Russian mat: history and meaning of obscene words. Official prohibition of obscene language. Measures of influence for obscene vocabulary

05/11/2013

Roskomnadzor has developed a vigorous activity to search for and prohibit obscene language in the media. But many still do not understand which words are considered forbidden and which are not. Because of this, there are already excesses on the ground: suspicious phrases are cut out from old films and cult TV series.

A th yes Pushkin, ah

Recently, Channel Five showed the Soviet film "The Golden Mine" (1977). In the final scene, the hero, played by Dahl, speaks only one word. Abusive, but not obscene. So the plot demanded it. Then credits start immediately. When shown on TV a couple of weeks ago, this bad word from the film was cut out, and the plot turned out to be different:

Oleg Dal never said anything goodbye ...
The series "Gangster Petersburg" also suffered.
- From there they cut out not just a word, but a whole scene! - Vladimir Bortko, the director of the film, shared his indignation with Gorod 812.

Despite the absurdity of the situation, the TV people can be understood. It is not because of the good life that they engage in such self-censorship. These are amendments to the law on the media, adopted in April this year, to search for bad words in the press and on the air, and the media - to commit such ridiculous acts.

The amendments expanded the list of prohibitions for publication (broadcasting) in the media to include obscene language. And since then, Roskomnadzor recklessly began searching for mat on the air, on the Internet, in magazines and newspapers. Reports on the violations found on the agency's website are published weekly. So, for example, from 10/16/2013 to 10/22/2013 “as a result of monitoring funds mass media for compliance with the requirements of Art. 4 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Mass Media" in terms of preventing obscene language in the media, two materials were revealed, one video material on the forum, 34 comments containing obscene language. At the request of Roskomnadzor, the illegal materials were removed. 16 appeals were also sent to the editors of online publications demanding to remove or edit comments with other signs of abuse of freedom of the media. Comments removed, ”the agency's website says.

Roskomnadzor notes that the majority of violations are detected in online publications in the sections that publish readers' comments.

In its report for the first half of 2013, Roskomnadzor reported that it issued 6 warnings to the media about the suspension of the license, 30 orders to eliminate the violations identified, made 1,540 reports on administrative violations in the media and issued administrative fines to the media in the amount of 1,687,450 rubles.

E, B, X, P

Despite the fact that the new law has been in effect for six months, many still do not understand what words it prohibits. Roskomnadzor admits that there is no single list of such words. But there is the opinion of Roskomnadzor, which should now be guided by. This opinion was published on its official website in the form of recommendations on the application of the Federal Law dated 05.04.2013 No. 34-FZ "On Amendments to Article 4 of the Law Russian Federation"On the Mass Media" and Article 13.21 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. "

The document bashfully and with innuendo explains what is considered obscenity.
“There is an opinion among experts that four well-known words (x .., p .., e…, b…), as well as words and expressions formed from them, are referred to obscene words and expressions,” the officials write. What are these bad words on x, n, e, b, everyone, apparently, should guess to the extent of their depravity. But the prohibitions are not limited to these four letters. Here's what the document says next:

“At the same time, obscene and rude colloquial words and expressions containing them do not belong to obscene words and expressions. At the same time, the use of such words and expressions in the media is also unacceptable in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law "On the Protection of Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development" and the Federal Law "On the State Language of the Russian Federation" ".

In other words, what is not obscene, but sounds indecent, cannot be used in print and broadcast either. And if with four obscene words everything is more or less obvious, then with "indecent words" it is not clear at all. In addition, it follows from the document that it is impossible to "beep" on the air, and in the press to put a letter and dots instead of obscene words. Because it only masks the mat, and everyone still understands what word was meant. Which equates to using a mat.

For some works of art indulgences were made, but even there it is impossible to quote bad words in their pure form. They can be masked.
“In some cases, disguise of obscene language can be considered as a way to comply with the requirements of the Federal Law, but only in cases when the publication or quotation in the media of classic literary works and documentary films (or other works in which the use of such vocabulary is an integral part of the artistic intent), ”the document says.

Officials may have wanted the best, but the recommendations, which were supposed to clarify everything, confused everything even more. Because many new questions immediately arise. Can we now use the word "pancake" if it does not mean baking in a frying pan, but expresses emotions, replacing another word? Was the dog-breeding term, which vigilant TV people cut out of the Golden Mine, fell under the ban?

