, November - a number of successful operations of the Russian army against the Turks in the Caucasus

1855, October - December - Secret negotiations of France, Austria, concerned about the possible strengthening of England as a consequence of the defeat of Russia and the Russian Empire about the world

1856, February 25 - the Paris Mirny Congress began

1856, March 30 - Paris World

Conditions of the world

Return of Turkey Karz in exchange for Sevastopol, the transformation of the Black Sea to Neutral: Russia and Turkey are deprived of the opportunity to have a military fleet and coastal fortifications here, the concession of Bessarabia (the abolition of the exclusive Russian protectorate over Valachia, Moldova and Serbia)

Causes of Russia's defeat in the Crimean War

- Russia's military-technical lag from leading European powers
- Undustful communication paths
- Casnokratism, corruption in the rear of the army

"By the nature of its activities, Golitsyn had to learn the war as if the fold. Then he will see heroism, holy self-sacrifice, selfless bravery and patience of the defenders of Sevastopol, but, shining in the rear on the militia, he came across every step, knows what: collapse, indifference, cold-blooded prissthood and monstrous stereard. Divided everything that did not have time to steal others - the higher - thieves along the way to Crimea: bread, hay, oats, horses, ammunition. The robbery mechanics were simple: suppliers gave Rota, he took it (for the Ministry of Internal Affairs, of course) the main intention in St. Petersburg. Then - also for a bribe - army intensity, further - regimental and so to the last knitting needles in the chariot. And the soldiers were ate rot, we wore the rot, they slept on the rot, shot the rot. Military units should have purchased a fodder from the local population for money, which issued a special financial department. Golitsyn once went there and was a witness to such a scene. With an advanced officer arrived in the burnt, battered form. Foref feed, hungry horses crush wood sawdust, chips. Elderly intennant with the Major purses corrected the glasses on the nose and the everyday voice said:
- We give money, eight percent of Laude.
- What is war? - an officer was indignant. - We shed blood! ..
"Again the newcomers sent," the intennant sighed. - Straight children small! From your brigade, I remember, Rothmist Onishchenko came. Why not sent him?
- Died onishchenko ...
- The kingdom of heaven! - Intendant crossed. - Sorry. With understanding was a man. We respected him, and he respected us. We do not request too much.
The intensity was not shy even the presence of outsiders. Prince Golitsyn approached him, took the "per soul", pulled out from the table and raised to the air.
- kill, bastard! ..
"Kill," the intennant stuck, "without percent, I still don't give.
- Do you think I'm joking joking? .. - the prince squeezed him with his lap.
"I can't ... the chain is boring ..." Intensdant stuck out of the last forces. - I still do not live anyway ... Petersburg wander ...
- There are people dying, Sukin You are son! - The prince cried out on the tear and squeezed away ahead of the semi-hearted Military official.
He touched wrinkled, like Condor, throat and stuck with unexpected dignity:
"Whether we are there ... I didn't die ... And you're really kind," he turned to the officer, "meet the rules: for artilleryrs - six percent, for all other humanities of the troops - eight.
The officer threatened the cold nose, as if he sobbed:
- Sawdles crush ... chips ... Damn with you! .. I can not return without hay »

- Unsuccessful control of troops

"He struck Golitsyn himself commander-in-chief, which he introduced himself. Gorchakov was not so old, a little over sixty, but I made the impression of some kind of drumsiness, it seemed, Tkni's finger, and he crushes like an accomplice of the mushroom. The wandering look could not focus on anything, and when the old man was released by Golitsyn weak hand, he heard he heard in French:
I am poor, poor poal
And I do not hurry anywhere ...
- That's what! - said Golitsyn Colonel of the Intensdant service, when they came from the commander-in-chief. - Only, at least in position leaves, and Prince Menshikov did not remember that the war goes. Just inspired everything, and confess - hardly. The military minister was expressed as follows: "Prince of Lorvukov has a triple attitude toward gunpowder - he did not invenue him, did not sniff and not send to Sevastopol." On the commander of Dmitry Erofeevich Osten-Saken: "Erofeich became not strong. Exhausions. " Sarcasm at least where! - Pensively added Colonel. - But he gave to put over the Great Nakhimov Psalm Pech. For some reason, the prince Golitsyn was not funny. He was generally unpleasantly surprised by the tone of cynical mockery that reigned at the rate. It seemed that these people have lost all self-esteem, and with him and respect for something. About the tragic position of Sevastopol did not say, but with a savor, the commander of the Sevastopol garrison of Count Osten-Saken, who only knows what to mess around with Popami, read the akathists and argue about Divine Scripture. "He has one good property," the colonel added. - He does not interfere in anything "(Y. Nagibin" stronger than all other things ")

