The most dense substance on the ground. Interesting facts about the universe. Black holes in the universe

Space. There is nothing more interesting and mysterious. From day to day, mankind increases his knowledge of the universe, at the same time expanding the boundaries of the unknown. Having received ten answers, we will ask more than a hundred questions - and so constantly. We collected the most interesting facts about the universe, in order not only to satisfy the curiosity of readers, but also to ignore their interest between the universe with a new force.

Moon runs away from us

The moon is distinguished from the Earth - yes, our satellite "runs away" from us at a speed of about 3.8 centimeters per year. What is it fraught with? With an increase in the radius of the lunar orbit, the size of the moon disk observed from the Earth is reduced. And this means that under threat, such a phenomenon as a complete solar eclipse.

In addition, some planets rotate from their star at a distance suitable for the existence of water in a liquid state. And this makes it possible to detect planets suitable for life. And already in the near future.

What they write in space

American scientists and cosmonauts have long thought over the handle's device, which could be written in space - while their Russian colleagues simply decided to use the usual stiffelen pencil in weightlessness, without changing it and without spending huge amounts for the development of concepts and experiments.

Diamond rains

According to Jupiter and Saturn there are diamond rains - in the upper layers of the atmosphere of these planets, thunder is constantly raging, and lightning discharges release carbon from methane molecules. Moving to the surface of the planet and overcoming hydrogen layers, exposed to gravity and huge temperatures, carbon turns into graphite, and then in diamond.

If you believe this hypothesis, up to ten million tons of diamonds can accumulate on gas giants! At the moment, the hypothesis still remains controversial - many scientists are confident that the share of methane in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn is too small, and with difficulty transforming even in soot, methane, most likely, simply dissolves.

These are just a little of the huge number of mysteries of the universe. Thousands of questions remain unanswered, we are not known about millions of phenomena and secrets - our generation is, what to strive for.

But we will try to tell more about space on the pages of the site. Subscribe to updates so as not to miss a new issue!

Osmia today is defined as the most severe matter on the planet. Only one cubic centimeter of this substance weighs 22.6 grams. It was opened in 1804 by the English chemist Smithson Tennant, while dissolving gold in the test tube there was a precipitate. This happened due to the features of Osmia, it is insoluble in alkalis and acids.

The hardest element on the planet

It is a bluish-white metal powder. In nature, it is found in the form of seven isotopes, six of them are stable and one unstable. The density is slightly superior to Iridium, which has a density of 22.4 grams per cubic centimeter. Of the materials found for today, the most severe substance in the world is the Osm region.

It refers to a group such as Lantant, Yttrium, Scandium and other lanthanides.

More precious than gold and diamonds

Its produces very little, about ten thousand kilograms per year. Even in the largest source of Osmia, the Jazkazgan field, contains about three decimal million dollars. The exchange rate of a rare metal in the world reaches about 200 thousand dollars per gram. At the same time, the maximum purity of the element during the cleaning process is about seventy percent.

Although the Russian laboratories managed to get a purity of 90.4 percent, but the amount of metal did not exceed a few milligrams.

Matter density outside the planet Earth

Osmis, undoubtedly, is the leader of the most difficult elements of our planet. But if we turn our eyes into space, then our attention will open many substances more severe than our "king" of heavy elements.

The fact is that there are several other conditions in the universe than on Earth. The gravity of the row is so large that the substance is incredibly compacted.

If we consider the structure of the atom, it will be found that the distances in the interatomic world are reminded by our visible space. Where planets, stars and others are at a fairly high distance. The rest takes emptiness. It is such a structure that atoms have, and with severe gravity, this distance decreases quite strongly. Up to "indulgence" of some elementary particles to others.

Neutron Stars - Space Superphoto Objects

In search of Outside of our Earth, we will be able to detect the most severe substance in space on neutron stars.

These are quite unique cosmic inhabitants, one of the possible types of evolution of the stars. The diameter of such objects is from 10 to 200 kilometers, with a mass equal to our sun or 2-3 times more.