Gorod 812 turned to Roskomnadzor with a request to clarify their own incomprehensible recommendations. But the press service of the department could not do this. Asked to send a request.
- It's not just that with us, and Roskomnadzor will not immediately answer such questions. You understand that we are performing these functions because the law was passed. This is not our whim. Look, ask the deputies - let them answer what they had in mind when such a law was adopted ... And we can answer specific questions only by requesting an examination, and so on, the press service explained with a sigh.

By the way, the law allows using foul language in other languages. Roskomnadzor specifically noted that "the identification of foreign swear words and expressions is not a basis for bringing the editorial board of the mass media to responsibility."

Where to find checkmate

How to use to establish the fact of spreading obscene language in the media - recommendations of Roskomnadzor

Great Dictionary of Russian language. Ch. ed. S.A. Kuznetsov. First edition: SPb .: Norint, 1998.

Dictionary of Russian abuse (matisms, obscenities, euphemisms). Under ed. Mokienko V.M., Nikitina T.G. SPb., "Norint", 2004.

A large dictionary of Russian jargon. Under ed. Mokienko V.M., Nikitina T.G. SPb .: "Norint", 2000.
The most complete Dictionary of profanity and phraseological units: 20,000 words. Ed. Kveselevich D.I.M .: Astrel: AST, 2011.

Yana Korzinina, lawyer

I agree with the law, and it is unpleasant for me to hear the abuse on the screen. But at the moment, not a single lawyer can say with one hundred percent guarantee what exactly is unacceptable to say on the air, whether an expression or a word will fall under the form specified in the law as indecent. Now we are developing legal practice. It is possible to tell where is black and where is white only by four words and expressions, which Roskomnadzor defined as obscene. As for indecent words, there are only value judgments, and everyone can interpret these words in their own way. That is why they give controversial expressions and words for expert assessment.

It is not very clear what to do with the movie, which shows the characters in the zone. How to broadcast it on TV? It is unlikely that his characters will talk: "Would you please, sir, to transfer to another bed?" Accordingly, there will be used a different vocabulary, there may be rude phrases and expressions that can be defined as indecent.

Soviet films have always been heavily censored for artistic value and acceptability. And if in the USSR the film "Golden Mine" was released on screens with a memorable word in the final scene, said by the main character, performed by Oleg Dal, then why was this word cut out today? As a lawyer, I do not understand how such cuts from the film are consistent with the copyright of the director, screenwriter of the film. Any changes to the film, any reworking, must be coordinated with those who have the copyright, such as the director. And this is also a problem .

V Everyday life we all often hear words and expressions, the use of which is completely unacceptable from the point of view of public morality and is intended both to offend the addressee and to express negative assessments of people and phenomena. This is the so-called profanity Russian vocabulary, or, more simply, swearing, which is one of the unsightly, but, unfortunately, intractable aspects of our "great and mighty" language.

A long tradition of banning obscene language

The profanity, familiar to all of us from childhood, is called obscene by linguists. This term comes from the English obscene, which means "shameless", "obscene" or "dirty". The very same english word goes back to the Latin obscenus, which has the same meaning.

As many researchers testify, the taboo prohibition on the use of various expressions related to the sexual sphere in the presence of women was formed back in the pagan era among the ancient Slavs - the ethnic ancestors of Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Subsequently, with the advent of Christianity, the ban on the use of profanity was universally supported by the Orthodox Church, which allows us to speak of a long historical tradition of this taboo.

Public attitudes towards the use of the mat

In this regard, the results of a sociological survey conducted in 2004 are of interest, the purpose of which was to reveal the attitude of Russians to the use of obscene expressions by show business stars. It is quite characteristic that the overwhelming majority of the respondents, almost 80%, expressed their negative attitude to such a phenomenon, stating that in their speeches, profanity is a manifestation of lack of culture and licentiousness.

Despite the fact that in oral speech these expressions are widespread among all segments of the population; in Russia there has always been a taboo on their use in print. Unfortunately, it has significantly weakened in the post-perestroika period due to the weakening of state control over the printing sector, as well as due to a number of side effects that resulted from the democratization of society. In addition, the lifting of the ban on coverage of many topics previously not covered by the press has led to an expansion of the vocabulary. As a result, swearing and jargon became not only fashionable, but also effective means PR.

Insulting and degrading language

We have to admit that among adolescents the ability to use foul language is considered a sign of growing up, and for them profanity is a kind of demonstration of belonging to “their own” and disregard for generally accepted prohibitions. Of course, having replenished their own similar expressions, adolescents tend to use them, often using fences, toilet walls and school desks for this purpose, and in last years and the internet.