The results of the Crimean War

Crimean war showed

The greatness and heroism of the Russian people

Failure to the socio-political structure of the Russian Empire

The need for deep reforms of the Russian state

Crimean War 1853 - 1856 - One of the largest events of the XIX century, who marked his steep turn in the history of Europe. Events around Turkey became a direct reason to the Crimean War, but the true causes were much more difficult and deeper. They rooted primarily in the struggle of liberal and conservative principles.

At the beginning of the XIX century, the undisputed triumph of conservative elements over the celestial revolutionary was completed at the end of the Napoleonic War by the Vienna Congress 1815, for a long time established the political structure of Europe. Conservative-protective "System Metternich"It was prevailed throughout the European mainland and received his expression in the Holy Union, who first hugged all the governments of continental Europe and represented their mutual insurance against attempts to resume anywhere in the bloody Jacobin terror. Attempts by new ("Yuzhnoromanian") revolutions made in Italy and Spain in the early 1820s were suppressed on the decisions of the Congresses of the Holy Union. However, the situation began to change after the French revolution 1830, which was successful and changed in the direction of larger liberalism internal orders of France. The July coup 1830 caused revolutionary events in Belgium and Poland. The system of the Vienna Congress has shuffle. In Europe, called split. The liberal governments of England and France have become closer to conservative powers - Russia, Austria and Prussia. Then an even more serious revolution of 1848 broke out, which, however, was defeated in Italy and Germany. The Berlin and Vienna government received moral support from St. Petersburg, and the uprising in Hungary Austrian Habsburgs directly helped suppress the Russian army. Shortly before the Crimean War, the conservative group of holding the powerful of them, Russia, led, seemed even more rallied, restoring his hegemony in Europe.

This cooler hegemony (1815 - 1853) caused hatred from European liberals, which with a special force was directed against the "backward", "Asian" Russia as the main unfold of the Holy Union. Meanwhile, the international situation has highlighted the events that helped to connect to the Western group of liberal powers and separated the eastern, conservative. These events have become complications in the East. The interests of England and France, in many ways, inseparable, converged on the protection of Turkey from the absorption of Russia. On the contrary, Austria could not be a sincere allied allied in Russia in this matter, for it just as the British and the French, most of all feared the absorption of the Turkish East of the Russian Empire. Thus, Russia turned out to be isolated. Although the main historical interest of the struggle consisted in the task to eliminate the coaching hegemony of Russia, 40 years older over Europe, conservative monarchies left Russia with lonely and thus prepared a celebration of liberal powers and liberal principles. In England and France, the war with the northern conservative colossus was popular. If her cause was a clash due to any Western question (Italian, Hungarian, Polish), then this would ralline conservative powers Russia, Austria and Prussia. However, the Eastern, Turkish question, on the contrary, disconnected. He served external reason Crimean War 1853-1856.

Crimean war 1853-1856. Map

The pretexts of the Crimean War were barriers due to holy places in Palestine, which began in 1850 between the Orthodox clergy and the Catholic, who were under the auspices of France. To resolve the issue, Emperor Nicholas I sent (1853) to Constantinople of the Extraordinary Messenger, Prince Menshikova, who demanded from the ports to confirm the Russian Protectorate on the Turkish Empire's Orthodox population established by the previous treaties. Osmanov supported England and France. After almost three-month negotiations, Menshikov received a decisive refusal from Sultan to accept the notes presented to them and on May 9, 1853 returned to Russia.