This cosmic body mainly consists of a neutron core, which consists of fluid neutrons. Although on some assumptions of scientists she should be in solid stateThere are no reliable information today. However, it is known that it is neutron stars that reaching its redistribution of compression, subsequently turn into with a colossal emission of energy, about 10,43 -10 45 joules.

The density of such a star is comparable, for example, with the weight of the Mount Everest placed in the matchbox. These are hundreds of billions of tons in one cubic millimeter. For example, it makes it more clear how much the density of the substance will take our planet with its mass of 5.9 × 1024 kg and "turn" into the neutron star.

As a result, in order to be equal to the density of the neutron star, it should be reduced to the size of an ordinary apple, a diameter of 7-10 centimeters. The density of unique stars increases with moving to the center.

Layers and density of matter

The outer layer of the star is in the form of a magnetosphere. Immediately under it, the density of the substance already reaches the order of one ton on the cubic centimeter. Given our knowledge of Earth, at the moment, this is the most severe matter of the discovered elements. But do not rush with the conclusions.

We will continue our research of unique stars. They are also called pulsars, due to the high speed of rotation around their axis. This indicator of various objects ranges from several tens to hundreds of revolutions per second.

Proceed further in the study of super-densite cosmic bodies. Then follows the layer that has metal characteristics, but most likely it is similar to behavior and structure. The crystals are much smaller than we see in the crystal grille of the earth's substances. To build a line of crystals in 1 centimeter, you will need to lay out more than 10 billion elements. The density in this layer is one million times higher than in the outer. This is not the most severe stars. Next follows a layer rich in neutrons whose density is a thousand times higher than the previous one.

Neutron Star core and its density

Below is the kernel, it is here that the density reaches its maximum - twice as high than the above layer. The core substance of the heavenly body consists of all known physics of elementary particles. On this we reached the end of the journey to the star of the star in search of the most heavy substance in space.

The mission in search of unique substances in the density in the universe would seem completed. But space is full of mysteries and unopened phenomena, stars, facts and patterns.

Black holes in the universe

You should pay attention to the fact that today is already open. These are black holes. Perhaps it is these mysterious objects that can be applicants that the most severe substance in the universe is their component. Please note that the gravity of black holes is so great that the light cannot leave it.

According to the suggestions of scientists, the substance tightened into the area of \u200b\u200btime is compacted so much that the spaces between the elementary particles do not remain.

Unfortunately, behind the horizon of events (the border is so called, where the light and any object, under the action of gravity forces, cannot leave the black hole) follow our guesses and indirect assumptions based on particle thread emissions.

A number of scientists suggest that space and time is mixed behind the event horizon. There is an opinion that they can be a "pass" to another universe. Perhaps this corresponds to the truth, although it is possible that another space with completely new laws opens over these limits. Area where time is swapped "place" with space. The location of the future and the past is determined only by the choice of following. Like our choice go to the right or left.

It is potentially permissible that civilizations exist in the Universe, which mastered travel travel through black holes. Perhaps in the future people from the planet Earth will open the mystery of travel through time.

Present a selection chemical records From the Book of Records Guinness.
Due to the fact that new substances are constantly opening, this selection is not constant.