Considering the problem of the use of profanity in society, it should be noted that, despite all the freedom of expression established in recent years, the responsibility for the use of obscene expressions is not removed from those who write or speak.

Of course, it is hardly possible to forbid foul language to a person for whom - due to his upbringing and intellect - this is the only accessible form of self-expression. However, it should be borne in mind that swearing in offends those for whom the taboo on obscenities - due to their moral or religious considerations - has not lost its force.

The main motives for using profanity

V modern language mat is most often used as an element speech aggression, which aims to curse and offend a specific addressee. In addition, people of low culture use it in the following cases: to give their expressions more emotionality, as a way to relieve psychological stress, as interjections and to fill speech pauses.

Contrary to the popular belief that obscene expressions got into the Russian language from the Tatar during the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, serious researchers are very skeptical about this hypothesis. According to most of them, the words of this category have Slavic and Indo-European roots.

In the pagan period of the history of Ancient Russia, they were used as one of the elements of sacred conspiracies. For our ancestors, profanity is nothing more than an appeal to the magical power, which, according to their ideas, was in the genitals. This is evidenced by some echoes of ancient pagan incantations that have survived the centuries.

But since the establishment of Christianity, the church authorities have been consistently fighting this speech phenomenon. To this day, many circulars and decrees of Orthodox hierarchs have been preserved, aimed at eradicating the mate. When, in the 17th century, there was a strict distinction between the spoken language and the literary language, the status of a collection of "obscene expressions" was finally entrenched behind obscenities.

Obscene expressions in historical documents

How rich the Russian dictionary of profanity was at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries is evidenced by the studies of the famous linguist V.D. Nazarov. According to his calculations, even an incomplete collection of written monuments of that time contains sixty-seven words derived from the most common roots of obscene vocabulary. Even in more ancient sources - Novgorod and Staraya Russa - expressions of this kind are often found in both ritual and playful forms.

Mat in the perception of foreigners

By the way, the first dictionary of profanity was compiled at the beginning of the 17th century by the Englishman Richard James. In it, this inquisitive foreigner explained to his compatriots the specific meaning of some words and expressions that are difficult to translate into English, which we today call obscene.

Their very wide use is also evidenced in his travel notes by the German scientist Master of Philosophy Adam Olearius, who visited Russia at the end of the same century. The German translators accompanying him often found themselves in a difficult situation, trying to find the meaning of the use of known concepts in the most unusual context for them.

Official ban on obscene language

The ban on the use of profanity in Russia appeared relatively late. For example, it is often found in documents of the Peter the Great era. However, by the end of the 17th century, her taboo took the form of a law. It is characteristic that the poems of the poet, well-known in those years, who widely used obscene vocabulary, were not published, but distributed exclusively in lists. In the next century, immodest expressions were included only in the unofficial part of the work of poets and writers, who included them in their epigrams and comic poems.

Attempts to remove the taboo from the mat

The first attempts to legalize obscene expressions were observed in the twenties of the last century. They were not massive. The interest in obscenities was not self-sufficient, just some writers believed that profanity was one of the ways to speak freely about matters of the sexual sphere. As for the Soviet period, throughout its entire course the prohibition on the use of swearing was strictly observed, although it was widely used in everyday colloquial speech.

In the nineties, with the onset of perestroika, censorship restrictions were lifted, which made it possible for profanity to freely penetrate into literature. It is used mainly to convey the lively spoken language of the characters. Many authors believe that if these expressions are used in everyday life, then there is no reason to neglect them in their work.

Attempts to eradicate evil

Nowadays, the fight against profanity is limited to fines for its use in public places and an explanation of Roskomnadzor about the inadmissibility of using the four main obscene words in the media and all expressions derived from them. According to the existing legislation, in case of violation of this resolution, the perpetrators are sent an appropriate warning, and in case of repeated violation, Roskomnadzor has the right to revoke their license.

However, many private publishers ignore the bans. In recent years, a dictionary of profanity has even been repeatedly published and republished, which hardly allows us to hope for its possible eradication. The only way to combat swearing can be a general increase in the culture of Russians.

Someone loudly and publicly, someone quietly, in a whisper, practically to themselves. The attitude towards swearing is very ambiguous and most often depends on the environment in which he lives or, rather than on social status and age.