Then the emperor Nicholas, not declaring wars, introduced the Russian army of Prince Gorchakov in the Danube Principles (Moldova and Valachia), "Dococol Turkey will not satisfy the fair demands of Russia" (Manifest June 14, 1853). The conference from representatives of Russia, England, France, Austria and Prussia gathered in Vienna to relieve the causes of disagreement by peaceful way did not reach. At the end of September, Turkey, under the threat of war, demanded from Russian to clear the principalities in a two-week period. October 8, 1853 English and French fleets entered the Bosphorus, violating this Convention 1841, which announced the Bosphorus closed for military vessels of all powers.

The cause of the Crimean War was the collision of the interests of Russia, England, France and Austria in the Middle East and the Balkans. Leading European countries sought to divide the Turkish possessions to expand the spheres of influence and markets. Turkey sought to take revenge for previous defeats in wars with Russia.

One of the main reasons for the emergence of a military confrontation was the problem of revising the legal regime of passage russian fleet The Mediterranean Straits Bosphorus and Dardanelles recorded in the London Convention 1840-1841.

The reason for the beginning of the war was the dispute between the Orthodox and Catholic clergy about the belonging of the Palestinian shrine (the Bethlehem Temple and the Temple of the Holy Sepulcher), were in the territory of the Ottoman Empire.

In 1851, the Turkish Sultan, incited by France, ordered to take the keys from the Bethlehem Temple from the Orthodox priests and transfer them to Catholics. In 1853, Nikolai 1st put forward an ultimatum with initially impossible demands, which eliminated the peaceful resolution of the conflict. Russia, breaking diplomatic relations with Turkey, occupied the Danube principalities, and as a result of Turkey on October 4, 1853 declared war.

In concerning the strengthening of Russia's influence in the Balkans, England and France in 1853 entered into a secret agreement on the policies of opposition to the interests of Russia and began a diplomatic blockade.

The first period of the war: October 1853 - March 1854, the Black Sea squadron under the command of Admiral Nakhimov in November 1853 completely destroyed the Turkish fleet in the bay of Sinop, taking captation of the commander-in-chief. In the ground operation, the Russian army achieved essential victories in December 1853 - while moving on Danube and dropping the Turkish troops, she was under the command of General I.F. Passevich besieged Silistria. In the Caucasus, the Russian troops won a major victory under Bashkadylklare, thoring the plans of the Turks to seize the Caucasus.

England and France, fearing the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, in March 1854 declared the war of Russia. From March to August 1854, they took attacks from the sea against Russian ports at the Addanian Islands, Odessa, Solovetsky Monastery, Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka. Attempts by sea blockade were not crowned with success.

In September 1854, a 60 thousand landing land was planted on the Crimean Peninsula to seize the main base of the Black Sea Fleet - Sevastopol.

First battle on r. Alma in September 1854 ended in failure for Russian troops.

On September 13, 1854, the heroic defense of Sevastopol, which lasted 11 months began. By order of Nakhimov, a Russian sailing fleet, which could not resist the opponent's steam ships, was flooded at the entrance to the Sevastopol bay.

Defensei led Admirals V.A. Cornilov, P.S. Nakhimov, V.I. Istomin, heroically died during the assault. Defenders of Sevastopol were L.N. Tolstoy, Surgeon N.I. Pies.

Many participants of these battles have earned their glory of national heroes: Military engineer EI. Totleben, General S.A. Khrulev, Sailors P. Cat, I. Shevchenko, soldier A. Eliseev.

Russian troops suffered a number of failures in battles under an inkerman in Evpatoria and on a black river. On August 27, after a 22-day bombing, Sevastopol was taken, after which the Russian troops were forced to leave the city.

On March 18, 1856, the Paris Mirny Agreement was signed between Russia, Turkey, France, England, Austria, Prussia and Sardinia. Russia lost the base and part of the fleet, the Black Sea was declared neutral. Russia has lost its influence on the Balkans, military power was undermined in the Black Sea basin.

At the heart of this lesion lay the political miscalcination of Nikolai 1st, which pushed the economically backward, feudal-serfdom to conflict with strong European powers. This defeat was promoted by Alexander 2nd to carry out a number of cardinal reforms.