Chemical records for inorganic substances

• The most common element in earth Kore - Oxygen O. Its weight content is 49% of the mass of the earth's crust.
• The most rare element in the earth's crust is ASTAT AT. Its content in the whole earthly crust is only 0.16 grams. FRENCE FRENCE FRONNY FRIEN
• The most common element in the Universe is hydrogen N. Approximately 90% of all atoms in the universe are hydrogen. The second place in the prevalence in the Universe is Helium He.
• The strongest stable oxidizer is a crypton difluoride complex and antimony pentafluoride. Due to the strong oxidizing action (oxidizing almost all elements into higher degrees of oxidation, including oxidizes air oxygen) It is very difficult for it to measure the electrode potential. The only solvent that reacts with it is quite slow - anhydrous fluoride hydrogen.
• The most dense substance on the planet Earth is osmium. Osmia density is 22.587 g / cm 3.
• The fastest metal - lithium Li. Lithium density is 0.543 g / cm 3.
• The tight compound is the carbide of the Avololfram W 2 C. The density of the carbide of the salvolfram is 17.3 g / cm 3.
• Currently, graphene airgels are currently solid. They represent a system of graphene and nanotubes filled with air layers. The lightest of such airgels has a density of 0.00016 g / cm 3. The previous solid with the smallest density is silicon aerogel (0.005 g / cm 3). Silicon aerogel is used when collecting micrometeorites present in COMET tails.
• The easiest gas and, at the same time, the easiest nonmetall is hydrogen. The mass of 1 liter of hydrogen is only 0.08988 gr. Otherwise, hydrogen is also the most elbow nonmetall under normal pressure (the melting point is -259,19 0 s).
• The easiest liquid is liquid hydrogen. The mass of 1 liter of liquid hydrogen is only 70 grams.
• The most severe inorganic gas at room temperature is the WF 6 tungsten hexafluoride (boiling point is +17 0 C). The density of tungsten hexafluoride in the form of gas is 12.9 g / l. Among the gases with a boiling point below 0 ° C, the record belongs to the hexafluoride of Tef 6 with a gas density at 25 0 from 9.9 g / l.
• The most expensive metal in the world - CF California. Price 1 gram isotope 252 CF comes to 500 thousand US dollars.
• Helium HE is a substance with the smallest boiling point. Its boiling point is -269 0 S. helium - the only substance has no melting point under normal pressure. Even with absolute zero, it remains liquid and can be obtained in solid form under pressure (3 MPa).
• The most refractory metal and substance with the highest boiling point - tungsten W. The melting point of the tungsten is +3420 0 C, and the boiling point is +5680 0 C.
• The most refractory material is the alloy of carbides of hafnium and tantalum (1: 1) (melting point +4215 0 s)
• The most lightweight metal - mercury. The mercury melting point is -38.87 0 C. Mercury is also the hardest liquid, the density at 25 ° C is 13.536 g / cm 3.
• The most resistant to metal acids is iridium. There is still not a single acid or mixtures thereof, in which Iridium would dissolve. However, it can be dissolved in alkalis with oxidizing agents.
• The strongest stable acid is a solution of antimony pentafluoride in hydrogen fluoride.
• The hardest metal is chromium CR.
• The milder metal at 25 0 C is cesium.
• The most solid material is still diamond, although there are already about a dozen substances of approaching it on hardness (carbide and boron nitride, titanium nitride, etc.).
• The electrically conductive metal at room temperature is silver AG.
• The lowest speed of sound in liquid helium at a temperature of 2.18 K, it is only 3.4 m / s.
• The highest speed of sound in diamond - 18600 m / s.
• The isotope with the shortest half-life is Li-5, which disintegrates in 4.4 · 10-22 seconds (proton emissions). Because of such a small lifetime, not all scientists recognize the fact of its existence.
• The isotope with the longest measured half-life is TE-128, its half-life is 2.2 · 1024 years (double β-decay).
• The most number of stable isotopes have xenon and cesium (36).
• The shortest names chemical element Put the boron and iodine (3 letters).
• The longest names of the chemical element (by eleven letters) have the PA, RF RF, Darmstadtiy DS.