The widespread belief that teenagers swear at times more than mature people crashes on Russian roads, in car repair shops and unremarkable drinking establishments. Here people do not hold back impulses that come from the heart, splashing out on the interlocutor and those around them a wave of their negativity. In most cases, the use of mate is associated with a lack of vocabulary or the fact that the person is not able to express their words and thoughts in a more cultured way.

From the point of view of esotericism and religion, a scolding person from the inside decomposes himself and badly affects the surrounding space, releasing negative energy. It is believed that these people get sick more often than those who keep their tongue clean.

Obscene language can be heard in completely different layers. Often in the media you can find messages about another scandal with famous politicians or movie and show business stars who publicly used profanity. The paradox is that even someone who uses mate to link words in a sentence condemns such behavior of celebrities and considers it unacceptable.

Attitude of the law to the use of profanity

The Code of Administrative Offenses clearly regulates the use of swear words and expressions in a public place. A violator of peace and order to pay a fine, and in some cases of foul language may be subject to administrative arrest. However, in Russia and most of the CIS countries, this law is observed only when swear words were used in a law enforcement officer.

Mate is swearing regardless of profession, income and level of education. However, for many, the limiting factor is the presence of the elderly, young children and work that involves polite communication with people.

Resourceful people a couple of decades ago found a way out of the situation: along with obscenities in oral speech, his surrogate appeared. The words "damn", "zvezdets", "vyzhitsya" seem to be not obscene in the literal sense of the word and cannot fall under the corresponding article by definition, but they carry the same meaning and the same negative as their predecessors, but such words are constantly being added.

On forums and in the discussion of news, as a rule, the use of strong words is prohibited, but surrogates have successfully bypassed this barrier. Thanks to the appearance of an obscene surrogate, parents have ceased to be ashamed of using it in the presence, harming the cultural development of their child, introducing the immature to the use of swearing.

Taboo vocabulary includes certain layers of vocabulary that are banned for religious, mystical, political, moral and other reasons. What are the prerequisites for its occurrence?

Varieties of taboo vocabulary

Among the subspecies of taboo vocabulary, one can consider sacred taboos (on pronouncing the name of the creator in Judaism). The anathema to the pronunciation of the name of the alleged game during the hunt refers to the mystical taboo layer. It is for this reason that the bear in the persecution is called "the owner", and the word "bear" itself is a derivative of the phrase "in charge of honey."

Obscene vocabulary

.

One of the most significant types of taboo vocabulary is obscene or vocabulary, in the common people - mat. From the history of the origin of Russian obscene vocabulary, three main versions can be distinguished. The adherents of the first hypothesis argue that Russian swearing arose as a legacy of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Which in itself is controversial, given that most of the obscene roots go back to the Proto-Slavic origins. According to the second version, abusive lexemes once had several lexical meanings, one of which eventually supplanted all the others and was assigned to the word. The third theory says that abusive language was once a significant component of occult rituals of the pre-Christian period.

Let's consider lexical metamorphosis using the most iconic formulations as an example. It is known that in antiquity, “to lose” meant “to cross out a cross on a cross”. Accordingly, the cross was called "dick". The turn "fuck everyone" was introduced into everyday life by ardent supporters of paganism. Thus, they wished Christians death on the cross by analogy with their own god. Needless to say, current users of the language use this word in a completely different context.

Abuse also played an important role in rituals and rituals of pagan origin, usually associated with fertility. In addition, it should be noted that most conspiracies for death, illness, love spells, etc. abound in obscene lexemes.

It is known that many lexical units that are now considered obscene, were not such until the 18th century. These were completely ordinary words denoting parts (or features of the physiological structure) of the human body and not only. So, the Proto-Slavic "jebti" originally meant "to beat, hit", "huj" - "a needle of a coniferous tree, something sharp and prickly." The word "pisyda" was used in the sense of "urinary organ". Let's remember that the verb "whore" once meant "to talk, to lie." "Fornication" - "deviation from the established path", as well as "illegal living". Later, both verbs merged together.