Chemical records for organic matter

• The most severe organic gas at room temperature and the most heavy gas among all at room temperature is N- (octafluorobut-1-orden) -O-trifluoromethylhydroxylamine (T. Kip. +16 c). Its density in the form of gas is 12.9 g / l. Among the gases with a boiling point below 0 ° C, the record belongs to Perfluorobutan with a gas density at 0 ° C of 10.6 g / l.
• The very bitter substance is Denatonia Sakharinat. The combination of benzoate denatonium with sodium salt Sakharin gave a substance 5 times more bitter than the previous record holder (benzoate denatonia).
• The most non-toxic organic matter is methane. With an increase in its concentration, intoxication occurs due to lack of oxygen, and not as a result of poisoning.
• The strongest adsorbent for water was obtained in 1974 from the starch derivative, acrylamide and acrylic acid. This substance is able to hold water, the mass of which is 1300 times greater than its own.
• The strongest adsorbent for petroleum products is a carbon aerogel. 3.5 kg of this substance can absorb 1 ton of oil.
• The silent compounds are ethylcenarol and butylmercaptan - their smell resembles a combination of smells of rotting cabbage, garlic, bow and uncleanness at the same time.
• The sweetest substance is n - ((2,3-methylenedioxyphenylmethylamino) - (4-cyanophenylimino) methyl) aminoacetic acid (LugdUname). This substance is 205,000 times greater than the sweetness of 2% sucrose solution. There are several of its analogues with similar sweetness. From industrial substances the most sweet is TALIN (Taumine complex and aluminum salts), which is 3,500 - 6,000 times the sweeter of sucrose. Recently, in the food industry, there are 7000 times higher sucrose in the food industry.
• The slowest enzyme is nitrogenase, catalyzing the absorption of nodule bacteria atmospheric nitrogen. A complete cycle of transformation of one nitrogen molecule in 2 ammonium ions takes a second half of a second.
• Organic substance with the largest nitrogen content is either bis (diazotetrazolyl) hydrazine C2H2N12, containing 86.6% nitrogen, or tetraasiden C (N3) 4, containing 93.3% nitrogen (depends on whether the latest substance is organic or not) . These are explosives, highly sensitive to impact, friction and heat. Of the inorganic substances, the record of course belongs to the gaseous nitrogen, and from compounds - nitrical hydrochloric acid HN 3.
• The longest chemical name has 1578 signs in English spelling and is a modified nucleotide sequence. This substance is called: adenosene. N - 2'-O- (TetrahydromethoxyPyRanyl) adenylyl- (3 '→ 5') - 4-Deamino-4- (2,4-dimethylphenoxy) -2'-o- (TetrahyDRomethoxyPyRanyl) Cytidylyl- (3 '→ 5 ') -4-Deamino-4- (2,4-dimethylphenoxy) -2'-o- (TetrahydromethoxyPyRanyl) CytidyLyl- (3' → 5 ') - N - 2'-O- (TetrahyDRomethoxyPyRanyl) Cytidylyl- (3 '→ 5') - N - 2'-O- (TetrahydromethoxyPyRanyl) Cytidylyl- (3 '→ 5') - N - 2'-O- (TetrahydromethoxyPyRanyl) Guanylyl- (3 '→ 5') - N- -2'-O- (TetrahydromethoxyPyRanyl) guanylyl- (3 '→ 5') - N - 2'-O- (TetrahyDRomethoxyPyRanyl) adenylyl- (3 '→ 5') - N - 2'-O- (TetrahydromethoxyPyRanyl ) CytidyLyl- (3 '→ 5') - 4-Deamino-4- (2,4-dimethylphenoxy) -2'-o- (TetrahyDRomethoxyPyRanyl) CYTIDYLYL- (3 '→ 5') - 4-DEAMINO-4- ( 2,4-dimethylphenoxy) -2'-o- (TetrahydromethoxyPyRanyl) Cytidylyl- (3 '→ 5') - N - 2'-O- (TetrahydromethoxyPyRanyl) Guanylyl- (3 '→ 5') - 4-DEAMINO- 4- (2,4-dimethylphenoxy) -2'-o- (TetrahyDromethoxyPyRanyl) CytidyLyl- (3 '→ 5') - N - 2'-O- (TetrahyDRomethoxyPyRanyl) CytidyLyl- (3 '→ 5') - n --2'-O- (TetrahydromethoxyPyRanyl) cytidylyl- (3 '→ 5') - N - 2'-O- (TetrahyDRomethoxyPyRanyl) adenylyl- (3 '→ 5') - N - 2'-O- ( Tetrahydro. MethoxyPyRanyl) cytidylyl- (3 '→ 5') - n - 2'-O- (TetrahydromethoxyPyRanyl) CytidyLyl- (3 '→ 5') - N - 2 ', 3'-O- (Methoxymetylene) -OCTADECAKIS ( 2-chlorophenyl) ester. five'-.
• DNA highlighted from the mitochondrial man has the longest chemical name and consisting of 16569 nucleotide pairs. The full name of this compound contains about 207,000 characters.
• The system of the greatest number of unintegrating fluids, again exhausting on the components after stirring contains 5 liquids: mineral oil, silicone oil, water, benzyl alcohol and N-perfluoroethylperfluorpyridine.
• The tight organic fluid at room temperature is diaidmethane. Its density is 3.3 g / cm3.
• The most refractory individuals organic substances There are some aromatic compounds. From condensed it is a tetrabenzheptation (melting point +570 C), from non-condensed - P-septiphenyl (melting point +545 s). Exist organic compounds For which the melting point is not measured, for example, for hexabenzogenenet it is indicated that its melting point is above 700 C. The product of the polyacrylonitrile temperature crossing is decomposed at a temperature of about 1000 C.
• The organic substance having the greatest boiling point is hexatriaconylcyclohexane. It boils at + 551 ° C.
• The longest alkane is nonconptractorcan C390H782. It was specially synthesized to study the crystallization of polyethylene.
• The longest protein, is the muscle tissine protein. Its length depends on the type of living organism and localization. Titing mice, for example, has 35,213 amino acid residues (mol. Weight 3 906 488 DA), human titin has a length of up to 33423 amino acid residues (they say. Weight 3 713 712 DA).
• The longest genome is the genome of the Paris Japonica Plant (Paris Japonica). It contains 150,000,000,000 nucleotide pairs - 50 times more than a person (3,200,000,000 nucleotide pairs).
• The largest molecule is the DNA of the first man chromosome. It contains about 10,000,000,000 atoms.
• An individual explosive at the highest rate of detonation is 4,4'-dinitroazofuroxane. Its measured detonation speed amounted to 9700 m / s. According to the untested data, ethyl perchlororate has an even greater speed of detonation.
• An individual explosive with the highest warm explosion is ethylene glycoldintage. Its heat explosion 6606 kJ / kg.
• The strongest organic acid is pentatianoocyclopentadiene.
• The strongest base is possible 2-methylcyclopropenylitium. The strongest non-ionic base is phosphazen, a rather complex structure.