It is believed that before the invasion of Napoleonic troops in 1812, abusive vocabulary was not particularly in demand in society. However, as it turned out in the process, the hazing was much more effective in the trenches. Since then, mate has become firmly rooted as the main form of communication among the troops. Over time, the officer stratum of society popularized the obscene vocabulary to such an extent that it passed into

• 1.as a means of expressing the profane beginning, opposed to the sacred beginning,
• 2.cathartic,
• 3.means of lowering the social status of the addressee,
• 4.means of establishing contact between equal people,
• 5.a means of friendly teasing or cheering,
• 6. "dueling" means,
• 7. expresses the attitude of two to the third as a "scapegoat",
• 8.cryptolalic function (like password),
• 9.for self-encouragement,
• 10.for self-deprecation,
• 11. introduce yourself as a "person without prejudice",
• 12. realization of the “elitism of the cultural position through its denial”,
• 13.symbol of sympathy for the oppressed classes,
• 14.narrative group - attracting attention,
• 15. apotropic function - "confuse",
• 16.the transfer of the opponent to the power of evil forces,
• 17.magic function,
• 18. a sense of power over the "demon of sexuality",
• 19. demonstration of the gender of the speaker,
• 20.eschrological function (ritual invectivization of speech),
• 21. used in psychoanalysis to treat nervous disorders,
• 22.pathological foul language,
• 23. invective as art,
• 24. invective as a riot,
• 25.as a means of verbal aggression,
• 26. division into allowed and unauthorized groups,
• 27. as an interjection.

Profanity in Russian

A variety of obscene vocabulary that has become widespread in the Russian language is Russian mat, numbering 6-7 word bases. In the Russian language, there are also several dozen other obscene words that are not obscene and much less taboo, but are also considered "indecent".

Profanity and society

Soviet propaganda poster "Our condition - down with foul language!", Author - Konstantin Ivanov, 1981

A strict ban on the public use of obscene vocabulary and phraseology, ideographically and semantically related to the forbidden topic of sex and the sexual sphere, developed among the Eastern Slavs - the ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians - back in the pagan era as a strong tradition of folk culture, and was strictly supported by the Orthodox Church ... Therefore, this taboo has acquired an old tradition for the Russian people, consecrated by more than one millennium.

In this regard, the data of a sociological survey published by the Interfax news agency on the attitude of Russians to the use of profanity in public speeches of show business stars, conducted in July 2004 by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, are characteristic. The overwhelming majority of Russians (80%) have a negative attitude to the use of profanity in public speeches of show business stars, in programs and materials designed for a mass audience, considering the use of obscene expressions an unacceptable manifestation of promiscuity.

13% of respondents admit the use of the mat in those cases when it is used as a necessary artistic means... And only 3% believe that if swearing is often used in communication between people, then attempts to prohibit it on the stage, in the cinema, on television is just hypocrisy.

Despite the prevalence of obscene expressions in all strata of Russian society at all stages of its history, in Russia there was traditionally a taboo on the use of obscene vocabulary in printed form (hence, obviously, the name “obscene language” comes from). This taboo has somewhat weakened recently in connection with the democratization of society and the weakening of state control over the printing sphere (the first in the history of Russia to abolish censorship for a long time), changes in public morality after the collapse of the USSR, the mass publication of literary works and correspondence of recognized Russian classics, writers - dissidents and current postmodernists. The lifting of the ban on the coverage of certain topics and social groups led to an expansion of the scope of acceptable vocabulary in written speech... Swearing and jargon have become fashionable, becoming one of the means of PR.

Among children and adolescents, the ability to swear was subconsciously considered and is considered one of the signs of adulthood. And of course, as soon as the younger generation mastered the basics of this knowledge, it felt an urgent need to demonstrate what had been achieved - hence the inscriptions on fences, walls of public toilets, school desks - and now on the Internet.

It should be noted that, contrary to popular belief, profanity is relatively little used in places of deprivation of liberty. This is due to tough criminal "concepts", according to which every prisoner should be held accountable for everything he said ("be responsible for the bazaar"), and many persistent obscene expressions are taken literally. For example, sending someone to the “three letters” is seen as an indication to this person that his place is right there, that is, as a statement about his belonging to the caste of “roosters”. Failure to prove such a claim can lead to dire consequences for the “sender”.

Returning to the topic “profanity and society”, it should be emphasized that the current freedom of expression still does not abolish the responsibility of the speaker and writer (see, for example, Article 20.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation). Of course, it is hardly possible to prohibit a person from swearing if this is the only means of self-expression that is available to him (taking into account the restrictions imposed by upbringing or the conditions of existence - "to live with wolves - howl like a wolf"). Of course, the books of fashionable writers should not be burned (or otherwise destroyed). However, public abuse in a normal environment inevitably violates the rights and humiliates the dignity of those people for whom the taboo remains valid (for moral, religious and other reasons).