Categories 1. The world's most famous man
What happens if you put on top of the edge of carbon nanotubes and alternate layers of them? It turns out the material that absorbs 99.9% of the light that falls on it. The microscopic surface of the material is uneven and rough, which refracts the light and is a bad reflective surface. After that, try using carbon nanotubes as superconductors in a certain order, which makes them beautiful light absorbers, and you will have a real black storm. The scientists are seriously puzzled by potential options for the use of this substance, since, in fact, the light is not "lost", the substance could be used to improve optical devices, such as telescopes and even used for solar batteries operating almost with 100% efficiency.
2. The most fuel
Many things are on the striking speed, for example, the eraphom, napalm, and this is just the beginning. But what if there was a substance that could be covered with fire? On the one hand, this is a provocative question, but it was asked as the starting point. Chlorine trifluoride has doubtful glory as a terribly fuel, despite the fact that the Nazis believed that this substance was too dangerous for work. When people who discuss genocide believe that the purpose of their life is not to use anything, because it is too fatal, it supports cautious treatment of these substances. It is said that one day a ton of matter was shed and a fire began, and 30.5 cm concrete burned down and the sand meter with gravel, until everything subsided. Unfortunately, the Nazis turned out to be right.
3. The most poisonous substance
Tell me, what would you like the least, what could get to your face? This could well be the most deadly poison, which rightfully will occupy 3rd place among the main extremal substances. Such a poison is really different from what concrete burns, and from the most severe acid In the world (which will soon be inversion). Although not quite so, but you all, without a doubt, heard from the medical community about Botox, and thanks to him the most deadly poison was famous. Botox uses botulinium cellin, generated by the Bacteria "Clostridium Botulinum" bacterium, and it is very deadly, and its quantities equal to the grain of salt, enough to kill a person weighing 200 pounds (90.72 kg; approx. Mixednews). In fact, scientists calculated that it was enough to spray only 4 kg of this substance to kill all people on Earth. Probably, the eagle would have arrived much harm with the rattling snake than this poison with a man.
4. The most hot substance
There are very few things in the world known to man as something more hotter than the inner surface of the newly preheated in the microwave Hot Pocket, but this substance seems to beat and this record. Created atoms of gold at almost light velocity, the substance is called a quark-gluon "soup", and it reaches the crazy 4 trillion degrees Celsius, which is almost 250,000 times the hot substance inside the sun. The magnitude of the energy emitted in the collision would be sufficient to melt protons and neutrons, which in itself has such features that you have not even suspected. Scientists say that this substance could give us an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat was like the birth of our universe, therefore it is worth considering that tiny supernovae are not created for fun. Nevertheless, really good news is that the "soup" occupied one trillion centimeter and lasted for a trillional one trillion second.
5. The most caustic acid
Acid is a terrible substance, one of the most terrible monsters in the cinema ended with acid blood to make it even more terrible than just a murder machine ("someone else's"), so inside us was rooted that the effect of acid is very bad. If "strangers" were filled with fluorine-antimony acid, they would not only fail in deep through the floor, but the pairs emitted from their dead bodies would kill everything around them. This acid is 21019 times stronger than sulfuric acid and can leak through the glass. And she can explode if you add water. And during its reaction, poisonous evaporations are allocated that can kill any indoors.
6. The most explosive explosive
In fact, this place is currently divided by two components: octogen and heptanitrocuban. Heptanitrocuban mainly exists in laboratories, and is similar to octogen, but has a denser structure of crystals, which carries booster in itself the potential of destruction. Otogen, on the other hand, exists in sufficiently large? X quantities, which can threaten physical existence. It is used in solid fuel for missiles, and even for detonators nuclear weapons. And the latter is the most terrible, as despite the fact that it takes place in the cinema, the beginning of splitting / thermonuclear reaction, which leads to bright luminous nuclear clouds, similar to the fungus, is not a simple task, but octogen copes with it perfectly.
7. The radioactive substance
Speaking of radiation, it is worth mentioning that the glowing green rods "Plutonia" shown in the "Simpsons" is just a fiction. If something is radioactive, it does not mean that it glows. It is worth mentioning this, since "Polonium-210" is so radioactive that it glows blue. The former Soviet spy, Alexander Litvinenko, was misled when he was added to the food of this substance, and soon after that he died of cancer. This is not the thing with which you want to joke, the glow is caused by air around the substance that affects radiation, and, in fact, objects around can be heated. When we say "Radiation", we think, for example, about a nuclear reactor or an explosion, where the fission reaction really occurs. It is only the release of ionized particles, rather than the splitting of atoms out of control.
8. The most severe matter
If you thought that the most severe substance on Earth is diamonds, it was a good but inaccurate guess. This is technically created diamond nanoster. This is actually a totality of nano-scale diamonds, with the smallest degree of compression and the most severe substance, famous man. In fact, it does not exist, but what would be quite by the way, since this means that someday we could cover our cars with this material and just get rid of it when a clash with the train (an unreal event) occurs. This substance was invented in Germany in 2005 and, possibly, it will be used in the same degree, as well as industrial diamonds, excluding the fact that a new substance is more resistant to wear than ordinary diamonds.
9. Magnetic substance
If the inducer was a small black piece, then it would be the most substance. The substance developed in 2010 from iron and nitrogen has magnetic abilities that are 18% more than the previous "record holder", and is so powerful that he forced scientists to revise how magnetism works. The person who discovered this substance was distanced himself with his studies so that none of the other scientists could reproduce his work, as it was reported that a similar connection was developed in Japan in the past in 1996, but other physicists could not have been able to inject it, so Officially, this substance did not accept. It is not clear whether Japanese physicists must promise to make a "sepuk" under these circumstances. If this substance can be reproduced, it can mean a new century of effective electronics and magnetic engines, possibly reinforced by power by an order.
10. The strongest superfluidity
Superfluidity is a state of matter (like solid or gaseous), which takes place at extremely low temperatures, has high thermal separability (each ounce of this substance should have exactly the same temperature) and no viscosity. Helium-2 is the most characteristic representative. A cup of "helium-2" spontaneously raises and poured out of the container. "Helium-2" will also be leaning through other solid materials, since the complete absence of friction force allows it to flow through other invisible holes through which ordinary helium (or water for a given case could not be found). "Helium-2" does not come in needed condition Accounting 1, as if he had the ability to act at his discretion, although it is also the most effective thermal conductory on Earth, a few hundred times better than copper. The heat moves so quickly through the "helium-2", which it is rather moved by waves, like the sound (in fact, as a "second sound"), which is dissipated, while it simply moves from one molecule to another. By the way, the forces that control the possibility of "helium-2" crawl along the wall are called the "third sound." You hardly have anything more extreme than a substance that demanded a definition of 2 new types of sound.

From time immemorial, people actively use various metals. After studying their properties, the substances occupied a worthy place in the table of the famous D. Mendeleev. The disputes of scientists regarding the question, which metal to assign the title of heavier and tight in the world is not subscribed. On the scales, two elements of the Mendeleev table - Iridium, as well as osmium. What they are interesting, read further.

For centuries, people were studying the beneficial properties of the most common metals on the planet. Most of all information science stores silver and copper gold. Over time, humanity became acquainted with iron, easier metals - Tin and lead. In the world of Middle Ages, people actively used arsenic, and the diseases treated mercury.

Thanks to rapid progress, today the most severe and dense metals are not one element of the table, but at once two. At number 76, Osmia (OS) is located, and at number 77 - Iridium (IR), the substances have the following density indicators:

• osmium heavy due to density of 22.62 g / cm³;
• iridium is not much easier - 22.53 g / cm³.

Density refer to K. physical properties Metals, it is a mass ratio of matter to its volume. Theoretical calculations of the density of both elements have some errors, so both metal today is considered the most severe.

For clarity, you can compare the weight of an ordinary traffic jam with a traffic jam from the very heavy metal in the world. To balance scales with a cork from Osmia or Iridia, you will need more than a hundred conventional traffic jams.

History of opening metals

Both elements were opened at the dawn of the XIX century by scientist Smithson Tennant. Many researchers of that time were studying the properties of raw platinum, treating it "tsarist vodka". Only the Tennant managed to detect two chemicals in the resulting sediment:

• a sedimentary element with a resistant chlorine scholar called Osmia;
• the substance with a changing color was called Iridium (Rainbow).

Both elements were represented by a single alloy, which the scientist managed to divide. The Russian chemist K. Klaus, carefully investigating the properties of sediment elements, was a further study of the platinum nuggets. The complexity of determining the heavy metal in the world is a low difference in their density, which is not a permanent value.

Bright characteristics of the most dense metals

Produced by experimental means are powder, quite difficult to handle, forging metals requires very high temperatures. The most common form of the Commonwealth of Iridia with Osmim is an alloy of osmiste iridium, which is mined in platinum deposits, gold lounges.

The most frequent location of Iridia is considered to be meteorites rich in iron. The native osmium in the world of nature is not found, only in the Commonwealth with Iridia and other components of the platinum group. The deposits often contain sulfur compounds with arsenic.

Features of the hardest and expensive metal in the world

Among elements periodic table Mendeleev is the most expensive is the OSMY. Silver metal with a bluish tump belongs to the platinum group of noble chemical compounds. Its glitter is the most dense, but very fragile metal does not lose under the influence of high temperature indicators.