Precedent "Aroyan vs. Kirkorov"

Use of profanity in art and media

The tabooing of obscene vocabulary is a relatively late phenomenon: even in documents and correspondence of Peter's time, it is found relatively freely. However, by the second half of the 18th century, its use in print media ceased to be possible, and the poems of Ivan Barkov, widely using obscene vocabulary, were distributed exclusively in lists. Throughout the 19th century, obscene vocabulary also remained the lot of the "unofficial" part of the creative heritage of poets and writers: obscene epigrams and satirical poems of Pushkin, Lermontov and other authors were not published by them and in general were not subject to publication in Russia (political emigrants from Russia began to publish them in Europe only in the second half of the 19th century).

The first attempts to remove taboos from obscene vocabulary were made in the 1920s. and were not of a mass character; interest in swear words among most authors was not self-sufficient at that time and was linked mainly with the desire to speak freely about the sexual sphere.

During the Soviet period, the public ban on obscene vocabulary acted very consistently, which did not prevent (and still does not prevent) the overwhelming majority of the population from willingly using this vocabulary in private life. The tasks of the artistic development of obscene vocabulary were set by the writers of Russian samizdat, starting with Yuz Aleshkovsky.

“The main“ three whales ”of the Russian mat ... etymologically deciphered quite decently: the Proto-Slavic * jebti originally meant“ to beat, to strike ”, * huj ( cognate needles) - "a needle of a coniferous tree, something prickly", * pisьda - "urinary organ" ".

The same original forms (albeit with some doubt about * huj) are given in.

It is interesting to note that the semantic changes of the modern euphemism "fuck" practically repeat the history of the word * jebti.

Categorization of Russian abusive vocabulary

A. V. Chernyshev distributes key terms of the obscene lexicon"Into three groups:

• denoting male and female genital organs and denoting sexual intercourse;
• transferring the meaning of the genitals and sexual intercourse to a person as an object of naming;
• in a deliberately coarse form of borrowing from "cultural speech" (condom, homosexual).

V.M. Mokienko considers this classification too generalized and offers his own, more detailed, classification of Russian abusive vocabulary and phraseology... Moreover, the terms “ swear words" and " obscene vocabulary"Are understood to be mutually intersecting, although not completely identical. Swearing are offensive, abusive words, while obscene vocabulary- these are the most rude vulgar expressions, taboo words. The main feature that inextricably connects these two lexical groups, - an emotionally expressive reaction to unexpected and unpleasant events, words, actions, etc.

The researcher classifies Russian abusive vocabulary according to the functional and thematic principle, highlighting the following main groups:

• Names of persons with emphatically negative characteristics of the type:
  • stupid, incomprehensible person;
  • vile, low man;
  • insignificant person, insignificance;
  • a prostitute, a corrupt woman.
• The names of "indecent", socially taboo parts of the body are "shameful words."
• Names of the process of having intercourse.
• The names of physiological functions (items).
• Names of "results" of physiological functions.

VM Mokienko points out that these groups of abusive and obscene vocabulary are generally represented in almost all languages. As for the national characteristics of abusive vocabulary, then, in his opinion, they are associated with combinatorics and the frequency of lexemes of a certain type in each specific language.

• "Anal-excrement" type (Scheiss culture);
• "Sexual" type (Sex-culture).

However, the adopted version of the aforementioned law (Federal Law of 01.06.2005 N 53-FZ "On the State Language of the Russian Federation") does not say anything like that.

see also

Notes (edit)

Links

• V. M. Mokienko "Russian abusive vocabulary: censorship and obscene" (Rusistika. - Berlin, 1994, No. 1/2)
• S. Curiy "On the battlefield (the origin of swearing)", magazine "Time Z", № 1/2007.