Characteristics

• Element No. 76 OSMIUM has an atomic mass of 190.23 A.E.M.;
• The substance is melted at a temperature of 3033 ° C boil at 5012 ° C.
• Most heavy Material has a density of 22.62 g / cm³;
• The structure of the crystal lattice has a hexagonal form.

Despite the amazingly cold shine of silver low tide, the osmium is not suitable for the production of jewelry due to the highest toxicity. For melting, the decoration would need the temperature as on the surface of the Sun, because the most dense metal in the world is destroyed in mechanical exposure.

Turning into powder, the osmium interacts with oxygen, reacts to sulfur, phosphorus, selenium, the reaction of the substance is very slow on the royal vodka. OSMIUM does not have magnetism, alloys have a tendency to oxidation, the formation of cluster compounds.

Where apply

The hardest and incredibly dense metal has a high wear resistance, so adding it to alloys significantly increases their fortress. The use of osmium is mainly due to the chemical industry. In addition, it is used for the following needs:

• manufacture of containers intended for the storage of nuclear fusion waste;
• for the needs of rocket lights, weapon production (warheads);
• in the clock industry for the manufacture of mechanisms of branded models;
• for the manufacture of surgical implants, parts of pacemakers.

Interestingly, the most dense metal is considered the only element in the world, besides the influence of the aggression of the "hellish" mixture of acids (nitrogen and salt). Aluminum, connected to the osmis, becomes so plastic that it can be pulled out without breaking.

The secrets of the rare and dense metal in the world

The belonging of the iridium to the platinum group gives it a property of immunity to processing with acids and their mixtures. In the world, iridium are obtained from anodic sludge with copper-nickel production. After processing the sludge of tsarist vodka, the precipitate is calcined, the result of iridium becomes the result.

Characteristics

The firm metal of silver-white color has the following group of properties:

• an element of the Mendeleev table Iridium No. 77 has an atomic mass of 192.22 A.E.M.;
• the substance will be melted at a temperature of 2466 ° C at 4428 ° C;
• the density of the molten iridium is in the range of 19.39 g / cm³;
• the density of the element at room temperature is 22.7 g / cm³;
• the crystal lattice of iridium is associated with a grazent cube.

Heavy iridium does not change under the influence of the usual air temperature. The result of calcination under the influence of heating at certain temperatures is the formation of multivalent compounds. The powder of fresh precipitate of iridium mobile is amenable to partial dissolution of tsar vodka, as well as chlorine solution.

Application area

Although Iridium belongs to the number of precious metals, it is rarely used for jewelry. The element, poorly treatable, is very in demand during the construction of roads, the production of automotive parts. Alloys with impossible oxidation The most dense metal is used for the following purposes:

• making crucibles for laboratory experiments;
• production of special mouthpieces for glass windows;
• coating the tips of feathers and rods of ballpoint handles;
• making durable spark plugs for cars;

Rights with iridium isotopes are used on welding production, in instrument making, for growing crystals in the composition of laser technology. The use of the heavy metal itself made it possible to carry out laser correction of view, crushing stones in the kidneys and other medical procedures.

Although Iridium is devoid of toxicity and is not dangerous for biological organisms, in the natural environment you can meet with a dangerous isotope - hexafluoride. Inhalation of a vapor of a poisonous substance leads to instant suffocation and death.

Natural location

The deposits of the density metal Iridium in the world of nature are negligible, they are much smaller than the reserves of platinum. Presumably the most severe substance has shifted to the core of the planet, therefore the volumes of industrial extraction of the element are small (about three tons per year). Products made of alloys with iridium can serve until 200 years, the jewels will become more durable.

Heavy metal nuggets with an unpleasant OSMIUM smell in nature are not found. In the composition of minerals, you can find traces of osmiste iridium together with platinum and palladium, ruthenium. The deposits of Omiste Iridia are divorced in Siberia (Russia), some States of America (Alaska and California), in Australia and South Africa.

If platinum deposits are detected, it will be possible to allocate osmium with iridium to strengthen and enhance physical or chemical compounds of various products.