List of scientific works and dictionaries of the second half of the XX century

The list is mainly taken from the article by V.M. Mokienko

• 27 dictionaries published in Russia and the USSR from 1859 to 2005. - CD "COLLECTION OF INTERPRETATION DICTIONARIES OF PRISON AND BLATNY ZHARGON", M .: 2005, ETS Dictionary Publishing House (Electronic and Traditional Dictionaries), ISBN 5864601187
• Baldaev V.K., Isupov I.M. M., "The Edge of Moscow", 1992, 526 pages.
• Bykov V. Russian Fenya. Dictionary of the modern interjargon of antisocial elements. Munchen, 1992, 173 pp.
• Zhelvis V.I. Profanity as a social problem. M .: Ladomir, 2001, 350 p.
• Ilyasov F.N. 1990, No. 3, 198-204.
• Kozlovsky V. Collection of Russian thieves' dictionaries in four volumes. TT. 1-4. New York, 1983.
• Kozlovsky V. Argo of the Russian homosexual subculture. Materials for study. New York, 1986, 228 pp.
• Kostsinsky K. Profanities and dictionaries // Russian Linguistics, 1980, no. 4, 363-396.
• Levin Yu. I. On obscene expressions of the Russian language // Russian Linguistics, 1986, no. 10, 61-72.
• Mokienko V.M. Images of Russian speech. M., 1986, 278 pages.
• International Dictionary of Obscenity. A guide to dirty words and obscene expressions in Russian, Italian, French, German, Spanish, English. Ed. A. N. Kokhteva. M., 1992, 90 p.
• Pluzer-Sarno, A. Big dictionary of mat / Vstup. Art. D. philol. D., prof. A. D. Dulichenko and D. Philol. n. V.P. Rudnev. Vol. 1: Experience in building a reference and bibliographic database of lexical and phraseological meanings of the word "huy". SPb .: Limbus Press, 2001. ISBN 5-8370-0161-1
• Rossi Jacques. Guide to the Gulag. A Historical Dictionary of Penitentiary Institutions and Forced Labor Terms. Foreword by Alain Besançon. London, 1987, 546 pp. Ed. 2nd (in two parts), enlarged. Text checked by N. Gorbanevskaya. M., 1991.
• Russian obscenities. Explanatory dictionary CD, ETS Dictionary Publishing House (Electronic and Traditional Dictionaries)
• Dictionary of the thieves' language. Words, expressions, gestures, tattoos. Tyumen, NILPO, 1991, 170 pp.
• Three centuries of Russian Eros poetry. Publications and Research. Moscow, Publishing Center of the Theater "Five Evenings", 1992, 160 pages.
• Uspensky B.A.Mythological aspect of Russian expressive phraseology (article one) // Studia Slavica Hungarica. XXIX, Budapest, 1983, 33-69.
• Uspensky B.A.Mythological aspect of Russian expressive phraseology (article two) // Studia Slavica Hungarica. XXXIII / 1-4, Budapest, 1987, 37-76.
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Synonyms:

• Dictionary of synonyms Comprehensive legal dictionary More More eBook

Russian lawmakers have come to grips with protecting the population from profanity. On July 1, amendments to the law "On the state language" came into force, prohibiting foul language during public speeches, as well as in public works. In addition, since August 1, popular bloggers are practically equated with the media, which means that they are banned from using mate.

The Village, together with lawyer Daniil Alimov (Simploer), figured out where and to whom you can still swear.

Outside

The law does not prohibit a person from using foul language on the street. However, there are a number of situations where this can be considered a violation. For example, as petty hooliganism.

If you, by swearing, violate public order and express clear disrespect for society, you can be fined up to a thousand rubles. And if you do not obey, when a police officer asks to stop this rampage, the amount will increase 2.5 times. It also provides for an administrative arrest of up to 15 days.

The use of obscene language can be regarded as an insult, that is, humiliation of honor and dignity, expressed in an indecent form. This can threaten with a fine of up to three thousand rubles, and if you state your opinion publicly, in a crowd of people, then up to five thousand rubles.

There is also criminal liability for libel, but this applies more to serious businessmen and companies. At this level, obscene words are no longer so used.

The constituent entities of Russia can resolve this issue on their own, but it must be borne in mind that the federal law will always have priority. It is unlikely that it will be possible to establish and collect a fine higher than that provided for by the Code of Administrative Offenses (CAO). By the way, regional laws do not specifically raise this issue neither in Moscow, nor in St. Petersburg.

Blogs

From August 1, popular bloggers will have responsibilities close to the media. In this regard, the expressions are worth watching. The law has a viscous wording: bloggers "must comply with the prohibitions and restrictions provided for by the legislation on the procedure for disseminating mass information." It can be interpreted broadly to the point of lawlessness and weave any limitation and type of responsibility. For example, the law on mass media calls obscenity abuse of freedom of the media, and according to the Code of Administrative Offenses it is a violation of the procedure for the manufacture or distribution of media products. Responsibility - up to 200 thousand rubles. However, a specific article dedicated to terrible punishments for bloggers is not yet in the laws.

In order to speak out stronger, you can use your unpopular blog, the main thing is that you have less than three thousand readers and less than three thousand people visit your post. And in any case, this should not offend anyone.

Mat price

IN A PUBLIC PLACE

rubles fine

24 hours arrest

rubles fine

24 hours arrest

AT A MASS EVENT

You viewer / performer / actor
etc

Expressed clear disrespect to society

rubles fine

24 hours arrest

And in addition, he did not obey the requirements of the representative of the authorities

rubles fine

24 hours arrest

You organizer the event, which is nothing
did not express
but allowed

For the first time

for CITIZEN

2 000–
2 500

rubles fine

For the company

40 000–
50 000

rubles fine

for an official

4 000–
5 000

rubles fine

I could not resist
and violated again

for CITIZEN

2 000–
5 000

rubles fine

for OFFICER

5 000–
20 000

rubles fine

months disqualification

For the company

50 000–
100 000

rubles fine

for the ENTREPRENEUR

5 000–
20 000

rubles fine

days suspension of activities

IN BLOG

so far only moral responsibility
and public censure

PERSONAL SLEEPING

Privately

for CITIZEN

1 000–
3 000

rubles fine

for an official

10 000–
30 000

rubles fine

For the company

50 000–
100 000

rubles fine

Publicly

for CITIZEN

3 000–
5 000

rubles fine

for the OFFICER

30 000–
50 000

rubles fine

For the company

100 000–
500 000

rubles fine

NO ONE OFFENED,
BUT ALLOWED IT

in public works / in the media

offender-official

10 000–
30 000

rubles fine

offender - legal entity

30 000–
50 000

rubles fine

In the media - only asterisks

The law on mass media and the Administrative Offenses Code and earlier contained a ban on bad words. And since July 1, one more rule has been added to it. Now the media use Russian "as the state language" (3 laws "On the state language of the Russian Federation"). This wording means that it is forbidden in the media to use words that do not correspond to the norms of modern Russian. literary language, including obscene language. The Ministry of Education and Science approved the list of dictionaries and reference books containing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

Roskomnadzor gave a couple of explanations about the masking of obscene words. When using "*" instead of several letters, the law will not be violated if disguise is used to quote or post works in which mat is an integral part of the artistic intent. And even in this case, Roskomnadzor will assess how unambiguously it is possible to establish an obscene word in the context of a phrase, and decide whether to fine the media.

Live broadcasting is a duty that the media cannot always cope with, and Roskomnadzor is in the position of editorial staff. The journalist will not bear responsibility for his guests. At least, the state agency believed so before, before the entry into force of the law prohibiting abuse. And although the responsibility under the Code of Administrative Offenses has not changed, the course of the law enforcement officer may wobble. We will follow the practice.

The media must be very careful with abuse, the responsibility can be up to the suspension or revocation of the license, but there has not yet been a practice of using such draconian measures.

What is considered obscene?

There are four main obscene words in Russian. Derivatives from them are also considered obscene. We give the definitions from the dictionary "Russian mat".

NS**- male penis.

B ****- a slutty woman; bad, corrupt person; a weedy word.

E ****- to use women, fuck; to scold; pester; swear, swear; spit.

NS****- vagina, female genital organ; fool, stupid woman, gaping; walking woman.

Artists - within the plot

From July 1, fines were introduced for organizers of theatrical, cultural or entertainment events for the use of obscene language from the stage. The artist is unlikely to be prosecuted if the strong word was part of the piece being performed, but if the swearing was improvisation, punishment is possible. The fine for a citizen organizer will be 2.5 thousand rubles, for officials- up to 5 thousand, and for legal entities - up to 50 thousand rubles. If you swear several times in a row, you can run into an administrative suspension of activities.

It is often asked whether it is possible to ask visitors to sign a paper at the entrance to public events stating that they are not against the use of a mat from the stage. Even if people do not mind, this, unfortunately, will not save the organizers from responsibility. The law is adamant in this regard, punishment is provided for the very fact of the presence of a mat, even when it is heard not by modest schoolgirls, but by trained spectators.

But in theory, spectator consent could help lower the fine if viewed as a mitigating circumstance. In practice, this has not yet been tested.

In general, developed countries have similar bans, but they are more compromise. Event organizers are often required to notify that obscene language can be heard at events or on CDs. And the viewer decides for himself whether to pay for this disgrace or not.

In a foreign language

Current bans can provide additional incentive to learn new languages, as laws do not prohibit foul language in foreign languages.